Training of emotions Much has been written about this. Somewhere true, somewhere hints, somewhere frankly false, because it won’t work ... In order to figure it out, you need a separate book, so we’ll limit ourselves to hints and give a few examples.

Multidimensional questionnaire for the study of self-attitude (MIS - a method for studying self-attitude) Author: SR PantileevInstruction. You are invited to answer questions (in the form of possible statements) about your character traits, habits, interests, etc. These

Factory of Emotions Adler viewed dreams as a factory of emotions and feelings. He did not consider them post-traumatic syndrome or the result of accumulated experiences. We don't care what happened to us yesterday. Today and tomorrow - that's what challenges us. Let's think how

7.1. Types of emotions There are various classifications of emotions. According to one of them, emotions are divided into positive, negative and neutral. To positive emotions

Emotion Evaluation Similar work on facial expression identification has been done by Heather Gordon and her collaborators at the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth College. In the process of emotion recognition (in which the participants had to give their faces the same expressions as

INTRODUCTION

2.1. Tasks, methods and organization of the study

2.2. Research results and discussion

2.3. Correlation analysis of the obtained data

CONCLUSION

LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

The problem of studying the emotional states of a person in various life processes is currently becoming more and more relevant. This is primarily due to the high dynamics of human life, the intensification of communication links and some other character traits modern era necessitate the development of practical psychological means to increase the potential of a person, improve his adaptive mechanisms.

In this context, experts assign a special role to the regulation of the emotional sphere of the individual, since the meaning of emotions for the body is to warn about the destructive nature of any factors. Mental states, as integral characteristics of a person's mental activity, accompany him throughout his life, and at the same time, the states affect the processes, being the background of their course. They are characterized by integrity, mobility and relative stability, interconnection with mental processes and personality traits, individual originality and typicality, diversity and polarity. Under certain conditions, various forms of functional disorders develop, such as fatigue, stress, depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion and burnout, etc., which, as a rule, lead to more complex disorders - psychosomatic diseases, to counteract which should be used not only a well-known complex of preventive and operational actions, but also other methods of correction, the subject of his altered state.

To stabilize the emotional sphere of a person, a whole range of special means has been developed and is currently being used, such as respiratory and muscle relaxation, biofeedback, etc., but among the wide variety of means and mechanisms used to regulate the mental the influence of changes in the emotional state in the process of active influence on the body. Poor knowledge of emotional states in the treatment of diseases and psychosomatic disorders, specifics with age-related factors in the formation of emotional states of a person, in connection with the foregoing, it seems very relevant to determine the effect of therapeutic massage on the emotional state of a person.

Relevance led to the choice of the research topic "Psychological study of the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage."

To date, the degree of study of emotional phenomena in domestic and foreign psychology has not been studied enough, because. this topic is so extensive in its content that it is very problematic to systematize and analyze all the facts related to emotional states.

The most studied issues can be considered the functional significance of emotions, the relationship of emotional phenomena with other mental processes. To a lesser extent, the development of emotions in ontogenesis, the dynamics of the course and changes in the emotional states of the individual, and the mechanisms of their regulation have been studied. Significant in this regard are the works of foreign scientists R. Woodworth, D. Lindsley, P. Fress, J. Reikovsky, K. Izard translated into Russian, as well as domestic authors: P. M. Yakobson, V. K. Vilyunas, B. I. Dodonova, P. V. Simonova, L. I. Kulikova.

In terms of highlighting the problems of mental and emotional regulation of human emotional states, their relationship with behavior, the studies of L.M. Abolina, A.O. Prokhorova, A. Vallon, G.A. Vartanyan, E.S. Petrova, T.P. Gavrilova, A.E. Olynannikova, A.Ya. Gozman, Ya. Reikovsky and others.

In the field of psychosomatic disorders, it should be noted the concepts of foreign scientists - F.B. Berezina, F.M. Alexander, A. Lowen, B.A. Mitcherlich, W. Reich, H. Kohut, M.E. Sandomierz. All of them paid great attention to certain regularities in the occurrence of psychosomatic diseases, their causes, and the prediction of possible disorders in the psyche and somatics.

However, despite a large number of scientific research on this issue, there are very few works on the study of the effect of therapeutic massage on the emotional state of the individual. This determined the purpose of our study.

The purpose of the study: to identify the features and patterns of changes in the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage.

Object of study: emotional states of the individual.

Subject of study: emotional states of a person in the process of therapeutic massage.

The research hypothesis is the following assumption:

In the process of applying therapeutic massage, conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual;

Therapeutic massage can be considered as a multi-level factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual.

In the context of the goal and confirmation of the hypothesis, the following tasks are implemented:

Theoretical tasks:

1) in the course of theoretical analysis to study domestic and foreign approaches to the study of the psychological nature of the emotional states of the individual;

2) reveal the content characteristics of the emotional states of the individual;

3) reveal the content of the problem of emotional states of the individual and their regulation.

Empirical tasks:

1) determine the general well-being, mood and activity, using the SAN technique;

2) to identify psychosomatic ailments and the level of emotional burnout, using the Giessen questionnaire and the method for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko;

3) to conduct a correlation analysis of the obtained results;

4) experimentally test the hypothesis that in the process of therapeutic massage conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual;

5) to make an analysis of the results of the study.

Methodological foundations of the study:

General theories of emotions P.K. Anokhin, L.S. Vygotsky, AN. Leontiev, SL. Rubinstein, P.V. Simonov, R. Fresse, J. Reikovsky, K. Izard;

Research methods:

1) Analysis of psychological literature on the research problem;

2) Method of forming experiment;

3) Psychodiagnostic methods: SAN method, Giessen questionnaire, method for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout V.V. Boyko;

4) Quantitative and qualitative analysis of experimental data: for statistical processing and analysis of empirical data, methods of primary mathematical processing were used; SPSS Statistics 17.0 for Windows: r-Spearman correlation analysis.

