home

What temperature should be in the boiler room in winter. Choosing a temperature regime for heating: a description of the main parameters and calculation examples

Maybe Russia is a cold country, but our apartments are warmer than in many European countries. Because there is central heating, subsidized by the state, and the British, Germans, French, deprived of this luxury, are forced to save and temper at the same time. It's in theory. But what about in practice? Is it good for you to heat and what to do if not?

Heating norms

Since central heating is a matter of state concern, the norms for heating in an apartment are determined centrally. GOST 30494-2011 says that during the heating season, the temperature in living rooms, kitchens and bathrooms should not fall below 18 ° C. In cold regions, such as Yakutia or the Khabarovsk Territory, the temperature for living rooms is set from 20 ° C, and for the kitchen and bathroom - from 18 ° C.

From midnight to five o'clock in the morning, a decrease in the indicated norms by 3 ° C is allowed. During sleep, the human body needs less heat, and heating providers are legitimately taking advantage of this to save money.

If the specified GOST is a reference book for designers engineering systems, then all public utilities, without exception, compare hours and degrees with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of 05/06/2011. It, in particular, establishes the beginning of the heating season. Batteries should be turned on on the sixth day after the temperature outside the window drops below 8°C. By the way, the rule of eight also applies to reverse side: as soon as the spring air reaches an average daily mark of 8 ° C and is able to maintain positions for five days in a row, the batteries will be turned off.

Often, the specified framework of the heating period runs counter to our personal comfort. Almost every autumn, communal services are bombarded with demands to turn on the heating in apartments earlier than planned, but they have every right to reject these demands, until, of course, the day specified by the Decree arrives.

How is the heating of apartment buildings

The heat that goes into our homes is generated at CHP or boiler houses. There, the water is heated to be piped into the houses. It must get to the batteries hot, so it must be very hot. Every schoolchild knows that water will boil at 100°C, but this does not happen with water in heating pipes.

A pressure of 7-8 atmospheres is created in the heat supply pipes, which raises the boiling point of water to 160-170°C.

There are different schemes for distributing the heat carrier (this is how official documents call water in pipes and radiators) coming from the CHP. In the most common, so-called independent heat supply scheme, water does not go directly to the apartments. First, it is sent to a heating point located in the basement of a high-rise building, where it passes through a heat exchanger and cools down to a temperature acceptable for supply to the rooms. The water in the radiators should not be too hot - it is simply dangerous.

After passing through the radiators inside the house, the coolant, which has already cooled down by 25-35 ° C, returns to the same heating point - to heat up again and get into our homes.

Temperature in radiators

The only norm relating directly to heating batteries in an apartment building is the maximum temperature of the coolant. It should not exceed 95°C for two-pipe systems and 105°C for one-pipe systems. Finding out which system is installed in your apartment is easy: look at your radiator and count how many pipes are connected to it. Two-pipe systems are more widespread - they are more efficient and economical.

The lower limit of water temperature in heating batteries is not officially fixed in any way. The only rule: batteries must provide the temperature standard established by GOST 30494-2011 in the rooms. It is clear, however, that if the batteries themselves are slightly warm, then they will not be able to heat the room to the 18 ° C required by GOST. Just a very, very small room.

What to measure and how to measure

So, the desired hour has come, and the heating season has begun, but the apartment is still cold. How to proceed?

The first step is to measure the heating in the apartment. In other words, measure the temperature in the rooms and compare it with the GOST standards indicated above (and listed in detail) to make sure that poor heating in the apartment is a reality, and not your individual feelings.

If you have a base station, then you will see the exact air temperature in the form of a graph in your mobile application or web interface.

If all measurements comply with the rules, it is useless to complain, utilities will simply refer to the same GOST. You will have to insulate yourself.

However, if the measurements taken indicate that the heating temperature in the apartment does not correspond to the norm, then there are several options.

First you need to determine the cause of thermal problems.
Here is a short list of the most common:

1. Cork in batteries
Batteries can be cold due to the accumulation of air in the pipes - the so-called air locks. They prevent the water from circulating as expected and proper heating in the apartment is disrupted. The plug can be removed by yourself by opening a special valve or, as it is also called, the Mayevsky tap. It is usually located near upper corner radiator. Be careful, and if you are not sure that you can fix the heating yourself, then it is better to seek help from a specialist.

2. Large heat loss of the apartment
A common problem in older homes is that the batteries are scalding hot, but still cold. It is useless to appeal to public utilities, you need to take care of thermal insulation on your own. Just don't get too carried away with sealing, because curing one can cripple the other. In particular, it often suffers from excessive warming measures. When installing airtight windows and filling cracks in the walls, think about how your rooms are.

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

Temperature norms

The requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in the regulatory documents that establish the design, installation and use of engineering systems of residential and public buildings. They are described in the State building codes and regulations:

DBN (B. 2.5-39 Heat networks);
SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".

For the calculated temperature of the water in the supply, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating, it is necessary to decide what the temperature of the coolant should be, taking into account such factors:

1The beginning and end of the heating season at an average daily temperature of +8 °C outside for 3 days;
2 The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and public importance should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
3 The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85. such:
1
For a hospital - 85 ° C (excluding psychiatric and drug departments, as well as administrative or domestic premises);
2 For residential, public, as well as domestic buildings (excluding halls for sports, trade, spectators and passengers) - 90 ° С;
3For auditoriums, restaurants and premises for production of category A and B - 105 °C;
4For catering establishments (excluding restaurants) - this is 115 °С;
5 For production premises (categories C, D and D), where combustible dust and aerosols are released - 130 ° C;
6For stairwells, vestibules, pedestrian crossings, technical premises, residential buildings, industrial premises without the presence of flammable dust and aerosols - 150 ° C. Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust and paintwork begin to decompose. For these reasons sanitary norms prohibit more heating.
To calculate the optimal indicators, special graphs and tables can be used, in which the norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average value outside the window of 0 °С, the supply for radiators with different wiring is set at a level of 40 to 45 °С, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 °С;
- At -20 °С, the supply is heated from 67 to 77 °С, while the return rate should be from 53 to 55 °С;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum allowed values. At the supply it is from 95 to 105 ° C, and at the return - 70 ° C.
Optimal values in an individual heating system

Autonomous heating helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted according to the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norm includes the heat transfer of a heating device per unit area of the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is provided by the design features of the heating devices.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 °C. 80 °C is considered optimal. With gas boiler it is easier to control heating, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to adjust the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.

It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. At the same time, the control of heating of the coolant is rather conditional with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly adjust the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

The design features of a single-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different standards for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° C, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° C, while the difference between the return and supply should be, respectively: 105 - 70 ° C and 95 - 70 ° C.

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and correction of the return and supply temperatures.

The return temperature depends on the amount of liquid passing through it. The regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary pointers are installed on the sensor.

If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by a regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a “cold start” is used: that part of the liquid that has passed through the network is again transferred from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature norms heating networks.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for the correct calculation of the coolant temperature norm and will tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant, outdoor air and wind strength. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. It will also reduce heating costs.

Norms and optimal values of the temperature of the coolant, Repair and construction of a house

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards. Norms

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

In Russia, such heating systems that work thanks to liquid-type heat carriers are more popular. This is most likely due to the fact that in many regions of the country the climate is quite severe. Liquid heating systems are a set of equipment that includes components such as: pumping stations, boiler rooms, pipelines, heat exchangers. The characteristics of the coolant largely determine how efficiently and properly the entire system will work. Now the question arises, which coolant for heating systems to use for work.

Heat carrier for heating systems

Heat transfer requirements

You need to immediately understand that there is no ideal coolant. Those types of coolants that exist today can only perform their functions in a certain temperature range. If you go beyond this range, then the quality characteristics of the coolant can change dramatically.

The coolant for heating must have such properties that will allow for a certain unit of time to transfer as much heat as possible. The viscosity of the coolant largely determines what effect it will have on the pumping of the coolant throughout the heating system for a specific time interval. The higher the viscosity of the coolant, the better its characteristics.

Physical properties of coolants

The coolant should not have a corrosive effect on the material from which the pipes or heating devices are made.

If this condition is not met, then the choice of materials will become more limited. In addition to the above properties, the coolant must also have lubricity. The choice of materials that are used for the construction of various mechanisms and circulation pumps depends on these characteristics.

In addition, the coolant must be safe based on its characteristics such as: ignition temperature, release of toxic substances, vapor flash. Also, the coolant should not be too expensive, studying the reviews, you can understand that even if the system works efficiently, it will not justify itself from a financial point of view.

Water as a heat carrier

Water can serve as a heat transfer fluid required for the operation of a heating system. Of those liquids that exist on our planet in its natural state, water has the highest heat capacity - about 1 kcal. Speaking more in simple terms, then if 1 liter of water is heated to such a normal temperature of the heating system coolant as +90 degrees, and the water is cooled to 70 degrees by means of a heating radiator, then the room that is heated by this radiator will receive about 20 kcal of heat.

Water also has quite high rate density - 917kg/1 sq.m. meter. The density of water can change when it is heated or cooled. Only water has properties such as expansion when heated or cooled.

Water is the most demanded and available heat carrier.

Also, water is superior to many synthetic heat transfer fluids in terms of toxicology and environmental friendliness. If suddenly such a coolant somehow leaks from the heating system, then this will not create any situations that will cause health problems for the residents of the house. You only need to be afraid of getting hot water directly on the human body. Even if a coolant leak occurs, the volume of coolant in the heating system can be very easily restored. All you need to do is add the right amount of water through expansion tank heating systems with natural circulation. Judging by the price category, it is simply impossible to find a coolant that will cost less than water.

Despite the fact that such a coolant as water has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages.

In its natural state, water contains various salts and oxygen in its composition, which can adversely affect the internal state of the components and parts of the heating system. Salt can have a corrosive effect on materials, as well as lead to scale build-up of the inner walls of pipes and elements of the heating system.

The chemical composition of water in different regions Russia

Such a disadvantage can be eliminated. The easiest way to soften water is to boil it. When boiling water, care must be taken to ensure that such a thermal process takes place in a metal container, and that the container is not covered with a lid. After such heat treatment, a significant part of the salts will settle to the bottom of the tank, and carbon dioxide will be completely removed from the water.

