Presentation on the topic "centralized and decentralized heat supply system". Decentralized heat supply system

Throughout Russia, in winter, it is necessary to provide air heating in rooms where people live or work. Equipment for these purposes costs a lot of money. Naturally, there is fierce competition in the heating equipment market, and since the choice of slogans is not very large, everyone says the same thing: price, quality, ecology and energy saving. Sometimes the struggle for the market resembles an information war, in which the parties say exactly the opposite things without listening to each other.

From the first wave of democracy, the euphoria of rooftop boilers came to us, then apartment heating, and now it is fashionable to discuss mini-CHPs.

Propellers of decentralization compete with manufacturers of ITP and pipelines in polyurethane foam insulation.

The bad thing is that politicians and government officials allow themselves to take sides.

Centralized heating systems have only 5, but undeniable advantages:

• - output of explosive technological equipment from residential buildings;
• - point concentration of harmful emissions at sources where they can be effectively combated;
• - possibility to work on different types fuels, including local, garbage, and renewable energy resources;
• - the ability to replace simple fuel combustion (at a temperature of 1500-2000 °C for air heating up to 20 °C) with thermal waste from production cycles, primarily from the thermal cycle of generating electricity at a thermal power plant;
• - relatively much higher electrical efficiency of large thermal power plants and thermal efficiency of large solid fuel boilers.

With the exception, in some cases, of the use of heat pumps, all other methods of de district heating cannot provide such a set of benefits.

The criterion for rejecting centralization is the unit cost of the DH system, which in turn depends on the density of the load. In Denmark, district heating systems are justified with a specific load of 30 Gcal / km 2, in our climate a higher load density is desirable.

It is more correct to assess the prospects of DH through the specific material characteristic of the DH system equal to the product of the total length of the network by the average diameter, divided by the total connected load (L of the network × D cf / Q of the system)

In Moscow, the specific material characteristic is approximately 30. In some cities it reaches 80. In settlements or certain areas of cities with specific characteristic more than 100 centralization contraindications - low revenues from heat sales with significant capital costs make DH uncompetitive.

Of course, these approaches are applicable for heat supply from CHP. Large boiler houses have no future, on the other hand, the presence of a heating network system from a large boiler house makes it possible to initiate a project for the construction of a new thermal power plant. It is the lack of large heating networks that hinders the implementation of the European directive on the development of cogeneration in Western countries.

Why did decentralized heat supply systems begin to appear in Russia in major cities with developed DH:

• - low quality of district heating in the 1990s;
• - overestimation of the cost of heat in some cities;
• - complex, expensive, bureaucratic procedure for connecting to the DH;
• - inability to regulate consumption volumes;
• - the inability of residents to independently regulate the inclusion and deactivation of heating;
• - long period of summer shutdowns of hot water supply.

From the point of view of energy efficiency, fantastically overestimated losses in heat networks are usually called without taking into account the factors that, with the called losses, the DH system would not be able to work at all and heat loss in the system from CHP lead to significantly lower specific fuel losses.

The construction of new decentralized sources in the territory covered by the DH system does not allow increasing its specific material characteristics, i.e. curb tariff increases. Any rooftop boiler house in the district heating zone is a blow to the social sphere. Although, on the other hand, the decentralization of some areas with sparse buildings can be extremely useful. It is necessary, of course, to take into account the role of decentralization as a competitive factor for DH enterprises.

In recent years, the improvement in the quality of work of DH enterprises has led to a decrease in the volume of construction of local sources in large cities.

• House boilers in the residential sector

In the 90s of the twentieth century. with poor centralized heat supply, having your own boiler house increased the attractiveness and cost of housing, now the situation has changed in the opposite direction - the presence of a boiler house with a relatively low pipe in the courtyard is perceived negatively by buyers of apartments in large cities.

In sparsely built areas, local sources are an objective necessity and they compete with apartment heating options.

Separately, it must be said about the experience of using rooftop boilers. The main problems include:

• - lack of a clear owner, tk. the boiler house is the collective property of the residents;
• - no depreciation and long term fundraising for necessary major repairs;
• - visible smoke above the building in cold weather with a corresponding industrialization of the landscape;
• - lack of a system for the rapid supply of spare parts.

There are cases of increased vibration; failure of boilers due to increased make-up and scale formation; the inability to replace the boiler without a helicopter; gas shutdowns due to accidents on gas pipelines, as well as due to the operation of boiler room automation when gas pressure decreases in cold weather.

In areas of sparse development, where decentralized heat supply is optimally developed, there are usually no problems with a place to place a boiler house, so it makes no sense to literally put it on people's heads.

• Apartment heating

"Apartment" came to us from their warm countries. Only in Italy 14 million apartments have apartment heating. But in the Italian climate, the centralization of heat supply is meaningless, and entrances and basements do not need to be heated.

In our climatic conditions, it is necessary to heat all the premises of the building, otherwise its service life is reduced significantly, that is, if there is apartment heating, it is necessary to have a common boiler room for heating the rest of the premises.

The main problems of apartment heating (PO):

• It is unacceptable to use the software only in individual apartments of multi-apartment residential buildings. The chimney has to be made on the wall of the building, while the products of combustion can enter the upstairs apartments.
• It is permissible to use boilers only with a closed combustion chamber and a dedicated air duct for air intake from the street.
• It must be possible to access the apartment with prolonged absence tenants. It is unacceptable to turn off the boilers for a long time by the residents themselves in the winter.
• The software system should not be used in buildings of standard series. The building must be specially designed for the software. The main reasons for this are the need to organize effective smoke removal, because. on one floor, only one boiler can be connected to a common chimney.
• The operation of any boilers installed in apartments will be periodic, i.e. in on/off mode. This is determined by the fact that the boiler power is selected not according to the heating load, but according to the peak DHW load several times greater than the heating one, and the power control depth of most boilers is from 40 to 100%. The task is to avoid the formation of condensate in gas ducts, for this they must be horizontal, thermally insulated and have devices for collecting and neutralizing condensate.

Smoke removal problems are especially aggravated in high-rise buildings, because draft is not adjustable and varies over a wide range in the height of the building, as well as when the weather changes.

• The need for significant capacity of the apartment boiler to ensure maximum flow hot water is determined by the fact that the total capacity of apartment boilers is 2-2.5 times higher than the capacity of an alternative house boiler house.
• A serious problem is the free, uncontrolled access to the boilers of children and people with a damaged psyche. On the other hand, the access of specialists for maintenance is often difficult.
• The service life of boilers is 15-20 years, but in our conditions serious breakdowns occur much faster. To prevent scale in heat exchangers, ensure long work membranes and glands, it is desirable to install a filter system for coarse and fine water purification. We practically don't have them. Volume Maintenance usually determined by the tenants themselves, and they have the right to refuse it.

Often apartment heating is called “autonomous”, meaning that each apartment has its own heating and hot water system independent of other residents. In fact, the apartment heating of a building is a system with distributed combustion that is strictly interdependent in terms of gas, water, smoke removal and heat transfer.

From the point of view of energy efficiency, this system loses to the option of an automated home gas boiler with apartment-by-apartment metering and regulation due to the complete absence of regime regulation of the combustion process.