Research stages:

1) The first stage (November - December 2009) - analysis of scientific publications on the research problem; development of the conceptual apparatus of the study; determination of the hypothesis and research methods; analysis of existing methodological techniques that allow diagnosing the emotional state of a person, selection of methods.

2) The second stage (January - March 2010) included an experimental study, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained.

3) The third stage (April - May 2010) - correlation analysis of data, generalization of the results, as well as the finalization of the final work.

Organization of the study: An experimental study was conducted in the recreation center "Harmony", Cheboksary. It was attended by 60 men and women, aged 20 to 45 years.

The structure of the final qualification work corresponds to the logic, content and results of the study and consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a bibliographic list, applications, contains 11 tables, 15 figures. The total volume of work is 81 pages.

CHAPTER 1

1.1. Characteristics of emotional states

Different authors give different definitions of the concept of "mental state". In domestic science, the question of different states The human psyche was first considered in detail in clinical and general psychopathology, especially in connection with deviant behavior. The term "state of mind" is used to characterize, i.e. highlighting the most pronounced manifestations of the human mental sphere: the state of excitation and inhibition; various gradations of the state of wakefulness; states of clarity or clouding of consciousness; states of ups and downs, fatigue, apathy, concentration, pleasure-displeasure, irritability, fear, etc. At the same time, V.M. Bekhterev noted that the state of the mental sphere is not just a characteristic: the state in which a person is, depends on the reaction to a particular stimulus, his behavior.

The position of D.N. Levitov, who believes that the mental state - "This is a holistic characteristic of mental activity for a certain period of time, showing the originality of the course of mental processes depending on the reflected objects and phenomena of activity, the previous state and mental properties of the individual."

In his opinion, the main classes of states are the following:

1) personal and situational states. Personal, first of all, the individual properties of a person are expressed, situational - features of situations that often cause a person to react uncharacteristically for him;

2) deeper and more superficial states, depending on the strength of their influence on the experiences and behavior of a person;

3) conditions that positively or negatively affect a person;

4) long-term and short-term states;

5) states more or less conscious

This classification is quite voluminous and quite acceptable for solving research problems, however, we see a confusion of individual concepts, for example, such as states and mental processes.

Within the framework of the second direction, the mental state is considered as the background against which mental activity unfolds, the level and direction of the mental activity of the individual. The phenomenon of a mental state is derived from the concept of tone - "the level of activity-passivity of neuropsychic activity." This approach is associated with the functioning of the brain, the integral manifestation of which is the level of activation of the central nervous system. This is an objective component of the mental state. The second component is the attitude of the subject (a subjective assessment of the significance of a situation or an object to which a person’s consciousness is directed), which is expressed in a person’s experiences associated with objects and features of activity. It has been established that the content side of the situation selectively affects both mental processes and mental properties.

All considered approaches to understanding the mental state correspond to the essence of the phenomenon under consideration, therefore, based on the general theories of the emergence of emotions, the following definition of the emotional state is adopted.

The emotional state is a special mental state that occurs in the process of the subject's life and determines not only the level of information and energy exchange, but also the direction of behavior.

Emotions control a person much more than it seems at first glance. Even the absence of emotions is an emotion, or rather a whole emotional state, which is characterized by a large number of features in human behavior.

Emotional response is characterized by a sign (positive or negative experiences), influence on behavior and activity (stimulating or inhibitory), intensity (depth of experiences and magnitude of physiological changes), duration (short-term or long-term), objectivity (degree of awareness and connection with a specific object ).

E. D. Khomskaya, along with the sign, intensity, duration and objectivity, highlights such characteristics as their reactivity (speed of occurrence or change), quality (connection with need), the degree of their arbitrary control.

A generalized scheme of types of emotional response was presented by Smirnova and Trokhacheva (Figure 1).

Rice. 1 Types of emotional response

From the foregoing, it is clear that a person's emotional response is a complex reaction in which different systems of the body and personality are involved. Therefore, emotional response can be understood as the emergence of a psychophysiological (emotional) state.

Taking into account the above characteristics of emotional reactions in domestic psychology, the following classes are traditionally distinguished: the emotional tone of sensations (feelings), emotions (including affects), and moods.

The emotional tone of sensations is phylogenetically the most ancient emotional reaction. It is associated with the experience of pleasure or displeasure in the process of sensation. Therefore, as P. V. Simonov emphasizes, this is a contact type of emotional response. This is what distinguishes, in his opinion, the emotional tone of sensations from other emotional reactions.

The emotional tone of sensations is the lowest level of innate (unconditioned reflex) emotional response, which performs the function of a biological assessment of stimuli affecting the human and animal body through the occurrence of pleasure or displeasure. The emotional tone of sensations is a consequence of a physiological process (sensation) that has already arisen. Therefore, for the emergence of an emotional tone of sensations, it is necessary physical contact with an irritant. Emotional tone can give a certain color not only to emotions, but also to such socialized emotional phenomena as feelings. Emotions and feelings anticipate the process aimed at meeting the needs, have an ideomotor character and are, as it were, at the beginning of it. Emotions usually follow the actualization of the motive and up to a rational assessment of the adequacy of the subject's activity to it. They are a direct reflection, an experience of existing relationships, and not their reflection. Emotions are able to anticipate situations and events that have not actually occurred yet, and arise in connection with the idea of ​​previously experienced or imaginary situations.

