Modern problems of science and education. Preservation of the Russian language (problems, positions)

Preservation and development of linguistic culture:
legal aspect

CM. Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council:

<…>Dear colleagues, dear friends! We have gathered here today people who are not indifferent, professionals in the field of culture, in the field of science, in the area that we usually call the language sphere, and today we will talk about a very important aspect of our Russian culture, we will talk about the Russian language.<…>

Of course, education plays a special role in the preservation of the language. But here we have a special, difficult situation. The main blow to literacy today, in my opinion, is inflicted by the introduction of the Unified State Examination. Behind him, a test form of testing knowledge in the classroom will inevitably creep into everyday practice. To be honest, I am simply discouraged by the joyful statement of our Rosobrnadzor that now ninth grade graduates will also take the exam. By the way, this egeization is going on like a creeping counter-revolution all over the country.<…>

It is very important that some beacons of speech culture illuminate our path: books, newspapers, television and radio programs. There should be specialists for whom competent, pure literary speech is an indicator of professionalism. First of all, these are teachers and lecturers.

The whole complex of existing problems has led to the fact that policy issues in the field of language, its legal support are at the epicenter of public discussions. As you know, in June of this year, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved a list of grammars, dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of modern Russian literary language when it is used as a state. Actually, a lot of work has been done. Very large in content and very complete guides made. And then, of course, as you know, a heated debate flared up regarding the very list of recommended grammars, dictionaries and reference books, and, of course, the norms that are contained in these dictionaries approved by the Ministry of Education and Science. Normative consolidation as acceptable, what was previously considered illiterate, is always perceived painfully. Probably, many of you remember the story that Chukovsky once told, when he, clutching his heart, violently rebelled against the fact that the word necessarily has come to be used in our language as a synonym certainly. Because in due time the word necessarily meant kindly.<…>

And it seems that we, at least many of us sitting in this hall and many with whom I have spoken on this subject recently, began to clutch at our hearts when we were told that instead of contract "r, you can speak before"dialect And contract "r, when we heard the word coffee can be used in the middle gender. Moreover, it seemed to me very strange the explanation of the compilers of dictionaries that the majority began to speak like that.<…>

I think the reason for the sharp and, in my opinion, correct reaction is that the general decline in the culture of speech and culture of behavior in the country, which disturbs educated people, is already, alas, a fact of our life.<…>

Domestic legislation should be developed taking into account the issues of preservation and protection of languages.<…>

It should be noted that the current legislation does not provide for liability for violation of laws on languages.<…>

In our country, censorship has always been rejected by the public, but today many representatives of even that part of society that has always rebelled against censorship are standing up for it. First of all, I mean not political censorship, but at least, let's say, moral.<…>

In my opinion, the Government should be legally obligated to report annually on activities to protect the Russian language and the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.<…>

Dear colleagues, of course, language is not a frozen form, but a living tissue. Generations of people change, and, of course, certain new forms, new words are introduced, but this does not free us from constant and hard work to maintain the language culture at the highest level. Everyone who cares about our future should take part in this work.<…>

A.Yu. Bolshakov, Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky, member of the Council on State Cultural Policy under the Chairman of the Federation Council:

In this regard, I recall the words of Dostoevsky that the Russian people, despite their visible bestial image, in the depths of their souls bear a completely different image - the image of Christ, the image of Christ. Unfortunately, today this visible animal image is more and more brazenly baring its fangs. And now our youth (everyone who walks down the street hears it everywhere), alas, both girls and boys are building a phrase from some swear words. It would seem, well, what is a transitional age, all this can be forgiven. However, behind this external, at first glance, deep and very disturbing processes are guessed that have now engulfed our society. First of all, this is the impoverishment of his self-consciousness and the biologization of thinking, that is, the same social Darwinism, I do not get tired of shouting about it. This is perhaps the most terrible disease that has now gripped our society.<…>

E.A. Bystritskaya, People's Artist of the USSR, State Academic Maly Theater of Russia:

<…>It seems to me that it is imperative to renew the dictionaries for television and radio announcers. It would be necessary to make a program for television, maybe for radio, on etiquette, on relationships. But to develop a culture of relationships simply by what we would like so much,<на словах>impossible. Some concrete action is needed.<…>

V.Ya. Kurbatov, board member of the Writers' Union of Russia:

<…>When a language lives a natural life, it is not spoken about, it is simply spoken. And if it was necessary to compile a dictionary of the expansion of the Russian language, which was put together by Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, then things are bad, it means that the writer is cramped in the language of life and it is necessary to clean up the impoverished reality with obsolete attire and flowers, from which we immediately feel uncomfortable in his prose , as in a retrospective exhibition, where life seems to be ours, but no longer recognizable by us.

Alas, the language cannot be expanded by the will of even such a firm and authoritative person as Solzhenitsyn, just as it is impossible even to force them to be equally equivalent before"dialect And agreed "r, excited" And excited", extraction "cha And to "bull.<…>

And now we have to regulate it, our will and our truth, an inexhaustible treasure, by laws. Now we have it not just a living Great Russian language, like Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, but a state language. There is nothing to rise with your liveliness and Great Russianness. Meanwhile, one must be deaf and blind not to see that the world is growing rich not by unification, which we aspire to, but by God's diversity, that the garden of human speech is beautiful when it blooms with heavenly diversity, and not with the crampedness of a political or commercial newspaper. The French protect their language from foreign invasion, because they remember their genius Alphonse Daudet, who said that as long as the people, even enslaved, own their language, they own the key to their prison. And the German Heidegger defends his language, prompts the nation that language is the house of being. Being, not everyday life, God, not a political report.<…>

E.A. Shmeleva, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. V.V. Vinogradov:

<…>There are so-called linguistic authorities in the language. We will all remember some person in our life who spoke very beautifully and whom we would like to imitate. And very often even in disputes about language, which is very lively, emotional sphere, people talk about it... "That's what my teacher said" or "That's what my professor said", "That's what my father said"... Someone you respect.