The economic profitability of software is explained by the absence in the calculations depreciation charges and the artificially constrained price of domestic gas (in most other countries, domestic gas prices are 1.5-3 times higher than those for large consumers).

Another reason is the desire of the heads of administrations of small municipalities to completely relieve themselves of responsibility for heat supply, shifting it to the residents themselves. In some settlements with several two-three-story houses, the introduction of software is really justified, because. the operation of small boiler houses with a meager sales volume turns out to be too expensive for residents.

Please leave your comments and suggestions on the strategy. To read the document, select the section you are interested in.

Energy Saving Technologies and methods

The orientation of the Russian energy sector towards district heating and district heating as the main way to meet the heating needs of cities and industrial centers has justified itself technically and economically. However, there are many shortcomings in the operation of district heating and district heating systems, unsuccessful technical solutions, unused reserves, which reduce the efficiency and reliability of the functioning of such systems. The production nature of the structure of district heating systems (DH) with CHP and boiler houses, the unreasonable scale of connecting consumers and the practical uncontrollability of the modes of operation of DH (sources - heat networks - consumers) have largely devalued the advantages of district heating.

If the sources of thermal energy are still comparable to the world level, then the analysis of the whole DHS shows that:

• technical equipment and the level of technological solutions in the construction of heat networks correspond to the state of the 1960s, while the radii of heat supply have sharply increased, and there has been a transition to new standard sizes of pipe diameters;
• the quality of metal of heat pipelines, thermal insulation, shut-off and control valves, construction and laying of heat pipelines are significantly inferior to foreign counterparts, which leads to large losses of thermal energy in networks;
• poor conditions for thermal and waterproofing of heat pipelines and channels of heat networks contributed to an increase in the damage of underground heat pipelines, which led to serious problems in replacing the equipment of heat networks;
• domestic equipment of large CHPPs corresponds to the average foreign level of the 1980s, and at present, steam turbine CHPPs are characterized by a high accident rate, since almost half installed capacity turbines have worked out the estimated resource;
• there are no purification systems at operating coal-fired CHP plants flue gases from NOX and SOX, and the efficiency of capturing particulate matter often does not reach the required values;
• The competitiveness of DH at the present stage can only be ensured by the introduction of specially new technical solutions, both in terms of the structure of systems, and in terms of schemes, equipment of energy sources and heating networks.

In addition, the traditional modes of operation of district heating adopted in practice have the following disadvantages:

• the practical absence of regulation of heat supply for heating buildings during transitional periods, when wind, solar radiation, and household heat emissions have a particularly large impact on the thermal regime of heated premises;
• excessive fuel consumption and overheating of buildings during the warm periods of the heating season;
• large heat losses during its transportation (about 10%), and in many cases much more;
• irrational consumption of electricity for pumping the coolant, due to the very principle of central quality regulation;
• long-term operation supply pipelines of the heating network in an unfavorable temperature regime, characterized by an increase in corrosion processes, etc.

A modern decentralized heat supply system is a complex set of functionally interconnected equipment, including an autonomous heat generating plant and engineering systems buildings (hot water supply, heating and ventilation systems).

Recently, many regions of Russia have shown interest in the introduction of energy-efficient technology for apartment heating multi-storey buildings, which is a type of decentralized heat supply, in which each apartment in an apartment building is equipped with an autonomous system for providing heat and hot water. The main elements of the apartment heating system are the heating boiler, heaters, air supply and combustion products removal systems. Wiring is done using steel pipe or modern heat-conducting systems - plastic or metal-plastic.

The objective prerequisites for the introduction of autonomous (decentralized) heat supply systems are:

• the absence in some cases of free capacities at centralized sources;
• densification of the development of urban areas with housing objects;
• in addition, a significant part of the development falls on areas with undeveloped engineering infrastructure;
• lower capital investment and the possibility of phased coverage of thermal loads;
• the ability to maintain comfortable conditions in the apartment in your own way own will, which in turn is more attractive compared to apartments with district heating, the temperature of which depends on the directive decision on the start and end heating period;
• appearance on the market of a large number of various modifications of domestic and imported (foreign) heat generators of low power.

Heat generators can be placed in the kitchen, in a separate room on any floor (including attic or basement) or in an annex. The most common autonomous (decentralized) heat supply scheme includes: a single-circuit or double-circuit boiler, circulation pumps for heating and hot water supply, check valves, closed expansion tanks, safety valves. With a single-circuit boiler, a capacitive or plate heat exchanger is used to prepare hot water.

The advantages of decentralized heat supply are:

• no need for land allotments for heating networks and boiler houses;
• reduction of heat losses due to the absence of external heating networks, reduction of network water losses, reduction of water treatment costs;
• a significant reduction in the cost of repair and maintenance of equipment;
• full automation of consumption modes. In autonomous heating systems, it is not recommended to use untreated water from the water supply system due to its aggressive effect on the boiler elements, which necessitates filters and other water treatment devices.

Among the experimental buildings built in the Russian regions, there are luxury houses, and houses of mass building. Apartments in them are more expensive than similar housing with centralized heating. However, the level of comfort gives them an advantage in the real estate market. Their owners get the opportunity to independently decide how much heat and hot water they need; the problem of seasonal and other interruptions in heat supply disappears.

Decentralized systems of any kind make it possible to eliminate energy losses during its transportation (as a result, the cost of heat for the end consumer decreases), increase the reliability of heating and hot water supply systems, and conduct housing construction where there are no developed heating networks. With all these advantages of decentralized heat supply, there are also negative aspects. In small boiler houses, including "roof" ones, the height of the chimneys, as a rule, is much lower than in large ones.

With the total equality of the thermal power, the emission values ​​do not change, but the dissipation conditions deteriorate sharply. In addition, small boiler houses are located, as a rule, near the residential area. Combined heat and power generation should also be considered in favor of district heating. electrical energy at the CHP. The thing is that the growth in the number of autonomous boiler houses will definitely not lead to a decrease in fuel consumption at CHPPs (provided that electricity generation remains unchanged). This suggests that fuel consumption is increasing in the city as a whole, and the level of air pollution is increasing. When comparing options, one of the main indicators are the following types of costs.

They are clearly presented in Table 1. As confirmation of the above, we calculated two options for systems with centralized and decentralized heat supply for one quarter. The quarter under consideration consists of four 3-section 5-storey residential buildings. There are four apartments on the floor of each section. with total area 70 m2 (Table ~4~). Let us assume that this area is heated by a boiler house with KVGM-4 boilers running on natural gas (I - option). As an option II - an individual gas boiler with a built-in flow heat exchanger for the preparation of hot water. The dependence of the unit cost of the boiler (DM/kW) on the installed power is shown in fig. . The calculation was made by us in accordance with.

In the analysis of dependences, data for imported boilers were used. Boilers Russian production 20-40% cheaper, depending on the manufacturer and intermediary company. When determining the main technical and economic indicators for decentralized heat supply systems, it is necessary to take into account the costs associated with an increase in the diameter of low-pressure gas pipelines, since in this case gas losses increase.