Feelings, on the other hand, are of an objective nature, associated with a representation or idea about some object. Another feature of the senses is that they are improved and, developing, form a number of levels, ranging from direct feelings to the highest feelings related to spiritual values ​​and ideals. Feelings wear historical character. In the individual development of a person, feelings play an important role. They act as a significant factor in the formation of personality, especially its motivational sphere. On the basis of positive emotional experiences such as feelings, the needs and interests of a person appear and are fixed. Feelings play a motivating role in the life and activities of a person, in his communication with other people.

Affects are especially pronounced emotional states, accompanied by visible changes in the behavior of the person who experiences them. Affect does not precede behavior, but is, as it were, shifted to its end. This is a reaction that arises as a result of an already completed action or deed and expresses a subjective emotional coloring in terms of the extent to which, as a result of the commission of this act, it was possible to achieve the goal, to satisfy the need that stimulated it. Affects contribute to the formation in the perception of the so-called affective complexes, which express the integrity of the perception of certain situations. Unlike emotions and feelings, affects proceed violently, quickly, and are accompanied by pronounced organic changes and motor reactions.

Affect as a kind of emotion is characterized by:

Rapid occurrence;

Very high intensity of experience;

brevity;

Stormy expression (expression);

Irresponsibility, i.e., a decrease in conscious control over one's actions;

Diffusion - strong affects capture the entire personality, which is accompanied by a decrease in the ability to switch attention, a narrowing of the field of perception, attention control focuses mainly on the object that caused the affect.

Emotional tension accumulated as a result of the emergence of affective situations can be summed up and sooner or later, if it is not given time to release, lead to a strong and violent emotional discharge, which, relieving tension, often entails a feeling of fatigue, depression, depression. One of the most common types of affects today is stress - a state of mental (emotional) and behavioral disorder associated with a person's inability to act expediently and reasonably in the current situation. Stress is a state of excessively strong and prolonged psychological stress that occurs in a person when his nervous system receives an emotional overload.

The least vague of all emotional states is mood. In most psychology textbooks, mood is described as an independent emotional phenomenon, distinct from emotions. For example, N. N. Danilova writes that the same phenomenon can simultaneously cause both emotion and mood, which can coexist, influencing each other. According to S. L. Rubinshtein, mood is not a special experience dedicated to some particular event, but a diffuse general state. The mood is somewhat more complex and, most importantly, more iridescently diverse and for the most part vague, richer in subtle shades than a well-defined feeling. Rubinstein emphasizes that mood, unlike other emotional experiences, is personal.

According to L. M. Wecker, mood is the mental well-being that a person experiences along with physical well-being. Some authors generally prefer not to talk about mood, instead using the term "emotional background" (emotional state), which reflects the general global attitude of a person to the environment and to himself.

In contrast to the emotional tone of sensations and emotions, mood in most Russian textbooks on psychology is characterized by:

Weak intensity;

Significant duration (mood can last for hours or even days);

Sometimes the ambiguity of its causes. Experiencing this or that mood, a person, as a rule, is poorly aware of the reasons that caused it, does not associate it with certain people, phenomena or events;

Influence on human activity. Constantly present in a person as an emotional background, it increases or decreases his activity in communication or work.

Kulikov considers mood as an integral indicator of feelings and emotions experienced at the moment, and not as a special type of emotional experience, along with emotions and affects. It also highlights the dominant (stable) moods and actual (current).

In general, emotional states can be characterized by a set of invariable reactions corresponding to each emotional state. In all people, emotional states change in a strictly defined order. This pattern is applicable to all people without exception, one and the same and unchanged in appearance for all. The emotional process has three main components:

1) the first of them, common to all changes in the state of equilibrium, is the component of emotional excitation, which determines mobilization shifts in the body;

2) the second component of emotion is related to the significance of the emotional event for the subject - positive or negative. It defines the sign of the emotion: positive emotion occurs when an event is evaluated as positive, negative - when it is evaluated as negative. The function of a positive emotional process is to induce actions that maintain contact with a positive event, a negative one - to induce actions aimed at eliminating contact with a negative event.

3) the third component of emotion is associated with specific quality features an event that is significant for the subject, and, accordingly, can be characterized as the content (or quality) of an emotion. Depending on this component, emotional reactions or special forms of behavior caused by emotions acquire a specific character.

1.2. Psychological studies of emotional states

The significance of the problem of emotions hardly needs to be substantiated. No matter what conditions and determinants determine the life and activity of a person, they become internally, psychologically effective only if they manage to penetrate into the sphere of his emotional relations, refract and gain a foothold in it. Constituting partiality in a person, without which not a single active step is conceivable, emotions clearly reveal their influence in production and in the family, in knowledge and art, in pedagogy and clinic, in creativity and spiritual crises of a person.

Such a universal significance of emotions should, it would seem, be a reliable guarantee of both an increased interest in them and a relatively high degree of their study. Indeed, throughout the centuries-long history of the study of emotions, they have enjoyed the closest attention, they have been assigned one of the central roles among the forces that determine the inner life and actions of a person. However, in modern psychology, the attitude to the problem of emotions is completely different. Interest in them began to fade as failures began to accumulate in attempts to find sufficiently subtle and reliable means for studying them objectively. The attention of researchers gradually began to be limited to a relatively narrow range of problems, such as the expression of emotions, the influence of individual emotional states on activity, which can be developed with the help of an experiment. Accordingly, the concepts of emotions narrowed, giving way to psychological theory the former place and significance of the newly introduced problems of motivation, stress, frustration.

