International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. Modern problems of science and education

Interview with Doctor of Philology Madina Khakuasheva on the topic of language policy in Russia. Discussed a new draft law on amendments to the law "On the languages ​​of peoples Russian Federation» deputy State Duma Gadzhimet Safaraliyev and the July meeting of the Presidential Council on Interethnic Issues.
After the interview, there were many questions that could only be answered in a dialogue with the authorities.
Kavkazskaya Politika spoke with the author of the bill, Gadzhimet Safaraliev, and learned how the Russian language will affect the study of national languages ​​in the regions.

- Gadzhimet Kerimovich, during your speech at the last meeting of the Presidential Council on Interethnic Relations, you talked a lot about the role of the Russian language, about the level of literacy of schoolchildren. The fact that “the Russian language in modern Russia has always been a powerful state-forming factor, the basis for a sense of civic identity”, but did not touch on the problem of national languages ​​in their speech.

– The main thing that I wanted to emphasize in my speech at the meeting of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation is that all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, including the Russian language, are equal. And they realize this equality in the status of their native language.

It is in this status that the language is chosen and studied at school as a separate subject "mother tongue". However, educational practice shows that in a number of republics the Russian language cannot be native and studied during the hours allotted for the “native language”.

For some reason, the education system in the language block still exists as in the Soviet Union, although already in 1993 the Constitution of the Russian Federation established the status of the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

In the draft law, which was introduced by our deputies, it is proposed to assign the status of a native language to the Russian language, so as not to violate the constitutional right of citizens to choose their native language, if such is Russian.

You should not think that this will infringe on anyone's rights, on the contrary, if we give the opportunity to consider the Russian language as a native language, then the attitude towards all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia will also change in a positive direction.

And it will be possible to create not separate programs for the support and development of languages ​​that exist in the subjects of the Federation, but one federal program for the study, preservation and development of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

– Do you already have such plans?

- There are such proposals. But you need to understand that the task of preserving native languages, popularizing their use cannot be solved only at the expense of the legislative, financial capabilities of the state, a separate region.

We all must understand that the preservation and development of the native language is the responsibility of both the state and the citizen. Therefore, it is necessary to support and in every possible way encourage our people in their desire to speak, write, perform songs, publish literature, and create media in their native language.

Of course, they play a significant role in this. family traditions. Precisely because of how the family will treat the native language, what place it will take in personal communication, attention to the use of the native language in the education system and other areas of public life will depend.

In education, culture, communication and creativity, the knowledge of the native language only enriches a person.

- In Karachay-Cherkessia, your bill has caused a wave of indignation among some scientists. According to them, the Russian language is studied there, for example, every day, and only three hours a week are allotted for native languages.

- I should note that the legislative bodies of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic provided a positive response to the bill. And all the discussions that have unfolded around the bill, and not only in the KChR you named, but also in other regions of the Russian Federation, seem to me extremely useful, so I only welcome them.

The introduction of this bill has created a positive precedent - the language needs of our citizens have become the subject of a wide and expert, and parental discussion.

We are convinced how much the study of native languages ​​is in demand, how much it is necessary to take additional measures for their conservation and development in school system education.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that earlier we did not accidentally introduce a separate article “Languages ​​of education” into the law “On Education in the Russian Federation”.

It takes into account all the statuses of languages: both state and native. This approach in school education allows you to sum up the hours for learning languages.

There is a right to take to the study of their language large quantity hours. It is only necessary to develop and make clear these principles in the regional legislation.

I am from Dagestan. We have more than 10 languages ​​as natives. We learn our native languages, but nevertheless, if I want to study Russian as my native language in Dagestan, I won’t be able to. Just like in Tuva, Karachay-Cherkessia or another republic.

I will study Russian as the state language of the Russian Federation. But answer my question - why 80 percent of the population should not have a native language? Just because he's a government official?

After all, there are also republican state languages, and children study them as native ones. There should be a concept: “on which child is gurgling?” Is it in the state language?

Today the world is becoming more complex - a modern person can speak and think in two or three languages. And if a person changes the language of communication, he does not become different, does not identify himself with another non-native ethnic group, people. If I move to England and start speaking English, I won't become an Englishman.

- What about your children? If they are brought up in a different language environment, they may lose the culture of the ethnic group.

– Right, but this is globalization, what do you want? Then you need to pay more attention to this in the family. Understand that the need to learn a language is born in a family atmosphere, in an atmosphere of respect and desire to touch the traditions of the family, the customs of one's ethnic community.

