Problems of preserving the national Russian language as the most important object of cultural heritage. Preservation of the Russian language (problems, positions)

The need to preserve the language in a state of communicative suitability has a two-sided focus. On the one hand, it is a source of resistance to any change in language, on the other hand, in some cases it causes a desire to compensate for lost language tools. Compensation for lost funds can be seen as a special type of historical change.

In specialized linguistic literature, the definition of language as a historically changing phenomenon is quite common. Some linguists even consider it methodologically unacceptable to study a language in a purely synchronous way, while arguing that the language is always in a state of continuous change, and the results of this change cannot be discounted.

In fact, the language does not only change historically. At the same time, he resists any kind of change, strives to preserve what exists in this moment condition. This trend does not represent anything strange or unusual. It is generated by the very function of communication. A speaker in a particular language is interested in others understanding him. Any sudden and rapid change in the language carries the danger of turning it into an insufficiently convenient and suitable means of communication, and, conversely, the desire to preserve the system of habitual and communicatively developed linguistic means of communication protects the language from this danger.

Therefore, in every language there is a tendency to maintain the existing state until some force overcomes this natural resistance. Every word and every form resists. Many different "inconveniences" can be found in different languages, and yet they are not eliminated.

In the process of historical language change individual elements the language system that characterized its former state may be lost. Some elements after the loss are not renewed again or resumed after the expiration of quite significant periods of time. So, for example, the old word forms of the Slavic dualis were rethought in Russian as the forms of the genus. p. units numbers (step, brother) in attributive combinations.

The forms of the dual number that disappeared in many Uralic languages ​​in the verb conjugation system were not restored again. Lost in some Indo-European languages ​​\u200b\u200bdoes not resume grammatical category kind. In the Finno-Ugric languages, there is a reduction in a large number of suffixes of multiple action, which is typical for the Uralic stem language. Cases of restoration of these losses are not observed.

These facts obviously indicate that the lost linguistic elements are not sufficiently communicatively necessary. At the same time, the loss of linguistic elements of a different type is always associated with the emergence of new linguistic means that compensate for them.

From the history various languages there are cases when the forms of local cases were lost, expressing various local relations. In their place, either postpositional or prepositional constructions, or new inflectional cases appear. So, for example, the ablative -i that once existed in it disappeared in the Mari language. The meaning of moving away from the subject began to be expressed by a construction with the postposition gq and, for example, ola gq and `from the city`.

A similar phenomenon took place in Latin, in which the ancient ablative also disappeared, and its functions were taken over by prepositional constructions with the preposition de, for example, OE. populōd `from the people`, in a later period - de populō. In the ancient Turkic languages, there was a special case instructive, which had the meaning of instrumental and joint cases. After his disappearance, these meanings began to be transmitted by special constructions.

In modern Greek, the dative case, which differs in ancient Greek, disappeared. The functions of the disappeared dative case began to be expressed by a prepositional construction with the preposition s (from the ancient eis), cf. other Greek tш ўnfripJ `to a person`, n.-Greek. stXn ¤nfrwpo.

The Turkic languages ​​once had a special instrumental case -up. After its loss, the relations expressed by it began to be expressed by analytical prepositional constructions. The loss in many Indo-European languages ​​of the ancient genitive case caused the emergence of new language means that replace it.

Compensation indicates that the lost elements were communicatively necessary.

Serebrennikov B.A. General linguistics - M., 1970

Preservation and development of linguistic culture:
legal aspect

CM. Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council:

<…>Dear colleagues, dear friends! People who are not indifferent, professionals in the field of culture, in the field of science, in the field that we usually call linguistic sphere, and today we will talk about a very important aspect of our Russian culture, we will talk about the Russian language.<…>

Of course, education plays a special role in the preservation of the language. But here we have a special, difficult situation. The main blow to literacy today, in my opinion, is inflicted by the introduction of the Unified State Examination. Behind him, a test form of testing knowledge in the classroom will inevitably creep into everyday practice. To be honest, I am simply discouraged by the joyful statement of our Rosobrnadzor that now ninth grade graduates will also take the exam. By the way, this egeization is going on like a creeping counter-revolution all over the country.<…>

It is very important that some beacons of speech culture illuminate our path: books, newspapers, television and radio programs. There should be specialists for whom competent, pure literary speech is an indicator of professionalism. First of all, these are teachers and lecturers.

