Growing cabbage on your own is just about complicated. What conditions should be for growing cabbage

Fig, fig, fig tree - these are all names of the same plant, which we strongly associate with Mediterranean life. Anyone who has ever tasted fig fruits knows how delicious it is. But, in addition to a delicate sweet taste, they are also very healthy. And here is an interesting detail: it turns out that figs are completely unpretentious plant. In addition, it can be successfully grown on a plot in middle lane or at home - in a container.

Quite often, difficulties in growing tomato seedlings arise even in experienced summer residents. For some, all seedlings turn out to be elongated and weak, for others, they suddenly begin to fall and die. The thing is that it is difficult to maintain in an apartment ideal conditions for growing seedlings. Seedlings of any plants need to provide a lot of light, sufficient humidity and optimal temperature. What else do you need to know and observe when growing tomato seedlings in an apartment?

Delicious vinaigrette with apple and sauerkraut - a vegetarian salad of boiled and chilled, raw, pickled, salted, pickled vegetables and fruits. The name comes from a French vinegar sauce, olive oil and mustard (vinaigrette). Vinaigrette appeared in Russian cuisine not so long ago, around the beginning of the 19th century, perhaps the recipe was borrowed from Austrian or German cuisine, since the ingredients for the Austrian herring salad are very similar.

When we dreamily touch bright seed bags in our hands, we are sometimes subconsciously sure that we have a prototype of the future plant. We mentally allocate a place for him in the flower garden and look forward to the cherished day of the appearance of the first bud. However, buying seeds does not always guarantee that you will eventually get the desired flower. I would like to draw attention to the reasons why the seeds may not sprout or die at the very beginning of germination.

Spring is coming, and gardeners have more work to do, and with the onset of heat, changes in the garden are happening rapidly. Buds are already beginning to swell on plants that were still sleeping yesterday, everything literally comes to life before our eyes. After a long winter, this can not but rejoice. But along with the garden, its problems come to life - pests and pathogens. Weevils, flower beetles, aphids, clasterosporiasis, maniliasis, scab, powdery mildew - you can list for a very long time.

Breakfast toast with avocado and egg salad is a great start to the day. The egg salad in this recipe acts as a thick sauce that is seasoned with fresh vegetables and shrimp. My egg salad quite unusual, this is a dietary version of everyone's favorite snack - with Feta cheese, Greek yogurt and red caviar. If you have time in the morning, never deny yourself the pleasure of cooking something tasty and healthy. The day should start with positive emotions!

Perhaps every woman at least once received a blooming orchid as a gift. It is not surprising, because such a lively bouquet looks amazing and blooms for a long time. Orchids are not very difficult to grow. indoor crops, but not fulfilling the main conditions for their maintenance often leads to the loss of a flower. If you are just getting started with indoor orchids, you should find out the correct answers to the main questions on growing these beautiful plants in the house.

Lush cheesecakes with poppy seeds and raisins, prepared according to this recipe, are eaten in my family in the blink of an eye. Moderately sweet, plump, tender, with an appetizing crust, without excess oil, in a word, just like mother or grandmother fried in childhood. If the raisins are very sweet, then granulated sugar can not be added at all, without sugar, cheesecakes will be better fried and will never burn. Cook them in a well-heated frying pan, greased with oil, over low heat and without a lid!

Cherry tomatoes differ from their large counterparts not only in the small size of the berries. Many varieties of cherry are characterized by a unique sweet taste, which is very different from the classic tomato. Anyone who has never tasted such cherry tomatoes with their eyes closed may well decide that they are tasting some unusual Exotic fruits. In this article, I will talk about five different cherry tomatoes that have the sweetest fruits of unusual colors.

I started growing annual flowers in the garden and on the balcony more than 20 years ago, but I will never forget my first petunia, which I planted in the country along the path. Only a couple of decades have passed, but one wonders how different petunias of the past are from today's many-sided hybrids! In this article, I propose to trace the history of the transformation of this flower from a simpleton into a real queen of annuals, as well as consider modern varieties of unusual colors.

Salad with spicy chicken, mushrooms, cheese and grapes - fragrant and satisfying. This dish can be served as a main dish if you are preparing a cold dinner. Cheese, nuts, mayonnaise are high-calorie foods, combined with spicy fried chicken and mushrooms, a very nutritious snack is obtained, which is refreshed by sweet and sour grapes. The chicken fillet in this recipe is marinated in a spicy mixture of ground cinnamon, turmeric and chili powder. If you like food with a spark, use hot chili.

All summer residents are concerned about the question of how to grow healthy seedlings in early spring. It seems that there are no secrets here - the main thing for fast and strong seedlings is to provide them with warmth, moisture and light. But in practice, in a city apartment or a private house, this is not so easy to do. Certainly, everyone experienced gardener there is a proven way to grow seedlings. But today we will talk about a relatively new assistant in this matter - the propagator.

The variety of tomato "Sanka" is one of the most popular in Russia. Why? The answer is simple. He is the very first to bear fruit in the garden. Tomatoes ripen when other varieties have not even faded yet. Of course, if you follow the recommendations for growing and make an effort, even a novice grower will get a rich harvest and joy from the process. And so that efforts are not in vain, we advise you to plant high-quality seeds. For example, such as seeds from TM "Agrosuccess".