A larger amount of salt can be removed if a container with a large bottom is used for boiling. Salt deposits can be easily seen at the bottom of the vessel, they will look like scale. This method of removing salts is not 100% effective, since only less stable calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are removed from the water, but more stable compounds of such elements remain in the water.

There is another way to remove salts from water - this is a reagent or chemical method. Through this method, it is possible to transfer salts that are contained in water even in an insoluble state.

To carry out such water treatment, the following components will be required: slaked lime, soda ash type or sodium orthophosphate. If you fill the heating system with a coolant and add the first two of the listed reagents to the water, this will cause the formation of a precipitate of calcium and magnesium orthophosphates. And if the third of the listed reagents is added to the water, then a carbonate precipitate is formed. Once the chemical reaction is complete, the sediment can be removed by a method such as water filtration. Sodium orthophosphate is such a reagent that will help soften water. An important point to consider when choosing this reagent is the correct flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for a certain volume of water.

Plant for chemical softening of water

It is best to use distilled water for heating systems, as it does not contain harmful impurities. True, distilled water is more expensive than regular water. One liter of distilled water will cost about 14 Russian rubles. Before filling the heating system with a distilled-type coolant, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse all heating devices, the boiler and pipes with plain water. Even if the heating system was installed not so long ago and has not yet been used before, then its components still need to be washed, since there will be pollution anyway.

In order to flush the system, melt water can also be used, since such water contains almost no salts in its composition. Even artesian or well water contains more salts than melt or rain water.

Frozen water in the heating system

Studying the parameters of the heating system coolant, it can be noted that another big drawback of water as a heating system coolant is that it will freeze if the water temperature drops below 0 degrees. When water freezes, it expands, and this will lead to breakage of heating devices or damage to pipes. Such a threat can only arise if there are interruptions in the heating system and the water stops heating. This type of coolant is also not recommended for use in those houses where the residence is not permanent, but periodic.

Antifreeze as a coolant

Antifreeze for heating systems

Higher performance for effective work the heating system has such a type of coolant as antifreeze. By pouring antifreeze into the heating system circuit, it is possible to reduce the risk of freezing of the heating system in the cold season to a minimum. Antifreeze is designed for lower temperatures than water, and they are not able to change its physical state. Antifreeze has many advantages, since it does not cause scale deposits and does not contribute to corrosive wear of the interior of the heating system elements.

Even if the antifreeze solidifies at very low temperatures, it will not expand like water, and this will not cause any damage to the heating system components. In the event of freezing, the antifreeze will turn into a gel-like composition, and the volume will remain the same. If, after freezing, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system rises, it will turn from a gel-like state into a liquid, and this will not cause any negative consequences for the heating circuit.

Many manufacturers add various additives to antifreeze that can increase the life of the heating system.

Such additives help to remove various deposits and scale from the elements of the heating system, as well as eliminate pockets of corrosion. When choosing antifreeze, you need to remember that such a coolant is not universal. The additives that it contains are only suitable for certain materials.

Existing coolants for heating systems-antifreeze can be divided into two categories based on their freezing point. Some are designed for temperatures up to -6 degrees, while others are up to -35 degrees.

Properties various kinds antifreeze

The composition of such a coolant as antifreeze is designed for a full five years of operation, or for 10 heating seasons. The calculation of the coolant in the heating system must be accurate.

Antifreeze also has its drawbacks:

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means that they will give off heat more slowly;
They have a rather high viscosity, which means that a sufficiently powerful circulation pump will need to be installed in the system.
When heated, antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed-type expansion tank, and radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which water is the coolant.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of antifreeze, is 50% higher than that of water, which means that all connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

In the case of using this type of coolant as antifreeze in the heating system, certain conditions must be taken into account:

The system must be supplemented with a circulation pump with powerful parameters. If the circulation of the coolant in the heating system and the heating circuit is long, then the circulation pump must be outdoor installation.
The volume of the expansion tank must be at least twice as large as the tank used for a coolant such as water.
AT heating system it is necessary to mount volumetric radiators and pipes with a large diameter.
Do not use air vents automatic type. For a heating system in which antifreeze is the coolant, only taps can be used manual type. A more popular manual type crane is the Mayevsky crane.
If antifreeze is diluted, then only with distilled water. Melt, rain or well water will not work in any way.
Before filling the heating system with coolant - antifreeze, it must be thoroughly rinsed with water, not forgetting about the boiler. Manufacturers of antifreezes recommend changing them in the heating system at least once every three years.
If the boiler is cold, then it is not recommended to immediately set high standards for the temperature of the coolant to the heating system. It should rise gradually, the coolant needs some time to heat up.

If in winter a double-circuit boiler operating on antifreeze is turned off for a long period, then it is necessary to drain water from the hot water supply circuit. If it freezes, the water can expand and damage pipes or other parts of the heating system.

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

Standard temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Providing comfortable living conditions in the cold season is the task of heat supply. It is interesting to trace how a person tried to warm his home. Initially, the huts were heated in black, the smoke went into the hole on the roof.

Later they switched to stove heating, then, with the advent of boilers, to water heating. Boiler plants increased their capacity: from a boiler house in one taken house to a district boiler house. And, finally, with the increase in the number of consumers with the growth of cities, people came to centralized heating from thermal power plants.

Depending on the source of heat energy, there are centralized and decentralized heating systems. The first type includes heat production based on combined production of electricity and heat at thermal power plants and heat supply from district heating boiler houses.

To decentralized systems heat supply includes boiler plants of small capacity and individual boilers.

According to the type of coolant, heating systems are divided into steam and water.

Advantages of water heating systems:

the possibility of transporting the coolant over long distances;
the possibility of centralized regulation of heat supply in the heating network by changing the hydraulic or temperature regime;
no loss of steam and condensate, which always occur in steam systems.

Formula for calculating heat supply

The temperature of the heat carrier, depending on the outside temperature, is maintained by the heat supply organization on the basis of the temperature graph.

The temperature schedule for supplying heat to the heating system is based on monitoring air temperatures during the heating period. At the same time, eight of the coldest winters in fifty years are selected. The strength and speed of the wind in different geographical areas is taken into account. The necessary heat loads are calculated to heat the room up to 20-22 degrees. For industrial premises, their own parameters of the coolant are set to maintain technological processes.

The heat balance equation is drawn up. The heat loads of consumers are calculated taking into account heat losses to the environment, and the corresponding heat supply is calculated to cover the total heat loads. The colder it is outside, the higher the losses to the environment, the more heat is released from the boiler house.

Heat release is calculated according to the formula:

Q \u003d Gsv * C * (tpr-tob), where

Q - heat load in kW, the amount of heat released per unit of time;
Gsv - coolant flow rate in kg / s;
tpr and tb - temperatures in the forward and return pipelines depending on the outdoor air temperature;
C - heat capacity of water in kJ / (kg * deg).

Parameter control methods

There are three methods of heat load control:

With the quantitative method, the regulation of the heat load is carried out by changing the amount of the supplied coolant. With the help of heating network pumps, the pressure in the pipelines increases, the heat supply increases with an increase in the coolant flow rate.

A qualitative method is to increase the parameters of the coolant at the outlet of the boilers while maintaining the flow rate. This method is most often used in practice.

With the quantitative-qualitative method, the parameters and flow rate of the coolant are changed.

Factors affecting the heating of the room during the heating period:

Heating systems are divided depending on the design into single-pipe and two-pipe. For each design, its own heat schedule in the supply pipeline is approved. For a single-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature in the supply line is 105 degrees, in a two-pipe system - 95 degrees. The difference between the supply and return temperatures in the first case is regulated in the range of 105-70, for a two-pipe - in the range of 95-70 degrees.

Choosing a heating system for a private house

The principle of operation of a single-pipe heating system is to supply the coolant to the upper floors, all radiators are connected to the descending pipeline. It is clear that it will be warmer on upper floors than on the bottom. Since a private house at best has two or three floors, the contrast in space heating does not threaten. And in a one-story building, there will generally be uniform heating.

What are the advantages of such a heating system:

The disadvantages of the design are high hydraulic resistance, the need to turn off the heating of the entire house during repairs, the limitation in connecting heaters, the inability to control the temperature in a single room, and high heat losses.

For improvement, it was proposed to use a bypass system.

bypass- a pipe section between the supply and return pipelines, a bypass in addition to the radiator. They are equipped with valves or taps and allow you to adjust the temperature in the room or completely turn off a single battery.

A single-pipe heating system can be vertical and horizontal. In both cases, air pockets appear in the system. A high temperature is maintained at the entrance to the system to warm up all rooms, so pipe system must withstand high pressure water.

Two-pipe heating system

The principle of operation is to connect each heating device to the supply and return pipelines. The cooled coolant is sent to the boiler through the return pipeline.

During installation, additional investments will be required, but there will be no air jams in the system.

Temperature standards for rooms

In a residential building, the temperature in the corner rooms should not be below 20 degrees, for interior spaces the standard is 18 degrees, for showers - 25 degrees. When the outdoor temperature drops to -30 degrees, the standard rises to 20-22 degrees, respectively.

Their standards are set for the premises where there are children. The main range is from 18 to 23 degrees. Moreover, for premises for different purposes, the indicator varies.

At school, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees, for bedrooms in boarding schools it is allowed at least 16 degrees, in the pool - 30 degrees, on the verandas of kindergartens intended for walking - at least 12 degrees, for libraries - 18 degrees, in cultural mass institutions temperature - 16−21 degrees.

When developing standards for different rooms, the amount of time a person spends in movement is taken into account, so the temperature for sports halls will be lower than in classrooms.

Approved building codes and regulations of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", regulating the air temperature depending on the purpose, number of storeys, height of the premises. For apartment building the maximum temperature of the coolant in the battery for a single-pipe system is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system 95 degrees.

In the heating system of a private house

Optimum temperature in an individual heating system 80 degrees. It is necessary to ensure that the coolant level does not fall below 70 degrees. With gas boilers, it is easier to regulate the thermal regime. Solid fuel boilers work quite differently. In this case, water can very easily turn into steam.