Now there are many good teachers in the school and many young good teachers, but the prestige of the teacher is very low, and less and less children imitate teachers. And this is a problem that needs to be solved somehow. Also only enlightenment.<…>

V.N. Shaposhnikov

<…>I will touch on some language issues. First of all, this is the arrival of foreign words, which now make up a large volume, but this is the most obvious and uncomplicated problem. Theoretically, it was resolved long ago and unshakably resolved, I will not repeat it here. For example, fax machine- a necessary and inalienable word, absolutely inalienable. But current ones, for example, minimize, minimize, show their superficiality or even slovenliness in comparison with the more accurate and responsible native words of this conceptual nest, such as: reduce, curtail, stop and others. And it is no coincidence that the word minimize took root in official life, becoming a kind of euphemism, including in the banking sector. Minimizing risks... Translated into Russian, it means “stop cheating, stop cheating”. Even words like developer or remake, you can find a full match in Russian, and these found words would make the situation clearer. And a number of foreign words become euphemisms, some foreign borrowings are built into a number of linguistic redundancies.<…>

A.N. Varlamov, writer, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

<…>We can talk endlessly about what a great, wonderful Russian language we have, how much we love it, how we fight and defend it. But what's the point of these conversations? Sense, in my opinion, should be in the adoption of some specific solutions. And, I repeat, it is necessary to save not only the Russian language, it is necessary to save literature, including writings in schools, first of all, because this is a concrete subject matter that concerns us all.<…>As a result of the fact that literature has ceased to be a compulsory subject, for the first time, I don’t know, in the 200 years of Russia’s existence, we will receive a generation of children who will pass Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky and so on, and this is not only a matter of their general cultural level .<…>

I'll start with education. It seems to me that it is impossible to study the Russian language, it is impossible to save the Russian language in isolation from other, let's say, humanitarian spheres. No wonder we have teachers of the Russian language and literature. This is absolutely fair! The Russian language, in my opinion, exists in literature. I mean, first of all, classical literature, and not modern (with all my respect for it). And therefore, talking about the Russian language in the field of education at school means talking about literature and vice versa. We have had a tragic, it seems to me, separation of these things in connection with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, which Sergei Mikhailovich already spoke about today. The fact that literature has ceased to be an educational subject in our country, the fact that we have lost the essay as a form of reporting for schoolchildren, in my opinion, may not be a national catastrophe (loudly speaking), but this is a very serious thing, because it leads to a direct dehumanization of society. Here's the problem! And therefore, the opponents with whom I would like to speak would be, in my opinion, exactly those people who thought of this thing.<…>

<…>Tragic, sad speeches are heard that we no longer have a people, that we already have a population, that everything is lost. I beg to disagree with this. In recent years, I have been traveling quite a lot in Russia, I have been to the North, the West, and the Far East. I meet with different audiences: with schoolchildren, and with students, and with soldiers, and even with prisoners, it happens (this, of course, is a separate story), but nevertheless I want to say that when you see faces, when you hear questions, when you see the eyes - this is a people, this is a very good people, but this people requires a different attitude towards itself. Thanks.

M.V. Gorbanevsky, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Deputy Chairman of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Chairman of the Guild of Expert Linguists:

<…>We need a state eye that will oversee, monitor, in a slang term, specialists, monitor violations of the law in the field related to the language. And this is not only the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, this is not only the Federal Law of 2005 on Russian as the state language, there are provisions of the Federal Law “On Advertising”, which also relate to the use of the language, and much more.

How else can good, effective laws be violated?

My colleagues and I wrote the 1997 law on street names. Article 9 of this law is written in black and white: a memorial street name can be assigned only in exceptional cases as a token of a person's merits and only 10 years after the death of this person. Together with Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of Moscow Petrov, I presented the draft of this law at a meeting of the Moscow City Duma, it was adopted unanimously. What then happened? They killed Mr. Kadyrov Sr., and in violation of this law, the name of the street was given "Kadyrov street" in South Butovo, which caused a mixed reaction in society.

What happened a year ago, dear colleagues? A year ago, something extraordinary happened. Victory Avenue in the capital of one of our republics, named in honor of the Victory over fascism, was renamed in honor of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. This is Victory Avenue in Grozny. I think this is something out of the ordinary. But this is also applied linguistics. What does this indicate? About a lot. And, by the way, Vladimir Vladimirovich, if he wanted to, could pull Kadyrov Jr., and Pobedy Avenue would return to the map of the city of Grozny.

Therefore, I am entirely for the optimization of this law. I am all in favor of the philological community (there are very experienced linguists here who have experience working as legal drafting consultants) to take part in this. I am for the fact that after all the pies are baked by piemen, and the boots are sharpened by shoemakers.<…>

A.N. Kachalkin, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

Council for State Culture, Policy for the Preservation and Development of Language Culture… It is very good that the legal aspect is being considered. I am entirely for the approval by high authorities of the proposals that will come from professionals. Until now, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, prepared over four years in the 50s, are actually functioning, although there are a lot of discussions about the truth of these rules. Perhaps, at a certain stage, a revision of the rules is also needed, but with the preservation of the variance that will contribute to the development of the language.

Indeed, own the norm, but do not be its slave, rationally look for new suitable means for expressing this or that concept. It is this creativity that will be evaluated, especially if arguments are given in favor of precisely such forms, precisely such words, their use in precisely such a sense. And here I am reminded of the words spoken two years before my death by the supervisor of my thesis, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov. It was a great pleasure to work under his leadership. At that time (it was the turn of the 1950s and 1960s), he said: you know, we lack a “synthetic dictionary”. Now such a synthetic dictionary could be called a "universally erudite dictionary of the Russian language."

G.A. Bogatova, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after V.V. Vinogradov:

<…>It is necessary not only to talk about the spoken language, about the spoken element, it is necessary to fill the school with dictionaries so that the habit of using the dictionary begins right from the first grades of school.