No child will make progress in learning anything if the subject is not interesting to him, if he is not passionate about it.

And the concern of the state is to realize this need formed by the family in learning the native language thanks to the education system.

New regional programs are also possible, which will promote the growth of interest in the study of native languages, provide preferences for those who teach and study in their native language.

- Is the problem of preserving the native language, culture less important than the study state language?

- In no case. I would generally refrain from posing the question in this way - “what is more important?”

Everything is important when it comes to liberal arts education. Its quality is the key to the formation of a healthy personality, the preservation of values ​​and moral guidelines in our society.

Therefore, special attention is riveted to the liberal arts today. Most are wondering what needs to be changed, improved first, what second, and so on.

But look general level the literacy of schoolchildren is declining in Russia as a whole; in the bulk, students have a poor command of the culture of Russian speech. Unfortunately, this year I even had to reduce the USE score in Russian to 24 points.

A generation has grown up knowing the language unable to express their thoughts correctly. How will these young people continue to study, live, work, if they have not even learned to write correctly?

That is why we raised this issue and decided that it is necessary to create a unified Russian language textbook. Not scientific works on the Russian language to pass off as textbooks, but with the participation of a large number of scientists to write a single manual, to work by analogy with the one that is being carried out to prepare a single history textbook.

It is unacceptable that each subject of the Russian Federation has its own local history and its own history textbook, and each author writes in his own system of coordinates. For one, Stalin is an enemy, for another - a friend, for a third ... well, you can’t do that!

- What is wrong with the diversity of views on the historical situation. Isn't that the point?

- In science - yes, in school education - I don’t think so. By confusing our children with a variety of views, we deprive them of the opportunity to form their own opinions on the basis of facts, not hypotheses.

The iron rule of the textbook is to state the established fact clearly and unambiguously. Otherwise, we will return to a time when history was written as a fable, exalting each successive ruler for the sake of glory, not truth.

Today we must come to a consensus that there is a fact. And interpretation is a teacher for that.

Not a "tutor", as it is now fashionable to say, who gives 5 textbooks and says - read everything and analyze. This is a good system for an institute, not a school. A school history textbook should consider history from ancient times to the modern period from a unified position.

With the textbook of the Russian language, the same need arises for the golden rules, in the corpus of what we call the mandatory minimum knowledge of the language, the Russian language and the culture of speech.

Such canons of the language, which are mastered not only by citizens of the country, but also by foreigners who want to confirm their knowledge of the language for employment or educational purposes, are in the West.

Suffice it to recall the TOELF test, which reveals the so-called "mandatory amount of knowledge of the language."

And we have not developed such a tradition and practice, but today they are in demand more than ever. Especially when it comes to the need to confirm knowledge of the Russian language, the task of adapting migrants, etc.

So wouldn't it be logical and expedient to establish a "mandatory volume" of the Russian language, a "mandatory volume" of knowledge of history. This is a base that can be improved in the future, depending on the educational and professional trajectory of a person.

Let's get back to native languages. Are you saying that programs are being implemented to support the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia? What are these programs?

– There are programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that support initiatives to preserve and develop the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia. The task of the federal scale is to ensure, in full compliance with the state standard, the study of the Russian language throughout the country.

At the same time, the state and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation must support the language needs of citizens in the field of education, justice and information.

In many subjects, take for example the most central republic- Mordovia: all signs, signs are written in the Moksha language, in the Erzya language. Two peoples of Mordovia. In other republics, there are other options. The main thing is to find resources to preserve multilingualism, to create new motives for learning native languages.

- Do I understand you correctly that the issue of preserving native languages ​​is not a question of the center, but rather of a specific region and family?

- This is a common task, one of the most important in importance. And the state will not abandon its focus on preserving native languages ​​and supporting linguistic diversity. It's just that each subject has its own specifics, the regional authorities are familiar with the specific areas of distribution of languages, have statistics on language needs, and therefore regional support programs are accepted.

If the law proposed by our deputies is adopted, then we intend to further discuss the creation federal program on the preservation and development of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

The same applies to the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation. For example, I propose to provide for direct incentives at the level of regional legislation for the study of native languages, which are the state languages ​​of the republics - increased scholarships, targeted admissions to universities, and so on.

In addition, in general, I think it’s wrong to sit and wait for what they say from above - let’s study our native language ... this doesn’t happen! We ourselves must come up with such initiatives.