Electric boilers make it easy to adjust the temperature in the range from 30-90 degrees.

Possible interruptions in the heat supply

If the air temperature in the room is 12 degrees, it is allowed to turn off the heat for 24 hours.
In the temperature range from 10 to 12 degrees, heat is turned off for a maximum of 8 hours.
When heating the room below 8 degrees, it is not allowed to turn off the heating for longer than 4 hours.

Regulation of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system: methods, dependency factors, norms of indicators

Classification and advantages of coolants. What determines the temperature in the heating system. Which heating system to choose for an individual building. Standards for water temperature in the heating system.

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature graph. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They have standard values and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature chart of the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is centralized heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will work on maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where thermal energy can be taken in by exhaust gases. If the temperature values are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In this case, its technical characteristics indicate an efficiency of 100%.

Temperature chart and calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The greater the negative value of the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to take this indicator. This temperature is specified in the regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the past 50 years is taken.

Graph of outside and inside temperature

The graph shows the relationship between outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, it is possible to prepare the heating system even under the most severe conditions. It also reduces the material costs of installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These costly measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating period. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides the required amount of coolant to the consumer.

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature graph is a graph of heating pipelines that distributes heating load and regulated by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature graph, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made according to simple method. Hto build it necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal heat load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The calculation results are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table should be drawn up so that the maximum values of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

Temperature heating appliances

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature curve for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest - +18ºС; in the bathroom - + 25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

This area of temperature values is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more of them, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, the outside temperature is 0°C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45ºС on the supply, and 38ºС on the return. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55ºC. If the temperature indicator reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, at the supply + 95/105ºС, and at the return - + 70ºС.

Additional options

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of + 130ºС. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimal value is + 95ºС. To do this, an elevator assembly is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the state of the pipelines is monitored by city heating network. The ZHEK is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying coolant to a new house, it is necessary to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in the apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Nozzle reaming.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do it? Overlapping to start shut-off valves(house valves and taps on elevator node). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction dampening.

In severe cold, when there is a problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to muffle it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heaters will reach 130ºС.

In the middle of the heating period, a significant increase in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A manometer is mounted on the return. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

When drawing up a temperature schedule for heating, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only structural elements building, but the outside temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

Heating temperature chart

Heating temperature chart The supply of heat to the room is connected with the simplest temperature chart. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They are

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in urban apartments. They are effective home appliances, responsible for the transfer of heat, since comfort and coziness in residential premises for citizens directly depend on them and their temperature.

If we refer to the Government Decree of the Russian Federation No. 354 dated May 6, 2011, the supply of heating to residential apartments begins at an average daily outdoor air temperature of less than eight degrees, if this mark is consistently kept for five days. In this case, the start of heat begins on the sixth day after a decrease in the air index was recorded. For all other cases, according to the law, postponing the supply of the heat resource is allowed. In general, in almost all regions of the country, the actual heating season directly and officially begins in mid-October and ends in April.

In practice, it also happens that due to the negligent attitude of heat supply companies, the measured temperature installed batteries in the apartment does not meet the regulated standards. However, in order to complain and demand a correction of the situation, you need to know what standards are in force in Russia and how exactly to measure the existing temperature of working radiators.

Norms in Russia

Considering the main indicators, the official temperatures of the heating batteries in the apartment are shown below. They are applicable to absolutely all existing systems in which, in direct accordance with the Decree of the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services No. 170 of September 27, 2003, the coolant (water) is supplied from the bottom up.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the temperature of the water that circulates in the radiator directly at the entrance to the functioning heating system must comply with the current schedules regulated by the utility networks for a particular room. These schedules are regulated by the Sanitary Norms and Rules in the sections of heating, air conditioning and ventilation (41-01-2003). Here, in particular, it is indicated that with a two-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature indicators are ninety-five degrees, and with a single-pipe - one hundred and five degrees. Measurements of these should be carried out sequentially in accordance with established rules otherwise, when applying to higher authorities, the testimony will not be taken into account.

Maintained temperature

The temperature of heating batteries in residential apartments in centralized heating is determined according to the relevant standards, displaying a sufficient value for the premises, depending on their purpose. In this area, the standards are simpler than in the case of working premises, since the activity of residents, in principle, is not so high and is more or less stable. Based on this, the following rules are regulated:

Of course, the individual characteristics of each person should be taken into account, everyone has different activities and preferences, therefore there is a difference in the norms from and to, and not a single indicator is fixed.

Requirements for heating systems

Heating in apartment buildings based on the result of many engineering calculations, which are not always very successful. The process is complicated by the fact that it does not consist in delivering hot water to a specific property, but in evenly distributing water to all available apartments, taking into account all the norms and necessary indicators, including optimal humidity. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how coordinated the actions of its elements, which also include batteries and pipes in each room. Therefore, it is impossible to replace radiator batteries without taking into account the characteristics of heating systems - this leads to negative consequences with a shortage of heat or, conversely, its excess.

As for the optimization of heating in apartments, the following provisions apply here:

In any case, if something bothers the owner, it is worth applying to the management company, housing and communal services, the organization responsible for the supply of heat - depending on what exactly differs from the accepted norms and does not satisfy the applicant.

What to do about inconsistencies?

If the functioning heating systems used in an apartment building are functionally adjusted with deviations in the measured temperature only in your premises, you need to check the internal apartment heating systems. First of all, you should make sure that they are not airborne. It is necessary to touch the individual batteries available on the living space in the rooms from top to bottom and in the opposite direction - if the temperature is uneven, then the cause of the imbalance is airing and you need to bleed the air by turning a separate tap on the radiator batteries. It is important to remember that you cannot open the tap without first substituting any container under it, where water will drain. At first, the water will come out with a hiss, that is, with air, you need to close the tap when it flows without hiss and evenly. Some time later you should check the places on the battery that were cold - they should now be warm.

If the reason is not in the air, you need to submit an application to the management company. In turn, she must send a responsible technician to the applicant within 24 hours, who must draw up a written opinion on the discrepancy between the temperature regime and send a team to eliminate the existing problems.

If a complaint Management Company did not react in any way, you need to take measurements yourself in the presence of neighbors.

How to measure temperature?

Consideration should be given to how to correctly measure the temperature of the radiators. It is necessary to prepare a special thermometer, open the tap and substitute some container with this thermometer under it. It should be noted right away that only a deviation upward of four degrees is permissible. If this is problematic, you need to contact the Housing Office, if the batteries are airy, apply to the DEZ. Everything should be fixed within one week.

There are additional ways to measure the temperature of heating batteries, namely:

Measure the temperature of the pipes or surfaces of the battery with a thermometer, adding one or two degrees Celsius to the indicators thus obtained;
For accuracy, it is desirable to use infrared thermometers-pyrometers, their error is less than 0.5 degrees;
Alcohol thermometers are also taken, which are applied to the place chosen on the radiator, fixed on it with adhesive tape, wrapped with heat-insulating materials and used as permanent measuring instruments;
In the presence of an electrical special measuring device, wires with a thermocouple are wound to the batteries.

In case of an unsatisfactory temperature indicator, an appropriate complaint must be filed.

Minimum and maximum performance

As well as other indicators that are important to ensure the required conditions for people's lives (indicators of humidity in apartments, supply temperatures warm water, air, etc.), the temperature of the heating batteries, in fact, has certain allowable minimums depending on the time of year. However, neither the law nor the established norms prescribe any minimum standards for apartment batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators must be maintained in such a way that the above-mentioned permissible temperatures in the rooms are normally maintained. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the batteries is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to provide the optimal required temperature in the apartment.

If there is no established minimum, then the Sanitary Norms and Rules, in particular 41-01-2003, establish the maximum indicator. This document defines the standards that are required for an in-house heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is a mark of ninety-five degrees, and for one-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. However, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, since water boils at one hundred degrees.

Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique. If you want to know how to solve your particular problem, please contact the online consultant form.

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is maintained in such a way that in apartments it remains within 20-22 degrees, as the most comfortable for a person. Since its fluctuations depend on the temperature of the air outside, experts develop schedules with which it is possible to maintain heat in the room in winter.

What determines the temperature in residential premises

The lower the temperature, the more the coolant loses heat. The calculation takes into account the indicators of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation takes into account the 8 coldest winters over the past 50 years. One of the reasons for the use of such a schedule for many years: the constant readiness of the heating system for extremely low temperatures.

Another reason lies in the field of finance, such a preliminary calculation allows you to save on the installation of heating systems. If we consider this aspect on the scale of a city or district, then the savings will be impressive.

We list all the factors that affect the temperature inside the apartment:

Outdoor temperature, direct correlation.
Wind speed. Heat loss, for example, through the front door, increases with increasing wind speed.
The condition of the house, its tightness. This factor is significantly influenced by the use of thermal insulation materials in the construction, insulation of the roof, basements, windows.
The number of people inside the premises, the intensity of their movement.

All of these factors vary greatly depending on where you live. And the average temperature for last years in winter, and the wind speed depends on where your house is located. For example, in central Russia there is always a consistently frosty winter. Therefore, people are often concerned not so much with the temperature of the coolant as with the quality of construction.

Increasing the cost of building residential real estate, construction companies take action and insulate the house. But still, the temperature of the radiators is no less important. It depends on the temperature of the coolant, which fluctuates in different time, under different climatic conditions.

All requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in building codes and regulations. When designing and commissioning engineering systems, these standards must be observed. For calculations, the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler is taken as a basis.

The indoor temperatures are different. For example:

in the apartment the average is 20-22 degrees;
in the bathroom it should be 25o;
in the living room - 18o

In public non-residential premises, the temperature standards are also different: at school - 21o, in libraries and gyms - 18o, in the pool 30o, in industrial premises the temperature is set at about 16°C.

The more people gather inside the premises, the lower the temperature is initially set. In individual residential buildings, the owners themselves decide what temperature they should set.

