Sewer pipes plastic for the internal sewerage. Pipes and fittings for internal sewerage

Polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC) are made from a thermoplastic of the same name, which retains its shape after heat treatment. The main components of polyvinyl chloride are ethylene and stabilized chlorine, and with the help of additional additives, the properties of PVC pipes are improved.

Most often, PVC pipes are used for sewer networks, due to the ease of installation and low cost. Material for the production of PVC pipes: PVC polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and its twin PVC-U polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) unplasticized. PVC-U pipes have better technical characteristics, and this allows them to be used in pressure systems, so they are used more often.

Advantages and disadvantages of PVC pipes

PVC pipes, thanks to a range of benefits, have become a leader among similar products for laying sewers:

The main disadvantage of PVC pipes is temperature limits, which are not more than +65°С and not less than -10°С.

Use of PVC pipes

On PVC pipes, it is possible to implement sewage systems of the following types:

• internal sewerage;
• external sewerage;
• pressure systems of external sewerage;
• gravity discharge of sewage.

The species names sewer systems accurately reflect the essence of the application. But it should be noted that of the types of pipes used, PVC-U is more often used, since they have better strength characteristics.

Selection and application of PVC pipes

A feature of sewer pipes when choosing is not quite the usual criterion - wall thickness. This follows from the fact that non-pressure pipes, and most of the sewer systems are non-pressure, there is no need to choose according to internal pressure. The only reasonable approach is to ensure sufficient strength pipe walls for the volume of liquid that will fill it, and possible mechanical effects from the external environment. For such reasons, when choosing sewer pipes, two parameters are taken into account:

• inner diameter, which should provide the predicted volume of effluents;
• wall thickness to ensure sufficient mechanical strength against the vicissitudes of fate.

Internal sewerage

For internal sewerage, as a rule, PVC pipes are used, which have grey Colour. Their characteristic features:

• smooth-walled;
• connection - socket;
• a range of popular sizes: diameters - 32, 40, 50 and 110 mm, lengths from 315 to 3000 mm;
• the thickness is chosen from the conditions of rigidity, but as a requirement for gravity systems, it cannot be less than 1.8 mm.

Outdoor sewerage

Pipes orange or yellow colors are intended for outdoor installation and are operated in more severe conditions, therefore, for each diameter there is a list of wall thicknesses for them. So, for example, data for a diameter of 200 mm:

• for lungs stiffness conditions (SN 2) with a depth of up to 4 m, wall thickness 3.9 mm;
• for medium rigidity conditions (SN 4) with a depth of up to 6 m, wall thickness 4.9 mm;
• for heavy rigidity conditions (SN 8) with a depth of up to 8 m, wall thickness 5.9 mm.

The same tabular data is available for other diameters. When designing sewer systems, they are taken into account.

Sewerage using pressure and non-pressure PVC pipes

In systems with forced removal of drains, i.e. with using pumps, PVC pressure pipes are used. They are characterized by increased pressure on the walls, and therefore the requirements are appropriate. Three types of pressure pipes are available 6, 10 and 12.5 kg / cm2 Additionally, you should choose the connection method:

Gravity sewer system uses the movement of wastewater under the action gravity. To select such pipes, the external load is taken into account, and during installation, the slope of the pipeline is provided. Usually, pipes with a socket are used for non-pressure sewage.

The difference between PVC pipes and other polymer pipes

The most common plastic is polyvinyl chloride - far from the only polymer that is used in the manufacture of sewer pipes. Along with it, the following plastics are used:

• PE polyethylene- the most common plastic for the manufacture of pipes for transporting water. Due to temperature limitations, it is only applicable to cold water.
• cross-linked polyethylene- resistant to UV radiation, withstands high mechanical loads, has an upper temperature threshold of + 95 °C, soldered connection, used for cold and hot water;
• polypropylene PPE- Polypropylene pipes are widely used in various industries due to good mechanical properties and chemical resistance. Especially successful is the use of polypropylene pipes in cold and hot water conduits.
• polybutylene PB- cross-linked polyethylene, not widely used due to insufficient durability. Structural defects, cracks and delamination appear after a few years. Produced in small quantities.
• polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic with excellent mechanical, physical and chemical properties and is used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug transfer.