But we must also remember something else, remember our historical experience. It was during the period of Catherine, when the state was being built by Catherine, that they began to make the first national dictionary, the Dictionary of the Russian Academy ...<…>

The dictionary was created by the elite of that time, even starting directly from the confessor of Catherine. Ekaterina herself created, and Dashkova wrote dictionary entries, and Derzhavin wrote dictionary entries. And Derzhavin at that time was not only a poet, but also a very busy statesman, he was the Tambov governor and Minister of Justice.

Therefore, I urge that we do not lower the bar.<…>

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, creating a plan for the development of vocabulary in the 50s, laid the foundation for fundamental lexicography, that is, it is also a dictionary of Russian folk dialects, the 37th edition of which is now out. This means that we have not lost the words of the village lost to us, they are there. It is also a dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries and other dictionaries. We must also think about the fact that the Russian language is one of the Slavic languages. Therefore, both the etymological dictionary of the Russian language and the etymological dictionary of all Slavic languages ​​are also our culture ... These three dictionaries are not finished, and this is a tragedy for the near future, which is why I am talking about this. We need to finish them ... and it's time for the people who are developing their language to have them in electronic form.

V.A. Nedziwiecki, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

<…>An example from a two-page dictation conducted recently for first-year students at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. In it, a recent applicant with 100 points in the Russian language obtained in the final exam in the USE system made 23 mistakes. The first-year student with 58 exam points made 41 mistakes. Another first-year student, who managed to get into the faculty, having only 22 points in Russian, made 47 mistakes in the dictation. And these are future journalists, that is, people for whom their native language is the means and essence of their future specialty.

Finally, another example, this time from a written speech by a government official, in this case a military commissar. In the summons received by one of the young men to be mobilized, this young man read the following explanation of the duties of a citizen to be called up for military service: “In accordance with federal law o... (and so on) ...citizens, not pr And who are in reserve are required to appear on the agenda to clarify information military registration or mandrels to a military unit for military service (direction to alternative civilian service)”, two words together, and so on. Here it is, the whole memo. It has 10 biggest mistakes.<…>It remains to add that this memo, mocking the Russian language, was printed in a typographical way and, of course, was replicated in tens of thousands of copies.<…>

In Russia, where literature has always been more than literature, because it was both sociology and ontology of Russian, Russian morality and morality, Russian philosophy and eschatology, the best way to say about the creative possibilities of a young person is an essay on Russian literature. It should be made mandatory for all graduates, both for the ninth and eleventh grades.

A.S. Melkov, Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin, member of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation:

<…>It is necessary not only to prohibit the use of non-assimilated foreign borrowings that phonetically, orthographically or syntactically distort the Russian language, incorrect variants of words in the media, advertising, office work, but also to introduce legal liability for violations of the provisions of the law on the state language. It is necessary to introduce restrictions into the law on the unreasonable use of foreign words in public, official speech, mainly substitute words and words that distort the appearance of the Russian literary language, the so-called incorrect Russian words, that is, jargon, swearing, network slang, distortion of stress, and so on. To protect the Russian language, it is necessary to create a special body under the Government of the Russian Federation, which should include scientists, philologists, university professors, as well as persons with generally recognized authority in the field of Russian philology: writers, poets and critics.<…>

R.N. Kleimenova, museum director. IN AND. Dalia, Scientific Secretary of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature:

<…>Dictionaries are a necessary component educational process, self-education of schoolchildren, students, specialists in various fields of knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to publish dictionaries in mass circulation, to ensure that libraries at all levels are supplied with dictionaries, and with the help of the state, to put up a barrier to the publication of fake dictionaries, which I encounter. Now there are a lot of "Dal's dictionaries", Dal is everywhere, but to call them Dahl's dictionaries simply does not turn the tongue.<…>

• MODERN LANGUAGE SITUATION
• LANGUAGE REGULATIONS
• OBJECT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

The article touches upon the problem of the need to preserve the national Russian language as the most important object cultural heritage.

• Historical stages of the development of the English language in terms of linguistic and extralinguistic factors

Preservation of one's own cultural heritage is one of the most important tasks of any state, if it is interested in its further development. Moving forward is impossible without relying on the material and spiritual basis left by previous generations. In those historical periods when society is at the next key stage of development, when serious stakes are at stake, turning to the experience of ancestors helps to find the optimal vectors for the future path.

For our country, with its vast territories, where dozens of nationalities and nationalities belonging to different religious denominations, having different cultural traditions and colossal differences in the economy, the most important object of cultural and historical heritage is the Russian language, which unites dissimilar regions into a single state. According to Valery Ganichev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Academician, Chairman of the Board of the Union of Writers of Russia, Deputy Head of the World Russian People's Council, "... the Russian language was in the full sense a bridge language, a sacred holding principle, a language of gathering and mutual cultural enrichment" .

Throughout its history, the Russian language has repeatedly gone through difficult periods, when it seemed to many: end times his existence. This is the Petrine era with its flow of borrowings from European languages, and the first third of the twentieth century, and, of course, our difficult time. And if the legacy of Peter the Great's reforms and revolutionary changes was finally overcome, then today's language situation is of great concern to both linguists and many members of the public, who are clearly aware of the damage that a low level of native language proficiency causes and can still cause to society.

Undoubtedly, the modern language situation has several serious differences from the period of almost a century ago and, moreover, from the situation at the beginning of the 18th century. First, never before in the history of mankind on everyday life and the minds of people were not influenced by the media and electronic means connections, which, unfortunately, for the most part have ceased to be a source of normative Russian speech.