Task indoor plants in the house - decorate your home with your appearance, create a special atmosphere of comfort. For this we are ready to take care of them regularly. Care is not only watering on time, although this is also important. It is necessary to create other conditions: suitable lighting, humidity and air temperature, make the correct and timely transplant. For experienced flower growers there is nothing supernatural in this. But beginners often face certain difficulties.

Delicate chicken breast cutlets with champignons are easy to prepare according to this recipe with step by step photos. There is an opinion that it is difficult to cook juicy and tender cutlets from chicken breast, this is not so! Chicken meat contains practically no fat, which is why it is dry. But, if you add cream to the chicken fillet, White bread and mushrooms with onions, you get awesome tasty cutlets that both children and adults will like. In the mushroom season, try adding forest mushrooms to the minced meat.

Foreword

Planting cabbage is an important and special process for every gardener. After all, it is white cabbage that is an integral part of our diet all year round. Without it, it is impossible to imagine cabbage soup or borscht, as well as summer salads and a pantry shelf. Therefore, it is extremely important that the cabbage harvest is a success, and for this you need to know the basic rules for planting white cabbage, providing it with appropriate care.

Before you start planting cabbage, you first need to figure out which vegetable you want to get - early ripeness for fresh summer salads or later, with stronger leaves for. After all, the final choice of variety will depend on this. In the first case, it is worth giving preference to varieties June, Golden hectare, Gift. But perfect for sunbathing Amager, Turkiz, Geneva and mid-season Anniversary. As for the timing of sowing early cabbage, it starts from the first days of March and ends in the twentieth. The cultivation of the mid-season variety takes place from April 25, and the late one - from the beginning of April to the middle of the month.

White cabbage

If you have already decided on the variety and planting dates, you just have to prepare the soil. First of all, it must be fertilized. Wood ash and humus will help you with this. Their number is one tablespoon per kilogram of soil. According to its composition, ash is a natural antiseptic that prevents the formation of a black leg on cabbage seedlings. In addition to humus, other natural components, such as peat, can become an excellent fertile base. The main thing is that in the end the earth turned out to be loose and well breathable. But it is not recommended to use garden land for seedlings, especially if other sacral crops were grown on it earlier.

Remember, such soil can be very dangerous for young seedlings due to the high probability of diseases and pests accumulated in it, even if the vegetable is provided with maximum care. If you do not have time to prepare the nutrient mixture, you can use the ready-made complex fertilizer Kemira Lux, adding it to the right amount according to instructions. Before planting seeds in the ground, they must be warmed up. For these purposes, use water heated to 50 degrees. The seeds are dipped in it for a quarter of an hour, after which they are lowered for another five minutes in cool water. Such cold and hot shower increases resistance to the development of fungal diseases.

And in order to further strengthen the immunity of the plant and enhance its growth, they use special stimulants - Humates, Silk, Epin. In them, the seeds are recommended to be soaked for several hours. Before doing this, carefully read the instructions, for the cultivation of some varieties, soaking is not necessary. Next, the soil for sowing is abundantly watered, the seeds are deepened literally by 1 cm and sprinkled with earth. To grow as intensively as possible, the soil is covered with a film. So excess moisture will not evaporate. After that, we do not water the soil until the first shoots appear, while maintaining a constant temperature of 20 degrees.

If you did everything correctly, then on the fifth day after planting the seeds, the first shoots should appear. As soon as this moment has come, we remove the film, and also create new ones for seedlings. temperature conditions- 6-10 degrees. Such temperature regime support until the first true leaf appears. It usually takes no more than a week. When the first leaf begins to grow, we increase the temperature to 14-18 degrees. During this period, seedlings should be given maximum care, in particular a good flow fresh air while protecting it from drafts.

young seedlings of cabbage

To grow a plant successfully, you need a sufficient amount of sunlight. Light day for cabbage should be at least 12-15 hours. In greenhouse conditions, this can be achieved by using fluorescent lamp. As for watering, it must be balanced, avoid drought and waterlogging. Do not forget to loosen the soil for better penetration air to the roots. And in order to increase the immunity of the plant during the period of intensive seedling growth, a week after the appearance of the first shoots, pour it with a weak solution of potassium permanganate or blue vitriol, at the rate of three grams of the substance per 10 liters of water.

After two weeks after the appearance of the first shoots and a real leaf, a pick is made, which consists in transplanting seedlings into separate cups. About an hour before such a transplant, the seedlings are watered abundantly with water, then the soil is allowed to dry a little, and then the seedling is carefully removed along with earthy clod. In order for it to take root better in the new soil, its root is shortened by a third of the length. The best basis for transplantation will be a peat-humus mixture. However, you can start growing seeds in individual containers and further care for them from the very beginning. In this case, the probability of injury to the root system of the seedling is reduced.

After picking, hardening begins, that is, preparing the plant for natural growing conditions. So, in the first 2 days in the room where the seedlings grow, they open the window for 3-4 hours, while observing measures to protect it from drafts. Then, for a couple of hours a day, pots with seedlings are taken out into direct sunlight, not forgetting to cover the fragile seedlings with gauze. After about a week, watering is reduced, smoothly preparing it for the next transplant in open ground.