Many of the plastic pipes can compete with PVC, but in terms of the “price-quality” advantages, they have no competitors.

PVC sewer pipe prices

The prices of any product are the most interesting part after discussing the technical merits. Here you can never rely on the figures of today - they largely depend on the manufacturer. And then there's the shipping cost. But all the same, landmarks need to be identified, so let's take one of the cost options for pipes with a diameter of 110 mm. This amounts to 165 rubles per 1 linear meter.

Additionally, it should be noted that the prices for PPE pipes, the closest competitor of PVC, almost 3 times higher, albeit with a larger set of positive qualities. In such cases, they say that there is an excess of advantages, but whether it is worth paying for them is up to the consumer.

The final cost of sewerage construction, taking into account the installation of the system, can add completely unexpected somersaults to the estimate. For a rough estimate, let's take the option of calculating the construction of sewerage in the country with our own hands.

It is assumed that the cottage is in standard conditions: the terrain is insignificant, the groundwater level is low, there are no quicksands, there is a place for discharging purified water, etc.

Light weight, ease of installation, high melting point are the main criteria that PVC sewer pipes for domestic sewage meet.

Advantages and disadvantages

Among the positive characteristics are:

• low price;
• easy installation by the socket method without the use of special devices, which reduces the cost of installation work and simplifies repair and dismantling procedures;
• a wide range of docking products that simplify the design of complex systems;

• the absence of corrosive deposits, determined by the resistance to aggressive effects of internal environments and the smoothness of the internal walls. These parameters correspond to PVC and PVC-U products intended for the movement of chemical media;
• high level of resistance to mechanical stress;
• low weight (the average weight of a running meter of a pipe is close to 2 kg, based on the parameters);
• internal voltage 6 - 16 amp., determined by the thickness of the material used, which is the main criterion in the selection.

The main disadvantage is the temperature limitation, which varies in the range of + 60 ° С ... -15 ° С.

Features of choice

The main parameter for choosing PVC pipes is the wall thickness, this is due to the traditional use of non-pressure systems, which eliminates the need to select internal pressure. To achieve strong technical characteristics of the walls of products, the determination of the volume of liquid media and the level of mechanical impact from the outside are advocated. Based on these considerations, pipes are selected according to 2 parameters:

• internal section provided by the specified number of drains;
• wall thickness to achieve a given limit of mechanical strength.

Technical specifications

The choice of PVC pipes, made in a gray tint, determines a number of characteristic features:

• smooth surface;
• socket joint;
• popular parameters: cross section - 3.2, 4, 5 and 11 cm, length 31.5 - 300 cm;
• the wall thickness is selected in accordance with the conditions of rigidity, for non-pressure systems it reaches a limit of 1.8 mm, for pressure systems - 3.2 mm.

To determine the wall thickness and diameter of the pipes, markings are used on the outside of the products. For pipes marked with the symbol N, the ring stiffness is 4 kN per m2. The letter S is used to mark pipes with ring stiffness up to 8 kN per m2.

The choice of designs according to the parameters of working environments:

• Non-pressure products are designed to work with working media where the liquid is transported by gravity, its speed reaches up to 8 m/s.
• Pressure products serve in a system with a pressure of 10 atm. and more.
• Corrugated pipes are used to create low-current or power supply of liquid media. The main criteria include an increased level of flexibility, which contributes to the creation of a pipeline in hard-to-reach areas without the use of additional devices.

For work with acids, oils, petroleum products or other chemical compounds, products from the PVC-U series are suitable.

Pressure systems

The use of pressure sewage is relevant in difficult cases, its increased cost is due to the use of additional devices:

• internal installation of fecal pumps;
• near the house, prefabricated collectors with forced-type submersible pumping systems are created.

To save resources, it is possible to replace 11 cm pipes with similar structures 5 cm in size. The pipes are buried to a small height, which is explained by the absence of the need to observe a gravity slope. The presence of sockets with rubberized seals suitable for pressure, vacuum systems provides savings on the use of fittings in 70% of cases.

Non-pressure systems

They are produced in the form of measured segments with a length of 1-6 m. Household PVC structures are 50 and 110 mm. The production of industrial systems developed using co-extrusion technology (multilayer extrusion) is carried out in segments of 12 and 6 m. And their cross section varies in the range of 9 - 200 cm. PVC structures intended for installation in apartments and private houses are designed for temperature conditions within 0…45 gr.