I learned my native language myself. Yes, I may not be able to write flawlessly correctly in my native language. But I can read and speak, that's enough for me.

– Still, I would not like to bypass the speech of Mr. Medinsky at a meeting of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on interethnic relations. There was a rather harsh statement that, choosing between a regional language and Russian, we definitely make a choice in the direction of Russian, otherwise what kind of culture can we talk about.

- Taking this phrase out of context, the meaning of what was said is unlikely to be clear.

The minister did not offer to choose - either Russian or native. He spoke about the decline in language literacy and culture of the younger generation and the need to correct this situation, not allowing rolls in the study of languages ​​in one direction or the other.

We have no right to oppose languages ​​- here is our native language, but here is the state one. Both of them must be given taking into account the role they play in accordance with the legal status.

There is no need to choose either or. They have absolutely different purpose, different status - this must be understood.

In the case of unconditional pressure and the priority of the native language, this will lead to ignorance of the state language, to some separative options. If in the educational system there is no opportunity to study the native language, on the contrary, this will lead to the suppression of small languages ​​and ethnic groups.

​

One way or another, the position of Rasul Gamzatov is close to me, who in the article “The Country of Three Treasures” wrote about the Russian language and the multilingualism that has developed in Dagestan: “Language is not at enmity with language. Two horses - two languages ​​lead forward each of the peoples of Dagestan. One of them is Russian, and the other is our native language, for a Tabasaran - Tabasaran, for a Nogai - Nogai. They are all dear to us. But we call our native language native. If it is true that languages ​​are the lamps of life, then the path of every Dagestani is illuminated by two lamps. One is lit by his father's land so that he does not get lost on the way. He will go out, and his life will go out. The second is lit by his great country, his great homeland, so that he does not get lost on the road to the big world. Without him, his life will be dark and insignificant.

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The relevance of the work is due to the current linguistic situation, when the threat of the disappearance of the languages ​​of small peoples, including the Karachay-Balkarian language, becomes a reality. The purpose of the study is to analyze the linguistic situation that has developed in the regions of residence of the speakers of the Karachay-Balkar language - in the Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian republics. To solve existing problems in language construction, it is necessary to set new tasks that correspond to new conditions and meet the requirements of the time. The article proposes a set of specific measures aimed at preserving, reviving and developing the national Karachay-Balkarian literary language, whose functions are currently mainly limited to using it as a spoken language serving the household sphere.

Karachay-Balkar language language situation

preservation of national languages

language development

formation of national identity

areas of language functioning

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8. Chaikovskaya E.N. Formation of national-ethnic identity as a condition for preserving the language and culture of the indigenous peoples of Siberia in a multicultural region (Part 1) // Bulletin of the TSPU. - Issue. No. 4 (157). - 2015. - S. 98-100.

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In the era of growing globalization and related processes, the preservation of unique cultures and languages ​​of small peoples is one of the urgent problems of our time.

Somehow, it is very easy and simple at the present time to write about the disappearance of languages, about their absorption by world languages, explaining this process by the formation of a "single world civilization - a global society." But with the disappearance of the language, the people also disappear - after all, one of the fundamental definitions of a nation is the common language. It is the language that distinguishes us from each other, as the main feature of any ethnic group, it is he who plays the leading role in the self-preservation of the people.

Language is the philosophy of the world, it is a synthetic representation of this world. Each language is imprinted in its linguistic structure, in its rules, a system of knowledge about the world, a vision of this world, its understanding. …Language is the world itself. Therefore, the death of every language is not the death of vocabulary and grammar. This is the death of the whole world, unique, original, immensely deep and immensely important for understanding both the person himself and the universe around him. We can say that the language is the DNA of the culture created by its carriers. On the basis of language, as on the basis of DNA genes, it is possible to recreate the culture of the people as a whole, - sounded at the International Conference.

The problem of preserving and developing the languages ​​of national minorities has been regularly becoming topical since the beginning of the last century. Certain tasks are set, ideas are proclaimed, commissions and committees are created. However, time passes, and once again there are calls for the preservation and development of the languages ​​of small peoples. The last time the issue was most acute was in the 1990s, during the period of the “parade of sovereignties” and the surge of national self-consciousness associated with it. Very soon, the protest passions were drowned out by economic and social problems, and the problems of national languages ​​again, for the umpteenth time, receded not even into the background - they were forgotten.