The fact that emotions should be considered as states was first emphasized by N. D. Levitov. He wrote about this: “In no sphere of mental activity is the term “state” so applicable as in emotional life, since in emotions, or feelings, a tendency is very clearly manifested to specifically color the experiences and activities of a person, giving them a temporal orientation and creating what, figuratively speaking, can be called timbre or qualitative originality mental life. Even those authors, - he continues, - who do not consider it necessary to single out mental states as a special psychological category, still use this concept when it comes to emotions or feelings.

The lack of continuity between theories created in different historical epochs cannot but complicate the task of getting acquainted with the problem of psychological studies of emotional states, to unite into a single generalized picture of everything that is established or affirmed in individual concepts and schools of psychology. Also, terminological discrepancies contribute to the study of this problem. To some extent, they are already embedded in everyday language, which allows us to call, for example, fear an emotion, affect, feeling, or even sensation, or to combine under the general name of feelings such various phenomena as pain and irony, beauty and confidence, touch and justice. The complexity of the real correlation of what is discussed in different concepts under the same names of emotions, passions or feelings was also influenced by the fact that they were created in different languages ​​and in different eras having their own traditions in the use of such concepts.

Thus, some researchers believe that within the framework of the science of behavior, one can do without the concept of “emotion” altogether. Duffy, like many other researchers, believes that behavioral problems are easier to explain using the terms "activation" or "arousal", which are not as amorphous as terms related to the emotional sphere. Some scientists, such as Lazarus, believe that emotions destroy and disorganize human behavior, that they are the main source of psychosomatic illness. Other authors, on the contrary, believe that emotions play a positive role in organizing, motivating, and reinforcing behavior (Izard, Raport, Tomkins, and others).

Most psychiatrists and clinical psychologists consider various types of psychopathology and adjustment disorders as diseases of the emotional sphere. On the other hand, Maurer, for example, argues that psychopathology and maladaptation are not caused by emotional disorders, but by disturbances in thinking, attitudes, and behavior. Some scientists proceed from the fact that emotions should be subordinated to cognitive processes (and reason), they consider the violation of this subordination as a sign of trouble. Others, on the contrary, believe that emotions act as triggers for cognitive processes, that they generate and direct them (that is, they control the mind), and that the main thing that researchers should be concerned with is the question of the quality and intensity of these emotions. There is an opinion that a person can avoid psychopathological disorders, solve many personal problems, simply by abandoning inadequate emotional reactions, that is, by subordinating emotions to the strict control of consciousness. At the same time, according to other ideas, the best remedy in these cases is the release of emotions for their natural interaction with homeostatic processes, drives, cognitive processes and motor acts.

Psychologists, like philosophers and educators, do not have a single point of view regarding the role that emotions play in human life. So, some of them, claim that the meaning human existence should be precisely cognitive-intellectual activity. But other scientists, despite their enthusiasm for the process of cognition, still tend to classify a person as an emotional being, or perhaps emotional-social. According to them, the very meaning of our existence has an affective, emotional nature: we surround ourselves with those people and things to which we are emotionally attached. Such statements that learning occurs through the process of experience, both personally and socially, are no less important, and perhaps even more important, than the accumulation of information.

The desire to find the root cause of emotional states led to the emergence of different points of view, which are reflected in the relevant theories. Let's consider them in more detail.

For the first time, emotional-expressive movements became the subject of study by Charles Darwin. In 1872, he published his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, which became the starting point in understanding the connection between biological and psychological phenomena, in particular, the organism and emotions. Darwin showed that in the external expression of different emotional states, in expressive bodily movements, there is much in common between anthropoids and blind children. These observations formed the basis of the theory of emotions, which was called evolutionary. The ideas expressed by Darwin served as an impetus for the creation of other theories of emotions, in particular the "peripheral" theory of W. James - G. Lange. According to this theory, the entire root cause of emotions and emotional states are organic (physical, bodily) changes. From the standpoint of the James-Lange theory, the act of the emergence of an emotion is as follows (Figure 2):

Rice. 2. Scheme of the emergence of emotions according to James - Lange

According to this scheme, irritation, being reflected in the human psyche through a feedback system, they generate an emotional experience of the corresponding modality. According to this point of view, first, under the influence of external stimuli, the changes characteristic of emotions occur in the body, and only then, as a result of them, does the emotion itself arise. Thus, peripheral organic changes, which before the advent of the James-Lange theory were considered as consequences of emotions, became their root cause.

W. Wundt proposed another point of view on the connection of emotional experiences with bodily reactions, since he considers them only as a consequence of feelings. He singled out three simple feelings:

1) pleasure - displeasure;

2) excitement - calming;

Rice. 3. Three-dimensional model of feelings according to Wundt

Feelings located along one straight line exclude each other, i.e. they cannot exist at the same time. Feelings located on segments from the intersection of the axes can coexist with two other dimensions to which they themselves do not belong. Thus, the whole variety of feelings fills the geometric space, divided by vectors of simple feelings. That is, according to Wundt, facial expressions arose initially in connection with elementary sensations, as a reflection of the emotional tone of sensations, while higher, more complex feelings (emotions and emotional states) developed later. However, when some kind of emotion arises in a person's consciousness, it each time evokes by association a lower feeling or sensation corresponding to it, close in content.

Later, Schlosberg added a third dimension to Wundt's proposed scheme: "sleep-tension". However, subsequent studies have shown that the acceptance-repulsion and sleep-stress scores highly correct for each other and are not independent. In addition to the above processes of generating complex feelings based on the integration of simple ones, each feeling will be characterized by a certain content (quality) and intensity, which will be determined by the need, its qualitative specificity and intensity. Thus, the diversity of a person's needs gives rise to a qualitative diversity of her emotions and emotional states.