Based on the type of structures, internal PVC pipes are divided into bell-shaped and products connected through a coupling. Socket structures are represented by measured segments with standard parameters, and a thickening (bell) at one end. On the other hand, they have a perfectly smooth surface. The products connected in the coupling have the same cross-section along the entire length.

Corrugated pipes

With a large number of household appliances and furniture, the unhindered installation of pipes in certain areas is impossible.

By creating a system exclusively from inelastic structures, there is a risk of wasting free space. Corrugated pipes in the room are usually installed under the washbasin.

Product Features:

• Small cross section. To ensure the normal functioning of the system indoors, large products are not required.
• Designs are available in white or gray. The absence of dyes in raw materials contributes to their cost reduction.
• In some sections of the internal sewerage, the installation of heat-resistant corrugated pipes is required. They are used for direct connection of washing or dishwasher equipment, providing the passage of hot sewage, which means that resistance to temperature extremes is the main selection criterion.
• All corrugated pipes are equipped with a socket, which eliminates the need for special skills and tools during installation. Usually cost sanitary glue or sealant.

uPVC pipes

For the internal laying of networks, PVC-U structures are used that correspond to the following parameters:

• 2.5, 4, 5 and 11 cm - for wiring devices;
• 11 ... 15 cm - for arranging risers.

Pipes are supplied in lengths from 30 to 200 cm.

Criterias of choice:

• low weight, reducing costs by eliminating the need for heavy equipment and the complexity of installation;
• PVC-U construction resist corrosion, have high resistance to chemical environments;
• the service life reaches up to 50 years.

The main disadvantages include a number of characteristics:

• small operating temperature range (from -5 to +40-60 °С);
• release of toxic elements during melting;
• exposure to rodents.

Manufacturing technology of PVC products

PVC pipes are developed using extrusion technology - extrusion of a heated polymer, which turns into a solid crust after solidification. Modern manufacturers use 2 types of polymer extrusion:

1. single-layer, used to create monolithic pipeline systems;
2. multilayer, used for structures with a complex profile (corrugated systems and reinforced).

The latter is designed for punching through several layers of polymer, sticking together immediately after cooling. This process contributes to the improvement of the quality characteristics of pipeline systems.

The development of PVC pipes is made from a thermoplastic that has undergone heat treatment to maintain its shape. The main components of PVC are ethylene and chlorine, additional additives improve the characteristics of PVC products.

There are 2 types of raw materials for the development of PVC pipes:

• composition of PVC (PVC);
• PVC-U (PVC-U) unplasticized.

PVC-U pipes meet high technical specifications, which determines their use in pressure systems.

Laying of pipeline systems

For intra-house wiring, gray pipes are usually used, characterized by a homogeneous structure of the composition, increased heat capacity and a sufficient level of longitudinal rigidity. They are fixed to the walls to eliminate mechanical stress, and ensure a stable gravity slope. PVC structures are aesthetic, they do not require additional masking. The inner coating has a smooth surface, the use of high-pressure cleaning technology allows you to eliminate blockages and restore the original state, which determines the high resource of the system.

The sewer system made of PVC pipes is joined using socket technology with internal rubberized seals in the form of rings. Pipes are expanded from hot drains and connected to expansion holes. For this, special marks are provided on the smooth ends of pipes and fittings, which act as a guideline when connecting pipes. Expansion joints on risers are placed between floors and contribute to the implementation of similar tasks on vertical lines.

Step by step instructions:

1. The elements of the system are adjusted to each other, checking the compliance of the slope angle.
2. Markup is carried out, eliminating further confusion in the placement of components.
3. Connect the elements of the system.

1. To impart hermetic properties, all docking areas are connected with special glue (for a stronger fixation, all contacting elements are provided with a rough coating).
2. After coating with an adhesive layer, put on the fitting.
3. To create branches on pipelines, tees or other distributors are used. Connecting fittings to pipes is similar to connecting pipes to each other.

1. After completion of work, it is required to check the level of tightness of the system within 60 minutes. In the absence of leaks, the installation of pipes was carried out at a high level.