In order to set the desired temperature, it is important to consider the following factors:

Availability of one-pipe or two-pipe system. For the first, the norm is 105 ° C, for 2 pipes - 95 ° C.
In supply and discharge systems, it should not exceed: 70-105 ° C for a one-pipe system and 70-95 ° C.
The flow of water in a certain direction: when distributing from above, the difference will be 20 ° C, from below - 30 ° C.
Types of heating device used. They are divided according to the method of heat transfer (radiation devices, convective and convective-radiation devices), according to the material used in their manufacture (metal, non-metallic devices, combined), and also according to the value of thermal inertia (small and large).

By combining different properties of the system, the type of heater, the direction of water supply and other things, optimal results can be achieved.

Heating regulators

The device by which the temperature graph is monitored and the necessary parameters are adjusted is called the heating regulator. The regulator controls the temperature of the coolant automatically.

The advantages of using these devices:

maintaining a given temperature schedule;
with the help of control over water overheating, additional savings in heat consumption are created;
setting the most efficient parameters;
all subscribers are created the same conditions.

Sometimes the heating controller is mounted so that it is connected to the same computing node with the hot water supply controller.

Such modern methods make the system work more efficiently. Even at the stage of the occurrence of the problem, an adjustment should be made. Of course, it is cheaper and easier to monitor the heating of a private house, but the automation currently used can prevent many problems.

Coolant temperature in different heating systems

In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

In a residential area +18°C;
In the corner room +20°C;
In the kitchen +18°C;
In the bathroom +25°C;
In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
In the elevator +5°C;
In the basement +4°C;
In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period of the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, information will be useful that hot water should be from + 50 ° C to + 70 ° C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

with natural circulation

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), the maximum coolant temperature in these heating systems is:

two-pipe heating system - up to 95°С;
single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is a diagonal connection, when hot water comes from above, and the return line comes from the bottom of the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above along the same side.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heater

The most important thing is the most comfortable temperature for human existence +37°C.

where S is the area of the room;
h is the height of the room;
41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. Decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and can cause burns if touched. In addition, at a high temperature of the radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it can begin, which will then be inhaled by people.

When using low-temperature heating, the appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator made of this material is from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, it is adversely affected by other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat output from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of an aluminum and steel battery - a bimetallic radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From the school physics course, we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down, and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.

Such a coating has a large heat transfer (depending on the area of the heating element).

The floor temperature is also spelled out in SNiP-e (“Building Norms and Rules”).

In a house for permanent residence, it should not be more than + 26 ° С.

In rooms for temporary stay of people up to +31°C.

In institutions where there are classes with children, the temperature should not exceed + 24 ° C.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the underfloor heating system is 45-50 °C. Surface temperature average 26-28°С

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in the apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

In order to feel comfortable in an apartment or in your own house during the winter period, you need a reliable heating system that meets the standards. In a multi-storey building, this is, as a rule, a centralized network, in a private household - heating system. For the end user, the main element of any heating system is the battery. Cosiness and comfort in the house depends on the heat coming from it. The temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment, its norm is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating standards

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, it is up to the owner of the home to adjust the temperature of the radiators and take care of maintaining the thermal regime. In a multi-storey building with central heating, an authorized organization is responsible for compliance with the standards. Heating norms are developed on the basis of sanitary standards applicable to residential and non-residential premises. The basis of the calculations is the need of an ordinary organism. The optimal values are established by law and are displayed in SNiP.

It will be warm and cozy in the apartment only when the heat supply norms stipulated by the legislation are observed.

When is the heat connected and what are the regulations

The beginning of the heating period in Russia falls on the time when the thermometer readings fall below + 8 ° C. Turn off the heating when the mercury column rises to + 8 ° C and above, and keeps at this level for 5 days.

To determine if the temperature of the batteries meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with the norms of heat supply, the minimum temperature should be as follows:

living rooms: +18°C;
corner rooms: +20°C;
bathrooms: +25°C;
kitchens: +18°C;
landings and lobbies: +16°C;
basements: +4°C;
attics: +4°C;
lifts: +5°C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the floor. In case of hourly deviations from the established standards, the heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated up to +50°C – +70°C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container of tap water.

Norms according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

Norms according to SNiP 2.08.01-89

Cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the temperature of the water in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, tenants have the right to write an application with a request for verification. Representatives of the municipal service inspect the plumbing and heating systems, draw up an act. The second copy is given to the tenants.

If the batteries are not warm enough, you must contact the organization responsible for heating the house

If the complaint is confirmed, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. Recalculation of the rent is made if the temperature in the room deviates from allowable rate, as well as when the water in the radiators during the daytime is lower than the standard by 3°C, at night - by 5°C.

Requirements for the quality of public services, prescribed in the Decree of May 6, 2011 N 354 on the rules for the provision of public services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings

Air expansion parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of 18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³ / h per sq. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures up to -31 ° C and below.

In apartments equipped with two-burner gas and electric stoves and hostel kitchens up to 18 m² in size, aeration is 60 m³/h. In rooms with three burners, this value is 75 m³ / h, s gas stove with four burners - 90 m³/h.

In a bathroom with an area of 25 m², this parameter is 25 m³ / h, in a toilet with an area of 18 m² - 25 m³ / h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³ / h.

Methods for measuring the heating of radiators

Hot water, heated to +50°С - +70°С, is supplied to the taps year-round. During the heating season, heaters are filled with this water. To measure its temperature, open the tap and place a container under the stream of water into which the thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed by four degrees upwards. If there is a problem, file a complaint with the housing office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written to the DEZ. The specialist should come within a week and fix everything.

Availability measuring instrument Allows constant temperature control

Methods for measuring the heating of heating batteries:

The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2°C are added to the result obtained.
For the most accurate measurements, an infrared thermometer-pyrometer is used, which determines the readings with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C.
An alcohol thermometer can serve as a permanent measuring device, which is applied to the radiator, glued with adhesive tape, and wrapped with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material on top.
Heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the “measure temperature” function. For measurement, a wire with a thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

Regularly recording the data of the device, fixing the readings on the photo, you will be able to make a claim against the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you to measure the temperature of the liquid circulating in the heating system. The actions of the commission must comply with paragraph 4 of the "Methods of control" in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and pass state verification. Its temperature range should be in the range from +5 to +40°С, the permissible error is 0.1°С.

Adjustment of heating radiators

Adjusting the temperature of the radiators is necessary in order to save on space heating. In apartments of high-rise buildings, the bill for heat supply will decrease only after the installation of the meter. If a boiler is installed in a private house that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be significant.

Why is adjustment needed?

Adjusting the batteries will help achieve not only maximum comfort, but also:

Remove airing, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and heat transfer to the room.
Reduce energy costs by 25%.
Do not constantly open windows due to overheating of the room.

Heating adjustment must be carried out before the start of the heating season. Before that, you need to insulate all the windows. In addition, take into account the location of the apartment:

angular;
in the middle of the house;
on the lower or upper floors.

insulation of walls, corners, floors;
hydro- and thermal insulation of joints between panels.

Without these measures, the adjustment will not be useful, since more than half of the heat will heat the street.

Warming corner apartment helps to minimize heat loss

The principle of adjusting radiators

How to properly regulate heating batteries? To rationally use heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. With their help, you can reduce the flow of water or disconnect the radiator from the system.

In district heating systems of high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is supplied from top to bottom, regulation of radiators is not possible. On the upper floors of such houses it is hot, on the lower floors it is cold.
In a single-pipe network, the coolant is supplied to each battery with a return to the central riser. Heat is distributed evenly here. Control valves are mounted on the supply pipes of the radiators.
In two-pipe systems with two risers, the coolant is supplied to the battery and vice versa. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are valve heat exchangers connected to the battery. There are several types of faucets that allow you to regulate heat.

The principle of operation of control valves

According to the principle of action, they are:

Ball bearings providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, let water through or shut off the coolant.
Standard budget valves without temperature scale. Partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the heat carrier to the radiator.
With a thermal head that regulates and controls the parameters of the system. There are mechanical and automatic.

The operation of a ball valve is reduced to turning the regulator to one side.

Note! The ball valve must not be left half open, as this may cause damage to the sealing ring, resulting in a leak.

Conventional direct acting thermostat

A direct acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas that can respond to temperature changes. Its increase causes the filler to expand, resulting in increased pressure on the stem in the regulator valve. It moves and blocks the flow of coolant. Cooling the radiator causes the reverse process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the pipeline of the heating system

Temperature controller with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually, in electronic sensor the temperature is set in advance and maintained within the specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when it is possible to place its axis horizontally

Heat regulation instructions

How to regulate batteries, what actions need to be taken to ensure comfortable conditions in the house:

Air is released from each battery until water flows from the tap.
The pressure is adjustable. To do this, in the first battery from the boiler, the valve opens for two turns, in the second - for three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. This scheme provides optimal passage of the coolant and heating.
In forced systems, the pumping of the coolant and the control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
To regulate the heat in the flow system, built-in thermostats are used.
In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic modes.

Why is a thermal head for radiators needed and how does it work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable living in high-rise apartments, country houses and cottages is ensured by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern systems heating systems allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If the installation of regulators is not possible, the responsibility for the heat in your apartment lies with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values provided for by the regulations.

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They represent e…

Looking through the statistics of visiting our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the temperature of the coolant at minus 5 outside?” appear very often. I decided to lay out the old schedule for the quality regulation of heat supply based on the average daily outdoor temperature. I want to warn those who, on the basis of these figures, will try to sort out relations with the housing department or heating networks: the heating schedules for each individual settlement are different (I wrote about this in the article on regulating the temperature of the coolant). Thermal networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.

I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation takes place according to the average daily outdoor temperature, so if, for example, it is minus 15 degrees outside at night and minus 5 during the day, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 °C.

As a rule, the following temperature graphs are used: 150/70, 130/70, 115/70, 105/70, 95/70. The schedule is selected depending on the specific local conditions. House heating systems operate according to schedules 105/70 and 95/70. According to schedules 150, 130 and 115/70, main heat networks operate.

Let's look at an example of how to use the chart. Suppose the temperature outside is minus 10 degrees. Heating networks operate according to a temperature schedule of 130/70, which means that at -10 ° C the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be 85.6 degrees, in the supply pipeline of the heating system - 70.8 ° C with a schedule of 105/70 or 65.3 ° C at chart 95/70. The water temperature after the heating system should be 51.7 °C.