Accordingly, grammatical, lexical, orthoepic errors broadcast on the air imperceptibly blur the very understanding of the need for correct word usage. Secondly, the number of hours devoted to educational programs has sharply decreased. high school for the study of the Russian language and literature (in grades 10-11 according to the standard for the study of the most complex works of Russian literature - "Fathers and Sons", "War and Peace", "Crime and Punishment", " Quiet Don”,“ The Master and Margarita ”, etc. are given 3 hours a week). Also, schoolchildren and students (and this is supported by new education standards) are gradually reorienting the perception of information from reading to viewing (presentations, illustrations, videos). All this ultimately leads to the fact that young people do not absorb the wonderful samples of Russian speech, do not plunge into the element of the “great and powerful, truthful and free” Russian language, and do not even imagine those grandiose opportunities that one of the most developed, complex and beautiful languages ​​on the planet to express your thoughts and feelings.

As a result, in modern Russia, not only is the level of proficiency in the national language declining, which is indirectly confirmed by the lowering of the threshold for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language and literature, but the “connection of times” also threatens to break. The possibility of this gap was emphasized by Patriarch Kirill at the founding meeting of the Society of Russian Literature: “A schoolchild who does not know his own language and does not join the national culture and, first of all, literature, breaks away from his roots. It is more difficult for him to realize and, even more so, to feel belonging along the same historical vertical with his people, with the great events of the past, to share moral, spiritual and cultural ideals with national heroes and outstanding personalities. In confirmation of the words of the rector of the Russian Orthodox Church it can be said that many young people, reading the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Fet, claim that they were not interested in these works, because it is not clear what is at stake, the words used by the classics of Russian literature are incomprehensible. Modern schoolchildren and students need a translation “from Russian into Russian”, and most often they simply do not bother to read - and even more so analyze - the works of the first half of the 19th century, the language of which, flexible and full-blooded, is very different from their usual simplified colloquial version.

As you know, the loud call to "throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity" - a harbinger of revolutionary changes - was heard in Russian history on December 18, 1912 in the futurist manifesto: "The past is crowded. The Academy and Pushkin are more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs. Throw Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and so on. and so on. from the Steamboat of Modernity". And this is not surprising: Pushkin is the brightest symbol of Russian national culture, the creator of the Russian literary language. The denial of his spiritual authority, the oblivion of his crystal clear language provided unlimited opportunities for manipulation with the meanings and concepts contained in words, which naturally led to a distortion of the picture of the world and manipulation of public consciousness.

The danger lurking in the seemingly harmless search for new forms in art was quickly recognized. I. Bunin in 1915 wrote a short poem "The Word", which is often quoted today: "And we have no other property! / Know how to take care / At least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, / Our immortal gift is speech", in which the national language is understood as the only property of the people and the country.

A similar idea was expressed by V.V. Rozanov in the article “A.S. Pushkin”, published in Novoye Vremya in 1899: “Russia received a concentration outside classes, positions, outside the rough material facts of its history; there is a place where she is all gathered, where she listens all, this is - Russian word» .

Thus, for our country, one of the most important assets of the national culture is the Russian national language. Preservation of its purity and wealth is one of the main duties of both the state and every native speaker. And if such a duty does not seem necessary for an individual, then the state must be fully aware of the dangers that may arise in the life of society with the gradual degradation of the language. The introduction of a number of mandatory requirements for public figures and media representatives (for example, a state exam for knowledge of the norms of the Russian language when applying for a job or taking office), as well as increasing the number of hours school curriculum allocated to the course of Russian and literature, in our opinion, will allow to stop the negative changes that threaten this moment Russian national language.

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Interview with Doctor of Philology Madina Khakuasheva on the topic of language policy in Russia. Discussed a new bill on amendments to the law "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" of the deputy State Duma Gadzhimet Safaraliyev and the July meeting of the Presidential Council on Interethnic Issues.
After the interview, there were many questions that could only be answered in a dialogue with the authorities.
Kavkazskaya Politika spoke with the author of the bill, Gadzhimet Safaraliev, and learned how the Russian language will affect the study of national languages ​​in the regions.

- Gadzhimet Kerimovich, during your speech at the last meeting of the Presidential Council on Interethnic Relations, you talked a lot about the role of the Russian language, about the level of literacy of schoolchildren. The fact that “the Russian language in modern Russia has always been a powerful state-forming factor, the basis for a sense of civic identity”, but did not touch on the problem of national languages ​​in their speech.

– The main thing that I wanted to emphasize in my speech at the meeting of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation is that all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, including the Russian language, are equal. And they realize this equality in the status of their native language.

It is in this status that the language is chosen and studied at school as a separate subject "mother tongue". However, educational practice shows that in a number of republics the Russian language cannot be native and studied during the hours allotted for the “native language”.

For some reason, the education system in the language block still exists as in the Soviet Union, although already in 1993 the Constitution of the Russian Federation established the status of the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

In the draft law, which was introduced by our deputies, it is proposed to assign the status of the native language to the Russian language, so as not to violate constitutional law citizens to choose their native language, if it is Russian.

One should not think that this will infringe on anyone's rights, on the contrary, if we give the opportunity to consider the Russian language as a native language, then the attitude towards all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia will also change in a positive direction.

And it will be possible to create not separate programs for the support and development of languages ​​that exist in the subjects of the Federation, but one federal program for the study, preservation and development of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

– Do you already have such plans?

- There are such proposals. But you need to understand that the task of preserving native languages, popularizing their use cannot be solved only at the expense of the legislative, financial capabilities of the state, a separate region.

We all must understand that the preservation and development of the native language is the responsibility of both the state and the citizen. Therefore, it is necessary to support and in every possible way encourage our people in their desire to speak, write, sing songs, publish literature, and create media in their native language.

Of course, family traditions play a significant role in this. The attention to the use of the native language in the education system and other spheres of public life will depend precisely on how the family will treat the native language, what place it will take in personal communication.

In education, culture, communication and creativity, the knowledge of the native language only enriches a person.

- In Karachay-Cherkessia, your bill has caused a wave of indignation among some scientists. According to them, the Russian language is studied there, for example, every day, and only three hours a week are allotted for native languages.

– I should note that the legislative bodies of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic presented positive feedback to the bill. And all the discussions that have unfolded around the bill, and not only in the KChR you named, but also in other regions of the Russian Federation, seem to me extremely useful, so I only welcome them.