The whole complex of existing problems has led to the fact that policy issues in the field of language, its legal support are at the epicenter of public discussions. As you know, in June of this year, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved a list of grammars, dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of modern Russian literary language when it is used as a state. Actually, a lot of work has been done. Very large in content and very complete guides are made. And then, of course, as you know, a heated debate broke out regarding the list of recommended grammars, dictionaries and reference books, and, of course, the norms contained in these approved by the Ministry education and science dictionaries. Normative consolidation as acceptable, what was previously considered illiterate, is always perceived painfully. Probably, many of you remember the story that Chukovsky once told, when he, clutching his heart, violently rebelled against the fact that the word necessarily has come to be used in our language as a synonym certainly. Because in due time the word necessarily meant kindly.<…>

And it seems that we, at least many of us sitting in this room and many with whom I spoke on this subject in recent times, began to clutch at the heart when they announced to us that instead of contract "r, you can speak before"dialect and contract "r, when we heard the word coffee can be used in the middle gender. Moreover, it seemed to me very strange the explanation of the compilers of dictionaries that the majority began to speak like that.<…>

I think the reason for the sharp and, in my opinion, correct reaction is that the general decline in the culture of speech and culture of behavior in the country, which disturbs educated people, is already, alas, a fact of our life.<…>

Domestic legislation should be developed taking into account the issues of preservation and protection of languages.<…>

It should be noted that the current legislation does not provide for liability for violation of laws on languages.<…>

In our country, censorship has always been rejected by the public, but today many representatives of even that part of society that has always rebelled against censorship stand up for it. First of all, I mean not political censorship, but at least, let's say, moral.<…>

In my opinion, the Government should be legally obligated to report annually on activities to protect the Russian language and the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.<…>

Dear colleagues, of course, language is not a frozen form, but a living tissue. Generations of people change, and, of course, certain new forms, new words are introduced, but this does not free us from constant and hard work to maintain the language culture at the highest level. Everyone who cares about our future should take part in this work.<…>

A.Yu. Bolshakov, Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky, member of the Council on State Cultural Policy under the Chairman of the Federation Council:

In this regard, I recall the words of Dostoevsky that the Russian people, despite their visible animal image, in the depths of their souls bear a completely different image - the image of Christ, the image of Christ. Unfortunately, today this visible animal image is more and more brazenly baring its fangs. And now our youth (everyone who walks down the street hears it everywhere), alas, both girls and boys are building a phrase from some swear words. It would seem, well, what is a transitional age, all this can be forgiven. However, behind this external, at first glance, deep and very disturbing processes are guessed that have now engulfed our society. First of all, this is the impoverishment of his self-consciousness and the biologization of thinking, that is, the same social Darwinism, I do not get tired of shouting about it. This is perhaps the most terrible disease that has now gripped our society.<…>

E.A. Bystritskaya, People's Artist of the USSR, State Academic Maly Theater of Russia:

<…>It seems to me that it is imperative to renew the dictionaries for television and radio announcers. It would be necessary to make a program for television, maybe for radio, on etiquette, on relationships. But to develop a culture of relationships simply by what we would like so much,<на словах>impossible. Some concrete action is needed.<…>

V.Ya. Kurbatov, board member of the Writers' Union of Russia:

<…>When a language lives a natural life, it is not spoken about, it is simply spoken. And if it was necessary to compile a dictionary of the expansion of the Russian language, which was put together by Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, then things are bad, it means that the writer is cramped in the language of life and it is necessary to clean up the impoverished reality with obsolete attire and flowers, from which we immediately feel uncomfortable in his prose , as in a retrospective exhibition, where life seems to be ours, but no longer recognizable by us.

Alas, the language cannot be expanded by the will of even such a firm and authoritative person as Solzhenitsyn, just as it is impossible even to force them to be equally equivalent before"dialect and agreed "r, excited" and excited", extraction "cha and to "bull.<…>

And now we have to regulate it, our will and our truth, an inexhaustible treasure, by laws. Now we have it not just a living Great Russian language, like Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, but a state language. There is nothing to rise with your liveliness and Great Russianness. Meanwhile, one must be deaf and blind not to see that the world is growing rich not by unification, which we aspire to, but by God's diversity, that the garden of human speech is beautiful when it blooms with heavenly diversity, and not with the crampedness of a political or commercial newspaper. The French protect their language from foreign invasion, because they remember their genius Alphonse Daudet, who said that as long as the people, even enslaved, own their language, they own the key to their prison. And the German Heidegger defends his language, prompts the nation that language is the house of being. Being, not everyday life, God, not a political report.<…>

E.A. Shmeleva, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. V.V. Vinogradov:

<…>There are so-called linguistic authorities in the language. We will all remember some person in our life who spoke very beautifully and whom we would like to imitate. And very often even in disputes about language, which is very lively, emotional sphere, people talk about it... "That's what my teacher said" or "That's what my professor said", "That's what my father said"... Someone you respect.