As a rule, the temperature values in the supply pipeline of heat networks are rounded off when setting the heat source. For example, according to the schedule, it should be 85.6 ° C, and 87 degrees are set at the CHP or boiler house.

Outside temperature

Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline T1, °С Temperature of water in the supply pipeline of the heating system Т3, °С Temperature of water after the heating system Т2, °С

150 130 115 105 95 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -34 -35

53,2	50,2	46,4	43,4	41,2	35,8
55,7	52,3	48,2	45,0	42,7	36,8
58,1	54,4	50,0	46,6	44,1	37,7
60,5	56,5	51,8	48,2	45,5	38,7
62,9	58,5	53,5	49,8	46,9	39,6
65,3	60,5	55,3	51,4	48,3	40,6
67,7	62,6	57,0	52,9	49,7	41,5
70,0	64,5	58,8	54,5	51,0	42,4
72,4	66,5	60,5	56,0	52,4	43,3
74,7	68,5	62,2	57,5	53,7	44,2
77,0	70,4	63,8	59,0	55,0	45,0
79,3	72,4	65,5	60,5	56,3	45,9
81,6	74,3	67,2	62,0	57,6	46,7
83,9	76,2	68,8	63,5	58,9	47,6
86,2	78,1	70,4	65,0	60,2	48,4
88,5	80,0	72,1	66,4	61,5	49,2
90,8	81,9	73,7	67,9	62,8	50,1
93,0	83,8	75,3	69,3	64,0	50,9
95,3	85,6	76,9	70,8	65,3	51,7
97,6	87,5	78,5	72,2	66,6	52,5
99,8	89,3	80,1	73,6	67,8	53,3
102,0	91,2	81,7	75,0	69,0	54,0
104,3	93,0	83,3	76,4	70,3	54,8
106,5	94,8	84,8	77,9	71,5	55,6
108,7	96,6	86,4	79,3	72,7	56,3
110,9	98,4	87,9	80,7	73,9	57,1
113,1	100,2	89,5	82,0	75,1	57,9
115,3	102,0	91,0	83,4	76,3	58,6
117,5	103,8	92,6	84,8	77,5	59,4
119,7	105,6	94,1	86,2	78,7	60,1
121,9	107,4	95,6	87,6	79,9	60,8
124,1	109,2	97,1	88,9	81,1	61,6
126,3	110,9	98,6	90,3	82,3	62,3
128,5	112,7	100,2	91,6	83,5	63,0
130,6	114,4	101,7	93,0	84,6	63,7
132,8	116,2	103,2	94,3	85,8	64,4
135,0	117,9	104,7	95,7	87,0	65,1
137,1	119,7	106,1	97,0	88,1	65,8
139,3	121,4	107,6	98,4	89,3	66,5
141,4	123,1	109,1	99,7	90,4	67,2
143,6	124,9	110,6	101,0	94,6	67,9
145,7	126,6	112,1	102,4	92,7	68,6
147,9	128,3	113,5	103,7	93,9	69,3
150,0	130,0	115,0	105,0	95,0	70,0

Please do not focus on the diagram at the beginning of the post - it does not correspond to the data from the table.

Calculation of the temperature graph

The method for calculating the temperature graph is described in the handbook "Setting up and operation of water heating networks" (Chapter 4, p. 4.4, p. 153,).

This is quite laborious and long process, since several values must be read for each outdoor temperature: T1, T3, T2, etc.

To our joy, we have a computer and a MS Excel spreadsheet. A colleague at work shared with me a ready-made table for calculating the temperature graph. She was once made by his wife, who worked as an engineer for a group of regimes in thermal networks.

Table for calculating the temperature graph in MS Excel

In order for Excel to calculate and build a graph, it is enough to enter several initial values:

design temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network T1
design temperature in the return pipe of the heating network T2
design temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system T3
Outdoor air temperature Tn.v.
Indoor temperature Tv.p.
coefficient "n" (it is usually not changed and is equal to 0.25)
Minimum and maximum cut of the temperature graph Cut min, Cut max.

Entering initial data into the table for calculating the temperature graph

All. nothing more is required of you. The results of the calculations will be in the first table of the sheet. It is highlighted in bold.

The charts will also be rebuilt for the new values.

Graphical representation of the temperature graph

The table also considers the temperature of direct network water, taking into account wind speed.

Download temperature chart calculation

energoworld.com

Appendix e Temperature chart (95 – 70) °С

Design temperature outdoor	Water temperature in server pipeline	Water temperature in return pipeline	Estimated outdoor temperature	Supply water temperature	Water temperature in return pipeline

Appendix e

CLOSED HEATING SYSTEM

TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2=G1; Q = G1(h2 –h3)

OPEN HEATING SYSTEM

WITH WATER TANK INTO A DEAD-END DHW SYSTEM

TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2 = 1V2; G3 = G1 - G2;

Q1 \u003d G1 (h2 - h3) + G3 (h3 - hх)

Bibliography

1. Gershunsky B.S. Fundamentals of electronics. Kyiv, Vishcha school, 1977.

2. Meyerson A.M. Radio-measuring equipment. - Leningrad.: Energy, 1978. - 408s.

3. Murin G.A. Thermotechnical measurements. -M.: Energy, 1979. -424 p.

4. Spector S.A. Electrical measurements of physical quantities. Tutorial. - Leningrad.: Energoatomizdat, 1987. –320s.

5. Tartakovskii D.F., Yastrebov A.S. Metrology, standardization and technical measuring instruments. - M .: Higher school, 2001.

6. Heat meters TSK7. Manual. - St. Petersburg.: CJSC TEPLOKOM, 2002.

7. Calculator of the amount of heat VKT-7. Manual. - St. Petersburg.: CJSC TEPLOKOM, 2002.

Zuev Alexander Vladimirovich

Neighboring files in the Process Measurements and Instruments folder

studfiles.net

Heating temperature chart

The task of organizations serving houses and buildings is to maintain the standard temperature. The temperature curve of heating directly depends on the temperature outside.

There are three heating systems

Graph of outside and inside temperature

District heating a large boiler house (CHP), standing at a considerable distance from the city. In this case, the heat supply organization, taking into account the heat losses in the networks, chooses a system with a temperature curve: 150/70, 130/70 or 105/70. The first digit is the temperature of the water in the supply pipe, the second digit is the temperature of the water in the return pipe.
Small boiler houses, which are located near residential buildings. In this case, the temperature curve 105/70, 95/70 is selected.
Individual boiler installed in a private house. The most acceptable schedule is 95/70. Although it is possible to reduce the supply temperature even more, since there will be practically no heat loss. Modern boilers operate in automatic mode and maintain a constant temperature in the supply heat pipe. The 95/70 temperature chart speaks for itself. The temperature at the entrance to the house should be 95 ° C, and at the exit - 70 ° C.

AT Soviet times when everything was state-owned, all the parameters of the temperature charts were maintained. If according to the schedule there should be a supply temperature of 100 degrees, then this will be so. Such a temperature cannot be supplied to residents, so elevator units were designed. Water from the return pipeline, cooled down, was mixed into the supply system, thereby lowering the supply temperature to the standard one. In our time of universal economy, the need for elevator nodes is no longer necessary. All heat supply organizations switched to the temperature chart of the heating system 95/70. According to this graph, the coolant temperature will be 95 °C when the outside temperature is -35 °C. As a rule, the temperature at the entrance to the house no longer requires dilution. Therefore, all elevator units must be eliminated or reconstructed. Instead of conical sections that reduce both the speed and volume of the flow, put straight pipes. Seal the supply pipe from the return pipeline with a steel plug. This is one of the heat saving measures. It is also necessary to insulate the facades of houses, windows. Change old pipes and batteries to new ones - modern ones. These measures will increase the air temperature in dwellings, which means you can save on heating temperature. Lowering the temperature on the street is immediately reflected in the residents in the receipts.

heating temperature chart

Most Soviet cities were built with an "open" heating system. This is when water from the boiler room comes directly to consumers in homes and is used for personal needs of citizens and heating. During the reconstruction of systems and the construction of new heating systems, a "closed" system is used. The water from the boiler house reaches the heating point in the microdistrict, where it heats the water to 95 °C, which goes to the houses. It turns out two closed rings. This system allows heat supply organizations to significantly save resources for heating water. Indeed, the volume of heated water leaving the boiler room will be almost the same at the entrance to the boiler room. There is no need to get cold water into the system.

Temperature charts are:

optimal. The heat resource of the boiler room is used exclusively for heating houses. Temperature control takes place in the boiler room. The supply temperature is 95 °C.
elevated. The heat resource of the boiler house is used for heating houses and hot water supply. A two-pipe system enters the house. One pipe is heating, the other pipe is hot water supply. Supply temperature 80 - 95 °C.
adjusted. The heat resource of the boiler house is used for heating houses and hot water supply. One-pipe system approaches the house. From one pipe in the house, a heat resource is taken for heating and hot water for residents. Supply temperature - 95 - 105 °C.

How to carry out the temperature heating schedule. It is possible in three ways:

quality (regulation of the temperature of the coolant).
quantitative (regulation of the coolant volume by turning on additional pumps on the return pipeline, or installing elevators and washers).
qualitative-quantitative (to regulate both the temperature and the volume of the coolant).

The quantitative method prevails, which is not always able to withstand the heating temperature graph.

Fight against heat supply organizations. This struggle is waged by management companies. By law, the management company is obliged to conclude an agreement with the heat supply organization. Will it be a contract for the supply of heat resources or just an agreement on interaction, the management company decides. An annex to this agreement will be a temperature schedule for heating. The heat supply organization is obliged to approve the temperature schemes in the city administration. The heat supply organization supplies the heat resource to the wall of the house, that is, to the metering stations. By the way, the legislation establishes that thermal workers are obliged to install metering stations in houses at their own expense with an installment payment for residents. So, having metering devices at the entrance and exit from the house, you can control the heating temperature daily. We take the temperature table, look at the air temperature on the weather site and find in the table the indicators that should be. If there are deviations, you need to complain. Even if the deviations are higher, residents will pay more. At the same time, the windows will be opened and the rooms will be ventilated. It is necessary to complain about insufficient temperature to the heat supply organization. If there is no response, we write to the city administration and Rospotrebnadzor.