But there is a positive factor in this, which speaks in favor of decentralized heat supply: there is no need to lay heating networks. The calculated data are clearly presented in fig. 2 and 3, from which it can be seen that: - annual consumption fuel with decentralized heat supply is reduced by an average of 40-50%; - maintenance costs are reduced by about 2.5-3 times; - the cost of electricity by 3 times; — operating costs for decentralized heat supply are also lower than for district heating.

The use of an apartment heating system for multi-storey residential buildings makes it possible to completely eliminate heat losses in heating networks and during distribution between consumers, and significantly reduce losses at the source. It will allow organizing individual accounting and regulation of heat consumption depending on economic opportunities and physiological needs.

Apartment heating will lead to a reduction in one-time capital investments and operating costs, and also saves energy and raw materials for the generation of thermal energy and, as a result, leads to a decrease in the burden on the environmental situation. The apartment heating system is economically, energetically, environmentally effective solution the issue of heat supply for multi-storey buildings. And yet, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the use of a particular heat supply system, taking into account many factors.

Based on the materials of the 5th Moscow International Forum on the problems of design and construction of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems within the framework of the international exhibition HEAT&VENT'2003 MOSCOW (pp. 95-100), Publisher ITE Group PLC, edited by professor, Ph.D. .n. Makhova L. M., 2003

Ph.D. A.V. Martynov, Associate Professor,
Department "Industrial heat and power systems",
Moscow Power Engineering Institute (TU)

(report at the second scientific-practical conference "Heat supply systems. Modern solutions", Zvenigorod, May 16-18, 2006).

Decentralized consumers who, due to long distances from CHPPs cannot be covered by centralized heat supply, they must have a rational (efficient) heat supply that meets the modern technical level and comfort.

The scale of fuel consumption for heat supply is very large. Currently, heat supply to industrial, public and residential buildings is carried out by approximately 40 + 50% of boiler houses, which is not efficient due to their low efficiency (in boiler houses, the fuel combustion temperature is approximately 1500 °C, and heat is provided to the consumer at significantly lower temperatures (60+100 OS)).

Thus, the irrational use of fuel, when part of the heat escapes into the chimney, leads to the depletion of fuel and energy resources (FER).

The gradual depletion of fuel and energy resources in the European part of our country once required the development of a fuel and energy complex in its eastern regions, which sharply increased the cost of extracting and transporting fuel. In this situation, it is necessary to solve the most important problem of saving and rational use TER, because their reserves are limited and as they decrease, the cost of fuel will steadily increase.

In this regard, an effective energy-saving measure is the development and implementation of decentralized heat supply systems with scattered autonomous sources heat.

Currently, the most appropriate are decentralized heat supply systems based on non-traditional heat sources such as sun, wind, water.

Below we consider only two aspects of the involvement of non-traditional energy:

Heat supply based on heat pumps;

Heat supply based on autonomous water heat generators.

Heat supply based on heat pumps

The main purpose of heat pumps (HP) is heating and hot water supply using natural low-grade heat sources (LPHS) and waste heat from the industrial and domestic sectors.

The advantages of decentralized thermal systems include increased reliability of heat supply, tk. they are not connected by heating networks, which in our country exceed 20 thousand km, and most of the pipelines are in operation beyond normative term service (25 years), which leads to accidents. In addition, the construction of long heating mains is associated with significant capital costs and heavy losses heat. According to the principle of operation, heat pumps belong to heat transformers, in which a change in the heat potential (temperature) occurs as a result of work supplied from outside.

The energy efficiency of heat pumps is estimated by transformation ratios that take into account the obtained "effect", related to the work expended and efficiency.

The effect obtained is the amount of heat Qv that the HP produces. The amount of heat Qv, related to the power expended Nel on the HP drive, shows how many units of heat are obtained per unit of electrical power consumed. This ratio μ=0Β/Νelι

is called the heat conversion or transformation coefficient, which is always greater than 1 for HP. Some authors call this efficiency coefficient, but the efficiency cannot be more than 100%. The error here is that heat Qv (as an unorganized form of energy) is divided by Nel (electrical, i.e. organized energy).

Efficiency should take into account not just the amount of energy, but the performance of a given amount of energy. Therefore, efficiency is the ratio of working capacities (or exergies) of any kind of energy:

where: Eq - efficiency (exergy) of heat Qv; E N - performance (exergy) of electrical energy Nel.

Since heat is always associated with the temperature at which this heat is obtained, therefore, the performance (exergy) of heat depends on the temperature level T and is determined by:

where τ is the heat efficiency coefficient (or "Carnot factor"):

q=(T-Tos)/T=1-Tos/

where Toc is the ambient temperature.

For everybody heat pump these figures are:

1. Heat transformation ratio:

μ=qv/l=Qv/Nel■

η=ΡΒ(τς)Β//=Ι*(τς)Β>

where: qv - specific amount of heat, kJ / kg;

Qw is the total amount of heat, kJ/s;

/ - specific cost of work, kJ/kg;

1\1EL - electric power, kW;

(tq)B - heat efficiency factor =

1-Tos/Tv.

For real HP, the transformation ratio is μ=3-!-4, while η=30-40%. This means that for each kWh of electrical energy consumed, QB=3-i-4 kWh of heat is obtained. This is the main advantage of HP over other methods of heat generation ( electric heating, boiler room, etc.).

Over the past few decades, the production of heat pumps has sharply increased all over the world, but in our country HPs have not yet found wide application.

There are several reasons.

1. Traditional focus on district heating.

2. Unfavorable ratio between the cost of electricity and fuel.

3. The manufacture of HP is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of the closest refrigerating machines in terms of parameters, which does not always lead to optimal performance TN. The design of serial HPs for specific characteristics, adopted abroad, significantly increases both the operational and energy characteristics of HPs.

The production of heat pump equipment in the USA, Japan, Germany, France, England and other countries is based on the production capacities of refrigeration engineering. HPs in these countries are mainly used for heating and hot water supply in residential, commercial and industrial sectors.

In the USA, for example, more than 4 million units of heat pumps are operated with a small, up to 20 kW, heat capacity based on reciprocating or rotary compressors. The heat supply of schools, shopping centers, swimming pools is carried out by HP with a heat output of 40 kW, performed on the basis of piston and screw compressors. Heat supply of districts, cities - large HP based on centrifugal compressors with Qv over 400 kW of heat. In Sweden, more than 100 out of 130 thousand operating HPs have a heat output of 10 MW or more. In Stockholm, 50% of the heat supply comes from heat pumps.

In industry, heat pumps utilize low-grade heat from production processes. An analysis of the possibility of using HP in industry, conducted at the enterprises of 100 Swedish companies, showed that the most suitable area for the use of HP is the enterprises of the chemical, food and textile industries.

In our country, the application of HP began to be dealt with in 1926. Since 1976, TN have been working in the industry at a tea factory (Samtredia, Georgia), at the Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant (PCMZ) since 1987, at the Sagarejo Dairy Plant, Georgia, at the Gorki-2 dairy farm near Moscow » since 1963. In addition to the HP industry, at that time they began to be used in mall(Sukhumi) for heat and cold supply, in a residential building (settlement of Bucuria, Moldova), in the boarding house "Druzhba" (Yalta), climatological hospital (Gagra), resort hall of Pitsunda.