Now there are many good teachers in the school and many young good teachers, but the prestige of the teacher is very low, and less and less children imitate teachers. And this is a problem that needs to be solved somehow. Also only enlightenment.<…>

V.N. Shaposhnikov

<…>I will touch on some language issues. First of all, this is the arrival of foreign words, which now make up a large volume, but this is the most obvious and uncomplicated problem. Theoretically, it was resolved long ago and unshakably resolved, I will not repeat it here. For example, fax machine- a necessary and inalienable word, absolutely inalienable. But current ones, for example, minimize, minimize, show their superficiality or even slovenliness in comparison with the more accurate and responsible native words of this conceptual nest, such as: reduce, curtail, stop and others. And it is no coincidence that the word minimize took root in official life, becoming a kind of euphemism, including in the banking sector. Minimizing risks... Translated into Russian, it means “stop cheating, stop cheating”. Even words like developer or remake, you can find a full match in Russian, and these found words would make the situation clearer. And a number of foreign words become euphemisms, some foreign borrowings are built into a number of linguistic redundancies.<…>

A.N. Varlamov, writer, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

<…>You can talk endlessly about what a great, wonderful Russian language how we love him, how we fight, protect. But what's the point of these conversations? Sense, in my opinion, should be in the adoption of some specific solutions. And, I repeat, it is necessary to save not only the Russian language, it is necessary to save literature, including writings in schools, first of all, because this is a concrete subject matter that concerns us all.<…>As a result of the fact that literature ceased to be compulsory subject, for the first time, I don’t know, in the 200 years of Russia’s existence we will get a generation of children who will pass by Pushkin, by Lermontov, Dostoevsky and so on, and this is not only a matter of their general cultural level.<…>

I'll start with education. It seems to me that it is impossible to study the Russian language, it is impossible to save the Russian language in isolation from other, let's say, humanitarian spheres. No wonder we have teachers of the Russian language and literature. This is absolutely fair! The Russian language, in my opinion, exists in literature. I mean first of all classic literature, and not modern (with all due respect to her). And therefore, talking about the Russian language in the field of education at school means talking about literature and vice versa. We have had a tragic, it seems to me, separation of these things in connection with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, which Sergei Mikhailovich already spoke about today. The fact that literature has ceased to be an educational subject in our country, the fact that we have lost the essay as a form of reporting for schoolchildren, in my opinion, may not be a national catastrophe (loudly speaking), but this is a very serious thing, because it leads to a direct dehumanization of society. Here's the problem! And therefore, the opponents with whom I would like to talk would be, in my opinion, exactly those people who thought of this thing.<…>

<…>Tragic, sad speeches are heard that we no longer have a people, that we already have a population, that everything is lost. I beg to disagree with this. Behind last years I travel quite a lot in Russia, I have been in the North, and in the West, and in Far East. I meet with different audiences: with schoolchildren, and with students, and with soldiers, and even with prisoners, it happens (this, of course, is a separate story), but nevertheless I want to say that when you see faces, when you hear questions, when you see the eyes - this is a people, this is a very good people, but this people requires a different attitude towards itself. Thank you.

M.V. Gorbanevsky, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Deputy Chairman of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Chairman of the Guild of Expert Linguists:

<…>We need a state eye that will oversee, monitor, in a slang term, specialists, monitor violations of the law in the field related to the language. And this is not only the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, this is not only the Federal Law of 2005 on Russian as the state language, there are provisions of the Federal Law “On Advertising”, which also relate to the use of the language, and much more.

How else can good, effective laws be violated?

My colleagues and I wrote the 1997 law on street names. Article 9 of this law is written in black and white: a memorial street name can be assigned only in exceptional cases as a token of a person's merits and only 10 years after the death of this person. Together with the Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of Moscow, Petrov, I presented the draft of this law at a meeting of the Moscow City Duma, it was adopted unanimously. What then happened? They killed Mr. Kadyrov Sr., and in violation of this law, the name of the street was given "Kadyrov street" in South Butovo, which caused a mixed reaction in society.

What happened a year ago, dear colleagues? A year ago, something extraordinary happened. Victory Avenue in the capital of one of our republics, named in honor of the Victory over fascism, was renamed in honor of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. This is Victory Avenue in Grozny. I think this is something out of the ordinary. But this is also applied linguistics. What does this indicate? About a lot. And, by the way, Vladimir Vladimirovich, if he wanted to, could pull Kadyrov Jr., and Pobedy Avenue would return to the map of the city of Grozny.

Therefore, I am entirely for the optimization of this law. I am all in favor of the philological community (there are very experienced linguists here who have experience working as legal drafting consultants) to take part in this. I am for the fact that after all the pies are baked by piemen, and the boots are sharpened by shoemakers.<…>

A.N. Kachalkin, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

Council for State Culture, Policy for the Preservation and Development of Language Culture… It is very good that the legal aspect is being considered. I am entirely for the approval by high authorities of the proposals that will come from professionals. Until now, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, prepared over four years in the 50s, are actually functioning, although there are a lot of discussions about the truth of these rules. Perhaps, at a certain stage, a revision of the rules is also needed, but with the preservation of the variance that will contribute to the development of the language.