Until recently, there was a multiplying coefficient on the cost of heat for residents of houses that were not equipped with common house meters. Due to the sluggishness of managing organizations and thermal workers, ordinary residents suffered.

An important indicator in the heating temperature chart is the return temperature of the network. In all graphs, this is an indicator of 70 ° C. In severe frosts, when heat losses increase, heat supply organizations are forced to turn on additional pumps on the return pipeline. This measure increases the speed of water movement through the pipes, and, therefore, the heat transfer increases, and the temperature in the network is maintained.

Again, during the period of general savings, it is very problematic to force thermal workers to turn on additional pumps, which means increasing electricity costs.

The heating temperature graph is calculated based on the following indicators:

ambient air temperature;
supply pipeline temperature;
return pipeline temperature;
the amount of heat energy consumed at home;
required amount of thermal energy.

For different rooms, the temperature schedule is different. For children's institutions (schools, gardens, palaces of art, hospitals), the temperature in the room should be between +18 and +23 degrees according to sanitary and epidemiological standards.

For sports facilities - 18 °C.
For residential premises - in apartments not lower than +18 °C, in corner rooms + 20 °C.
For non-residential premises– 16-18 °C. Based on these parameters, heating schedules are built.

It is easier to calculate the temperature schedule for a private house, since the equipment is mounted right in the house. A zealous owner will provide heating to the garage, bathhouse, and outbuildings. The load on the boiler will increase. We calculate the heat load depending on the lowest possible air temperatures of past periods. We select equipment by power in kW. The most cost-effective and environmentally friendly boiler is natural gas. If gas is brought to you, this is already half the battle done. You can also use bottled gas. At home, you do not have to adhere to standard temperature schedules of 105/70 or 95/70, and it does not matter that the temperature in the return pipeline is not 70 ° C. Adjust the network temperature to your liking.

By the way, many city dwellers would like to put individual counters on the heat and control the temperature chart yourself. Contact the heat supply companies. And there they hear such answers. Most of the houses in the country are built on a vertical heating system. Water is supplied from the bottom - up, less often: from top to bottom. With such a system, the installation of heat meters is prohibited by law. Even if a specialized organization installs these meters for you, the heat supply organization simply will not accept these meters for operation. That is, savings will not work. Installation of meters is possible only with horizontal heating distribution.

In other words, when a heating pipe comes into your home not from above, not from below, but from the entrance corridor - horizontally. At the place of entry and exit of heating pipes, individual heat meters can be installed. Installation of such counters pays off in two years. All houses are now being built with just such a wiring system. Heating appliances are equipped with control knobs (taps). If the temperature in the apartment is high in your opinion, then you can save money and reduce the heating supply. Only ourselves we will save from freezing.

myaquahouse.ru

Temperature chart of the heating system: variations, application, shortcomings

The temperature chart of the heating system 95 -70 degrees Celsius is the most demanded temperature chart. By and large, we can say with confidence that all central heating systems operate in this mode. The only exceptions are buildings with autonomous heating.

But even in autonomous systems there may be exceptions when using condensing boilers.

When using boilers operating on the condensation principle, the temperature curves of heating tend to be lower.

Temperature in pipelines depending on the outside air temperature

Application of condensing boilers

For example, when maximum load for a condensing boiler, there will be a mode of 35-15 degrees. This is due to the fact that the boiler extracts heat from the exhaust gases. In a word, with other parameters, for example, the same 90-70, it will not be able to work effectively.

Distinctive properties of condensing boilers are:

high efficiency;
profitability;
optimal efficiency at minimum load;
quality of materials;
high price.

You have heard many times that the efficiency of a condensing boiler is about 108%. Indeed, the manual says the same thing.

Condensing boiler Valliant

But how can this be, because we were taught from the school desk that more than 100% does not happen.

The thing is that when calculating the efficiency of conventional boilers, 100% is taken as the maximum. But ordinary gas boilers for heating a private house simply throw flue gases into the atmosphere, and condensing boilers utilize part of the outgoing heat. The latter will go to heating in the future.
The heat that will be utilized and used in the second round is added to the efficiency of the boiler. Typically, a condensing boiler utilizes up to 15% of flue gases, this figure is adjusted to the efficiency of the boiler (approximately 93%). The result is a number of 108%.
Undoubtedly, heat recovery is a necessary thing, but the boiler itself costs a lot of money for such work. The high price of the boiler due to stainless heat exchange equipment, which utilizes heat in the last path of the chimney.
If instead of such stainless equipment we put ordinary iron equipment, then it will become unusable after a very short period of time. Since the moisture contained in the flue gases has aggressive properties.
The main feature of condensing boilers is that they achieve maximum efficiency with minimum loads. Ordinary boilers (gas heaters), on the contrary, reach the peak of economy at maximum load.
The beauty of it useful property is that during the entire heating period, the load on heating is not always maximum. On the strength of 5-6 days, an ordinary boiler works at maximum. Therefore, a conventional boiler cannot match the performance of a condensing boiler, which has maximum performance at minimum loads.

You can see a photo of such a boiler a little higher, and a video with its operation can be easily found on the Internet.

Principle of operation

conventional heating system

It is safe to say that the heating temperature schedule of 95 - 70 is the most in demand.

This is explained by the fact that all houses that receive heat from central heat sources are designed to work in this mode. And we have more than 90% of such houses.

District boiler house

The principle of operation of such heat production occurs in several stages:

heat source (district boiler house), produces water heating;
heated water, through the main and distribution networks, moves to consumers;
in the house of consumers, most often in the basement, through the elevator unit, hot water is mixed with water from the heating system, the so-called return flow, the temperature of which is not more than 70 degrees, and then heated to a temperature of 95 degrees;
further heated water (the one that is 95 degrees) passes through the heaters of the heating system, heats the premises and again returns to the elevator.

Advice. If you have a cooperative house or a society of co-owners of houses, then you can set up the elevator with your own hands, but this requires you to strictly follow the instructions and correctly calculate the throttle washer.

Poor heating system

Very often we hear that people's heating does not work well and their rooms are cold.

There can be many reasons for this, the most common are:

schedule temperature system heating is not observed, the elevator may be incorrectly calculated;
the house heating system is heavily polluted, which greatly impairs the passage of water through the risers;
fuzzy heating radiators;
unauthorized change of the heating system;
poor thermal insulation of walls and windows.

A common mistake is an incorrectly dimensioned elevator nozzle. As a result, the function of mixing water and the operation of the entire elevator as a whole is disrupted.

This could happen for several reasons:

negligence and lack of training of operating personnel;
incorrectly performed calculations in the technical department.

During the many years of operation of heating systems, people rarely think about the need to clean their heating systems. By and large, this applies to buildings that were built during the Soviet Union.

All heating systems must undergo hydropneumatic flushing before each heating season. But this is observed only on paper, since ZhEKs and other organizations carry out these works only on paper.

As a result, the walls of the risers become clogged, and the latter become smaller in diameter, which violates the hydraulics of the entire heating system as a whole. The amount of transmitted heat decreases, that is, someone simply does not have enough of it.

You can do hydropneumatic purge with your own hands, it is enough to have a compressor and a desire.

The same applies to cleaning radiators. Over many years of operation, radiators inside accumulate a lot of dirt, silt and other defects. Periodically, at least once every three years, they need to be disconnected and washed.

Dirty radiators greatly impair the heat output in your room.

The most common moment is an unauthorized change and redevelopment of heating systems. When replacing old metal pipes with metal-plastic ones, diameters are not observed. And sometimes various bends are added, which increases local resistance and worsens the quality of heating.

Metal-plastic pipe

Very often, with such unauthorized reconstruction and replacement of heating batteries with gas welding, the number of radiator sections also changes. And really, why not give yourself more sections? But in the end, your housemate, who lives after you, will receive less of the heat he needs for heating. And the last neighbor, who will receive less heat the most, will suffer the most.

An important role is played by the thermal resistance of building envelopes, windows and doors. As statistics show, up to 60% of heat can escape through them.

Elevator node

As we said above, all water-jet elevators are designed to mix water from the supply line of heating networks into the return line of the heating system. Thanks to this process, system circulation and pressure are created.

As for the material used for their manufacture, both cast iron and steel are used.

Consider the principle of operation of the elevator in the photo below.

The principle of operation of the elevator

Through pipe 1, water from heating networks passes through the ejector nozzle and with high speed enters the mixing chamber 3. There, water is mixed with it from the return of the heating system of the building, the latter is supplied through pipe 5.

The resulting water is sent to the heating system supply through diffuser 4.

In order for the elevator to function correctly, it is necessary that its neck be correctly selected. To do this, calculations are made using the formula below:

Where ΔРnas - design circulation pressure in the heating system, Pa;

Gcm - water consumption in the heating system kg / h.

Note! True, for such a calculation, you need a building heating scheme.

The appearance of the elevator unit

Have a warm winter!

Page 2

In the article, we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the elevator unit depends on the temperature outside, and what the temperature of the heating batteries can be in winter.

We will touch on the topic self fight cold in the apartment.

Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.

general information

Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.

Outside temperature

The design temperature of the heating period, which is included in the design of heating systems, is nothing less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day periods for the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.

This approach allows, on the one hand, to be prepared for severe frosts that occur only once every few years, and on the other hand, not to invest excessive funds in the project. On the scale of mass construction, we are talking about very significant amounts.

Target room temperature

It should be noted right away that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Several factors are at work in parallel:

Air temperature outside. The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
Presence or absence of wind. A strong wind increases the heat loss of buildings, blowing porches, basements and apartments through unsealed doors and windows.
The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room. It is clear that in the case of a hermetically sealed metal-plastic window with double glazing heat loss will be much lower than with dried out wooden window and glazing in two threads.

It is curious: now there has been a trend towards the construction of apartment buildings with the maximum degree of thermal insulation. In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are being built immediately with facade insulation mineral wool or polystyrene and with hermetically closing doors of entrances and apartments.

The facade is covered from the outside with basalt fiber slabs.

And finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.

So, what are the current temperature standards in rooms for various purposes?