The introduction of this bill has created a positive precedent - the language needs of our citizens have become the subject of a wide and expert, and parental discussion.

We are convinced how much the study of native languages ​​is in demand, how much it is necessary to take additional measures to preserve and develop them in school system education.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that earlier we did not accidentally introduce a separate article “Languages ​​of education” into the law “On Education in the Russian Federation”.

It takes into account all the statuses of languages: both state and native. This approach in school education allows you to sum up the hours for learning languages.

There is a right to devote more hours to learning their language. It is only necessary to develop and make clear these principles in the regional legislation.

I am from Dagestan. We have more than 10 languages ​​as natives. We learn our native languages, but nevertheless, if I want to study Russian as my native language in Dagestan, I won’t be able to. Just like in Tuva, Karachay-Cherkessia or another republic.

I will study Russian as the state language of the Russian Federation. But answer my question - why 80 percent of the population should not have a native language? Just because he's a government official?

After all, there are also republican state languages, and children study them as native ones. There should be a concept: “on which child is gurgling?” Is it in the state language?

Today the world is becoming more complex - a modern person can speak and think in two or three languages. And if a person changes the language of communication, he does not become different, does not identify himself with another non-native ethnic group, people. If I move to England and start speaking English language I won't become an Englishman.

- What about your children? If they are brought up in a different language environment, they may lose the culture of the ethnic group.

– Right, but this is globalization, what do you want? Then you need to pay more attention to this in the family. Understand that the need to learn a language is born in a family atmosphere, in an atmosphere of respect and desire to touch the traditions of the family, the customs of one's ethnic community.

No child will make progress in learning anything if the subject is not interesting to him, if he is not passionate about it.

And the concern of the state is to realize this need formed by the family in learning the native language thanks to the education system.

New regional programs are also possible, which will promote the growth of interest in the study of native languages, provide preferences for those who teach and study in their native language.

- Is the problem of preserving the native language, culture less important than the study state language?

- In no case. I would generally refrain from posing the question in this way - “what is more important?”

Everything is important when it comes to liberal arts education. Its quality is the key to the formation of a healthy personality, the preservation of values ​​and moral guidelines in our society.

Therefore, special attention is riveted to the liberal arts today. Most are wondering what needs to be changed, improved first, what second, and so on.

But look general level the literacy of schoolchildren is declining in Russia as a whole; in the bulk, students have a poor command of the culture of Russian speech. Unfortunately, this year I even had to reduce the USE score in Russian to 24 points.

A generation has grown up that does not know the language, does not know how to express its thoughts correctly. How will these young people continue to study, live, work, if they have not even learned to write correctly?

That is why we raised this issue and decided that it is necessary to create a unified Russian language textbook. Not scientific works on the Russian language to pass off as textbooks, but with the participation of a large number of scientists to write a single manual, to work by analogy with the one that is being carried out to prepare a single history textbook.

It is unacceptable that each subject of the Russian Federation has its own local history and its own history textbook, and each author writes in his own system of coordinates. For one, Stalin is an enemy, for another - a friend, for a third ... well, you can’t do that!

- What is wrong with the diversity of views on the historical situation. Isn't that the point?

- In science - yes, in school education - I don’t think so. By confusing our children with a variety of views, we deprive them of the opportunity to form their own opinions on the basis of facts, not hypotheses.

The iron rule of the textbook is to state the established fact clearly and unambiguously. Otherwise, we will return to a time when history was written as a fable, exalting each successive ruler for the sake of glory, not truth.

Today we must come to a consensus that there is a fact. And interpretation is a teacher for that.

Not a "tutor", as it is now fashionable to say, who gives 5 textbooks and says - read everything and analyze. This is a good system for an institute, not a school. A school history textbook should consider history from ancient times to the modern period from a unified position.

With the textbook of the Russian language, the same need arises for the golden rules, in the corpus of what we call the mandatory minimum knowledge of the language, the Russian language and the culture of speech.

Such canons of the language, which are mastered not only by citizens of the country, but also by foreigners who want to confirm their knowledge of the language for employment or educational purposes, are in the West.

Suffice it to recall the TOELF test, which reveals the so-called "mandatory amount of knowledge of the language."

And we have not developed such a tradition and practice, but today they are in demand more than ever. Especially when it comes to the need to confirm knowledge of the Russian language, the task of adapting migrants, etc.

So wouldn't it be logical and expedient to establish a "mandatory volume" of the Russian language, a "mandatory volume" of knowledge of history. This is a base that can be improved in the future, depending on the educational and professional trajectory of a person.

Let's get back to native languages. Are you saying that programs are being implemented to support the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia? What are these programs?

– There are programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that support initiatives to preserve and develop the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia. The task of the federal scale is to ensure, in full compliance with the state standard, the study of the Russian language throughout the country.

At the same time, the state and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation must support the language needs of citizens in the field of education, justice and information.

In many subjects, let's take for example the most central republic - Mordovia: all signs, signs are written in the Moksha language, in the Erzya language. Two peoples of Mordovia. In other republics, there are other options. The main thing is to find resources to preserve multilingualism, to create new motives for learning native languages.

- Do I understand you correctly that the issue of preserving native languages ​​is not a question of the center, but rather of a specific region and family?

- This is a common task, one of the most important in importance. And the state will not abandon its focus on preserving native languages ​​and supporting linguistic diversity. It's just that each subject has its own specifics, the regional authorities are familiar with the specific areas of distribution of languages, have statistics on language needs, and therefore regional support programs are accepted.

If the law proposed by our deputies is adopted, then we intend to further discuss the creation of a federal program for the preservation and development of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

The same applies to the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation. For example, I propose to provide for direct incentives at the level of regional legislation for the study of native languages, which are the state languages ​​of the republics - increased scholarships, targeted admissions to universities, and so on.