Indeed, own the norm, but do not be its slave, rationally look for new suitable means for expressing this or that concept. It is this creativity that will be evaluated, especially if arguments are given in favor of precisely such forms, precisely such words, their use in precisely such a meaning. And here I am reminded of the words spoken two years before the death of my supervisor thesis Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov. It was a great pleasure to work under his leadership. At that time (it was the turn of the 1950s and 1960s), he said: you know, we lack a “synthetic dictionary”. Now such a synthetic dictionary could be called a "universally erudite dictionary of the Russian language."

G.A. Bogatova, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after V.V. Vinogradov:

<…>It is necessary not only to talk about the spoken language, about the spoken element, it is necessary to fill the school with dictionaries so that the habit of using the dictionary begins right from the first grades of school.

But we must also remember something else, remember our historical experience. It was during the period of Catherine, when the power was being built by Catherine, that they began to make the first national vocabulary, "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" ...<…>

The dictionary was created by the elite of that time, even starting directly from the confessor of Catherine. Ekaterina herself created, and Dashkova wrote dictionary entries, and Derzhavin wrote dictionary entries. And Derzhavin at that time was not only a poet, but also a very busy statesman, he was the Tambov governor and Minister of Justice.

Therefore, I urge that we do not lower the bar.<…>

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, creating a plan for the development of vocabulary in the 50s, laid the foundation for fundamental lexicography, that is, it is also a dictionary of Russian folk dialects, the 37th edition of which is now out. This means that we have not lost the words of the village lost to us, they are there. It is also a dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries and other dictionaries. We must also think about the fact that the Russian language is one of the Slavic languages. Therefore, both the etymological dictionary of the Russian language and the etymological dictionary of all Slavic languages ​​are also our culture ... These three dictionaries are not finished, and this is a tragedy for the near future, which is why I am talking about this. We need to finish them ... and it's time for the people who are developing their language to have them in electronic form.

V.A. Nedziwiecki, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

<…>An example from a two-page dictation conducted recently for first-year students at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. In it, a recent applicant with 100 points in Russian, obtained in the final exam in USE system, made 23 mistakes. The first-year student with 58 exam points made 41 mistakes. Another first-year student, who managed to get into the faculty, having only 22 points in Russian, made 47 mistakes in the dictation. And these are future journalists, that is, people for whom their native language is the means and essence of their future specialty.

Finally, another example, this time from a written speech by a government official, in this case a military commissar. On a summons received by one of the young men to be mobilized, this young man read the following explanation duties of a citizen subject to conscription for military service: “In accordance with federal law o... (and so on) ...citizens, not pr and who are in the reserve are obliged to appear on the agenda to clarify the information of military registration or mandrels to a military unit for military service (direction to alternative civilian service)”, two words together, and so on. Here it is, the whole memo. It has 10 biggest mistakes.<…>It remains to add that this memo, mocking the Russian language, was printed in a typographical way and, of course, was replicated in tens of thousands of copies.<…>

In Russia, where literature has always been more than literature, because it was both sociology and ontology of Russian, Russian morality and morality, Russian philosophy and eschatology, the best way to say about the creative possibilities of a young person is an essay on Russian literature. It should be made mandatory for all graduates, both for the ninth and eleventh grades.

A.S. Melkov, Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin, member of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation:

<…>It is necessary not only to prohibit the use of non-assimilated foreign borrowings that phonetically, orthographically or syntactically distort the Russian language, incorrect variants of words in the media, advertising, office work, but also to introduce legal liability for violations of the provisions of the law on the state language. It is necessary to introduce restrictions into the law on the unreasonable use of foreign words in public, official speech, mainly substitute words and words that distort the appearance of the Russian literary language, the so-called incorrect Russian words, that is, jargon, swearing, network slang, distortion of stress, and so on. To protect the Russian language, it is necessary to create a special body under the Government of the Russian Federation, which should include scientists, philologists, university professors, as well as persons with generally recognized authority in the field of Russian philology: writers, poets and critics.<…>

R.N. Kleimenova, museum director. IN AND. Dalia, Scientific Secretary Society of lovers of Russian literature:

<…>Dictionaries are a necessary component of the educational process, self-education of schoolchildren, students, specialists in different areas knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to publish dictionaries in mass circulation, to ensure that libraries at all levels are supplied with dictionaries, and with the help of the state, to put up a barrier to the publication of fake dictionaries, which I encounter. Now there are a lot of "Dal's dictionaries", Dal is everywhere, but to call them Dahl's dictionaries simply does not turn the tongue.<…>

Interview with Doctor of Philology Madina Khakuasheva on the topic of language policy in Russia. Discussed a new bill on amendments to the law "On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation" of the deputy State Duma Gadzhimet Safaraliyev and the July meeting of the Presidential Council on Interethnic Issues.
After the interview, there were many questions that could only be answered in a dialogue with the authorities.
Kavkazskaya Politika spoke with the author of the bill, Gadzhimet Safaraliev, and learned how the Russian language will affect the study of national languages ​​in the regions.