In the apartment: corner rooms- not lower than 20С, other living rooms - not lower than 18С, bathroom - not lower than 25С. Nuance: when the design air temperature is below -31C for corner and other living rooms, higher values are taken, +22 and +20C (source - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/23/2006 "Rules for the provision of public services to citizens").
In kindergarten: 18-23 degrees, depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and playrooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
AT educational institutions: from 16C for boarding school bedrooms to +21 in classrooms.
In theaters, clubs, other places of entertainment: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and + 22C for the stage.
For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories) the norm is 18 degrees.
In grocery stores, the normal winter temperature is 12, and in non-food stores - 15 degrees.
The temperature in the gyms is maintained at 15-18 degrees.

For obvious reasons, the heat in the gym is useless.

In hospitals, the maintained temperature depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, in the wards for premature babies it is maintained at +25, and for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) - 15C. In surgical wards, the norm is + 26C.

temperature graph

What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?

It is determined by four factors:

Air temperature outside.
Type of heating system. For a single-pipe system, the maximum water temperature in the heating system in accordance with current standards is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system - 95. The maximum temperature difference between supply and return is 105/70 and 95/70C, respectively.
The direction of the water supply to the radiators. For houses of the upper bottling (with supply in the attic) and lower (with pairwise looping of the risers and the location of both threads in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
Type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and gas heating convectors have different heat transfer; accordingly, to ensure the same temperature in the room, the temperature regime of heating must be different.

The convector somewhat loses to the radiator in terms of thermal efficiency.

So, what should be the temperature of heating - water in the supply and return pipes - at different outdoor temperatures?

We give only a small part of the temperature table for the estimated ambient temperature of -40 degrees.

At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipeline for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return one is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
At -20 for radiators, the supply and return must have a temperature of 67-77 / 53-55C. For convectors 68-79/55-57.
At -40C outside, for all heaters, the temperature reaches the maximum allowable temperature: 95/105, depending on the type of heating system, at the supply and 70C at the return pipe.

Useful extras

To understand the principle of operation of the heating system of an apartment building, the division of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.

The temperature of the heating main at the outlet from the CHP and the temperature of the heating system in your home are completely different things. At the same -40, a CHP or boiler house will produce about 140 degrees at the supply. Water does not evaporate only due to pressure.

In the elevator unit of your house, part of the water from the return pipeline, returning from the heating system, is mixed into the supply. The nozzle injects a jet of hot water at high pressure into the so-called elevator and recirculates the masses of cooled water.

Schematic diagram of the elevator.

Why is this needed?

To provide:

Reasonable mixture temperature. Recall: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.

Attention: for kindergartens, a different temperature norm applies: no higher than 37C. The low temperature of the heating devices has to be compensated by a large heat exchange area. That is why in kindergartens the walls are decorated with radiators of such great length.

Large volume of water involved in circulation. If you remove the nozzle and let the water flow directly from the supply, the return temperature will not differ much from the supply, which will dramatically increase heat loss on the route and disrupt the operation of the CHP.

If you stop the suction of water from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline can simply freeze in winter.

The areas of responsibility are divided as follows:

The temperature of the water injected into the heating mains is the responsibility of the heat producer - the local CHP or boiler house;
For the transportation of the coolant with minimal losses - the organization serving the heating networks (KTS - communal heating networks).

Such a state of heating mains, as in the photo, means huge heat losses. This is the area of responsibility of the KTS.

For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - housing department. In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - something on which the temperature of the radiators depends - is coordinated with the CTC.

If your house is cold and all the heating devices are those installed by the builders, you will settle this issue with the residents. They are required to provide the temperatures recommended by sanitary standards.

If you undertake any modification of the heating system, for example, replacing the heating batteries with gas welding, you thereby assume full responsibility for the temperature in your home.

How to deal with the cold

Let us, however, be realistic: most often we have to solve the problem of cold in the apartment ourselves, with our own hands. Not always housing organization can provide you with heat in a reasonable time, and not everyone will be satisfied with sanitary standards: you want your home to be warm.

What will the instructions for dealing with cold in an apartment building look like?

Jumpers in front of radiators

There are jumpers in front of the heaters in most apartments, which are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the riser in any condition of the radiator. For a long time they were supplied with three-way valves, then they began to be installed without any shut-off valves.

The jumper in any case reduces the circulation of the coolant through the heater. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.

The simplest way to make your apartment warmer is to insert chokes into the jumper itself and the connection between it and the radiator.

Here, ball valves perform the same function. It's not entirely correct, but it will work.

With their help, it is possible to conveniently adjust the temperature of the heating batteries: when the jumper is closed and the throttle to the radiator is fully open, the temperature is maximum, it is worth opening the jumper and covering the second throttle - and the heat in the room comes to naught.

The great advantage of such a refinement is the minimum cost of the solution. The price of the throttle does not exceed 250 rubles; spurs, couplings and locknuts cost a penny at all.

Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is at least slightly covered, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, adjusting the heating temperature will result in batteries and convectors that have cooled down at the neighbors.

Another helpful change. With such a tie-in, the radiator will always be evenly hot along the entire length.

Warm floor

Even if the radiator in the room hangs on a return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, by modifying the heating system, you can make the room warm.

An output - low-temperature systems of heating.

In a city apartment, it is difficult to use underfloor heating convectors due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.

A much more realistic option is underfloor heating. Due to where larger area heat transfer and more rational distribution of heat in the volume of the room low-temperature heating will warm the room better than a red-hot radiator.

What does the implementation look like?

Chokes are placed on the jumper and the eyeliner in the same way as in the previous case.
The outlet from the riser to the heater is connected to a metal-plastic pipe, which is laid in a screed on the floor.

So that communications do not spoil the appearance of the room, they are put away in a box. As an option, the tie-in to the riser is moved closer to the floor level.

It is not a problem at all to transfer the valves and throttles to any convenient place.

Conclusion

You can find more information about the operation of centralized heating systems in the video at the end of the article. warm winters!

Page 3

The building heating system is the heart of all engineering and technical mechanisms of the whole house. Which of its components will be selected will depend on:

Efficiency;
Profitability;
Quality.

Selection of sections for the room

All of the above qualities directly depend on:

heating boiler;
pipelines;
Method of connecting the heating system to the boiler;
heating radiators;
coolant;
Adjustment mechanisms (sensors, valves and other components).

One of the main points is the selection and calculation of sections of heating radiators. In most cases, the number of sections is calculated by design organizations that develop a complete project for building a house.

This calculation is affected by:

Enclosing materials;
The presence of windows, doors, balconies;
Room dimensions;
Type of premises (living room, warehouse, corridor);
Location;
Orientation to the cardinal points;
Location in the building of the calculated room (corner or in the middle, on the first floor or last).

The data for the calculation are taken from the SNiP "Construction Climatology". The calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators according to SNiP is very accurate, thanks to which you can perfectly calculate the heating system.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system in order to live comfortably in the house? This point is of interest to many consumers. When choosing a temperature regime, several factors are taken into account:

the need to achieve the desired degree of space heating;
ensuring reliable, stable, economical and long-term operation of heating equipment;
efficient transfer of thermal energy through pipelines.

The temperature of the coolant in the heating network

The heating system must function in such a way that it is comfortable to be in the room, which is why the standards are established. According to regulatory documents, the temperature in residential buildings should not fall below 18 degrees, and for children's institutions and hospitals - this is 21 degrees Celsius.

But it should be borne in mind that, depending on the air temperature outside the building, the building can lose different amounts of heat through the building envelope. Therefore, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system, based on external factors, varies from 30 to 90 degrees. When water is heated above, decomposition begins in the heating structure coatings which is prohibited by health regulations.

To determine what the temperature of the coolant in the batteries should be, specially designed temperature charts are used for specific groups of buildings. They reflect the dependence of the degree of heating of the coolant on the state of the outside air. You can also use automatic adjustment according to indications located indoors.

Optimum temperature for the boiler room

To ensure efficient heat transfer in heating boilers, a higher temperature must be, since the more heat a certain volume of water can transfer, the better the degree of heating. Therefore, at the outlet of the heat generator, they try to bring the temperature of the liquid closer to the maximum allowable values.

In addition, the minimum heating of water or other coolant in the boiler cannot be lowered below the dew point (usually this parameter is 60-70 degrees, but it largely depends on the technical features of the unit model and type of fuel). Otherwise, when the heat generator burns, condensate appears, which, in combination with aggressive substances contained in the composition flue gases, leads to increased wear of the device.

Coordination of water temperature in the boiler and system

There are two options for coordinating high-temperature coolants in the boiler and lower temperatures in the heating system:

In the first case, the efficiency of the boiler should be neglected and, at the exit from it, the coolant should be given out to such a degree of heating that the system currently requires. This is how small boilers operate. But in the end, it turns out not always to supply the coolant in accordance with the optimal temperature regime according to the schedule (read: ""). Recently, more and more often, in small boiler rooms, a water heating regulator is mounted at the outlet, taking into account the readings, which fixes the coolant temperature sensor.
In the second case, the heating of water for transportation through networks at the outlet of the boiler room is maximized. Further, in the immediate vicinity of consumers,automatic control of the coolant temperature to the required values. This method is considered more progressive, it is used in many large heating networks, and since regulators and sensors have become cheaper, it is increasingly used in small heat supply facilities.

The principle of operation of heating regulators

The temperature controller of the coolant circulating in the heating system is a device that provides automatic control and adjustment temperature parameters water.

This device, shown in the photo, consists of the following elements:

computing and switching node;
operating mechanism on the hot coolant supply pipe;
an actuating unit designed to mix in the coolant coming from the return. In some cases, set three-way valve;
booster pump in the supply section;
not always a booster pump in the "cold bypass" section;
sensor on the coolant supply line;
valves and stop valves;
return sensor;
outdoor air temperature sensor;
several room temperature sensors.

Now it is necessary to understand how the temperature of the coolant is regulated and how the regulator functions.

At the outlet of the heating system (return), the temperature of the coolant depends on the volume of water that has passed through it, since the load is relatively constant. Covering the liquid supply, the regulator thereby increases the difference between the supply line and the return line to the required value (sensors are installed on these pipelines).