In Russia, at present, HPs are manufactured according to individual orders by various companies in Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, and Moscow. So, for example, the company "Triton" in Nizhny Novgorod produces HP with a heat output from 10 to 2000 kW with a compressor power Nel from 3 to 620 kW.

As low-grade heat sources (LPHS) for HP, water and air are most widely used. Hence, the most commonly used HP schemes are "water-to-air" and "air-to-air". According to such schemes, HPs are produced by companies: Carrig, Lennox, Westinghous, General Electric (USA), Nitachi, Daikin (Japan), Sulzer (Sweden), CKD (Czech Republic) , "Klimatechnik" (Germany). Recently, waste industrial and sewage effluents are used as NPIT.

In countries with more severe climatic conditions, it is advisable to use HP together with traditional heat sources. At the same time, during the heating period, heat supply to buildings is carried out mainly from a heat pump (80-90% of annual consumption), and peak loads (at low temperatures) are covered by electric boilers or fossil fuel boilers.

The use of heat pumps leads to fossil fuel savings. This is especially true for remote regions, such as the northern regions of Siberia, Primorye, where there are hydroelectric power stations, and fuel transportation is difficult. With an average annual transformation ratio m=3-4, fuel savings from the use of HP compared to a boiler house is 30-5-40%, i.e. on average 6-5-8 kgce/GJ. When m is increased to 5, fuel economy increases to about 20+25 kgce/GJ compared to fossil fuel boilers and up to 45+65 kgce/GJ compared to electric boilers.

Thus, HP is 1.5-5-2.5 times more profitable than boiler houses. The cost of heat from heat pumps is approximately 1.5 times lower than the cost of heat from district heating and 2-5-3 times lower than coal and fuel oil boilers.

One of the most important tasks is the utilization of waste water heat from thermal power plants. The most important prerequisite for the introduction of HP is the large volumes of heat released into the cooling towers. So, for example, the total amount of waste heat at the city's and adjacent to Moscow thermal power plants in the period from November to March of the heating season is 1600-5-2000 Gcal / h. With the help of HP it is possible to transfer most of this waste heat (about 50-5-60%) to the heating network. Wherein:

No additional fuel is needed to produce this heat;

The ecological situation would improve;

By lowering the temperature circulating water in turbine condensers, the vacuum will be significantly improved and power generation will increase.

The scale of the introduction of HP only in OAO Mosenergo can be very significant and their use on the "waste" heat of the gradient

ren can reach 1600-5-2000 Gcal/h. Thus, the use of HP at CHP is beneficial not only technologically (vacuum improvement), but also environmentally ( real savings fuel or an increase in the thermal power of a CHP without additional fuel and capital costs) . All this will allow to increase the connected load in thermal networks.

Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the WTG heat supply system:

1 - centrifugal pump; 2 - vortex tube; 3 - flow meter; 4 - thermometer; 5 - three-way valve; 6 - valve;

7 - battery; 8 - heater.

Heat supply based on autonomous water heat generators

Autonomous water heat generators (ATG) are designed to produce heated water, which is used to supply heat to various industrial and civil facilities.

ATG includes a centrifugal pump and a special device that creates hydraulic resistance. A special device can have a different design, the efficiency of which depends on the optimization of regime factors determined by know-how developments.

One option for a special hydraulic device is a vortex tube included in a water-powered decentralized heating system.

The use of a decentralized heat supply system is very promising, because. water, being a working substance, is used directly for heating and hot water

resupply, thereby making these systems environmentally friendly and reliable in operation. Such a decentralized heat supply system was installed and tested in the laboratory of the Fundamentals of Heat Transformation (OTT) of the Department of Industrial Heat and Power Systems (PTS) of MPEI.

The heat supply system consists of a centrifugal pump, a vortex tube and standard elements: a battery and a heater. Specified standard elements are integral parts of any heat supply systems and therefore their presence and successful work give grounds to assert the reliable operation of any heat supply system that includes these elements.

On fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a heat supply system. The system is filled with water, which, when heated, enters the battery and heater. The system is equipped with switching fittings (three-way cocks and valves), which allows for series and parallel switching of the battery and heater.

The operation of the system was carried out as follows. Through expansion tank the system is filled with water in such a way that air is removed from the system, which is then controlled by a pressure gauge. After that, voltage is applied to the control unit cabinet, the temperature of the water supplied to the system (50-5-90 °C) is set by the temperature selector, and the centrifugal pump is turned on. The time to enter the mode depends on the set temperature. With a given tv=60 OS, the time to enter the mode is t=40 min. The temperature graph of the system operation is shown in fig. 2.

The starting period of the system was 40+45 min. The rate of temperature rise was Q=1.5 deg/min.

To measure the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the system, thermometers 4 are installed, and a flow meter 3 is used to determine the flow.

The centrifugal pump was mounted on a light mobile stand, which can be made in any workshop. The rest of the equipment (battery and heater) is standard, purchased in specialized trading companies (shops).

Fittings (three-way taps, valves, angles, adapters, etc.) are also purchased in stores. The system is assembled from plastic pipes, welding of which was carried out by a special welding unit, which is available in the OTT laboratory.

The difference in water temperatures in the direct and return lines was approximately 2 °C (Δt=tnp-to6=1.6). The operating time of the VTG centrifugal pump was 98 s in each cycle, the pauses lasted 82 s, the time of one cycle was 3 min.

The heat supply system, as tests have shown, works stably and in automatic mode (without the participation of maintenance personnel) maintains the initially set temperature in the interval t=60-61 °C.

The heat supply system worked when the battery and heater were switched on in series with the water.

The effectiveness of the system is assessed:

1. Heat transformation ratio

μ=(Ο6+Οκ)/νν=ΣΟ/νν;

2. Efficiency

where: 20 =Q6+QK - the amount of heat given off by the system;

W - the amount of electrical energy spent on the drive of the centrifugal pump; tq=1-T0C/TB - coefficient of heat efficiency;

TV - temperature level of the given heat; Tos - ambient temperature.

With the consumed electricity W=2 kWh, the amount of heat produced during this period amounted to 20=3816.8 kcal. The transformation ratio is: μ=3816.8/1720=2.22.

The efficiency is η=μτ =2.22.0.115=0.255 (~25%), where: tq=1 -(293/331)=0.115.

From the energy balance of the system, it can be seen that the additional amount of heat generated by the system was 2096.8 kcal. To date, there are various hypotheses trying to explain how an additional amount of heat appears, but there is no unambiguous generally accepted solution.

findings

1. Decentralized heat supply systems do not require long heating mains, and therefore - large capital costs.

2. The use of decentralized heat supply systems can significantly reduce harmful emissions from fuel combustion into the atmosphere, which improves the environmental situation.

3. The use of heat pumps in decentralized heat supply systems for industrial and civil sectors allows saving fuel in the amount of 6 + 8 kg of fuel equivalent compared to boiler houses. per 1 Gcal of generated heat, which is approximately 30-5-40%.

4. Decentralized HP-based systems are successfully applied in many foreign countries(USA, Japan, Norway, Sweden, etc.). More than 30 companies are engaged in the manufacture of HP.