- Gadzhimet Kerimovich, during your speech at the last meeting of the Presidential Council on Interethnic Relations, you talked a lot about the role of the Russian language, about the level of literacy of schoolchildren. The fact that “the Russian language in modern Russia has always been a powerful state-forming factor, the basis for a sense of civic identity”, but did not touch on the problem of national languages ​​in their speech.

– The main thing that I wanted to emphasize in my speech at the meeting of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation is that all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, including the Russian language, are equal. And they realize this equality in the status of their native language.

It is in this status that the language is chosen and studied at school as a separate subject "mother tongue". However, educational practice shows that in a number of republics the Russian language cannot be native and studied during the hours allotted for the “native language”.

For some reason, the education system in the language block still exists as in the Soviet Union, although already in 1993 the Constitution of the Russian Federation established the status of the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

In the draft law, which was introduced by our deputies, it is proposed to assign the status of the native language to the Russian language, so as not to violate constitutional law citizens to choose their native language, if it is Russian.

You should not think that this will infringe on anyone's rights, on the contrary, if we give the opportunity to consider the Russian language as a native language, then the attitude towards all the languages ​​​​of the peoples of Russia will also change in a positive direction.

And it will be possible to create not separate programs for the support and development of languages ​​that exist in the subjects of the Federation, but one federal program for the study, preservation and development of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

– Do you already have such plans?

- There are such proposals. But you need to understand that the task of preserving native languages, popularizing their use cannot be solved only at the expense of the legislative, financial capabilities of the state, a separate region.

We all must understand that the preservation and development of the native language is the responsibility of both the state and the citizen. Therefore, it is necessary to support and in every possible way encourage our people in their desire to speak, write, perform songs, publish literature, and create media in their native language.

Of course, they play a significant role in this. family traditions. The attention to the use of the native language in the education system and other spheres of public life will depend precisely on how the family will treat the native language, what place it will take in personal communication.

In education, culture, communication and creativity, the knowledge of the native language only enriches a person.

- In Karachay-Cherkessia, your bill has caused a wave of indignation among some scientists. According to them, the Russian language is studied there, for example, every day, and only three hours a week are allotted for native languages.

– I should note that the legislative bodies of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic presented positive feedback to the bill. And all the discussions that have unfolded around the bill, and not only in the KChR you named, but also in other regions of the Russian Federation, seem to me extremely useful, so I only welcome them.

The introduction of this bill has created a positive precedent - the language needs of our citizens have become the subject of a wide and expert, and parental discussion.

We are convinced how much the study of native languages ​​is in demand, how much it is necessary to take additional measures on their preservation and development in the school system of education.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that earlier we did not accidentally introduce a separate article “Languages ​​of education” into the law “On Education in the Russian Federation”.

It takes into account all the statuses of languages: both state and native. This approach in school education allows you to sum up the hours for learning languages.

There is a right to take to the study of their language large quantity hours. It is only necessary to develop and make clear these principles in the regional legislation.

I am from Dagestan. We have more than 10 languages ​​as natives. We learn our native languages, but nevertheless, if I want to study Russian as my native language in Dagestan, I won’t be able to. Just like in Tuva, Karachay-Cherkessia or another republic.

I will study Russian as the state language of the Russian Federation. But answer my question - why 80 percent of the population should not have a native language? Just because he's a government official?

After all, there are also republican state languages, and children study them as native ones. There should be a concept: “on which child is gurgling?” Is it in the state language?

The world is getting harder today modern man can speak and think in two or three languages. And if a person changes the language of communication, he does not become different, does not identify himself with another non-native ethnic group, people. If I move to England and start speaking English language I won't become an Englishman.

- What about your children? If they are brought up in a different language environment, they may lose the culture of the ethnic group.

– Right, but this is globalization, what do you want? Then you need to pay more attention to this in the family. Understand that the need to learn a language is born in a family atmosphere, in an atmosphere of respect and desire to touch the traditions of the family, the customs of one's ethnic community.

No child will make progress in learning anything if the subject is not interesting to him, if he is not passionate about it.

And the concern of the state is to realize this need formed by the family in learning the native language thanks to the education system.

New regional programs are also possible, which will contribute to the growth of interest in the study of native languages, provide preferences for those who teach and study in their native language.

- Is the problem of preserving the native language and culture less important than the study of the state language?

- In no case. I would generally refrain from posing the question in this way - “what is more important?”

Everything is important when it comes to liberal arts education. Its quality is the key to the formation of a healthy personality, the preservation of values ​​and moral guidelines in our society.

Therefore, special attention is riveted to the liberal arts today. Most are wondering what needs to be changed, improved first, what second, and so on.

But look general level the literacy of schoolchildren is declining in Russia as a whole; in the bulk, students have a poor command of the culture of Russian speech. Unfortunately, this year I even had to reduce the USE score in Russian to 24 points.

A generation has grown up knowing the language unable to express their thoughts correctly. How will these young people continue to study, live, work, if they have not even learned to write correctly?