In addition, in general, I think it’s wrong to sit and wait for what they say from above - let’s study our native language ... this doesn’t happen! We ourselves must come up with such initiatives.

I learned my native language myself. Yes, I may not be able to write flawlessly correctly in my native language. But I can read and speak, that's enough for me.

– Still, I would not like to bypass the speech of Mr. Medinsky at a meeting of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on interethnic relations. There was a rather harsh statement that, choosing between a regional language and Russian, we definitely make a choice in the direction of Russian, otherwise what kind of culture can we talk about.

- Taking this phrase out of context, the meaning of what was said is unlikely to be clear.

The minister did not offer to choose - either Russian or native. He spoke about the decline in the language literacy and culture of the younger generation and the need to correct this situation, not allowing rolls in the study of languages ​​in one direction or the other.

We have no right to oppose languages ​​- here is our native language, but here is the state one. Both of them must be given taking into account the role they play in accordance with the legal status.

There is no need to choose either or. They have absolutely different purpose, different status - this must be understood.

In the case of unconditional pressure and the priority of the native language, this will lead to ignorance of the state language, to some separative options. If in the educational system there is no opportunity to study the native language, on the contrary, this will lead to the suppression of small languages ​​and ethnic groups.

One way or another, the position of Rasul Gamzatov is close to me, who in the article “The Country of Three Treasures” wrote about the Russian language and the multilingualism that has developed in Dagestan: “Language is not at enmity with language. Two horses - two languages ​​lead forward each of the peoples of Dagestan. One of them is Russian, and the other is our native language, for a Tabasaran - Tabasaran, for a Nogai - Nogai. They are all dear to us. But we call our native language native. If it is true that languages ​​are the lamps of life, then the path of every Dagestani is illuminated by two lamps. One is lit by his father's land so that he does not get lost on the way. He will go out, and his life will go out. The second is lit by his great country, his great homeland, so that he does not get lost on the road to Big world. Without him, his life will be dark and insignificant.

The democratic forces of the world are concerned with the preservation and development of all peoples. In the context of globalization and technical process individual states resort to saving money at the expense of education and science, transferring fundamental science to self-financing, which will lead to the degradation of science and culture. To save money, you need to look for other ways. Inadequate reforms in educational and scientific institutions will lead to the disappearance not only of the languages ​​of small peoples, but also to a decrease in the role of the Russian language in the world community.

Key words: preservation and development of languages, creation of conditions for equal development of languages, historical value of a language, fundamental science.

The democratic forces of the world are concerned about the preservation and development of all peoples. Under the conditions of globalization and technological process individual States resort to economize on education and science, making fundamental science self-financing, which will lead to the degradation of science and culture. To save money, you should look for other ways. Inadequate reforms in educational and scientific institutions will kill not only the languages ​​of numerically small peoples, but also reduce the role of the Russian language in the world community.

Keywords: preservation and development of languages, creation of conditions for equal development of languages, historical value of the language, fundamental science.

The peoples of the world, democratic states, major political, public and scientific figures are concerned with preserving and developing the languages ​​of all peoples. Evidence of their concern is repeated scientific conferences, symposiums at the level of all-Russian, international meetings. Such scientific forums were held especially often in the 90s of the XX century. in Moscow, Elista, Nijmegen (Netherlands), Berlin, Paris, London and others. Scientists, teachers, creative intelligentsia, public and state figures took part in them. Many made presentations on the preservation and development of languages, especially of minority peoples, some speakers gave interesting examples of learning a language in state level one thousand people in Australia. In our country, on the Kola Peninsula, the Saami people live, the number of which is up to 3 thousand. This small people, fearing the disappearance of their native language, opened a school on their own, where they studied their language and culture. According to the speaker, this school was then included in the state budget funding. So much attention is paid to the language of any (small and large) people because the language is the most significant monument of any people individually and for all mankind, because the language serves as a carrier of the history and culture of this people and part of the history and culture of all people of the world.

At meetings of such scientific conferences, representatives of different peoples and states exchanged experience, developed and discussed measures to create favorable conditions for the free and equal development of all languages ​​and cultures of peoples. As for the representatives of the Russian Federation, many of them advocated the implementation of the provisions of the Law "On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the RSFSR" of October 25, 1991, the laws on the languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation, as well as government programs for the preservation and development of languages.

On the present stage, during the period of development of a new type of Russian federal statehood, the role of national and cultural factors immeasurably increases, among which the language is the most priority sign of the national, ethnic and spiritual culture of any of the peoples of Russia, the paramount value factor consolidating the ethnic group. The development of the language and its full-blooded life are impossible without the revival of culture and national traditions. Because of this, there is a need to develop functions and expand the scope of both national and regional languages, as well as languages ​​of small peoples. In view of this, at any scientific forum, its participants advocated state support preservation and development of languages ​​of small peoples.

At these scientific conferences, the issues of creating conditions for the equal and original development of each of the languages ​​of the Russian peoples and ethnic diasporas, the development of bilingualism and multilingualism on the territory of Russia, and also called on the peoples of multilingual Russia so that respect for language, culture and traditions of the neighboring people.