An alternative point of view on the correlation of organic and emotional processes was proposed by W. Kennon. He was one of the first to note the fact that the bodily changes observed during the occurrence of different emotional states are very similar to each other and are not sufficient in diversity to completely satisfactorily explain the qualitative differences in the highest emotional experiences of a person. Internal organs with changes in states, which James and Lange associated with the emergence of emotional states, are, moreover, rather insensitive structures that very slowly come into a state of excitation. Emotions usually arise and develop quite quickly. Cannon also showed that artificially induced physiological changes characteristic of certain strong emotions, do not always evoke the expected emotional behavior. From his point of view, emotions arise as a result of a specific reaction of the central nervous system and, in particular, the thalamus.

Thus, according to Cannon, the scheme of the stages of the emergence of emotions and the physiological changes accompanying it looks like this (Figure 4).

Rice. 4. Scheme of the emergence of emotion according to Cannon

In later studies by P. Bard, it was shown that emotional experiences and the physiological changes that accompany them occur almost simultaneously. Thus, the circuit (Figure 5) takes on a slightly different look:

Rice. 5 Scheme of the emergence of emotion according to Cannon - Bard

The psycho-organic theory of emotions (this is how the concepts of James-Lange and Cannon-Bard can be conditionally called) was further developed under the influence of electrophysiological studies of the brain. On its basis, the activation theory of Lindsay-Hebb arose. According to this theory, emotional states are determined by the influence of the reticular formation of the lower part of the brain stem. Emotions arise as a result of disturbance and restoration of balance in the corresponding structures of the central nervous system. The activation theory is based on the following main provisions:

1) the electroencephalographic picture of the brain that occurs with emotions is an expression of the so-called "activation complex" associated with the activity of the reticular formation.

2) the work of the reticular formation determines many dynamic parameters of emotional states: their strength, duration, variability, and a number of others.

Emotions, as it turned out, regulate activity, revealing a quite definite influence on it, depending on the nature and intensity of the emotional experience. BEFORE. Hebb was able to experimentally obtain a curve expressing the relationship between the level of emotional arousal of a person and the success of his practical activity. To achieve the highest result in activity, both too weak and very strong emotional arousal are undesirable. For each person (and in general for all people) there is an optimum of emotional excitability, which ensures maximum efficiency in work. Optimal Level emotional arousal, in turn, depends on many factors: on the characteristics of the activity performed, on the conditions in which it takes place, on the individuality of the person included in it, and on many other things. Too weak emotional arousal does not provide the proper motivation for activity, and too strong one destroys it, disorganizes and makes it practically uncontrollable.

A similar point of view is supported by P.K. Anokhin, in his biological theory of emotions. The emergence of needs leads to the emergence of negative emotions that play a mobilizing role for the individual, contributing to the most rapid satisfaction of needs in the best way. When feedback confirms that the programmed result has been achieved, that is, that the need has been satisfied, a positive emotion arises. It acts as the ultimate reinforcing factor. Being fixed in the memory, in the future it participates in the motivational process, influencing the decision to choose the way to satisfy the need. If the result obtained is not consistent with the program, emotional anxiety arises, leading to the search for other, more successful ways to achieve the goal. Thus, this theory confirmed that the needs of the individual cause various emotional states of the individual.

In humans, in the dynamics of emotional processes and states, cognitive-psychological factors play no less a role than organic and physical influences. In this regard, new concepts have been proposed that explain human emotions by the dynamic features of cognitive processes.

One of the first such theories was the cognitive-physiological theory of emotions by S. Schechter. In his research, it was found that visceral reactions that cause an increase in the activation of the body, although they are a necessary condition for the emergence of an emotional state, are not sufficient, since they determine only the intensity of the emotional response, but not its sign and modality. According to this theory, some event or situation causes excitement and a person needs to evaluate its content, i.e., the situation that caused this excitement. According to Schechter, the emergence of emotions, along with the perceived stimuli and the physiological changes generated by them in the body, is influenced by a person's past experience and his assessment of the current situation from the point of view of current needs and interests. Thus, the visceral reaction causes emotion not directly, but indirectly.

According to Schechter, emotional states are the result of the interaction of two components: activation and a person’s conclusion about the reasons for his excitation based on an analysis of the situation in which the emotion appeared.

The concepts of M. Arnold and R. Lazarus are also in line with the views of S. Shakhter. In the theory of M. Arnold, an intuitive assessment of an object acts as a cognitive determinant of emotions. Emotion, here, like action, follows this assessment. In the concept of Lazarus, the central idea is the idea of ​​cognitive determination of emotions and emotional states. He believes that cognitive mediation is a necessary condition for the appearance of emotions, but unlike his colleague Arnold, he does not reduce the appearance of emotional reactions only to a subjective assessment of the situation. The provisions of the Lazarus concept boil down to two main points:

1) each emotional reaction, regardless of its content, is a function of a special kind of cognition or evaluation;

2) the emotional response is a kind of syndrome, each of the components of which reflects some important point in a general reaction.

Thus, the scheme of the emergence of emotion looks like this (Figure 6).

Rice. 6 Scheme of the emergence of emotion according to Lazarus

Positive in the views of the author is that the determinants of evaluation are both situational factors and dispositional, i.e. personality traits. Hence, the same situation causes different people different assessments and, as a result, different emotional reactions. However, it should be noted that in Lazarus' theory too much attention is paid to both the analysis of the determinants of the evaluation process and adaptive reactions to the perception of a threat, and less attention is paid to the mechanisms of the appearance of the emotion itself and emotional reactions.