When, on the contrary, it is necessary to increase the flow of the coolant, then a booster pump is inserted into the heat supply system, which is also controlled by the regulator. In order to lower the temperature of the water inlet flow, a cold bypass is used, which means that part of the heat carrier that has already circulated through the system is again sent to the inlet.

As a result, the regulator, redistributing the heat carrier flows depending on the data recorded by the sensor, ensures compliance with the temperature schedule of the heating system.

Often, such a controller is combined with a hot water controller using one computing node. A device that regulates hot water supply is easier to manage and in terms of actuators. With the help of a sensor on the hot water supply line, the passage of water through the boiler is adjusted and, as a result, it steadily has a standard 50 degrees (read: "").

Advantages of using the regulator in heat supply

The use of the regulator in the heating system has the following positive aspects:

it allows you to clearly maintain the temperature graph, which is based on the calculation of the temperature of the coolant (read: "");
increased heating of water in the system is not allowed and thus economical consumption of fuel and thermal energy is ensured;
heat production and its transportation take place in boiler houses with the most efficient parameters, and the characteristics of the heat carrier and hot water required for heating are created by a regulator located closest to the consumer thermal node or paragraph (read: " ");
for all subscribers of the heating network, the same conditions are provided, regardless of the distance to the source of heat supply.

Watch also a video about the circulation of the coolant in the heating system:

What laws are subject to changes in the temperature of the coolant in central heating systems? What is it - the temperature graph of the heating system 95-70? How to bring the heating parameters in accordance with the schedule? Let's try to answer these questions.

What it is

Let's start with a couple of abstract theses.

With change weather conditions heat losses of any building change after them. In frosts, in order to maintain a constant temperature in the apartment, much more thermal energy is required than in warm weather.

To clarify: heat costs are determined not by the absolute value of the air temperature in the street, but by the delta between the street and the interior.
So, at +25C in the apartment and -20 in the yard, the heat costs will be exactly the same as at +18 and -27, respectively.

The heat flow from the heater at a constant coolant temperature will also be constant.
A drop in room temperature will slightly increase it (again, due to an increase in the delta between the coolant and the air in the room); however, this increase will be categorically insufficient to compensate for the increased heat loss through the building envelope. Simply because the current SNiP limits the lower temperature threshold in an apartment to 18-22 degrees.

An obvious solution to the problem of increasing losses is to increase the temperature of the coolant.

Obviously, its growth should be proportional to the decrease in street temperature: the colder it is outside the window, the greater the heat loss will have to be compensated. Which, in fact, brings us to the idea of creating a specific table for matching both values.

So, the temperature chart of the heating system is a description of the dependence of the temperatures of the supply and return pipelines on the current weather outside.

How it all works

There are two different types of charts:

For heating networks.
For domestic heating system.

To clarify the difference between these concepts, it is probably worth starting with a brief digression into how central heating works.

CHP - heat networks

The function of this bundle is to heat the coolant and deliver it to the end user. The length of heating mains is usually measured in kilometers, the total surface area - in thousands and thousands of square meters. Despite the measures for thermal insulation of pipes, heat losses are inevitable: having passed the path from the CHP or boiler house to the border of the house, the process water will have time to partially cool down.

Hence the conclusion: in order for it to reach the consumer, while maintaining an acceptable temperature, the supply of the heating main at the exit from the CHP should be as hot as possible. The limiting factor is the boiling point; however, with increasing pressure, it shifts in the direction of increasing temperature:

Pressure, atmospheres	Boiling point, degrees Celsius
1	100
1,5	110
2	119
2,5	127
3	132
4	142
5	151
6	158
7	164
8	169

Typical pressure in the supply pipeline of the heating main is 7-8 atmospheres. This value, even taking into account pressure losses during transportation, allows you to start the heating system in houses up to 16 floors high without additional pumps. At the same time, it is safe for routes, risers and inlets, mixer hoses and other elements of heating and hot water systems.

With some margin, the upper limit of the supply temperature is taken equal to 150 degrees. The most typical heating temperature curves for heating mains lie in the range of 150/70 - 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

House

There are a number of additional limiting factors in the home heating system.

The maximum temperature of the coolant in it cannot exceed 95 C for a two-pipe and 105 C for.

By the way: in preschool educational institutions, the restriction is much more stringent - 37 C.
The price of lowering the supply temperature is an increase in the number of radiator sections: in the northern regions of the country, group rooms in kindergartens are literally surrounded by them.

The temperature delta between the supply and return pipelines, for obvious reasons, should be as small as possible - otherwise the temperature of the batteries in the building will vary greatly. This implies a fast circulation of the coolant.
However, too fast circulation through house system heating will lead to the fact that the return water will return to the route with an exorbitantly high temperature, which, due to a number of technical limitations in the operation of the CHP, is unacceptable.

The problem is solved by installing one or more elevator units in each house, in which the return flow is mixed with the water stream from the supply pipeline. The resulting mixture, in fact, ensures the rapid circulation of a large volume of coolant without overheating the return pipeline of the route.

For intra-house networks, a separate temperature graph is set, taking into account the elevator operation scheme. For two-pipe circuits, a typical heating temperature graph is 95-70, for single-pipe circuits (which, however, is rare in apartment buildings) - 105-70.

Climate zones

The main factor that determines the scheduling algorithm is the estimated winter temperature. The heat carrier temperature table should be drawn up in such a way that the maximum values \u200b\u200b(95/70 and 105/70) at the peak of frost provide the temperature in residential premises corresponding to SNiP.

Here is an example of an intra-house schedule for the following conditions:

Heating devices - radiators with a coolant supply from the bottom up.
Heating - two-pipe, co.

The estimated outdoor air temperature is -15 C.

Outside air temperature, С	Submission, C	Return, C
+10	30	25
+5	44	37
0	57	46
-5	70	54
-10	83	62
-15	95	70

Nuance: when determining the parameters of the route and the in-house heating system, the average daily temperature is taken.
If it is -15 at night and -5 during the day, -10C appears as the outside temperature.

And here are some values of calculated winter temperatures for Russian cities.

City	Design temperature, С
Arkhangelsk	-18
Belgorod	-13
Volgograd	-17
Verkhoyansk	-53
Irkutsk	-26
Krasnodar	-7
Moscow	-15
Novosibirsk	-24
Rostov-on-Don	-11
Sochi	+1
Tyumen	-22
Khabarovsk	-27
Yakutsk	-48

In the photo - winter in Verkhoyansk.

Adjustment

If the management of the CHPP and heating networks is responsible for the parameters of the route, then the responsibility for the parameters of the intra-house network rests with the residents. A very typical situation is when, when residents complain about the cold in apartments, measurements show downward deviations from the schedule. It happens a little less often that measurements in the wells of heat pumps show an overestimated return temperature from the house.

How to bring the heating parameters in line with the schedule with your own hands?

Nozzle reaming

With low mixture and return temperatures, the obvious solution is to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. How it's done?

The instruction is at the service of the reader.

All valves or gates in the elevator unit are closed (inlet, house and hot water).
The elevator is dismantled.
The nozzle is removed and reamed by 0.5-1 mm.
The elevator is assembled and started with air bleeding in the reverse order.

Tip: instead of paronite gaskets on the flanges, you can put rubber ones cut to the size of the flange from the car chamber.

An alternative is to install an elevator with an adjustable nozzle.

Suction suppression

In a critical situation (strong cold and freezing apartments), the nozzle can be completely removed. So that the suction does not become a jumper, it is suppressed with a pancake made of steel sheet with a thickness of at least a millimeter.

Attention: this is an emergency measure, used in extreme cases, since in this case the temperature of the radiators in the house can reach 120-130 degrees.

Differential adjustment

At elevated temperatures, as a temporary measure until the end of the heating season, it is practiced to adjust the differential on the elevator with a valve.

The DHW is switched to the supply pipe.
A manometer is installed on the return.
The inlet gate valve on the return pipeline closes completely and then gradually opens with pressure control on the pressure gauge. If you just close the valve, the subsidence of the cheeks on the stem can stop and unfreeze the circuit. The difference is reduced by increasing the return pressure by 0.2 atmospheres per day with daily temperature control.

Conclusion

What else to read

Compliments in Estonian Russian-Estonian phrasebook: how to explain yourself in an unfamiliar country. Popular phrases and expressions for travelers....

Help Beltelecom on settlements Belarusian mobile operator Beltelecom, under which it offers Internet access services....

Exactly a month has passed since the disappearance of the schoolboy in Pushcha Alyaksandr Lukashenka's abilities could be useful in solving the disappearance of 10-year-old Maxim Markhaliuk, a resident of...

What temperature should be in the boiler room in winter. Choosing a temperature regime for heating: a description of the main parameters and calculation examples

Heating norms

How is the heating of apartment buildings

Temperature in radiators

What to measure and how to measure

Temperature norms

Optimal values ​​in an individual heating system

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Ways to reduce heat loss

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

Heat transfer requirements

Water as a heat carrier

Antifreeze as a coolant

Standard temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Formula for calculating heat supply

Parameter control methods

Choosing a heating system for a private house

Temperature standards for rooms

Possible interruptions in the heat supply

Temperature chart and calculation

Temperature heating appliances

Additional options

Adjustment methods

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Coolant temperature in different heating systems

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in the apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

Calculation of the temperature graph

Appendix e Temperature chart (95 – 70) °С

Appendix e

Heating temperature chart

There are three heating systems

Temperature charts are:

Temperature chart of the heating system: variations, application, shortcomings

Application of condensing boilers

conventional heating system

Poor heating system

Elevator node

Page 2

general information

Outside temperature

Target room temperature

temperature graph

Useful extras

How to deal with the cold

Jumpers in front of radiators

Warm floor

Conclusion

Page 3

The temperature of the coolant in the heating network

Optimum temperature for the boiler room

Coordination of water temperature in the boiler and system

The principle of operation of heating regulators

Advantages of using the regulator in heat supply

What it is

How it all works

CHP - heat networks

House

Climate zones

Adjustment

Nozzle reaming

Suction suppression

Differential adjustment

Conclusion

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Categories

Optimal values in an individual heating system