The language situation that has developed for this period cannot be assessed otherwise than as catastrophic, and in our opinion, to a greater extent this situation directly depends on the bilingualism established in our country, which already in the 30s of the XX century supplanted the idea of ​​developing national languages.

Observations of the speech of students and schoolchildren allow us to conclude: to a greater extent, the above features are inherent in the speech of children and young people - those who were initially entrusted with continuity in the preservation and development of the language. The exception is people from countryside, i.e. from places with an ethnically homogeneous population. As for urban children, we can say with regret: expressing their emotions and conclusions in their native language, they manage with a minimum number of everyday words.

Of course, given that A.S. Pushkin was worried about mixing French with Nizhny Novgorod, and the “great” and “powerful” continues to flourish and develop, then you can reassure yourself that our language will still function for some time.

However, it will exist only when there is a need for it, when it is in demand. In the same period, the Karachay-Balkarian language, like the languages ​​of most of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus, is not in demand. It is no coincidence that the media from time to time publish letters from indignant parents who oppose the compulsory study of native languages ​​at school. They motivate their protest by saying that later life no one needs their native language: it will not help to enter a good institute or get a job, and better watch allocated for the study of native languages ​​and literatures to give the lessons of the Russian language or mathematics. To some extent, these parents can be understood: they are afraid that their children will not be successful, successful, will not make a career, because, having received a diploma in native languages ​​and literatures, you can only get a job at school, and what is the prestige of a school teacher - everyone knows.

In our multinational state, the most important principle is declared - the free and equal use of native languages ​​by all citizens, the manifestation of great concern for the active functioning of national languages ​​in various fields state, social and cultural life; encouragement of the study of the language of the people, after which the administrative unit is named, by citizens of other nationalities living on its territory. However, in our republic, the language situation is extremely far from the declared provisions: representatives of some peoples admit that their fellow tribesmen speak Russian much better than their native language. The degree of proficiency in the native language of the autochthonous population of the KChR, primarily by children and youth, is reduced to communication at the everyday level, when the words of both Russian and native languages ​​are used interspersed, without taking into account language and speech norms. With such communication, the Russian language also suffers, since the speakers often do not have sufficient command of the Russian language, "demonstrating a semi-culture of elementary everyday mastery ...".

The integration processes taking place at the present time give rise to the danger of semi-lingualism and semi-culturalism, which is tantamount to lack of culture. Bilingualism can cause a feeling of uncertainty about nationality, lead to the fact that people begin to feel ashamed of their nationality; at the same time, denial or embellishment of negative trends only worsens the prognosis language development society. “Full bilingualism either erases the most important and striking personality traits, or doubles them. The latter happens so far only with intellectual highly educated people,” researchers of the problems of bilingualism note.

Measures aimed at the revival and strengthening of the national languages ​​of the KChR, in particular, the Karachay-Balkar language, are taken and financed by no means government agencies, but by the efforts of enthusiasts who are not indifferent to the problems of their native language and public organizations. Their activities are bearing fruit (for example, the Foundation for the Promotion of the Development of Karachay-Balkarian Youth "Elbrusoid", which publishes a magazine for young people in their native language, translates animated films into Karachay-Balkarian, sponsors various events aimed at creating a sense of national and linguistic identity etc.).

However, the situation that has developed in the sphere of the Karachay-Balkar language in present stage is such that, despite the fact that the language is studied at school and university, it remains the subject of teaching, the same as singing, "Technology", "OBZh", etc. The language is not in demand in official, business, scientific, legal and other spheres. Thus, the prospect of the disappearance of the language becomes more and more real. To date, the functions of the Karachay-Balkarian language are mainly limited to its use as a spoken language serving the household sphere.

Under such conditions, the revival of the Karachay-Balkarian language through a set of specific measures is becoming relevant.

However, in order to solve existing problems in language construction, it is necessary to set new tasks that correspond to new conditions and meet the requirements of the time.

In our opinion, there are several options for actions that can, to some extent, if not revive the native language, then stop the process of its dying.

First, and this does not contradict the State Program for the Preservation and Development of National Languages ​​and the Formation of National Identity, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the spheres of functioning of both Russian and native languages. Now in the KChR, giving national languages ​​the status of state languages ​​is a nominal fact. In fact, the scope of native languages ​​is limited to the school and the national department of the university. Native languages ​​are not required. It was repeatedly proposed, following the example of neighboring republics, to introduce courses of native languages ​​(in any form, in particular, in the form of workshops) at all faculties of the university. This, to some extent, would also contribute to raising the prestige of native languages.