Another point of view in this direction in the study of emotions was presented by L. Festinger in his theory of cognitive dissonance. According to it, a person has a positive emotional experience when his expectations are confirmed, and cognitive ideas are realized, i.e. when the actual results of the activity correspond to the intended ones, are consistent with them, or are in consonance. Negative emotions arise and intensify in cases where there is a discrepancy, inconsistency or dissonance between the expected and actual results of the activity. Subjectively, the state of cognitive dissonance is usually experienced by a person as discomfort, and he seeks to get rid of it as soon as possible. The way out of the state of cognitive dissonance can be twofold:

Or change cognitive expectations and plans in such a way that they correspond to the actual result obtained;

Or try to get a new result that would be consistent with the previous expectations.

In modern psychology, the theory of cognitive dissonance is often used to explain the actions of a person, his actions in various social situations. Emotions are considered as the main motive for the corresponding actions and deeds. The cognitive factors underlying them are given a much greater role in determining human behavior than organic changes.

Domestic physiologist P.V. Simonov tried in a brief symbolic form to present his totality of factors influencing the emergence and nature of emotions. He believes that emotions appear due to a lack or excess of information necessary to satisfy a need. The degree of emotional stress is determined, according to P. V. Simonov, by the strength of the need and the magnitude of the deficit of pragmatic information necessary to achieve the goal.

This is presented by him in the form of a "formula of emotions":

E \u003d P (In - Is)

where E - emotion; P - need; Ying - information necessary to meet the need; IS - information that the subject has at the time of the need.

It follows from this formula that emotion arises only when there is a need. There is no need, there is no emotion, since the product E = 0 (In Is) also becomes equal to zero. Simonov substantiates the importance of the difference (In - Is) by the fact that on its basis a probabilistic forecast of meeting the need is built. In a normal situation, a person orients his behavior to signals of highly probable events (that is, to what happened more often in the past). Due to this, his behavior in most cases is adequate and leads to the achievement of the goal. Thus, P. V. Simonov is trying to refute the theory of "drive reduction" of Western psychologists, according to which living systems tend to reduce the need, and the elimination or reduction of the need leads to a positive emotional reaction.

Speaking about different types of emotional formations and states, it is necessary to highlight the concepts that made it possible to most distinguish between subjective experiences as a separate link in the processes of regulation, because It is precisely such an interpretation that, it seems to us, will allow us not only to formally unite, but also to distinguish between motivational and emotional processes in a single interpretation.

So, S.L. Rubinstein distinguishes three levels in the variety of manifestations of the emotional sphere of personality. The first level of organic affective-emotional sensitivity. It is associated with physical feelings of pleasure - displeasure, which are due to organic needs. They can be, according to Rubinstein, both specialized, of a local nature, reflecting a separate sensation as an emotional coloring or tone, or of a more general, spilled character, reflecting a more or less general well-being of a person, not connected in consciousness with a specific object (non-objective melancholy, anxiety or joy). The second, higher level of emotional manifestations, according to Rubinstein, is subject feelings (emotions). In place of pointless anxiety comes the fear of something. The person is aware of the cause of the emotional experience. The objectification of feelings finds its highest expression in the fact that the feelings themselves are differentiated, depending on the subject area to which they belong, into intellectual, aesthetic and moral. This level is associated with admiration for one object and disgust for another, love or hatred for a certain person, indignation at some person or event, etc. The third level is associated with more generalized feelings, similar in level of generalization to abstract thinking. This is a sense of humor, irony, a sense of the sublime, tragic, etc. They can also sometimes act as more or less private states, timed to coincide with a particular occasion, but most often they express the general stable worldview attitudes of the individual. Rubinstein calls them ideological feelings.

Thus, Rubinstein concludes, he identifies the following steps in the development of emotions and emotional states:

1) elementary feelings as manifestations of organic affective sensitivity, playing in a person a subordinate role of a general emotional background, coloring, tone, or a component of more complex feelings;

2) a variety of objective feelings in the form of specific emotional processes and states;

3) generalized worldview feelings; all of them form the main manifestations of the emotional sphere, organically included in the life of the individual.

The most systematic analysis of the specifics of emotions and emotional states is presented in the theory of differential emotions by K. Izard. The object of study in this theory is private emotions, each of which is considered separately from the others as an independent emotional and motivational process. K. Izard postulates five main theses:

1) the main motivational system of human existence is formed by 10 basic emotions: joy, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame/embarrassment, guilt, surprise, interest;

2) each base emotion has unique motivational functions and implies a specific form of experience;

3) fundamental emotions are experienced in different ways and affect the cognitive sphere and human behavior in different ways;

4) emotional processes interact with drives, with homeostatic, perceptual, cognitive and motor processes and influence them;

5) in turn, drives, homeostatic, perceptual, cognitive and motor processes affect the course of the emotional process.

In his theory, K. Izard defines emotions as difficult process, which includes neurophysiological, neuromuscular and sensory-experiential aspects, as a result of which he considers emotion as a system. The sources of emotions are neural and neuromuscular activators (hormones and neurotransmitters, drugs, changes in brain blood temperature and subsequent neurochemical processes), affective activators (pain, sexual desire, fatigue, other emotion) and cognitive activators (evaluation, attribution, memory, anticipation).

Thus, various psychological studies of emotional states are determined, first of all, by what particular class (or classes) of emotional phenomena is discussed in a particular theory. With a broad interpretation of emotions, their occurrence is associated with stable, ordinary conditions of existence, such as a reflection of an impact or an object (emotions express their subjective meaning), exacerbation of needs (emotions signal this to the subject), etc. With a narrow understanding of emotions, they are considered as a reaction on more specific conditions, such as the frustration of a need, the impossibility of adequate behavior, the conflict situation, an unforeseen development of events, etc.