Before you start planting seedlings in open ground, you should deal with a suitable one. Particularly well grown this plant not far from ground water. But cabbage does not tolerate waterlogged and acidic soils. The best option considered to be slightly acidic soil. If the acidity is higher, be sure to do liming. However, the criteria for soil fertility also depend on the early maturity of the variety. Early-ripening and mid-ripening varieties of white cabbage are considered the least whimsical, which cannot be said about late-ripening crops. Therefore, for the first and second options, cultivation on loamy and sandy soils is quite suitable, and for the latter, loamy and clayey soil.

Seedlings of white cabbage

And in order to achieve high yield late-ripening varieties of this will also not be enough. It is necessary to take care of the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers. The most whimsical in this regard are hybrid varieties of late ripeness. To obtain high yield, you will need to apply fifty percent more mineral fertilizers than usual. It is also important to observe the agrotechnics of cultivation. In particular, this applies to the place of planting seedlings. You should not choose areas where cabbage crops previously grew (turnip, radish, kohlrabi, turnip, rutabaga, white mustard). In order for such sites to be used again, at least 3 years must pass.

Site preparation for planting cabbage should be planned in advance. In the first days of autumn, do a thorough digging of the soil, while not trying to level it. Due to digging and unevenness, moisture will be able to soak the soil well in winter. But in the spring, after the snow melts, carefully level the topsoil to quickly evaporate excess moisture. Soon after the first buds, weeds will appear on the trees. They must be uprooted and burned.

Depending on the period of ripeness of cabbage, determine the very moment when it must be planted in open ground. For example, planting of early cabbage occurs when the seedlings have the first 5-7 leaves, and their height reaches 12-20 cm, and mid-ripening and late cabbage - with 4-6 leaves and a height of 15-20 cm. Planting of early cabbage is planned for beginning of May, mid-season varieties - at the end of May-mid-June, and late - at the middle and end of June. To make it comfortable for vegetables to grow on a personal plot, a certain planting pattern is also observed:

• for hybrid and early varieties - 30 × 40 cm;
• for mid-season varieties - 50 × 60 cm;
• for late varieties white cabbage - 60 × 70 cm.

Planting cabbage in the garden

Such indicators are the most optimal. Planting should not be too dense, growing cabbage requires free space and good access to sunlight, so in this case the planting pattern is extremely important. The holes for planting seedlings should be deep enough, approximately at the height of a shovel, because mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as other top dressings, will be added to them. As for the width of the hole, it should be slightly larger than the size of the earthy seedling coma.

In each recess we put two handfuls of humus or manure, a handful of sand or peat, as well as 50 g wood ash and 1 tsp. nitrophoska. All these fertilizers are lightly mixed and poured with plenty of water so that they react with each other. If you are planting in sunny weather, leave the soil to dry out, especially when using manure. So the earth warms up enough and will contribute to the speedy growth of white cabbage.

Sprinkle a layer of fertilizer on top thin layer earth and plant seedlings together with an earthen clod in the ground, carefully tamp it down and lightly press it to the ground so that the roots take right direction. If you thought that root system weak or slightly damaged, we recommend lightly dusting the earth ball before planting Kornevin. Such a root formation stimulator will help minimize the risks of non-germination of white cabbage. At the end, the seedlings should be plentifully watered around with water, avoiding getting it on the leaves.

First of all, after planting the seedlings, make sure that they do not lean too much towards the ground. If after watering this still happens, the seedlings need to be planted in place. During the first week, water the seedlings every evening using a watering can with a splitter. If frost is not observed during the growing period, shelter for the night can be removed. Further care will consist in regular watering, loosening the soil, weeding, making necessary dressings and pollination of white cabbage from pests and fungal diseases. And 21 days after planting, hilling is done, repeating the procedure after 10 days.

Watering cabbage

Due to the fact that the plant loves moisture, watering is very important. In order for it to remain in the soil longer, it is advisable to water it in the evening. AT hot weather seedlings need to be watered every 2-3 days, and in cloudy weather - once every 5-6 days. After that, be sure to loosen the soil, allowing the flow of fresh air and moisture to better penetrate the root system. Experienced gardeners it is recommended to use soil mulching, laying a peat layer about 5 cm thick around the seedlings. It simultaneously nourishes the plant and allows it to retain moisture in the soil longer, thus ensuring maximum plant care.

As for the introduction of dressings, they also do not stop after landing in the ground. An ideal solution of ammonium nitrate, prepared at the rate of 10 g of the substance per 10 liters of water. This amount is quite enough for 5-6 bushes of white cabbage seedlings. Further care involves top dressing during the beginning of the formation of cabbage heads, do this with a mineral solution consisting of 4 g of urea, 5 g of double superphosphate and 8 g of potassium sulfate per 10 liters of water.

As you can see, the cultivation of white cabbage requires uneven fertilization. At first, it actively needs nitrogen, and during the formation of a head of cabbage - in potassium and phosphorus. In addition, proper care and timely application of such fertilizers will have a beneficial effect not only on a high yield, but also on the plant's resistance to weather changes and fungal diseases.

An important point in the care of white cabbage is the treatment of seedlings from pests. The highest efficiency is shown by dusting the leaves with ash with the addition of tobacco dust, with their preliminary treatment with a solution laundry soap. This method helps to scare away garden slugs and fleas that love to feed on the succulent leaves of the plant. Plus, it's completely safe.