5. An autonomous (decentralized) heat supply system based on a centrifugal water heat generator was installed in the laboratory of the OTT of the PTS Department of MPEI.

The system operates in automatic mode, maintaining the temperature of the water in the supply line in any given range from 60 to 90 °C.

The heat transformation coefficient of the system is m=1.5-5-2, and the efficiency is about 25%.

6. Further improvement of the energy efficiency of decentralized heat supply systems requires scientific and technical research to determine the optimal operating modes.

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7. Brodyansky V.M. etc. Exergetic method and its applications. - M.: Energoizdat, 1986.

8. Sokolov E.Ya., Brodyansky V.M. Energy bases of heat transformation and cooling processes - M.: Energoizdat, 1981.

9. Martynov A.V. Installations for the transformation of heat and cooling. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

10. Devyanin D.N., Pishchikov S.I., Sokolov Yu.N. Heat pumps - development and testing at CHPP-28. // "News of heat supply", No. 1, 2000.

12. Kalinichenko A.B., Kurtik F.A. Heat generator with the most high efficiency. // "Economics and production", No. 12, 1998.

13. Martynov A.V., Yanov A.V., Golovko V.M. Decentralized heat supply system based on an autonomous heat generator. // " Construction Materials, equipment, technologies of the 21st century”, No. 11, 2003.

Editorial: At the second scientific-practical conference “Heat supply systems. Modern Solutions”, which is traditionally held by the Non-Commercial Partnership “Russian Heat Supply”, after a series of reports on vortex generators heat, a heated discussion ensued. The participants came to the conclusion that the receipt of heat in an amount exceeding the consumed electricity indicates that modern science cannot yet indicate the source of this energy and its nature, which means that this phenomenon should be used with extreme caution, because. the effect of this setting on environment and people have not been studied.

This is confirmed and modern research. For example, at the international conference "Anomalous physical phenomena in the energy sector and prospects for creating non-traditional energy sources", held on June 15-16, 2005 in Kharkov, several groups of researchers from different cities of Ukraine reported that they had discovered radiation generated by a vortex heat generator.

So, for example, specialists from the Institute of Technical Thermal Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine found a section at the end of a vortex tube with increased (1.3-1.9 times) gamma radiation compared to the background value. Information about this experiment was also published in the journal "Industrial Heat Engineering" (Kyiv) No. 6, 2002 in the article Khalatov A.A., Kovalenko A.S., Shevtsov S.V. "Determination of the energy conversion coefficient in a vortex heat generator of the TPM 5.5-1 type." The authors of the article noted that the nature of this radiation is still not entirely clear and requires further study.

The rational use of resources is one of the most important stabilizers of the economy and the life support of society as a whole. Preservation of the current energy resource consumption norms will inevitably set the task of resolving the issue of energy resource shortage.

Their largest consumer is the housing and communal sector. Heat supply is the most specific and most costly of all life support systems. The current social situation does not allow to fully recoup all costs by charging for the supplied heat. State expenditures for maintaining housing and communal expenses make up a very large share - about 17% of the federal budget. This situation can be changed only by the transition to 100% payment for housing utilities provided by the concept of the industry reform.

According to statistics, the specific consumption of water and heat per inhabitant of Russia exceeds the European norms by 2-3 times. Therefore, energy saving in the current economic conditions is a key element of the housing and communal services reform.

The design and construction of apartments equipped with individual heating systems, gas, water and heat meters should become a daily practice. At present, gasification of housing has been developed with the installation of heating boilers only in the construction of residential buildings. There is already experience in the implementation of autonomous heating and hot water systems in multi-apartment residential buildings, i.e. construction of attached, roof boiler houses. They allow you to abandon the external heating networks, and in the future? - from their repair and re-laying. This saves money compared to central heating is about 35%. At the same time, heat losses in external networks are excluded (from 15 to 30%), depending on the technical condition of the networks and the degree of their flooding with groundwater.

The existing experience in the operation of attached boiler houses in residential buildings has revealed some disadvantages of their use. This is primarily the supply of consumers without taking into account the required air temperature in apartments, the need for subsidies for used heat carriers and the problems of collecting money from residents.

At the same time, boiler houses do not solve the main problem? - the economical attitude of residents to heat. This is due to the lack of apartment-by-apartment metering of heat and hot water consumption. Therefore, all the same, 60 70% of the costs are paid by the budget. Installing metering devices in each apartment, as a rule, is an expensive pleasure, and sometimes it is even difficult to imagine their payback period.

Experience shows that the most effective use of attached boiler houses for heating and hot water supply of administrative buildings, healthcare facilities, and culture.

Individual heating systems

In recent years, in many regions of Russia, they began to introduce a new technology? - an apartment heating and hot water supply system in apartment buildings, high-rise buildings. Houses with apartment heating systems have already been built in Smolensk, Serpukhov, Bryansk, St. Petersburg, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk.

Double-circuit wall-mounted boilers provide, in addition to heating, the preparation of hot water for household needs. Due to its small dimensions, slightly larger than the size of a conventional geyser, it is not difficult for the boiler to find a place in any room, even not specially adapted for a boiler room: in the kitchen, in the corridor, hallway, etc. Individual systems heating allow you to completely solve the problem of saving gas fuel, while each resident, using the opportunities installed equipment creates a comfortable living environment. The introduction of an apartment heating system immediately eliminates the problem of heat metering: it is not heat that is taken into account, but only gas consumption. The cost of gas reflects the components of heat and hot water.

Apartment heating reduces costs many times over. According to the results of the operation of individual heating systems in Smolensk (over a thousand apartments in houses of various heights), the cost of utilities for heat and hot water supply for a family of four decreased by 6 times, and taking into account subsidies? - by 15 times compared to centralized system. The consumer thus gets the opportunity to achieve maximum comfort and determines the level of use of heat and hot water. At the same time, the problem of interruptions in the supply of hot water and heat for technical, organizational and seasonal reasons is removed.

For gas-supplying organizations, per-apartment heating allows saving gas by 30-40% and acquiring reliable gas and service payers in the face of end consumers.

Apartment heating significantly reduces the cost of housing construction, there is no need for expensive heating networks, heat points, metering devices; repayment of the cost of equipment occurs at the time of purchase of housing; budget costs are reduced different levels for energy supply.

Convector heating

Due to the shortage of energy resources and rising energy prices, the problem of providing heat is also relevant for industrial enterprises.

One of the promising energy-efficient areas for the decentralization of heat supply systems of industrial enterprises was the introduction of air heaters of various capacities, convectors, as well as highly efficient radiant heaters at the facilities. gas heaters. These systems do not need a material coolant.

The gas convector? - fine means of heating of small mansions, dachas, apartments, shops, booths and offices. An important advantage of convector heating is efficiency and elimination of the threat of freezing. heating system(lack of coolant in the event of a power failure, pump stop).

The fundamental differences between front-type convectors and most gas-fired heating and heating devices are as follows: the air necessary for the combustion process enters outside the heated room, the combustion products are also removed to the outside, therefore, the oxygen in the room air does not burn out; the convector automatically maintains the set temperature within the range from 10 to 30 o C.