That is why we raised this issue and decided that it is necessary to create a unified Russian language textbook. Not scientific work in the Russian language to pass off as textbooks, and with the participation of a large number of scientists to write a single manual, to work by analogy with the one that is being carried out to prepare a single history textbook.

It is unacceptable that each subject of the Russian Federation has its own local history and its own history textbook, and each author writes in his own coordinate system. For one, Stalin is an enemy, for another - a friend, for a third ... well, you can’t do that!

- What is wrong with the diversity of views on the historical situation. Isn't that the point?

- In science - yes, in school education - I don’t think so. By confusing our children with a variety of views, we deprive them of the opportunity to form their own opinions on their own, based on facts, not hypotheses.

The iron rule of the textbook is to state the established fact clearly and unambiguously. Otherwise, we will return to a time when history was written as a fable, exalting each successive ruler for the sake of glory, not truth.

Today we must come to a consensus that there is a fact. And interpretation is a teacher for that.

Not a "tutor", as it is now fashionable to say, who gives 5 textbooks and says - read everything and analyze. This is a good system for an institute, not a school. A school history textbook should consider history from ancient times to the modern period from a unified position.

With the textbook of the Russian language, the same need arises for the golden rules, in the corpus of what we call the mandatory minimum knowledge of the language, the Russian language and the culture of speech.

Such canons of the language, which are mastered not only by citizens of the country, but also by foreigners who want to confirm language proficiency for employment or educational purposes, are in the West.

Suffice it to recall the TOELF test, which reveals the so-called "mandatory amount of knowledge of the language."

And we have not developed such a tradition and practice, but today they are in demand more than ever. Especially when it comes to the need to confirm knowledge of the Russian language, the task of adapting migrants, etc.

So wouldn't it be logical and expedient to establish a "mandatory volume" of the Russian language, a "mandatory volume" of knowledge of history. This is a base that can be improved in the future, depending on the educational and professional trajectory of a person.

Let's get back to native languages. Are you saying that programs are being implemented to support the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia? What are these programs?

– There are programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that support initiatives to preserve and develop the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia. The task of the federal scale is to ensure, in full compliance with the state standard, the study of the Russian language throughout the country.

At the same time, the state and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation must support the language needs of citizens in the field of education, justice and information.

In many subjects, let's take for example the most central republic - Mordovia: all signs, signs are written in the Moksha language, in the Erzya language. Two peoples of Mordovia. In other republics, there are other options. The main thing is to find resources to preserve multilingualism, to create new motives for learning native languages.

- Do I understand you correctly that the issue of preserving native languages ​​is not a question of the center, but rather of a specific region and family?

- This is common task, one of the most important. And the state will not abandon its focus on preserving native languages ​​and supporting linguistic diversity. It's just that each subject has its own specifics, the regional authorities are familiar with the specific areas of distribution of languages, have statistics on language needs, and therefore regional support programs are accepted.

If the law proposed by our deputies is adopted, then we intend to further discuss the creation federal program on the preservation and development of the native languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

The same applies to the state languages ​​of the republics within the Russian Federation. For example, I propose to provide at the level of regional legislation direct incentives for the study of native languages, which are state languages republics - increased scholarships, targeted admissions to universities, and so on.

In addition, in general, I think it’s wrong to sit and wait for what they say from above - let’s study our native language ... this doesn’t happen! We ourselves must come up with such initiatives.

I learned my native language myself. Yes, I may not be able to write flawlessly correctly in my native language. But I can read and speak, that's enough for me.

– Still, I would not like to bypass the speech of Mr. Medinsky at a meeting of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on interethnic relations. There was a rather harsh statement that, choosing between a regional language and Russian, we definitely make a choice in the direction of Russian, otherwise what kind of culture can we talk about.

- Taking this phrase out of context, the meaning of what was said is unlikely to be clear.

The minister did not offer to choose - either Russian or native. He spoke about the decline in the language literacy and culture of the younger generation and the need to correct this situation, not allowing rolls in the study of languages ​​in one direction or the other.

We have no right to oppose languages ​​- here is our native language, but here is the state one. Both of them must be given taking into account the role they play in accordance with the legal status.

There is no need to choose either or. They have a completely different purpose, a different status - this must be understood.

In the case of unconditional pressure and the priority of the native language, this will lead to ignorance of the state language, to some separative options. If in the educational system there is no opportunity to study the native language, on the contrary, this will lead to the suppression of small languages ​​and ethnic groups.

One way or another, the position of Rasul Gamzatov is close to me, who in the article “The Country of Three Treasures” wrote about the Russian language and the multilingualism that has developed in Dagestan: “Language is not at enmity with language. Two horses - two languages ​​lead forward each of the peoples of Dagestan. One of them is Russian, and the other is our native language, for a Tabasaran - Tabasaran, for a Nogai - Nogai. They are all dear to us. But we call our native language native. If it is true that languages ​​are the lamps of life, then the path of every Dagestani is illuminated by two lamps. One is lit by his father's land so that he does not get lost on the way. He will go out, and his life will go out. The second is lit by his great country, his great homeland, so that he does not get lost on the road to Big world. Without him, his life will be dark and insignificant.