Everyone should know that the basis of knowledge and the most important form of individual creativity is the historical value of the language as the primary element of the culture of any nation. However, in the context of globalization, the scientific and technological revolution and geopolitical upheavals, the scope of the language is shrinking. This can accelerate the loss of national self-identity of the peoples of our country and threaten the even development of world culture. Unfortunately, our Russian society turned out to be unprepared for the new conditions of globalization and the development of technological progress, computerization, internetization of communication in the world. Under these conditions, our state resorts to unusual savings at the expense of education and culture. However, it should be noted that in this case they directly violate the economic laws related to scientists and scientific products. The point is that from fundamental science they never expected momentary benefits for society, and demanding such benefits from it would mean a misunderstanding of the tasks of fundamental science, the task of which is to discover the laws of the surrounding world. The foregoing does not mean that scientists involved in fundamental science are not interested in the applied side of their theoretical research. We are talking only about the main task of this category of scientists. We must not forget that the achievements of applied science are based on fundamental science. Nowadays, attempts to transfer fundamental science to self-financing are meaningless, because it cannot in any way pay off for a short time. In general, any scientific - fundamental or applied - is not self-sustaining, because scientific manuscripts are published in scientific journals free of charge, i.e., without a fee, and at present, on the contrary, in order to publish your work, you must pay the author himself. And this will eventually lead to the degradation of science in general, since science is not able to pay itself. Scientific works in the historical and philological cycle, and in many other sciences, do not have a direct economic effect, but they are necessary for the development of human culture. Therefore, the underestimation of the role of science in life, its transfer to self-sufficiency with the aim of saving money for other purposes, whether we like it or not, encroaches on the culture and life of peoples. Saving money at the expense of science and education is unacceptable, it will drastically slow down the development of human society. Such an economic approach to the science of the philological cycle violates the attitude developed over the centuries towards language and literature as the basic branch of knowledge and the basis of human civilization and the emergence of human society itself. To save money, you need to look for other ways: look at the swollen staffing civil servants and their exorbitant salaries; adjust the difference in the salaries of managers and direct producers; eradicate theft from life in any of its forms - in civil and official; stop corruption; keep the law for everyone, regardless

from the position held; to strengthen control over the work of officials who surround themselves with numerous deputies, poms and sycophants with high salaries, etc. As a result of the implementation of these measures, funds will be released that would be enough to maintain a large number highly qualified scientists in various fields of science. The need for such measures also applies to scientific institutions themselves, where sometimes for years salaries are paid not according to the results of work, but only according to positions or degrees.

The economic reforms carried out in recent years in the educational and scientific institutions of our country will lead to the extinction of not only the languages ​​of small peoples, but also to undermine the role of the Russian language in the world community as a means of consolidating and entering world civilization. All this will appear as a threat to the unity of the cultural and historical space. Russian society and will also lead to the disunity of the peoples of our country and the weakening of the state as a whole. Here it is necessary to take into account Russia's connection with the CIS countries in the linguistic field and with other countries of the world, where this connection is carried out not by laws of a purely economic nature, but by the culture of communication with them.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that science and fashion, science and haste are incompatible, science loves time and patience, the meaningfulness of any natural phenomenon. For the violation of the laws of the surrounding world, humanity will suffer first of all, and science will be to blame for this matter, succumbing to the demands of ignorant leaders.

The Russian language is one of the foundations of Russian civilization and statehood, our historical and cultural heritage. The originality and antiquity of the Russian language was noted by M.V. Lomonosov: “The Slavic language does not come from Greek, or from Latin, or from any other; consequently, it itself consists already from the most ancient times, and numerous of these peoples spoke the Slavic language even before the birth of Christ.
The 19th century historian Yegor Klassen wrote: “The Slavs had a letter not only before all the Western peoples of Europe, but also before the Romans and even the Greeks themselves, and the outcome of enlightenment was from the Russes to the west, and not from there to them.”

Actually, the Russian language makes us Russians, representatives of Russian civilization. The onset of Western culture, the "Americanization" of society, the degradation of the language leads to the loss of "Russianness". That is why the appeal to the life of the Russian language as the basis of the existence of our people, the conscious and purposeful study of the Russian language and teaching it as a native, second native, as well as spreading it around the world is an indispensable and paramount condition for the preservation of Russian civilization.

Unfortunately, native speakers abroad (people Soviet generation) are dying, their children no longer know Russian. Due to political factors, the Russian language is under pressure from local authorities (especially in the Baltic States and Ukraine). The Russian language has been supplanted in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

In Russia itself, in the sphere of the Russian language, the situation is disappointing. In the 90s. the destruction of the Russian (Soviet) education system, which was the best in the world, began. There was a break in the unified educational space. Schools have different Russian language textbooks. Less time is allocated to the study of the Russian language than to a foreign language. The introduction of the Unified State Examination caused great harm. Children lose the opportunity not only to correctly express their thoughts in writing, but also to express them in oral speech. In addition, a new generation of teachers (the “democratic choice” generation) is coming to school. The quality of teaching is declining, and computerization only worsens the situation. A certain role in the destruction of the Russian language is played by the media, especially television. Anglicisms, slang filled TV. The Russian literary language is being actively simplified and displaced. As a result, the Russian language is degrading both at the level of education and at the everyday level.

In a conversation between Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeev) of Volokolamsk and theater and film actor, artistic director of the Maly Theater Y. Solomin, issues of preserving the traditions of the standard Russian speech were touched upon. Metropolitan Hilarion noted that “It was no coincidence that Patriarch Kirill accepted the President’s proposal to head the Society of Russian Literature, because, like no one else, he understands the importance of caring for the Russian language (Sergey Stepashin, a Russian statesman and politician, called him the best orator in Russia).”

Y. Solomin noted the excellent speech of the Patriarch, his well-placed voice, precise thought. “I advise my students,” Yu. Solomin said, “to go to church, listen to how they speak, because the Russian language is still left in the church. She, unfortunately, has already begun to leave the theater.

Metropolitan Hilarion continued: “The way the Patriarch speaks is connected with his way of thinking, upbringing, inner spiritual culture. And this is exactly what the Church has been doing for centuries. What is a soul? What is the sense of life? How to live right? These are the questions the Church answers. And, of course, the fact that many of our clergymen are proficient in literary speech, able to speak correctly, is not the result of some special training (this is not taught in seminaries), but it is the fruit of that inner spiritual culture, the bearer of which for centuries has been the Church remains.

Professor Bekasova explains why our culture has lost its strong position in the world, why countries are changing the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet: “It's about politics. As soon as Russia yields, its cultural heritage is repulsed. But Russia is one of the first in the world in terms of intellectual and cultural fund, it is in demand. I saw people abroad (Slovaks, Bulgarians, Czechs, Germans, Swedes, Africans) who, having become interested in Russian literature, begin to study Russian, and their mentality changes, they begin to look at the world through the eyes of Russians.