The use of gas heating convectors instead of electric ones of the same power allows you to reduce heating costs by several times. insulating form decorative panel and paintwork, made using modern technology, easily fits into any interior. Heating convectors have a Russian certificate of conformity and are approved for use by Gosgortekhnadzor of the Russian Federation.

Gas-radiant heating

The use of gas-radiant heating systems (GHS) allows you to change the physical basis of heat transfer to the working area.

When installing infrared radiant heating:

• there is no need to build a room, as is the case with a boiler room;
• heat loss is minimized;
• it is possible to heat individual zones or workplaces, and with the maintenance different temperatures for different zones(for example, in the hall - 20 o C, on the stage - 17 o C);
• there is no movement of air and dust, thereby increasing the comfort of the room;
• there is no permanent service staff;
• fast installation (or dismantling), as well as the transfer of devices to the right place;
• freezing of the system is excluded (due to lack of water);
• the inertia of the systems is reduced (heating of the premises in 15-30 minutes), at night the premises may not be heated;
• operating costs are reduced (monetary heating costs for the season are reduced by 6 times);
• the payback period of the heating system is reduced (up to one year).

In fact, at present, only SHLOs are able to provide normal heating for rooms of great height (up to 35 meters) and unlimited area.

To organize radiant heating, infrared emitters are placed in the upper part of the room (under the ceiling), heated from the inside by gas combustion products. When using SHLO, heat is transferred from the emitters directly to the working area by thermal infrared radiation. Like the sun's rays, it almost completely reaches the working area, heating the staff, the surface of workplaces, floors, walls. And already from these warm surfaces the air in the room is heated.

The main result of the radiant infrared heating is the possibility of a significant decrease in the average air temperature in the room without deteriorating working conditions. The average room temperature can be reduced by up to 7°C, thus providing savings of up to 45% compared to traditional convection systems.

Additional savings are provided by the rational distribution of temperature throughout the room, the convenience of temperature control and lower operating costs.

In general, savings can reach 80% compared to convective heating systems from a centralized boiler house.

At the same time, during the heating season, the SGLS operates in automatic mode, without requiring any costs for its operation.

Thus, the introduction of new systems of decentralized heat supply allows at least partially solving the problem of saving resources. It should be noted once again that the effectiveness of these systems has already been confirmed by the practice of their use.

Sergey KOCHERGIN

ENERGY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA

It is necessary to implement an integral system of legal, administrative and economic measures that stimulate the efficiency of energy use. This system provides for:

• conducting regular energy audits of enterprises (mandatory for public sector enterprises);
• creation of additional economic incentives for energy conservation, turning it into an effective business area.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Magnitogorsk State Technical University

them. G.I. Nosov"

(FGBOU VPO "MGTU")

Department of Thermal Power and Energy Systems

ESSAY

in the discipline "Introduction to the direction"

on the topic: "Centralized and decentralized heat supply"

Completed by: student Sultanov Ruslan Salikhovich

Group: ZEATB-13 "Heat power engineering and heat engineering"

Code: 140100

Checked by: Agapitov Evgeny Borisovich, Doctor of Technical Sciences.

Magnitogorsk 2015

1.Introduction 3

2. District heating 4

3.Decentralized heat supply 4

4. Types of heating systems and principles of their operation 4

5.Modern systems of heating and hot water supply in Russia 10

6. Prospects for the development of heat supply in Russia 15

7. Conclusion 21

Introduction

Living in temperate latitudes, where the main part of the year is cold, it is necessary to provide heat supply to buildings: residential buildings, offices and other premises. Heat supply provides comfortable living if it is an apartment or a house, productive work if it is an office or a warehouse.

First, let's figure out what is meant by the term "Heat supply". Heat supply is the supply of heating systems of a building with hot water or steam. The usual source of heat supply is CHP and boiler houses. There are two types of heat supply for buildings: centralized and local. With a centralized supply, certain areas (industrial or residential) are supplied. For the efficient operation of a centralized heating network, it is built by dividing it into levels, the work of each element is to perform one task. With each level, the task of the element decreases. Local heat supply - the supply of heat to one or more houses. District heating networks have a number of advantages: reduced fuel consumption and cost reduction, use of low-grade fuel, improved sanitation of residential areas. The district heating system includes a source of thermal energy (CHP), a heat network and heat-consuming installations. CHP plants produce heat and energy in combination. Sources of local heat supply are stoves, boilers, water heaters.

Heating systems are characterized by different water temperatures and pressures. It depends on customer requirements and economic considerations. With an increase in the distance over which it is necessary to “transfer” heat, economic costs increase. At present, the heat transfer distance is measured in tens of kilometers. Heat supply systems are divided according to the volume of heat loads. Heating systems are seasonal, and hot water systems are permanent.

District heating

District heating is characterized by the presence of an extensive branched subscriber heating network with power supply to numerous heat receivers (factories, enterprises, buildings, apartments, residential premises, etc.).

The main sources for district heating are: - combined heat and power plants (CHP), which also generate electricity along the way; - boiler rooms (in heating and steam).

Decentralized heat supply

Decentralized heat supply is characterized by a heat supply system in which the heat source is combined with a heat sink, that is, there is little or no heating network at all. If separate individual electric or local heating heat receivers are used in the premises, then such heat supply will be individual (an example would be the heating of the own small boiler house of the entire building). The power of such heat sources, as a rule, is quite small and depends on the needs of their owners. The heat output of such individual heat sources is not more than 1 Gcal/h or 1.163 MW.

The main types of such decentralized heating are:

Electric, namely: - direct; - accumulation; - heat pump; - oven. Small boiler houses.

Types of heating systems and principles of their operation

District heating consists of three interrelated and sequential stages: preparation, transportation and use of the heat carrier. In accordance with these stages, each system consists of three main links: a heat source (for example, a combined heat and power plant or a boiler house), heat networks (heat pipelines) and heat consumers.

In decentralized heat supply systems, each consumer has its own heat source.

Heat carriers in central heating systems can be water, steam and air; the corresponding systems are called systems of water, steam or air heating. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. heating central heating

The advantages of a steam heating system are its significantly lower cost and metal consumption compared to other systems: when condensing 1 kg of steam, approximately 535 kcal is released, which is 15-20 times more quantity heat released when 1 kg of water cools in heating devices, and therefore the steam pipelines have a much smaller diameter than the pipelines of the water heating system. In steam heating systems, the surface of the heating devices is also smaller. In rooms where people stay periodically (industrial and public buildings), the steam heating system will make it possible to produce heating intermittently and there is no danger of freezing of the coolant with subsequent rupture of pipelines.

The disadvantages of the steam heating system are its low hygienic qualities: dust in the air burns on heaters heated to 100 ° C or more; it is impossible to regulate the heat transfer of these devices and for most of the heating period the system must work intermittently; the presence of the latter leads to significant fluctuations in air temperature in heated rooms. Therefore, steam heating systems are arranged only in those buildings where people stay periodically - in baths, laundries, shower pavilions, train stations and clubs.

Air heating systems consume little metal, and they can ventilate the room at the same time as heating the room. However, the cost of an air heating system for residential buildings is higher than other systems.