Infusion against cabbage pests

Among other folk methods that have proven themselves in the elimination of dangerous pests such as aphids, caterpillars, we single out an infusion from tomato tops. To prepare it, you will need to take 2 kg of tomato tops, pour 5 liters of water into it and leave to infuse for 3-4 hours. After this time, the infusion is allowed to boil for 3 hours and cool slightly. The concentrated infusion is diluted with water in proportions of 1:2. In order for such a solution to better adhere to the leaves, and therefore have a longer lasting effect, it is worth adding 20-30 g of grated tar soap to it before using it.

The infusion of onion peel has similar properties. It will take liter jar husks, which will need to be poured with 2 liters of boiling water and left to infuse for two days. At the end of the infusion process, we filter the liquid and dilute it with an equal amount of water, and for better stickiness, add two tablespoons of liquid soap.

With other pests of cabbage, such as larvae of winter cutworms, cabbage fly and may beetles, gardeners are struggling with a simple but very in an efficient way- bait. Moreover, it is arranged not for the pests themselves, but for the ants, which are their first enemies. To do this, drop a small jar of sweet water, diluting a couple of tablespoons of honey or jam in it. The ants attracted by such a delicacy eat the larvae and neutralize their harmful effects on the cabbage. In addition to spraying and ants, pests can also be controlled by planting fragrant fragrant plants. Well repel aphids, caterpillars, fleas and slugs planting marigolds, sage, cilantro, rosemary, basil, mint. Keep this in mind when providing proper care for white cabbage.

There are secrets of growing cabbage seedlings and planting them. Modern table unthinkable without it. If you want to grow cabbage seedlings yourself at home, then first of all you need to think about seeds, about those varieties that will provide you with the result that will satisfy your wishes. But on the one hand, many gardeners have problems with cabbage seedlings. On the other hand, there is nothing special and difficult. How to plant cabbage for seedlings?

seedling box

Choosing a variety for growing seedlings of cabbage

First of all, answer very important questions before buying seeds:

• you only want to use cabbage in the summer, make vitamin salads out of it, for example;
• you want to ferment it;
• or maybe you have a basement or other storage where you want to store it until the next harvest.

There are countless varieties of this vegetable. There is super-early cabbage, which already ripens by the end of June, forming tight, juicy heads of cabbage, there are varieties that ripen in the middle of summer, and there are varieties that are harvested only at the end of October - they are intended for late storage. In addition to white cabbage, there is cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, Beijing, red cabbage, Savoy, broccoli, kohlrabi, decorative. The choice of variety and type depends on your needs.

Sowing cabbage seeds for seedlings

The technology for growing cabbage seedlings is the same for any species. Its seeds resemble radish seeds, yet they belong to the same cruciferous family, but a little smaller.

Cabbage is grown mainly through seedlings. It is extremely cold photophilous plant. Often asked about growing cabbage seedlings in.

But now - the most important thing. You can sow the seeds at home, but, you know, the home microclimate is absolute nonsense for her. She simply cannot live in such a microclimate. The maximum that she can do at home is to climb, but she will immediately lie down, the color will turn pale green, then yellow, and then she will disappear. Therefore, cabbage seedlings cannot be grown at home. But if you have cold veranda, a glazed balcony without heating, then perhaps something will work out. For her, cold and light are important.

Therefore, cabbage seedlings need to be grown, roughly speaking, almost on the street. It is necessary to make the so-called cold nursery. How to make it? Very simple.

You are taking regular box, you can even use the balcony for flowers.

Fill it with soil. Soaking, warming cabbage seeds is not necessary. You can sow them in rows, or you can scatter them. It's not that important. After sowing, it is important to lightly sprinkle the seeds with earth, trample lightly and be sure to pour abundantly on top. Cabbage is a moisture-loving plant, so there will be no harm from abundant watering.

This box of sown seeds must not be left at home. It is necessary to bring it to the dacha or take it out to the garden. If you still have snow, then shovel it, put a box with sown seeds on the cold ground. The place should be open, warmed by the sun. Install arcs from above, stretch the film. This is how your seedbed will stand until germination. Shoots will appear in ten to twelve days.

If you already have a greenhouse installed, then bring the nursery inside, additional arcs with a film will no longer be needed. An additional greenhouse will need to be made only for seedlings, as she is afraid of frost. And white-headed, Brussels, Savoy, other in additional shelter do not need, they endure frosts down to -5 ° C.

If you have a stationary greenhouse, for example, a glass one, then the seeds can be sown simply in the soil of the greenhouse without any nursery, since the earth there is very well warmed up by the sun in early spring.

So, a cold hotbed is main secret receiving good harvest cabbage.

How to care for cabbage seedlings

After some time (10-12 days) in your cold nursery you will see such a picture - a forest of seedlings.

Cabbage has very few seeds that do not germinate. It's not scary that your seeds have sprouted so often. This is fine. It tolerates thickening up to a certain stage - until the 3-4th leaf appears. Until this moment, nothing needs to be done with the seedlings - just make sure that the earth does not dry out, water it periodically. Remember that if it is + 5 ° C outside, then it can be + 20 ° C in the greenhouse, and this can cause the soil to dry out.