Fittings for PVC pipes

Properly selected fittings are used for hermetic joining of pipes, which excludes the formation of unforeseen emergencies. The main list of connecting elements includes:

• knee;
• "Y" and "U" shaped fittings;
• couplings;
• bushings;
• viewing hatches.

Fittings are used only for horizontal laying of the highway. Turning sections form an accumulation of debris, which requires the installation of a revision. When docking products, there are a number of restrictions. The pipeline is connected at an angle of 45, 67, 87 or 90 degrees.

For the corner connection of pipeline systems, an additional type of fitting is used - corners. They provide a flow change at an angle of 90 or 45 gr. But if necessary, it is possible to purchase corners for 30 and 60 gr.

To connect pipes with different cross sections, transitions are used that provide connection to pipes of 110 mm of products with a cross section of 50 mm.

Estimated prices

Video

The internal and external sewerage systems differ from each other, both in the requirements for them and in the features of operation. Therefore, the pipes used in their installation have differences.

You can read about the features of plastic pipes for an external system in, here we will talk about polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for internal sewage. But first, let's figure out why this material has become so popular, because until recently, internal sewer pipes were mostly cast iron.

Advantages of PVC pipes

PVC pipes are considered the most practical and optimal option when installing any sewer system. They are made of plastic that is resistant to aggressive chemicals (acids, alkalis, etc.). The optimum temperature range for PVC pipes is from 65º C to -15º C.

The fact that plastic does not tolerate low temperatures can be easily compensated with. In addition, they still have a number of additional advantages.

First, corrosion resistance. Unlike the same cast iron, plastic does not rust, which is a big plus.

Secondly, microorganisms do not accumulate on the inner surface of PVC pipes. After all, bacteria in the course of their life activity secrete acid, which negatively affects any surface.

Due to all of the above, such pipes will last much longer than their counterparts. Repair or replacement of the pipeline will be required in 30-50 years. In addition, due to the light weight and simple socket fastening, even an unprepared person can produce it.

In addition to all the above advantages, pipes for has a number of features.

Features of pvc internal sewer pipes

Internal sewage is used to collect wastewater from plumbing fixtures in the house and transport them to the outdoor system. Hot water from washing machines, dishwashers, bathtubs, etc. often passes through the internal piping.

So all its elements must be resistant to high temperatures. PVC has a high melting point, therefore, even in its production, additional additives are rarely used.

Since internal pipelines are most often made hidden, their appearance does not matter. Thus, the cost can be reduced even at the manufacturing stage. The standard color of internal sewer pipes is light grey.

The drains in the system are collected from several sources, so the diameter of the pipe is required less than for, which receives water from the whole house.

Types of inner pvc pipes

All sewer pipes are divided into types, internal ones are also no exception. They have three varieties:

1. non-pressure;
2. pressure;
3. corrugated.

Pressure

They are used for the installation of a forced sewage disposal system. Areas where the movement of fluid is carried out under pressure, due to the operation of special pumps, are equipped with just such pipes. They are used in apartment buildings and in buildings with a large area.

Non-pressure

Not designed to work in systems with forced pumping of wastewater. They are used for gravity sewerage. The wall thickness of non-pressure ones is thinner than the previous ones.

Corrugated

They have a smooth inner surface and a ribbed outer surface. Flexible, therefore used in hard-to-reach places.

Prices and sizes of PVC pipes for internal sewerage

Their cost is mainly affected by their size - length and diameter. The table below shows the average prices for pvc domestic sewer pipes.

Diameter (mm)	Length (mm.)	Price, rub.)
50 Wall thickness 1.8 mm.	500	30
	1000	55
	1500	80
	2000	100
	3000	150
500 Wall thickness 3.2 mm.	500	50
	1000	80
	1500	150
	2000	170
	3000	250
110 Wall thickness 2.2 mm.	500	70
	1000	135
	1500	195
	2000	250
	3000	370
110 Wall thickness 3.2 mm.	500	90
	1000	165
	1500	240
	2000	320
	3000	490

Video: Sewer pipes ... Domestic sewage

Pipes and fittings - without them, the existence of a sewer system is impossible. The correct choice of these products is due to trouble-free operation and a long service life. Today there is a huge selection of types of fittings and pipes. What material they are made of, about the sizes and types, we will talk in this article.