Water heating systems have a high cost and metal consumption compared to steam heating, but they have high sanitary and hygienic qualities that ensure their wide distribution. They are arranged in all residential buildings with a height of more than two floors, in public and most industrial buildings. Centralized regulation of heat transfer of devices in this system is achieved by changing the temperature of the water entering them.

Water heating systems are distinguished by the method of water movement and design solutions.

According to the method of moving water, systems with natural and mechanical (pumping) motivation are distinguished. Water heating systems with natural impulse. The schematic diagram of such a system consists of a boiler (heat generator), a supply pipeline, heating devices, a return pipeline and an expansion vessel. The water heated in the boiler enters the heating devices, gives them part of its heat to compensate for heat losses through the external fences of the heated building, then returns to the boiler and then the water circulation is repeated. Its movement occurs under the influence of a natural impulse that occurs in the system when the water is heated in the boiler.

The circulation pressure created during the operation of the system is spent on overcoming the resistance to the movement of water through the pipes (from the friction of water against the walls of the pipes) and on local resistances (in bends, taps, valves, heaters, boilers, tees, crosses, etc.) .

The value of these resistances is the greater, the higher the speed of water movement in the pipes (if the speed doubles, then the resistance quadruples, i.e., in a quadratic dependence). In systems with natural impulse in buildings with a small number of storeys, the magnitude of the effective pressure is small, and therefore, high speeds of water movement in pipes cannot be allowed in them; therefore, pipe diameters must be large. The system may not be economically viable. Therefore, the use of systems with natural circulation is allowed only for small buildings. The range of such systems should not exceed 30 m, and the value of k should not be less than 3 m.

When the water in the system is heated, its volume increases. To accommodate this additional volume of water in heating systems, an expansion vessel 3 is provided; in systems with upper wiring and natural impulse, it simultaneously serves to remove air from them, which is released from the water when it is heated in boilers.

Water heating systems with pump impulsion. The heating system is always filled with water and the task of the pumps is to create the pressure necessary only to overcome the resistance to the movement of water. In such systems, natural and pumping impulses operate simultaneously; total pressure for two-pipe systems with top wiring, kgf/m2 (Pa)

For economic reasons, it is usually taken in the amount of 5-10 kgf / m2 per 1 m (49-98 Pa / m).

The advantages of systems with pumping induction are the reduction in the cost of pipelines (their diameter is smaller than in systems with natural induction) and the ability to supply heat to a number of buildings from one boiler house.

The devices of the described system, located on different floors of the building, operate in different conditions. The pressure p2, which circulates water through the device on the second floor, is about twice as high as the pressure p1 for the device on the lower floor. At the same time, the total resistance of the pipeline ring passing through the boiler and the device on the second floor is approximately equal to the resistance of the ring passing through the boiler and the device on the first floor. Therefore, the first ring will work with excess pressure, more water will enter the device on the second floor than it is necessary according to the calculation, and accordingly the amount of water passing through the device on the first floor will decrease.

As a result, overheating will occur in the room of the second floor heated by this device, and underheating will occur in the room of the first floor. To eliminate this phenomenon, special methods for calculating heating systems are used, and they also use double-adjustment taps installed on the hot supply to the appliances. If you close these taps at the appliances on the second floor, you can completely extinguish the excess pressure and thereby adjust the water flow for all appliances located on the same riser. However, the uneven distribution of water in the system is also possible for individual risers. This is explained by the fact that the length of the rings and, consequently, their total resistance in such a system for all risers are not the same: the ring passing through the riser (closest to the main riser) has the least resistance; the greatest resistance has the longest ring passing through the riser.

It is possible to distribute water to separate risers by appropriately adjusting the plug (pass-through) taps installed on each riser. For water circulation, two pumps are installed - one working, the second - spare. Near the pumps, they usually make a closed, bypass line with a valve. In the event of a power outage and the pump stops, the valve opens and the heating system operates with natural circulation.

In a pump-driven system, the expansion tank is connected to the system before the pumps, and therefore the accumulated air cannot be expelled through it. To remove air in previously installed systems, the ends of the supply risers were extended with air pipes on which valves were installed (to turn off the riser for repairs). The air line at the point of connection to the air collector is made in the form of a loop that prevents the circulation of water through the air line. Currently, instead of such a solution, air valves are used, screwed into the top plugs of radiators installed on the top floor of the building.

Heating systems with lower wiring are more convenient in operation than systems with top wiring. So much heat is not lost through the supply line and water leakage from it can be detected and eliminated in a timely manner. The higher the heater is placed in systems with bottom wiring, the greater the pressure available in the annulus. The longer the ring, the greater its total resistance; therefore, in a system with a lower wiring, the overpressures of the devices of the upper floors are much less than in systems with an upper wiring, and, therefore, their adjustment is easier. In systems with lower wiring, the magnitude of the natural impulsion decreases due to the fact that, due to cooling in the supply risers, the ode begins to slow down its movement from top to bottom, so the total pressure acting in such systems

Currently, single-pipe systems are widely used, in which radiators are connected to one riser with both connections; such systems are easier to install and provide more uniform heating of all heating devices. The most common single-pipe system with bottom wiring and vertical risers.

The riser of such a system consists of lifting and lowering parts. Three-way valves can pass the calculated amount or part of the water into the devices in the latter case, the rest of its amount passes, bypassing the device, through the closing sections. The connection of the lifting and lowering parts of the riser is made by a connecting pipe laid under the windows of the upper floor. Air cocks are installed in the upper plugs of the devices located on the upper floor, through which the mechanic removes air from the system during the start-up of the system or when it is abundantly replenished with water. In single-pipe systems, the water passes through all the appliances in sequence, and therefore they must be carefully adjusted. If necessary, the heat transfer of individual devices is adjusted using three-way valves, and the water flow through individual risers - through passage (plug) valves or by installing throttling washers in them. If an excessively large amount of water is supplied to the riser, then the heaters of the riser, which are the first in the direction of water movement, will give off more heat than is necessary according to the calculation.

As you know, the circulation of water in the system, in addition to the pressure created by the pump and natural impulse, is also obtained from the additional pressure Ap, resulting from the cooling of water when moving through the pipelines of the system. The presence of this pressure made it possible to create apartment water heating systems, the boiler of which is not buried, but is usually installed on the kitchen floor. In such cases, the distance, therefore, the system works only due to the additional pressure resulting from the cooling of the water in the pipelines. The calculation of such systems differs from the calculations of heating systems in a building.

Apartment water heating systems are currently widely used instead of stove heating in one- and two-story buildings in gasified cities: in such cases, instead of boilers, automatic gas water heaters (LGW) are installed that provide not only heating, but also hot water supply.

Comparison of modern heat supply systems of a thermal hydrodynamic pump type TC1 and a classic heat pump

After the installation of hydrodynamic heat pumps, the boiler room will become more like pumping station than for a boiler room. Eliminates the need for a chimney. There will be no soot and dirt, the need for maintenance personnel will be significantly reduced, the automation and control system will completely take over the processes of managing heat production. Your boiler room will become more economical and high-tech.

Schematic diagrams:

Unlike a heat pump, which can produce a heat carrier with a maximum temperature of up to +65 °C, a hydrodynamic heat pump can heat the heat carrier up to +95 °C, which means that it can be easily integrated into an existing building heat supply system.