Language is a means of expressing thoughts. Language depends on the thinking of the individual and society. It is impossible to change the language artificially. It is necessary to educate society - the language will consistently reflect all changes. If society recovers spiritually, the language will be cleansed of foreign impurities.

Language is not only a method of communication, it is also one of the signs of the life of the people who use it; this is a book that reflects the entire history of the development of the people, its entire historical path, from ancient times to the present day. In each word, the historical past is traced, relentlessly accompanying people; traced the present, and perhaps the future of all those who, with their mother's milk, absorbed Russian words filled with the love of people close and dear to their hearts.

Ways to solve the problem

• 1. To improve the quality of the study of the Russian language and literature in general education schools.
• 2. Monitor the quality of literary works produced by book publishers.
• 3. To revive a good philological education (training of qualified teaching staff). We need teachers - creators who are in love with their work, who would educate students in sensitivity and exactingness to the word. A highly educated person in Russia has always been considered a well-read person, well-versed in oral and written speech, fluent in 2-3 languages.
• 4. Promote the culture of speech through the media, and the media themselves should become models of the Russian literary language. Competent, emotional speech should sound on television, radio, on stage, in the theater.
• 5. Public people: journalists, politicians, representatives of the highest echelon of power, show business - must master the norms of Russian literary speech.
• 6. Raise the public, youth to fight against the clogging of the Russian language (hold conferences, forums, actions, round tables ...).
• 7. And most importantly: all together and each individually should want to speak their native language correctly, accessible, expressively. Competent speech should become the norm.

Akhmetova Asiya Khanifovna

Preservation of native languages ​​is a common task

Today, no one needs to be convinced that the native language is both a culture and a way of thinking, and their diversity is a huge asset of Mankind, its most significant heritage. That is why even1999The UNESCO General Conference proclaimed 21 February as International Mother Language Day. Basicthe goal of this grandiose project was the all-roundpromoting linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism.And in 2014 for the 13th timeevents took place around the worldcontributing to the recognition of the native language, its dissemination and active use in intercultural communication (this especially applies to the languages ​​of national minorities).

Linguistic scholars have proven that for a language to survive, it needs at least 100,000 speakers. It is known from history that at all times languages ​​were born, existed, then died out, sometimes without even leaving a trace... over 200 languages!

From year to year we observe how, with the emergence of new technologies, it becomes increasingly difficult for national minorities to achieve recognition of their language by the world community. And a language that is not presented on the Internet for the modern world, alas, simply "does not exist."

My students and I decided to see this for ourselves, conducted a little research and found out the following: 81% of the pages on the global network are in English. Next, far behind, are German and Japanese languages(each 2%) followed by French, Spanish and Scandinavian (each 1%). All other languages ​​combined hardly represent 8% of the active and spoken languages.web-pages. Such a pronounced trend is not in the least encouraging. And if no measures are taken, then half of the approximately 6,000 languages ​​spoken by humanity on planet Earth will disappear by the end of the 21st century...

So only in Russia, in addition to 20 already extinct languages ​​(For example, Ainu, Yugian), another 22 are in critical condition (including Aleut, Terek-Sami, Itelmen), and 29 is in serious danger (including Nivkh, Chukchi, Karelian). The data from the Atlas of Endangered Languages ​​of the World also show that49 languages ​​are already under the threat of extinction (including Kalmyk, Udmurt, Yiddish). Big fear , among which were: Chechen, Yakut, Tuvan and Belarusian. And this is when Udmurt, Kalmyk, Yakut, Tuva and Chechen are the state languages ​​of certain territories in Russia!..Of particular concern to us is the fact that in 2009 UNESCO experts included the Bashkir language in this "Red Book of the World's Languages", giving it the status of "vulnerable" - "most children speak the language, but the scope of its use may be limited (for example, domestic use) . Unfortunately, the forecasts for other languages ​​of the peoples inhabiting Bashkortostan are also disappointing.

In such a situation, in our opinion, only a properly planned and actively implemented language policy will today increase the effectiveness of the efforts of linguistic communities aimed at the comprehensive maintenance or revival of their native languages ​​forThat's whyWorld OrganizationUNESCО has advocated and advocates for mother tongue education through the use of bilingual or multilingual teaching methods . And such education, according to its experts, must necessarily be systemic, creating a solid foundation for linguistics. Young children should learn to speak their native language in the family, begin to study its grammar in preschool educational institutions and improve their knowledge, skills and abilities in using it in the course of schooling in a “multilingual education” .