1.3. Emotional states of the individual and the problem of their regulation

Emotional states are distinguished by extreme diversity and polarity, their structure is determined by the modality of experience, specific changes in the course of mental processes (mental activity) in general, a reflection of personality and character traits, as well as objective activity and somatic state.

The problem of regulation of emotional states is one of the most difficult in psychology. There are many approaches to the study of the regulation of emotional states. So, for example, F.B. Berezin was based on the following provisions:

1) adaptation occurs at all levels of human organization, including in the mental sphere;

2) mental adaptation is a central link in the overall adaptation of a person, since it is the nature of mental regulation that determines the nature of adaptation as a whole.

Berezin also believes that the mechanisms of mental adaptation, and, consequently, the regulation of mental states, lie in the intrapsychic sphere. Among the mechanisms that determine the success of adaptation, Berezin refers to the mechanisms of confronting anxiety with various forms of psychological protection and compensation. Psychological defense is a special regulatory system for stabilizing the personality, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feeling of anxiety associated with the awareness of any conflict. The main function of psychological defense is the "protection" of the sphere of consciousness from negative experiences that traumatize the personality. Berezin identifies four types of psychological defense:

1) preventing the awareness of threat factors, causing anxiety;

2) allowing to fix the alarm;

3) reducing the level of urges;

4) eliminating anxiety.

Berezin found that a violation of the mechanisms of mental adaptation or the use of an inadequate form of protection can lead to somatization of anxiety, i.e. the direction of anxiety to the formation of pre-morbid states. This is because anxiety, like any emotional state, is associated with the vegetative and humoral regulation of the body, i.e. when this state changes, certain physiological changes occur. At the same time, the author notes that the use by an individual of an inadequate form of psychological defense and the occurrence of hyper-anxiety is always accompanied by overstress, more significant in its intensity than the usual motivational one. As a rule, in this situation, a state occurs due to the blockade of motivational behavior, known as frustration.

Frustrating situations that are essential for adaptation are usually associated with a wide range of needs that cannot be satisfied in a given situation. The impossibility of satisfaction of needs causes a certain mental stress. In the case of dissatisfaction with a whole complex of needs, for example, those associated with their mutual exclusion, the highest limit of mental stress is reached, a state is formed that causes a violation of adequate behavior, i.e. frustration. As a rule, this state arises as a result of a certain conflict, which is usually called an intrapsychic conflict, a conflict of motives. Emotional stress is directly connected with the situation of intropsychic conflict.

Extreme negative emotional states evolve into various depressive and anxiety disorders. Individuals with a depressive disorder tend to have a distorted perception of physical sensations, as well as a negative assessment of them, which can contribute to the development of somatization or panic disorder. Individuals with anxiety disorders also limit the scope of their life activities and are prone to increased attention to their physical condition, which can contribute to the occurrence of depression and somatization syndromes (Figure 7).

Rice. 7. Factors in the development of emotional disorders

According to the above, M. E. Sandomirsky presented the types of reactions to accumulated negative emotions:

1) reactions with a predominance of psycho-emotional disorders proper - psychogenic disorders;

2) at the level of behavioral disorders - psychosocial disorders (violations of social adaptation);

3) reactions with a predominance of physiological, somatic disorders - actually psychosomatic disorders.

Similar ideas were expressed by T.A. Nemchin, he singled out four degrees of neuropsychic stress, also considered as successive stages in the formation of somatization of emotional disorders:

I degree - weak neuropsychic stress. It manifests itself mainly at the emotional and cognitive level, while the indicators of higher nervous activity and the main physiological characteristics of the body correspond to normal ones;

II degree - moderate neuropsychic stress. At the same time, the system of the emotional system of the body functions optimally, activation of mental and psychomotor activity occurs with an increase in its productivity due to the strengthening of the regulatory role of the leading hemisphere. At the same time, indicators of the intensity of the functioning of the cardiovascular system increase;

III degree - excessive neuropsychic stress. This is a state that is transitional from normal to pathological and is accompanied by a decrease in adaptability, in particular, the disorganization of psychomotor activity, as well as the manifestation of the characteristics of an emotional stress disorder.

IV degree - pathological neuropsychic stress. This stage is already a pathological condition, accompanied by the development of psychosomatic diseases and non-adaptive forms of emotional response, which affect not only behavior, but also directly on various physiological functions of the body, causing significant changes.

Thus, the influence of emotions on a person is generalized, prolonged negative emotion, even of moderate intensity, can be extremely dangerous and, in the end, even fraught with physical or mental disorders. The experience of emotion changes the level of electrical activity of the brain, dictates which muscles of the face and body should be tense or relaxed, controls the endocrine, circulatory and respiratory systems of the body.

Considering the problem of regulation of emotional states, K. Izard notes three ways to eliminate an undesirable emotional state:

1) through another emotion;

2) cognitive regulation;

3) motor regulation.

The first way of regulation involves conscious efforts aimed at activating another emotion, opposite to the one that a person is experiencing and wants to eliminate. The second way involves using attention and thinking to suppress or control an unwanted emotion. This is the switching of consciousness to events and activities that arouse interest in a person, positive emotional experiences. The third way involves using physical activity as a channel for discharging the emotional tension that has arisen.

Drawing a conclusion from the foregoing, as well as in the context of our study, we can confidently say that with the help of massage it is possible to purposefully change and regulate the emotional state of the individual.