Of course, already at this stage you can notice that some plants are stronger, taller, stronger. Most likely, these are the ones that will be planted in the garden. But so far they are all equal. You can leave everything as it is and wait for the 3-4th leaf to appear. Or you can carefully transplant some of the plants from the nursery together with a clod of earth into a separate pot. If the seedlings have 1-2 true leaves, then several plants can be transplanted at once into a separate pot. And if more, then plant immediately in a separate glass.

Cabbage is very fond of fertilizing with organic fertilizers, but before planting better fertilizer do not apply.

This plant has a very interesting feature- it is better to transplant it into the ground earlier, with the full presence of 1-2 true leaves, when the 3-4th leaves are just emerging. Well, as a last resort, when the 3rd-4th leaves have already grown, but not later. Since at the same time you can’t get large beautiful heads of cabbage, let them ripen later. This pattern has long been noticed, but why it happens is a mystery. Apparently, this is due to the energy of the environment.

Cabbage seedlings are usually planted in open ground 30 days after germination.

This is about the size the plants should be before planting.

I do not thin out cabbage seedlings in the nursery. Let it grow thick. When planting in the ground, you will reject weak seedlings, choose strong, strong, beautiful ones.

When you take out cabbage seedlings from a pot or nursery, you will plant them the right way over certain distances. Plants of varying degrees of development will quickly level out, catch up with each other. Even if some plants were oppressed, they will quickly recover. For cabbage, the earliest period of development is not the main one; what is important for it is what will happen in the garden after planting.

To place cabbage, you should try to choose a site where cabbage crops (cabbage, radish, radish, brukva, turnip, turnip, mustard) were not grown in the coming years. In turn, after cabbage, they are grown in this area no earlier than 3 years later. This is due both to the accumulation of cabbage-specific diseases and pests, and to the specific removal of mineral macro- and microelements from the soil in crops from the same family - the yield when grown in the same place will steadily decrease from year to year.

Soil preparation

At the end of summer - the beginning of autumn, a thorough digging of the soil is carried out on a spade bayonet, with the exception of individual cases (see more details). It is advisable to dig the soil in dry weather. At the same time, the more irregularities the soil will have after digging, the more moisture will be absorbed in the spring when the snow melts.

In the spring, when the physical ripeness of the soil sets in, the so-called "closing of moisture" is carried out - the dried, but not dried, soil is leveled with a rake. This is necessary to reduce the evaporation surface - in sunny spring weather, moisture evaporates very quickly from the soil. After leveling, evaporation slows down sharply, the soil gradually warms up. Germination of weeds begins, which at this age can be easily destroyed by repeated raking.

Before planting seedlings, holes are made deep and wide enough to accommodate the root system.

fertilizers

On the acidic soils in autumn it is necessary to carry out liming (for digging), otherwise the effectiveness of fertilizers is sharply reduced. Since lime contains calcium, at the same time, this necessary element. Another reason for liming is that cabbage club disease develops on acidic soils.

The need for nutrients depends on the planned yield and the content of nutrients in the soil. You can calculate the fertilizer application rate for cabbage yourself (see the calculation of the fertilizer application rate). Approximately on soddy-podzolic soils for cabbage, the following fertilizer application rates can be recommended: urea 40-45 g / m2, double superphosphate 30-35 g / m2, potassium sulfate 40-45 g / m2. Nitrogen fertilizers can be applied under spring processing soil and top dressing, phosphorus and potash - better under autumn digging(phosphoric also in top dressing).

Cabbage is a big fan of organic fertilizers. They try to make manure under it, with a norm of 6-8 kg / m2. When applying organic fertilizers, the rate of mineral is reduced. If you are a supporter of organic farming, then mineral fertilizers can be completely abandoned, replacing them with organic ones (especially since cabbage responds well to organic fertilizers, especially rotted manure and humus).

For early varieties, application rates are reduced, especially nitrogen fertilizers, since early cabbage can accumulate a lot of nitrates.

Cabbage is usually grown from seedlings, although a seedless method is also used.

Growing seedlings

As a rule, cabbage seedlings are grown in spring film greenhouses or hotbeds, and many in an apartment.

Preparing seeds for sowing

Before sowing, for disinfection from bacterial and viral infections, it is advisable to warm the seeds in hot water at a temperature of +50 ° C for 20 minutes, then immediately cool (for 3-5 minutes) in a cold boiled water. Then the seeds can be soaked in growth stimulants (Gumat, Silk, Epin, etc.) for several hours (see instructions).

Sowing seeds

Approximate sowing dates in central Russia: early cabbage - early March; mid-ripening cabbage - the second half of April; late cabbage - end of March - beginning of April. The difference in the timing of sowing is associated with the duration of growing seedlings and the timing of their planting in open ground.

Seeds are sown to a depth of 1 cm, and covered with a film or newspaper on top to preserve moisture in top layer soil. Shoots appear early - after 4-5 days, after which the film and newspapers are immediately removed.

After sowing until germination is maintained room temperature(+20 °С). After the emergence of shoots, it is desirable to reduce the temperature to +6 ... +10 ° С (both during the day and at night), since this moment is critical and the plant switches from seed supply to autotrophic nutrition. At the same time, seedlings under conditions elevated temperatures, and especially with a lack of light, they stretch and lie down strongly. The duration of the period with a low temperature is 4-7 days - until the formation of the first true leaf. Unfortunately, this is difficult to implement in a city apartment, but you can, for example, take seedlings to a glazed loggia.