The Republic of Bashkortostan is in this context a unique region in terms of the diversity of ethnic groups, cultures and languages ​​represented in it. As part of the Russian Federation, it is distinguished by the stability of interethnic relations, friendship and cooperation, the roots of which, on the one hand, go down in history, on the other hand, stability in relations between peoples is supported by a balanced and thoughtful national policy.The Government of the Republic adopted a large number of documents in support of the principles of equality of peoples, respect for their cultures, language, traditions and customs (Law of the Republic of Belarus dated February 15, 1999 “On the languages ​​of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan”);The State Program "Peoples of Bashkortostan", adopted in 2002 and designed for 2003-2012; Program for the study, revival and development of the folklore of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan, adopted in 2002; Decree of the Government of the Republic of Belarus of 2006 “On state program conservation, study and development of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2006-2010”, etc.).

Significant is the formation in2000 of the Council of the Assembly of Peoples of the Republic of Belarus. Today, this public organization includes more than 30 national associations. The largest of them: the World Kurultai of the Bashkirs, the Cathedral of the Russians of Bashkortostan, the Kanash of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan, public organizations Tatars, Mari. All these years, the Assembly has been effectively implementing its main tasks: improving the living conditions of small peoples; preservation of language and culture; education of the younger generation in national traditions. Andin September 2012, at the VI World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples (Siofok, Hungary), when discussing the topic of linguistic assimilation of Russian Finno-Ugric peoples, Bashkortostan was set as an example as a region where conditions are created for all languages ​​to preserve and develop their identity . And the Bashkir language has been studied in the schools of the republic since 2006 as the second state language.

So only in our 39th gymnasium today representatives of 28 nationalities study and the problem of recognition and respect for all languages ​​simply does not exist. Teachers, students and their parents recognize the identity of each language, understand well thatlanguage and cultural diversity is a universal value that unites us into a single living and constantly developing organism. Events related to culture, languages, traditions of the peoples of the world have long been loved and popular within our walls (many become annual, and some even acquire international status).

As an Associated SchoolUNESCO, we celebrate all the days of linguistic and cultural traditions highlighted in the international calendar of UNESCO: World Audiovisual Heritage Day, International Mother Language Day, International Navruz Day, International Francophonie Day. Every year we have National holidays(sabantuy, carnival, kargatuy, etc.) and festivals (Festival of national culturesUNESCO“Dances of the Peoples of the World”, the Beatles Festival, etc.), in which our friends also participate with pleasure (associated schoolsUNESCORepublic of Belarus, schools of the Commonwealth of Innovative Educational Institutions Interkindand etc.).

We also actively participate in the International Movement for the Promotion of the Preservation and Propagation of the Native Language. Therefore, on February 21, 2012, another Republican Festival of Native Languages ​​named after Jalil Giniyatovich Kiekbaev (a well-known Turkologist, an outstanding linguist, professor and a prominent Bashkir writer) appeared in the calendar of traditional gymnasium events. The main goal of the Festival is to foster respect for the languages ​​of all peoples of the Earth (especially languages ​​that are on the verge of extinction).

In February 2013, students from 20 Associated Schools took part in itUNESCORepublic of Bashkortostan and Gymnasium No. 176 (Kyiv, Ukraine) is our partner school in the IITE International Pilot ProjectUNESCO"Learning for the Future". His theme:"Literary heritage of native languages". Costumed, bright performances of the participating schools introduced the guests of the Festival to the variety of oral folk art and classical literary heritage of 18 languages ​​(English, Arabic, Armenian, Bashkir, Vietnamese, Greek, Indian, Spanish, Mari, German, Russian, Talysh, Uzbek, Ukrainian, French, Circassian, Chuvash, Japanese).

The third year of the implementation of this large-scale project has convinced us that today it does not matter how many people in the world consider these languages ​​​​to be their mother tongues. It is important that we, speaking about them, preserve and increase the memory of our ancestors, withwe will contribute to the development of tolerance in intercultural communication. And even a short digression (5-10 minutes) into the depths of the national culture significantly expands the horizon, opening the world in all its unique diversity. We observe with deep satisfaction how getting to know people who speak other languages ​​provides everyone with the opportunity to recognize the differences between people and dispel fears of the diverse surrounding world, which give rise to national strife that is detrimental to human civilization. All participants and guests of the Festival are permeated with a growing sense of recognition and respect for each other. This is how we learn together to understand that respect and recognition of the native language is the key to preserving peace and the sustainable development of civilization.

Thus, the whole complex of developing educational activities in MBOU Gymnasium No. 39 contributes to the maximum that our graduate goes to great life, having formed stable views and beliefs on all issues of the culture of interethnic communication. This is our teaching staff and considers the most important result of its activity today, solving significant tasks of the Modernization Concept Russian education, in terms of the consolidation of society, the preservation of a single socio-cultural space, overcoming ethno-cultural tension and social conflicts.

UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages ​​in Danger. http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/

UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001865/186525E.pdf

¹ The term "multilingual education" was introduced by the United Nations in 1999 to refer to education in three or more languages: mother tongue, regional or national language and international language.