Introduce children's education into primary school in their native language - this option is probably acceptable not only for rural schools, but also for urban ones, because the bulk of students are children of the indigenous population;

For children who do not speak their native language, to publish an already prepared primer in the Karachay-Balkarian language for city schools;

For the Russian-speaking part of the Karachay-Balkarian youth who wish to learn their native language, prepare adapted audio and video versions of accelerated language courses (such as "ESHKO", etc.);

On a regional scale, to the extent possible, create a network of mass media, in particular, television broadcasting in national languages;

Expand the hours of broadcasting in national languages ​​on republican television and put them on a more convenient time for viewers;

Organize and financially support the publication of national books and magazines for children; also to saturate schools and national departments of universities with textbooks and teaching materials;

Duplicate the names of geographical objects in the places of compact residence of Karachays and Balkars in their native language, after bringing them into line with the spelling and orthoepic norms of the modern Karachay-Balkarian literary language;

The ongoing research work in the field of Karachay-Balkarian linguistics in no way affects the really functioning living language - they are cut off from each other. It is required to overcome this gap, to combine research work with modern linguistic life.

In this regard, in our opinion, it is extremely important necessary step is the development of scientific terminology in the native language. If Karachai and Balkar scientists managed to jointly solve this problem, to come to a common opinion at least in the field of linguistic terminology, undoubtedly, this would help to some extent reduce the gap between the regional components of the modern Karachay-Balkarian language, because the difference in the use of terms contributes to the distance them from each other. Translating a literary text from Russian into the native language is a real, quite feasible task, while translating a scientific article is almost impossible due to the lack of terms or inconsistency in the notation of concepts.

Currently, certain measures are being taken to unify the graphics and principles of orthography of the Karachay-Balkarian language. In our opinion, they are doomed in advance.

Many examples can be given of how dialects and closely related languages ​​coexist for tens and hundreds of years, but the expected assimilation does not occur. According to some scholars, the reason for this is the difference in national identity, the lack of a common territory and a number of other factors.

It is probably still worth reconciling with the fact that the state and functional status of the two components of a single Karachay-Balkarian literary language are two completely independent forms language, and attempts to force the uniformity of graphics and spelling, the imposition of uncharacteristic for the speakers of a particular dialect of linguistic phenomena, no doubt, will be rejected by the bulk of the population.

Vocabulary is the sphere of language most subject to transformations. However, even in this area it is impossible to make changes by force. Not later than ten years ago, some writers, poets, teachers, etc. advocated the expulsion of international words and borrowings from the Russian language from the vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkarian language, proposing to replace these lexical units with archaic Arabisms and Farsisms that were in circulation at the end of the 19th century - early twentieth centuries. These words (such as synyf, shiyir, shekirt, etc.) were actively tried to be included in the main vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkar language: they could be seen on the pages of newspapers, read in poems and stories, heard from the lips of school teachers and even university workers. However, for the majority of native speakers, artificially introduced words seemed pretentious, incomprehensible, and they did not take root in the language.

If the desire to make changes in the field of vocabulary is associated with such difficulties, then the strength of rejection, rejection of changes in the field of phonetics, the most conservative level of the language, will be an order of magnitude higher.

As statistical data confirm, the number of people who speak their native language and teach their children in their native language in the family is decreasing from year to year. In such a situation, the stubborn desire of some people to do everything possible to achieve the seemingly necessary goal - the unification of the alphabet, now, at this difficult time even for languages ​​​​with millions of native speakers, for our language (and similar experiments - for the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof all small peoples) can be a disastrous step.

There have been many problems. This is the lack of development of spelling and orthoepic norms, and the lack of teaching aids. The language of the only subscription newspaper and rather rare television programs in the native language can only cause sadness and bewilderment. However, it is also obvious that the current situation cannot be corrected by calling for the preservation of the purity of the language and the saturation of schools and universities with eternally missing textbooks and manuals. A thorough theoretical development of all problems is required in order to really change the existing situation, before it becomes irreversible, and our languages ​​do not become endangered.

Bibliographic link

Khapaeva S.M. PROBLEMS OF PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE KARACHAY-BALKAR LANGUAGE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION // International Journal of Applied and fundamental research. - 2016. - No. 1-3. - S. 442-445;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=8532 (date of access: 02/28/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

The democratic forces of the world are concerned with the preservation and development of all peoples. In the context of globalization and technical process individual states resort to saving money at the expense of education and science, transferring fundamental science to self-financing, which will lead to the degradation of science and culture. To save money, you need to look for other ways. Inadequate reforms in educational and scientific institutions will lead to the disappearance not only of the languages ​​of small peoples, but also to a decrease in the role of the Russian language in the world community.