Then the temperature is raised: up to +14 ... +18 ° С in sunny days, +12…+16 °С on cloudy days, at night +6…+10 °С.

When growing seedlings, ventilate the plants so that the seedling has an influx of fresh air.

Once a week, seedlings are watered with water with a weak solution of potassium permanganate (3 g per 10 l).

Seedling picking

1.5-2 weeks after germination, in the phase of the first true leaf, cabbage seedlings dive, i.e. seated on larger area nutrition. If possible, it is better to transplant seedlings of cabbage, especially early and late varieties, into pots or cassettes, you can use kefir bags (with pierced holes in the bottom), etc.

An hour before picking, the seedlings are watered abundantly. Then a seedling with a clod of earth is selected and the root is shortened by a third. Seedlings are buried in the soil by cotyledon leaves.

Landing in open ground

By the time of planting in open ground, seedlings should have:
early cabbage: 5-7 real leaves, height 12-20 cm.
in mid-season and late: 4-6 true leaves, height 15-20 cm.

Cabbage Seedlings of early cabbage in central Russia are planted as early as possible: in late April - early May. Then seedlings of late cabbage are planted - from mid to late May. Seedlings of mid-ripening cabbage are planted later - from late May to mid-June. An approximate planting pattern is 70x30 cm, 50x40 cm, 50x50 cm, 40x40 cm. Planting should not be too thick - cabbage plants are large and they need a lot of light and soil space (photo).

Planting is carried out - to a depth of the first true leaf (the third after two cotyledon leaves). When planting, it is necessary to ensure that the growth point of plants (young leaves) is not covered with earth. Planted in the afternoon or in cloudy weather with watering. Plants must be watered when planting.

Features of seedless growing method

With a long period favorable for vegetation and regular rainfall on fertile, weed-free soils, some varieties of cabbage (for example, the mid-ripening variety Slava 1305) in central Russia can be grown in a seedless way.

At the same time, plant seeds are sown directly into the soil, to a depth of 1.5-3 cm.

At the same time, the sowing dates are early, because. cabbage is not afraid of frosts. Cabbage seedlings are thinned out to a given standing density (about 40 cm between plants in a row). Further plant care is normal.

cabbage care

Plant care consists in regular loosening of the soil, weeding, watering and top dressing.

Watering

A feature of cabbage is its great need for soil moisture. Therefore, during cultivation, soil moisture is constantly monitored; in dry weather, watering is required. early cabbage watered 3-4 times, late - at least 5-6 times. Irrigation rate from 15-20 liters per m2.

If the cabbage is intended for storage, then watering is stopped 30-40 days before harvesting (in dry conditions - 15 days before harvesting).

In humid areas, hilling of plants is effective, which, like loosening the soil, is carried out until the plants grow and the leaves close.

top dressing

Cabbage plants are fed 1-2 times during watering. Feeding rate: urea 5 g, double superphosphate 5 g, potassium sulfate 6 g per m2 (or 8 g diammofoska); at the second feeding, the amount of potassium is increased, and nitrogen is reduced. Top dressing is carried out until mid-July or until the leaves close.

cabbage plant protection

Cabbage is affected by many pests. The main ones are:
at the beginning of the growing season - cruciferous flea, cabbage leaf beetle, stem cabbage sneaker, cabbage moth and cabbage fly;
in the middle of the growing season - cabbage white;
during the formation of heads - cabbage scoop and cabbage aphids.
See their descriptions for pest control.

Cabbage is susceptible to diseases. Excessive moisture leads to seedling disease with a black leg, hyperacidity- to the disease of keeled cabbage. Detailed description and control measures, see specific cabbage diseases.

harvesting cabbage

harvesting cabbage early ripe varieties carried out during the formation of a loose head of cabbage in the summer. Harvesting of mid-season and late varieties is carried out only after the completion of the second phase of head formation. The denser the head is formed before harvesting, the better it will be stored.

The average yield of early-ripening cabbage is 1.5-3 kg/m2, mid- and late-ripening cabbage is 5-6 kg/m2.

White cabbage is a cold-resistant, moisture- and light-loving, non-wintering biennial, demanding on soil fertility. In the first year it forms a head of cabbage, in the second year - a high powerful peduncle with seeds. Head of cabbage may be various forms and sizes: rounded, flat, conical. The mass of a head of cabbage ranges from 0.3 kg to 15 kg, depending on the variety, growing conditions and the level of agricultural technology. The culture is very productive, resistant to different conditions cultivation, tolerates transportation well, many varieties and hybrids are stored until spring. White cabbage develops well at a temperature of +13 ... +18 o C. Seedlings are sensitive to negative temperatures, young seedlings tolerate short-term frosts down to -3 o C, grown seedlings up to -5 o C, and adult plants up to -8 o C.

High temperatures inhibit the development of plants, and at + 30 + 35 ° C, cabbage does not form heads at all. Moisture requirement is moderate, but increases with head formation. White cabbage refers to plants with a long daylight hours. It is very photophilous, and even slight shading makes the seedlings unusable. Do not plant plants near fruit trees, make dense plantings and "run" the plot with weeds.