What are sewer pipes

According to the method of water drainage distinguish the following types:

Plastic pipes for sewerage

• internal pipes - divert water from the source of consumption (, sinks). As a rule, they are painted in gray colors.
• external - produce a tap from houses and cottages, into the general sewer.

Attention! Pipes for external sewage, unlike internal ones, are made in orange, for easy detection in the ground.

By material from which pipes and fittings are made are divided into:

• cast iron. Most sewers are made from this material. It is strong, durable (70-85 years), withstands heavy loads. The disadvantages include high cost and installation problems associated with heavy weight. In addition, the inner walls of cast-iron pipes are rough, which makes it difficult for water to move, and build-ups form over time.

Cast iron pipes

• plastic. Pipes are made from this material for both internal and external sewage. Its main advantages are light weight, which facilitates the process of transportation and installation, relatively low cost, as well as smooth inner walls, which reduces the percentage of congestion. There are three types of plastic pipes and fittings: PVC(mainly used for wastewater. Withstand temperatures up to 70C, but are not very resistant to aggressive environments and UV rays); polyethylene(used for pressure internal and external pipelines. Expand under the influence of hot water, withstand temperatures from -40 to +40. Not applicable for hot water); polypropylene(withstand high temperatures, resistant to acids and alkalis. Most often used to drain water from washing machines and dishwashers).

Fittings for PVC pipes (external sewerage)

• stainless steel pipes are not very popular due to their low resistance to corrosion.
• copper pipes are the most expensive, do not corrode and are neutral to the action of acidic and alkaline environments. But their main drawback is the ability to change the color and smell of water.

Fittings for external and internal sewerage

A fitting is a part of a pipeline designed to turn, connect, branch, change to another size, parts of pipes. For an external pipeline, the following types of fittings are distinguished:

Fittings for internal sewerage differ from external ones in color, wall thickness and diameter.

Types of fittings

Main indicators of pipes

• 25 mm for draining water from a washing machine and dishwasher;
• 32 mm from any kind of siphon;
• 50 mm for piping around the room;
• more than 110 mm for external sewerage.

So, if you decide to lay a sewer, you need to take into account all the basic indicators, the place of passage, the number of transitions and turns, in order to purchase the number of pipes and fittings you need. Properly selected material and dimensions will allow the sewerage system to serve for a long time and without failures.

Sewer pipes: video

Sewer pipes: photo

Professional preparation of the project of the internal sewer system provides for careful consideration of each of the stages.

One of the most important is the choice of pipe material. Along with traditional cast iron and asbestos structures, the market offers PVC pipes to the consumer.

Polyvinyl chloride has been known for a long time, but due to the laboriousness of the process and imperfect equipment, its widespread use has become possible only in our time.

The pipe production process consists in the use of several components, which, when mixed and heated, give a homogeneous plastic mass.

It includes the following materials:

• plasticizers - the main ingredient that gives the pipes their unique properties;
• stabilizers - necessary for the "strong" connection of polymer molecules to each other;
• a small part of PVC waste. The best analogue to them is the recycling of scrap metal for the production of new products.

The heated mass under pressure passes through a special form - an extruder. So for the first time it is possible to observe the formation of a sewer pipe blank.

There are 2 types of PVC:

• plasticized (PVC). Differs in the increased indicators of elasticity. But due to low strength characteristics, it is not used in the production of pipes;
• unplasticized PVC (PVC-U). Differs in rigid structure and resistance to many aggressive environments.

It is from the latter that pipes for internal sewage are made.

These pipes can be used for both pressure and gravity systems.

According to the connection method, they can be:

• without socket - socket connection;
• socket adhesive;
• socket mechanical.

The latter are the most popular for internal sewage.

The mechanism of connection with each other is implemented simply, but effectively. At one end of each product there is a special socket, the inner diameter of which coincides with the normalized outer one.

As an additional seal, a rubber ring is inserted into a special groove. To connect 2 pipes, it is enough to insert them into each other.

Photo: Irub socket connection

Processing is also not difficult - you can reduce the size with a hacksaw.

Dimensions

One of the important parameters for all pipes are overall and internal dimensions.

These include:

• outside diameter;
• internal (working) diameter;
• wall thickness;
• pipe length.

According to the current regulatory documents, only the inner diameter and the strength parameter at the maximum allowable pressure are regulated.