Key words: preservation and development of languages, creation of conditions for equal development of languages, historical value of a language, fundamental science.

The democratic forces of the world are concerned about the preservation and development of all peoples. Under the conditions of globalization and technological process individual States resort to economize on education and science, making fundamental science self-financing, which will lead to the degradation of science and culture. To save money, you should look for other ways. Inadequate reforms in educational and scientific institutions will kill not only the languages ​​of numerically small peoples, but also reduce the role of the Russian language in the world community.

Keywords: preservation and development of languages, creation of conditions for equal development of languages, historical value of the language, fundamental science.

The peoples of the world, democratic states, major political, public and scientific figures are concerned with preserving and developing the languages ​​of all peoples. Evidence of their concern is repeated scientific conferences, symposiums at the level of all-Russian, international meetings. Such scientific forums were held especially often in the 90s of the XX century. in Moscow, Elista, Nijmegen (Netherlands), Berlin, Paris, London and others. They were attended by scientists, teachers, creative intelligentsia, public and statesmen. Many made presentations on the preservation and development of languages, especially of minority peoples, some speakers gave interesting examples of learning a language in state level one thousand people in Australia. In our country, on the Kola Peninsula, the Saami people live, the number of which is up to 3 thousand. This small people, fearing the disappearance of their native language, opened a school on their own, where they studied their language and culture. According to the speaker, this school was then included in the state budget funding. So much attention is paid to the language of any (small and large) people because the language is the most significant monument of any people individually and for all mankind, because the language serves as a carrier of the history and culture of this people and part of the history and culture of all people of the world.

At meetings of such scientific conferences, representatives different peoples and states exchanged experience, developed and discussed measures to create favorable conditions for the free and equal development of all languages ​​and cultures of peoples. As for the representatives of the Russian Federation, many of them advocated the implementation of the provisions of the Law "On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the RSFSR" of October 25, 1991, the laws on the languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation, as well as government programs for the preservation and development of languages.

At the present stage, during the period of development of a new type of Russian federal statehood, the role of national and cultural factors immeasurably increases, among which the language is the most priority sign of the national, ethnic and spiritual culture of any of the peoples of Russia, the paramount value factor consolidating the ethnos. The development of the language and its full-blooded life are impossible without the revival of culture and national traditions. Because of this, there is a need to develop functions and expand the scope of both national and regional languages, as well as languages ​​of small peoples. In view of this, at any scientific forum, its participants advocated state support for the preservation and development of languages ​​of small peoples.

At these scientific conferences, the issues of creating conditions for the equal and original development of each of the languages ​​were resolved. Russian peoples and ethnic diasporas, the development of bilingualism and multilingualism on the territory of Russia, and also called on the peoples of multilingual Russia to respect the language, culture and traditions of the neighboring people as the norm of cultural communication.

Everyone should know that the basis of knowledge and the most important form of individual creativity is the historical value of the language as the primary element of the culture of any nation. However, in the context of globalization, the scientific and technological revolution and geopolitical upheavals, the scope of the language is shrinking. This can accelerate the loss of national self-identity of the peoples of our country and threaten the even development of world culture. Unfortunately, our Russian society turned out to be unprepared for the new conditions of globalization and development technical progress, computerization, internetization of communication in the world. Under these conditions, our state resorts to unusual savings at the expense of education and culture. However, it should be noted that in this case they directly violate the economic laws related to scientists and scientific products. The fact is that fundamental science was never expected to provide momentary benefits to society, and demanding such benefits from it would mean a misunderstanding of the tasks of fundamental science, the task of which is to discover the laws of the surrounding world. The foregoing does not mean that scientists involved in fundamental science are not interested in the applied side of their theoretical research. We are talking only about the main task of this category of scientists. We must not forget that the achievements of applied science are based on fundamental science. Nowadays, attempts to transfer fundamental science to self-financing are meaningless, because it cannot in any way pay off for a short time. In general, any scientific - fundamental or applied - is not self-sustaining, because scientific manuscripts are published in scientific journals free of charge, i.e., without a fee, and at present, on the contrary, in order to publish your work, you must pay the author himself. And this will eventually lead to the degradation of science in general, since science is not able to pay itself. Scientific works in the historical and philological cycle, and in many other sciences, do not have a direct economic effect, but they are necessary for the development of human culture. Therefore, the underestimation of the role of science in life, its transfer to self-sufficiency with the aim of saving money for other purposes, whether we like it or not, encroaches on the culture and life of peoples. Saving money at the expense of science and education is unacceptable, it will drastically slow down development human society. Such an economic approach to the science of the philological cycle violates the attitude developed over the centuries towards language and literature as the basic branch of knowledge and the basis of human civilization and the emergence of human society itself. To save money, it is necessary to look for other ways: look at the swollen staffing of civil servants and their exorbitant salaries; adjust the difference in the salaries of managers and direct producers; eradicate theft from life in any of its forms - in civil and official; stop corruption; keep the law for everyone, regardless