In terms of capital costs for the heat supply system, a hydrodynamic heat pump is several times cheaper than a heat pump, because does not require a low-potential heat circuit. Heat pumps and heat hydrodynamic pumps, similar in name but different in the principle of converting electrical energy into thermal energy.

Like a classic heat pump, a hydrodynamic heat pump has a number of advantages:

Profitability (a hydrodynamic heat pump is 1.5-2 times more economical than electric boilers, 5-10 times more economical than diesel boilers).

· Absolute environmental friendliness (the possibility of using a hydrodynamic heat pump in places with limited MPE standards).

· Complete fire and explosion safety.

· Does not demand water treatment. During operation, as a result of the processes taking place in the heat generator of a hydrodynamic heat pump, degassing of the coolant occurs, which has a beneficial effect on the equipment and devices of the heat supply system.

· Fast installation. In the presence of electrical power supplied, the installation of an individual heat point using a hydrodynamic heat pump can be completed in 36-48 hours.

· Payback period from 6 to 18 months, due to the possibility of installation in an existing heating system.

Time to overhaul 10-12 years old. The high reliability of the hydrodynamic heat pump is inherent in its design and confirmed by many years of trouble-free operation of hydrodynamic heat pumps in Russia and abroad.

Autonomous heating systems

Autonomous heat supply systems are designed for heating and hot water supply of single-family and detached residential buildings. An autonomous heating and hot water supply system includes: a heat supply source (boiler) and a network of pipelines with heating devices and water fittings.

The advantages of autonomous heating systems are as follows:

Lack of expensive external heating networks;

Possibility of quick implementation of installation and commissioning of heating and hot water supply systems;

low initial costs;

simplification of the solution of all issues related to construction, as they are concentrated in the hands of the owner;

· reduction of fuel consumption due to local regulation of heat supply and absence of losses in heat networks.

Such heating systems, according to the principle of accepted schemes, are divided into schemes with natural circulation of the coolant and schemes with artificial circulation of the coolant. In turn, schemes with natural and artificial circulation of the coolant can be divided into one- and two-pipe. According to the principle of coolant movement, schemes can be dead-end, associated and mixed.

For systems with natural induction of the coolant, circuits with top wiring are recommended, with one or two (depending on the load and design features of the house) main risers, with expansion tank installed on the main riser.

The boiler for one-pipe systems with natural circulation can be flush with the lower heaters, but it is better if it is buried, at least to the level of a concrete slab, in a pit or installed in the basement.

The boiler for two-pipe heating systems with natural circulation must be buried in relation to the lower heating device. The depth of penetration is specified by calculation, but not less than 1.5-2 m. Systems with artificial (pumping) induction of the coolant have a wider range of applications. You can design circuits with top, bottom and horizontal wiring of the coolant.

Heating systems are:

water;

air;

electric, including those with a heating cable laid in the floor of heated rooms, and accumulator thermal furnaces (designed with the permission of the energy supply organization).

Water heating systems are designed vertically with heaters installed under window openings and with heating pipelines embedded in the floor structure. In the presence of heated surfaces, up to 30% heating load should be provided with heating devices installed under window openings.

Apartment air heating systems combined with ventilation should allow operation in full circulation mode (no people) only on external ventilation (intensive domestic processes) or on a mixture of external and internal ventilation in any desired ratio.

Modern heating and hot water systems in Russia

Heaters are an element of the heating system designed to transfer heat from the coolant to the air to the building envelope of the serviced premises.

A number of requirements are usually put forward for heating devices, on the basis of which one can judge the degree of their perfection and make comparisons.

· Sanitary and hygienic. Heating appliances should, if possible, have a lower case temperature, have smallest area horizontal surface to reduce dust deposits, to allow free removal of dust from the housing and enclosing surfaces of the room around them.

· Economic. Heating appliances should have the lowest reduced costs for their manufacture, installation, operation, and also have the lowest metal consumption.

· Architectural and construction. The appearance of the heater should correspond to the interior of the room, and the volume occupied by them should be the smallest, i.e. their volume per unit of heat flow should be the smallest.

· Production and installation. Maximum mechanization of work in the production and installation of heating devices should be ensured. Heating appliances. Heating appliances must have sufficient mechanical strength.

· Operational. Heating devices must ensure the controllability of their heat transfer and provide heat resistance and water tightness at the maximum allowable hydrostatic pressure inside the device under operating conditions.

· Thermotechnical. Heating appliances should provide the highest density of specific heat flux per unit area (W/m).

Water heating systems

The most common heating system in Russia is water. In this case, the heat is transferred to the premises with hot water contained in the heating devices. The most common way is water heating with natural water circulation. The principle is simple: water moves due to differences in temperature and density. Lighter hot water rises from the heating boiler upwards. Gradually cooling in the pipeline and heating appliances, gets heavier and tends to go down, back to the boiler. The main advantage of such a system is independence from the power supply and a fairly simple installation. Many Russian craftsmen cope with its installation on their own. In addition, a small circulation pressure makes it safe. But for the system to work, pipes of increased diameter are required. At the same time, reduced heat transfer, limited range and a large amount of time required to start, make it imperfect and suitable only for small houses.

More modern and reliable heating schemes with forced circulation. Here water is set in motion by work circulation pump. It is installed on the pipeline supplying water to the heat generator and sets the flow rate.

Quick start-up of the system and, as a result, quick heating of the premises is the advantage of the pumping system. The disadvantages include that when the power is turned off, it does not work. And this can lead to freezing and depressurization of the system. The heart of the water heating system is the source of heat supply, the heat generator. It is he who creates the energy that provides heat. Such a heart - boilers on different types of fuel. The most popular gas boilers. Another option is a diesel fuel boiler. Electric boilers compare favorably with the absence of an open flame and combustion products. Solid fuel boilers are not easy to use due to the need for frequent firing. To do this, it is necessary to have tens of cubic meters of fuel and space for its storage. And add here the labor costs for loading and harvesting! In addition, the heat transfer mode of a solid fuel boiler is cyclical, and the air temperature in heated rooms fluctuates markedly during the day. A place to store fuel supplies is also necessary for oil-fired boilers.

Aluminum, bimetal and steel radiators

Before choosing any heating device, it is necessary to pay attention to the indicators that the device must meet: high heat transfer, low weight, modern design, small capacity, light weight. The most main characteristic heater - heat transfer, that is, the amount of heat that should be in 1 hour per 1 square meter of heating surface. The best device is considered to be the one with the highest this indicator. Heat transfer depends on many factors: the heat transfer medium, the design of the heating device, the method of installation, the color of the paint, the speed of water movement, the speed of washing the device with air. All devices of the water heating system are divided by design into panel, sectional, convectors and columnar aluminum or steel radiators.

Panel heating appliances

Manufactured from cold rolled high quality steel. They consist of one, two or three flat panels, inside of which there is a coolant, they also have ribbed surfaces that heat up from the panels. Heating of the room occurs faster than when using sectional radiators. The above panel water heating radiators are available with side or bottom connection. Side connection is used when replacing an old radiator with side connection or if the slightly unaesthetic appearance of the radiator does not interfere with the interior of the room.