“The historical process is driven by… those who create a spiritual community, preserve traditions,” she continues. Cyrillic is our heritage. For political reasons, Uzbekistan abandoned the Cyrillic alphabet, switching to the Latin alphabet, which has no traditions in this country. The new generation will not be able to master literature written in Cyrillic. The same can happen in Kazakhstan... The people are held together by traditions, and now they can be comprehended by an internal split between the old and the new... Ukraine is going to switch to the Latin alphabet. Without roots, the new does not take root. In addition, the transition is technically difficult. Latin has 24 letters, while Cyrillic, created specifically for the Slavic languages, has more. We must pass on the best to our descendants, preserve the treasure - the native word. For us, the Cyrillic alphabet should be a symbol. In modern alphabets, the letter “E” leads to the word “emu”, to “Sh” - chinchilla. But the alphabet is an intellectual and cultural code ... Kirill (Konstantin the Philosopher) created an alphabetical system in which each letter chalked out its name, and everything together formed an alphabetic prayer, a kind of moral code bequeathed to the Slavs. Children grew up on it, in their life there was a place high. Cyrillic inherited the beauty and richness of the Greek language. This is the specificity of the Russian mentality, in the genes of which the Greek and the richest Old Slavonic language. Cyril's main task was (which he wrote about in Proglas) as follows: to wean the Slavs from bestial life, to bring them closer to God, to give a different mentality. He is not a missionary but a teacher Slavic people. So, through language and culture, we have developed mechanisms that help us to abandon the inhuman way of life. The Russian language even now represents everything so that the one who speaks it can become better. The Russian word can save. This should be known to everyone who is associated with mentoring, raising children and youth.

The thoughtless use of words and expressions, the destruction of the norms of the Russian literary language, bureaucracy, clogging with jargon, obscene expressions, excessive use of borrowings have become alarming factors in the life of the Russian language ... “Foreign” words can be used, but wisely, at the right time and place, observing the measure . V.G. Belinsky wrote: “To use a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means to insult and common sense and good taste." Thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. “The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us,” I.S. Turgenev. Russians have always been distinguished by the beauty and melodiousness of speech. Why, then, do we bow before everything foreign and unjustifiably use words that can be replaced by Russian equivalents? ..

One of the reasons why teenagers are fond of slang, jargon, according to psychologists, is the scarcity of their vocabulary. Young people use no more than 200 words. Their ancestors: Pushkin, Gogol, Yesenin - lexicon exceeded 17-20 thousand words! Obviously, it is necessary for young people to actively familiarize themselves with the rich heritage of Russian literature!

As for profanity… “Profanity,” says Bishop Varnava (Belyaev), “is a vile vice, which in Holy Scripture equates to mortal sin. Foul language, obscene expressions are not human language! The impact of abuse is tantamount to exposure to 10-40 thousand X-rays - DNA chains are torn, chromosomes are disintegrating!

In the book "The Word Living and Dead" Nora Gal (a well-known Russian translator) very convincingly exposes the clerk. He has exact signs. This is the displacement of the verb (i.e., movement, action) by participle, gerund, noun (especially verbal), which means stagnation, immobility. And of all verbal forms, a predilection for the infinitive. This is a heap of nouns in oblique cases, most often long chains of nouns in the same case - the genitive, so that it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what is being discussed. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can be completely replaced by Russian ones. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, almost always heavier ones. This is a confused structure of phrase, uncountable subordinate clauses(doubly ponderous and unnatural in colloquial speech). This is grayness, monotony, wear, stamp. A miserable, meager dictionary ... In short, the clerk is a dead thing. It penetrates into fiction, and into everyday life, and into oral speech. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, office work is moving into everyday practice.

“To burn the hearts of people with a verb ...” The verb - i.e. word - should be hot, alive. The most active, most excited word in our language is just a verb. Perhaps it is no coincidence that this is the name of the liveliest part of our speech ... It is rather difficult to burn hearts with cumbersome clerical turns, to touch the soul. The abundance of nouns, especially verbal ones, makes speech heavy and dry,” Nora Gal emphasizes. And further: "There is no need to abuse participles and participles, especially to reduce them in one sentence." She is reminiscent of the derided A.P. Chekhov: “As I was approaching the station, my hat fell off ...” Genuine participles are not very characteristic of living modern Russian speech, and participle turnovers people also rarely speak.

If you do not build kilometer-long chains of subordinate clauses, then you will be understood the first time ... You can write periods even on a page, but in such a way that you can understand what is written ... The structure of the phrase should be clear, each line should be natural. The word order in each phrase should be unconstrained, purely Russian. Three short words “I know you” is not at all the same as “I know you”. In mathematics, changing the places of the terms does not change the sum. But how the sum of feelings and moods changes, the musical and emotional sound of a phrase changes from the rearrangement of the same words, sometimes only one word! Our grammar and syntax allow almost any words in a sentence to be interchanged (we have more space than in Western European languages). A Russian phrase should by no means be smooth, correct, impersonal, just like from a school textbook: subject, predicate, definition, addition ...

You can't lose your mental tact. Words must be handled with care! It can heal, but it can also hurt. An inaccurate word is bad, but a tactless word is even more dangerous. It can vulgarize the most lofty concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the coloring of the word, does not remember its origin and says "nature guards" instead of "guardians". It all depends on whether the right word is chosen for this particular case. And most good word becomes bad if said out of place. This is where tact is needed, the right instinct.

It is possible and necessary to fight for the purity, accuracy and correctness of the language. It is necessary to widely disseminate scientific information about the laws and rules of the Russian language, about its stylistic riches, about the ways of forming new words, about huge role language as a "tool of culture", as a means of cognition, as a condition of morality. It is also necessary to cultivate an aesthetic sense of language and a deep awareness of the responsibility for honest and clean handling of it.

Varvara Protsenko,
Russian language teacher
and literature