from the position held; improve control over work officials, surrounding themselves with numerous deputies, poms and sycophants with high salaries, etc. As a result of the implementation of these measures, funds will be released that would be enough to maintain a large number highly qualified scientists in various fields of science. The need for such measures also applies to scientific institutions themselves, where sometimes for years salaries are paid not according to the results of work, but only according to positions or degrees.

Held for last years economic reforms in the educational and scientific institutions of our country will lead to the extinction of not only the languages ​​of small peoples, but also to undermine the role of the Russian language in the world community as a means of consolidating and entering into world civilization. All this will appear as a threat to the unity of the cultural and historical space of Russian society, and will also lead to the disunity of the peoples of our country and the weakening of the state as a whole. Here it is necessary to take into account Russia's connection with the CIS countries in the linguistic field and with other countries of the world, where this connection is carried out not by laws of a purely economic nature, but by the culture of communication with them.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that science and fashion, science and haste are incompatible, science loves time and patience, the meaningfulness of any natural phenomenon. For the violation of the laws of the surrounding world, humanity will suffer first of all, and science will be to blame for this matter, succumbing to the demands of ignorant leaders.

Language is a means of expressing thoughts. Language depends on the thinking of the individual and society. It is impossible to change the language artificially. It is necessary to educate society - the language will consistently reflect all changes. If society recovers spiritually, the language will be cleansed of foreign impurities.

Language is not only a method of communication, it is also one of the signs of the life of the people who use it; this is a book that reflects the entire history of the development of the people, its entire historical path, from ancient times to the present day. In each word, the historical past is traced, relentlessly accompanying people; traced the present, and perhaps the future of all those who, with their mother's milk, absorbed Russian words filled with the love of people close and dear to their hearts.

Ways to solve the problem

• 1. To improve the quality of the study of the Russian language and literature in general education schools.
• 2. Monitor the quality of literary works produced by book publishers.
• 3. To revive a good philological education (training of qualified teaching staff). We need teachers - creators who are in love with their work, who would educate students in sensitivity and exactingness to the word. A highly educated person in Russia has always been considered a well-read person, well-versed in oral and written speech, fluent in 2-3 languages.
• 4. Promote the culture of speech through the media, and the media themselves should become models of the Russian literary language. Competent, emotional speech should sound on television, radio, on stage, in the theater.
• 5. Public people: journalists, politicians, representatives of the highest echelon of power, show business - must master the norms of Russian literary speech.
• 6. Raise the public, youth to fight against the clogging of the Russian language (hold conferences, forums, actions, round tables ...).
• 7. And most importantly: all together and each individually should want to speak their native language correctly, accessible, expressively. Competent speech should become the norm.

• MODERN LANGUAGE SITUATION
• LANGUAGE REGULATIONS
• OBJECT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

The article touches upon the problem of the need to preserve the national Russian language as the most important object of cultural heritage.

• Historical stages of the development of the English language in terms of linguistic and extralinguistic factors

Preservation of one's own cultural heritage is one of the most important tasks of any state, if it is interested in its further development. Moving forward is impossible without relying on the material and spiritual basis left by previous generations. In those historical periods when society is at the next key stage of development, when serious stakes are at stake, turning to the experience of ancestors helps to find the optimal vectors for the future path.

For our country, with its vast territories inhabited by dozens of nationalities and nationalities belonging to different religious denominations having different cultural traditions and huge differences in the economy, the most important object cultural and historical heritage becomes the Russian language, uniting dissimilar regions into a single state. According to Valery Ganichev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Academician, Chairman of the Board of the Union of Writers of Russia, Deputy Head of the World Russian People's Council, "... the Russian language was in the full sense a bridge language, a sacred holding principle, a language of gathering and mutual cultural enrichment" .