Cabbage loves to “eat” very much and actively consumes nutrients from the soil, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. When it is in the seedling phase, it consumes all the nutrients. In the growth phase of the rosette of leaves, it consumes more nitrogen. And when it forms and grows a head of cabbage - potassium and phosphorus. The need for top dressing with microelements arises when planting on peat bogs, swampy, sandy and sandy soils; on loamy soils, cabbage basically does not lack them.

Preparing a plot for cabbage

Cabbage is very demanding on fertility and soil structure. It works well on loamy soils with a high humus content, with a slightly acidic or neutral reaction and good water-holding capacity.

It is better to cook a plot for cabbage in the fall. After harvesting the predecessors, the soil is loosened, and after 2-3 weeks, after the germination of weeds, they are dug up. In the spring, after the soil dries out a little, it is loosened, and dug up just before planting. Fertilizers can be applied in several ways.

For example, in the fall, lime materials are brought in for digging - chalk, dolomite flour, fluff, on average 2 cups / m 2. In the spring, digging is carried out per 1 m 2: well-ripened humus or compost - 1 bucket, superphosphate or nitrophoska - 2 tablespoons, wood ash - 2 cups, urea - 1 tsp.

With the second method most of fertilizers are applied from autumn for digging for 1m 2: 1-1.5 buckets of compost or humus, 2 tbsp. superphosphate, 1 tbsp. potassium sulfate. In the spring, 2 tablespoons are added for digging. complete fertilizer.

The third method involves the application of fertilizers directly into the hole, for their more economical use. For 1 well is applied: 0.5 kg of humus or compost, 1 tsp. nitrophoska, 2 tbsp. wood ash. All this is thoroughly mixed in a hole with soil, watered and seedlings are planted.

Planting seedlings in a permanent place and caring for plants

Before planting, the final culling of seedlings is carried out ( About growing seedlings of white cabbage in detail - in the article Sowing white cabbage and caring for seedlings). To a permanent place ready seedlings planted at different times:

• early varieties - from April 25 to May 5,
• mid-season and mid-late - in the third decade of May,
• late - from the end of May to June 5.

The density of planting depends on the timing of the ripening of cabbage and on the variety. Early varieties and hybrids are planted according to the scheme 30-35 cm x 40-50 cm, mid-season 50 cm x 50-60 cm, late-ripening 60-70 cm x 60-70 cm.

Cabbage is usually planted on flat surface. If the site is in a low or damp place, then cabbage is planted on ridges or ridges. In any case, the site should be sunny, flat or with a slight slope to the south, southeast. Cabbage is well placed after legumes or grains, perennial grasses, onions, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. In one place, cabbage can be grown for no more than two years. They return to their original landing site no earlier than after 4 years.

Seedlings are planted on cloudy days. If the weather is sunny, then in the afternoon. When planting, the plants are deepened to the first pair of true leaves and the soil around the plants is well compressed. Depending on soil moisture and weather, 0.5-1.0 l of water is poured under one plant. If the weather is not rainy, then the next day after planting, the plants should be watered a little. The first two weeks, every 3-4 days, the plants are watered at 6-8 l / m 2, then - in normal weather once a week at 10-12 l / m 2. If the weather is dry, then the intervals between watering should be reduced. Cabbage is very fond of refreshing irrigation by sprinkling in hot weather. They are held in the morning or evening hours.

In different periods of the growing season, the need for plants in water is not the same. Irrigation rates and the depth of soil moisture also change during the three main periods of plant development: vegetative growth, growth of food organs, and maturation.

The depth of soil moisture during irrigation in the non-chernozem zone in the first growing season is 0.2 m, and in the second and third periods - 0.3 m. In the southern regions - 0.3 m and 0.4 m, respectively.

If watered rarely and at high rates, then plants spend a lot of substances on the growth of the root system and often this is obtained to the detriment of fruiting. With regular watering with small rates, the root system is mainly located in the irrigation zone (this is the upper fertile soil layer), where optimal conditions for water and mineral nutrition. Which leads to higher yields.

Early cabbage is watered more heavily in June, and late cabbage in August, when the plants tie the forks. Watering should be regular. Insufficient watering during the period of growing the rosette of leaves will necessarily negatively affect the size of the head, even if the cabbage will be watered normally in the future. Watering is carried out in the morning or evening hours with water + 18 + 20 ° C. After watering or rain, the soil is loosened to a depth of 5-8 cm (near the plant itself, they are loosened smaller, and closer to the aisle - deeper). After the cabbage has the most developed leaf surface and the formed head, careful pest control and a gradual decrease in irrigation rates are necessary.

During cultivation, cabbage is spudded twice. The first time - 20 days after planting the seedlings, and then after 10-12 days. This cultural practice promotes the growth of an additional root system and an increase in the size of heads.

When growing varieties and hybrids with very large heads of cabbage, there are inconveniences with processing, transportation and storage of products. To regulate the weight of the heads, you can initially plant the plants a little thicker in the row, but leave the distance between the rows the same. The overall yield will not be affected.

top dressing

Cabbage is fed 2-4 times during the growing period. After fertilizing, the plants must be watered with clean water over the leaves in order to wash off the fertilizer solution that has fallen from the leaves.