Based on this, manufacturers currently produce PVC pipes of the following sizes:

Outer d, mm	Internal d, mm	Wall thickness, mm	Pipe lengths, m
32	30,2	1,8	0,35; 0,5; 1; 2
40	38,2	1,8
50	48,2	1,8	0,35; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2;3
110	107,8	2,2

An important role is played by the length of the connecting socket. For different diameters, its parameters must correspond to the outer diameter.

That is, for a pipe d 32 mm, the length of the socket is 32 mm. Moreover, the distance is measured from the end to the conical bevel.

It also directly affects its use in the internal sewerage system. The smaller it is, the worse the throughput of this section.

Therefore, when planning pipe laying, it is necessary that pipes run from the riser from a larger section to a smaller one.

Photo: table of required slopes and pipe diameters for draining

Specifications

The characteristics of the pipes largely depend on the manufacturer's compliance with the standards of production technology. But the problem is that at present there are guests only for pipes for pressure sewer systems.

In them you can find the nominal indicators of pressure, wall thickness, resistance to certain aggressive environments, etc. There are no such documents for non-pressure (gravity-flowing) systems.

Therefore, all manufacturers adhere (or try to adhere) to GOST for PVC-U pressure pipes.

Based on this, you can make a list of the following technical characteristics:

• operating temperature conditions: minimum -15°С maximum +65°С. Some models withstand short-term exposure without deformation, damage to the structure up to +90 ° C;
• nominal pressure - 0.16 MPa. Although for gravity sewers, this indicator is not significant. Much more important is its derivative - the wall thickness;
• specific gravity is about 2kg/m.p. As the diameter increases, it increases;
• the inner surface of the pipe has a good slip index, which allows drains to pass unhindered along the highway;
• resistance to many aggressive environments;
• subject to the rules of operation, the service life can reach 50 years;
• but other parameters are more important for the end user - advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• affordable cost. Compared to other manufacturing materials, PVC sewer pipe has a very attractive price. This also applies to additional accessories - fittings;
• ease of installation. This does not require special tools. A hacksaw, a knife for end processing and lubrication are enough for a better entry of the pipe into the socket;
• good mechanical strength. Unplasticized PVC initially has this quality necessary for installation and operation;
• resistance to UV radiation;
• PVC dielectric. This means that the pipes do not conduct electricity and the whole system does not need to be grounded;
• absence of corrosion processes;
• smooth inner surface.

Disadvantages:

• limited temperature mode of operation;
• poor soundproofing. Additional measures must be taken for outdoor installation;
• increased brittleness. With a decrease in temperature, this indicator increases proportionally;

Fitting

To implement a complex internal sewage system, additional connecting elements are required - fittings.

They serve for turns, branching and transition of the line from one diameter to another.

Knee

Photo: knee

Serves for turns of the sewer system. It can differ in the angle of inclination - from 20 ° to 87 °.

Tee

Photo: tee

It is necessary for branching the sewerage, and joining additional highways to the general system. It is also different, depending on the angle of rotation of the connecting pipe - from 20° to 87°.

Reduction

Photo: reduction

Serves as a connecting element for 2 pipes of different diameters.

cross

Photo: cross

It is used for simultaneous connection of 4 pipes at once into one common system.

In addition to the fittings described above, there are a number of additional elements that are necessary to create a complete internal sewage system:

• inspection hatch - with its help, a visual check of the condition of the inner surface of the pipe is carried out;

Photo: inspection hatch
Photo: coupling for connecting socketless pipes

• connecting element for the transition from PVC pipes to cast iron pipes.

Photo: couplings for the transition from PVC pipes to cast iron

GOST

Currently, there is only GOST for pipes made of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride for pressure sewage - GOST R 51613-2000.

It specifies standards for the following criteria:

• dimensions and dimensions of pressure pipes;
• safety during installation and operation;
• transportation and storage rules;
• test methodology.

As mentioned above, pipes for gravity sewerage are manufactured in accordance with this GOST.

Prices

Despite its low cost, it is still worth knowing the estimated price of pipes. It will directly depend on it, and in particular, its hollow estimate.

As you can see, the cost of pipes is really more than affordable. But this factor should not affect the quality of the internal sewerage project.

Video: installing a pipe on a sewer with Griffon glue