Throughout its history, the Russian language has repeatedly gone through difficult periods, when it seemed to many that the last days of its existence were coming. This is the Petrine era with its flow of borrowings from European languages, and the first third of the twentieth century, and, of course, our difficult time. And if the legacy of Peter the Great's reforms and revolutionary changes was eventually overcome, then today's language situation is of great concern to both linguists and many members of the public, who are clearly aware of the damage that a low level of native language proficiency causes and can still cause to society.

Undoubtedly, the modern language situation has several serious differences from the period of almost a century ago and, moreover, from the situation at the beginning of the 18th century. First, never before in the history of mankind on everyday life and the minds of people were not influenced by the media and electronic means connections, which, unfortunately, for the most part have ceased to be a source of normative Russian speech.

Accordingly, grammatical, lexical, orthoepic errors broadcast on the air imperceptibly blur the very understanding of the need for correct word usage. Secondly, the number of hours devoted to educational programs has sharply decreased. high school for the study of the Russian language and literature (in grades 10-11 according to the standard for the study of the most complex works of Russian literature - "Fathers and Sons", "War and Peace", "Crime and Punishment", "Quiet Flows the Don", "Master and Margarita" and others are given 3 hours a week). Also, schoolchildren and students (and this is supported by new education standards) are gradually reorienting the perception of information from reading to viewing (presentations, illustrations, videos). All this ultimately leads to the fact that young people do not absorb the wonderful samples of Russian speech, do not plunge into the element of the “great and powerful, truthful and free” Russian language, and do not even imagine those grandiose opportunities that one of the most developed, complex and beautiful languages ​​on the planet to express your thoughts and feelings.

As a result, in modern Russia, not only is the level of proficiency in the national language declining, which is indirectly confirmed by the lowering of the threshold for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language and literature, but the “connection of times” also threatens to break. The possibility of this gap was emphasized by Patriarch Kirill at the founding meeting of the Society of Russian Literature: “A schoolchild who does not know his own language and does not join the national culture and, first of all, literature, breaks away from his roots. It is more difficult for him to realize and even more so to feel ownership of the same historical vertical with his people, with the great events of the past, to share moral, spiritual and cultural ideals with national heroes and prominent personalities". In confirmation of the words of the rector of the Russian Orthodox Church it can be said that many young people, reading the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov, Tyutchev, Fet, claim that they were not interested in these works, because it is not clear what is at stake, the words used by the classics of Russian literature are incomprehensible. Modern schoolchildren and students need a translation “from Russian into Russian”, and most often they simply do not bother to read - and even more so analyze - the works of the first half of the 19th century, the language of which, flexible and full-blooded, is very different from their usual simplified colloquial version.

As you know, the loud call to "throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity" - a harbinger of revolutionary changes - was heard in Russian history on December 18, 1912 in the futurist manifesto: "The past is crowded. The Academy and Pushkin are more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs. Throw Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and so on. and so on. from the Steamboat of Modernity". And this is not surprising: Pushkin is the brightest symbol of Russian national culture, the creator of the Russian literary language. The denial of his spiritual authority, the oblivion of his crystal clear language provided unlimited opportunities for manipulation with the meanings and concepts contained in the words, which naturally led to a distortion of the picture of the world and manipulation of public consciousness.

The danger lurking in the seemingly harmless search for new forms in art was quickly recognized. I. Bunin in 1915 wrote a short poem "The Word", which is often quoted today: "And we have no other property! / Know how to take care / At least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, / Our immortal gift is speech", wherein National language is understood as the only property of the people and the country.

A similar idea was expressed by V.V. Rozanov in the article “A.S. Pushkin”, published in Novoye Vremya in 1899: “Russia received a concentration outside classes, positions, outside the rough material facts of its history; there is a place where she is all gathered, where she listens all, this is a Russian word.

Thus, for our country, one of the most important assets of the national culture is the Russian national language. Preserving its purity and wealth is one of the main duties of both the state and every native speaker. And if such a duty does not seem necessary for an individual, then the state must be fully aware of the dangers that may arise in the life of society with the gradual degradation of the language. The introduction of a number of mandatory requirements for public figures and media representatives (for example, a state exam for knowledge of the norms of the Russian language when applying for a job or taking office), as well as increasing the number of hours school curriculum allocated to the course of Russian and literature, in our opinion, will allow to stop the negative changes that currently threaten the Russian national language.

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