First feeding give 15 days after planting seedlings. In 10 liters of water, dilute 0.5 liters of mushy mullein or chicken manure. 0.5 l of solution is poured under one plant. In the absence of organic fertilizers, you can feed with mineral fertilizers: for 10 liters of water - 10 g of urea, 15 g of potassium monophosphate (or 10 g of urea, 20 g of superphosphate and 10 g of potassium fertilizer) . If enough fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, were applied before planting the seedlings in the ground or in the holes, then the first feeding can be omitted.

Second top dressing give 25-30 days after planting, i.e. 10-15 days after the first feeding. The same fertilizers are used, in the amount of 0.5-1.0 liters per plant, depending on soil fertility.

These two top dressings are given early and late cabbage, they are especially effective for early varieties.

Third top dressing carried out only for cabbage of medium late and late varieties 15 days after the second feeding. This enhances the growth of heads of cabbage. For 10 liters of water, take 0.5 liters of mullein or chicken manure and 15 g of potassium monophosphate, spending 1.0-1.5 liters per plant. Or, for 10 liters of water, 15 g of potassium monophosphate and 1 tablet of trace elements, spending 6-8 liters of solution per 1 m 2. Or for 10 liters of water 1 tbsp. nitrophoska.

Fourth top dressing make, if necessary, 20 days after the third for very late cabbage varieties, one of the solutions given for the third top dressing.

If a mineral fertilizers are scattered dry around the plants, then top dressing is combined with irrigation with clean water and shallow loosening to a depth of 3-4 cm. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that fertilizers do not get on the leaves of plants, especially when they are wet, in order to avoid burns.

In the absence of mullein and chicken manure, you can buy dry granular chicken manure, liquid extract in stores cow dung"Bioud" or liquid extract horse manure Biud, Bucephalus, Brown.

For those who are inconvenient to make fertilizers themselves, there are ready-made complex fertilizers for cabbage on sale: Agricola, Kaliyfos-N, Hera for Cabbage, Cabbage, etc.

Very easy to use and effective environmentally friendly universal long-term organic fertilizer "Siertuin-AZ" (NPK 7-6-6), unfortunately, available for sale only in major cities. It can replace all the above-mentioned mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as enrich the soil with beneficial microflora, which suppresses the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and increases the availability nutrients for plants. It is enough to use it only twice - introducing it into the soil 7-10 days after planting the seedlings, and then in early August. The amount of fertilizer is taken 5-6 times less than that indicated on the package, about 10 g per 1 m 2. Close up to a depth of 1-3 cm under the plants.

In addition to loosening, fertilizing, timely watering and pest and disease control, the cabbage plot must be kept free of weeds. Otherwise, all efforts may be in vain, since many pests and diseases find refuge in weeds. Among other things, weeds take away heat and light from plants, make it difficult to cultivate the soil and crops, consume up to 30% of nutrients and water from the soil. All this leads to a strong loss of yield and worsens the quality of heads.

Cultivation of cabbage in compacted and repeated plantings or crops

Plantings are called compacted, in which several crops are grown simultaneously on the same area. Gardeners with small plots use compacted and repeated crops or plantings. This allows them to use the land more rationally.

For example, when growing late-ripening cabbage (compacted crop), radishes, dill lettuce (compacters) are sown to it, because in the initial period of development, cabbage grows very slowly and does not completely use the area allotted to it.

On the small plot you can grow white and cauliflower according to the principle of compacted plantings. Here it is important to choose the right varieties and hybrids of both crops. In the first half of May, seedlings of early cauliflower are planted according to the pattern of 60-70 cm between rows, 35 cm between plants. And at the end of May, in the same rows, but already according to the scheme of 60-70 cm between rows by 70 cm between plants, seedlings of late-ripening cabbage are planted. In late June - early July, early cauliflower ripens, it is completely harvested from the root, while late-ripening cabbage rosettes are just beginning to gain full strength. With further good care, somewhat oppressed in the first period of their growth, late-ripening cabbage plants, hitting favorable conditions, develop normally and give the main crop. From the same plot, an additional yield of cauliflower is obtained, approximately 1.2 kg / m 2.

Many gardeners use positive influence joint landings white and cauliflower with tomatoes and potatoes. It turns out an additional crop of cabbage, and tomatoes and potatoes are less affected by late blight.

At repeated crops, several crops are also grown on the same area, but in different time. This method is mainly used in the southern regions, where the warm period is longer. The first crop is sown with cold-resistant crops with a short growing season - radish, chinese cabbage etc. The second culture is mid-season and late-ripening varieties cabbage. Or vice versa, the first crop is cold-resistant, with a long growing season - early white cabbage, cauliflower. And the second is cold-resistant, with a short growing season - autumn radishes, onions for greens from sets. (2)

Photo: Yulia Belopukhova, Rita Brilliantova

Literature

1. "Hybrids of white cabbage F1 Fast and Furious and F1 Nakhalenok as a means of obtaining high profits" //Vestnik Vegetable grower. 2011. No. 5. pp. 21-23.

2. Cabbage. //Book series "Homestead farming". M. "Rural news", 1998.

3. V.A.Borisov, A.V.Romanova, I.I.Virchenko “Storage of white cabbage of various ripening periods” // Vestnik Ovoshchevoda. 2011. No. 5. pp. 36-38.

4. S.S. Vaneyan, A.M. Men'shikh, D.I. Engalychev "Methods and techniques of irrigation in vegetable growing" //Vestnik Ovoshchevoda. 2011. №3. pp. 19-24.