Thus, the Austrian psychoanalyst W. Reich was the first of the modern therapists to realize the influence of massage on emotions. He introduced the concept of "bodily armor", according to which unexpressed emotions, such as anger or grief, are stored in the body. Tight, strained muscles are bad for the body, and repressed emotions are bad for the soul. Reich's philosophy paved the way for a holistic approach to massage therapy.

Thus, massage is an active healing method, the essence of which is to apply dosed mechanical irritations to the exposed body of the patient with various, methodically carried out special techniques performed by the masseur's hand or with the help of special devices. During massage, numerous nerve receptors, embedded in various layers of the skin and associated with the periosteal and vegetative system, are primarily affected. In this case, the first stage of transformation of the mechanical energy of massage movements into the energy of nervous excitation takes place, giving rise to a complex chain of reflex reactions.

Irritations from skin receptors, summing up with massage effects on deep-lying tissues and organs with irritations of receptors embedded in tendons, articular bags, ligaments, fascia, muscles, with irritations of receptors in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs, are transmitted along sensitive pathways to the central nervous system. Reaching the cerebral cortex, all these centripetal afferent impulses are synthesized into a general complex reaction of the body, which manifests itself in certain functional shifts in various organs and systems of the body. According to V.I. Vasichkin, thus, the general physical tension is released, which leads to the stabilization of the emotional state.

Conclusions on the first chapter:

Summing up the study of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the problem of emotional states of the individual, we come to the following conclusions.

Emotions are an indispensable component of all types of human activity, all types of psychological processes and states.

Various human sciences (psychology, physiology, medicine, etc.), various theoretical approaches to explaining emotions, give an interpretation of this term with their inherent natural limitations. Combining all these approaches to understanding the phenomenon of emotions, we can say that emotions are integral reactions of the body to the influence of internal and external factors. external environment, as well as the results of one's own activity, manifested in subjective experiences of one or another modality and intensity (such as rage, fear, joy, anxiety, aggressiveness, etc.); specific motor reactions and nonspecific shifts in the activity of internal organs.

To characterize the most pronounced manifestations of the human mental sphere, the term "mental state" is used. The structure of the emotional state includes a certain modality of experience, specific changes in the course of mental processes in general, a reflection of personality and character traits. The physiological side of the states is manifested in a change in a number of functions, and first of all, vegetative and motor ones.

The mechanisms of regulation of mental states lie in the intrapsychic sphere. Strategies for getting out of a tense situation are:

In changing or eliminating the problem of reducing its intensity by shifting one's point of view on it;

Facilitate its impact using a number of methods, including self-regulation of the psychophysical state by active influences on the general condition of the body.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Tasks, methods and organization of the study

In this work, we have set a goal - to identify the features and patterns of changes in the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage. We will proceed from the assumption that in the process of therapeutic massage conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual. But since the object of our study is the emotional states of the individual, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out the features of the emotional sphere, and also to determine what ailments all of the subjects have. Based on this, we set the following empirical tasks:

6) determine the general well-being, mood and activity among the subjects;

7) identify psychosomatic ailments and the level of emotional burnout among the subjects;

8) conduct a correlation analysis of the obtained results;

9) experimentally test the hypothesis that in the process of therapeutic massage conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual;

10) make an analysis of the results of the study.

As part of this study, we interviewed 60 subjects, including 28 men and 32 women, aged 20 to 45 years. The study took place on the basis of the health-improving center "Harmony", Cheboksary. In line with the theoretical premises outlined in the first chapter, from the whole variety of tools for psychological diagnostics, we have chosen three methods:

1) SAN methodology (Appendix 1), which made it possible to assess the general psychological state, the degree of severity of one or another characteristic of one's condition at the time of the examination.

2) Giessen questionnaire of somatic complaints (Appendix 2), aimed at identifying the subjective attitude to the physical complaints of patients. Proposed in 1967 by E. Bruchler and J. Sner. The technique was standardized on the population of Germany and patients of the psychosomatic department of the University of Giessen.

The authors of the methodology are based on the theory that the physical condition of a person affects the emotional stereotype of behavior. This is a consequence of the influence of the somatic state on mental activity. In their opinion, the influence of the mental state on the somatic well-being is also possible - the emotional stereotype of behavior that has developed in the individual leaves an imprint on the experience of the physical state. The emotional stereotype of the individual has a direct impact on the perception of bodily disorders.

There is the concept of "internal picture of the disease" - this is the patient's subjective understanding of his condition. In contrast to the objective picture of somatic disorders, the internal picture of the disease reflects how the individual emotionally understands his physical condition. At the same time, each of the sensations is emotionally colored by perception, and the sum of such experiences determines the intensity of subjective ailments.

Such perception, according to the theory, is characteristic not only of sick people or people seeking medical help, but also of a healthy person. Concern about one's health to one degree or another is determined by any person; these experiences bring an emotional psychosomatic background into everyday relationships.

At its core, the methodology includes a list of complaints related to different spheres of life: general well-being, autonomic dysfunction, and disturbances in the activity of internal organs. The severity of complaints is assessed on a 5-point scale: 0 - no, 1 - slightly, 2 - somewhat, 3 - significantly, 4 - strongly. With the help of factor analysis, 4 main scales (exhaustion, gastric complaints, rheumatic factor and cardiac complaints) and the 5th additional scale, which shows the intensity of somatic complaints, were identified. It correlates well with depression, alexithymia and personal anxiety.

3) a method for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko (Appendix 3), designed to diagnose such a psychological phenomenon as "burnout syndrome" that occurs in a person in the process of performing various activities associated with prolonged exposure to a number of adverse stress factors. Designed by V.V. Boyko.

According to the author, emotional burnout is a psychological defense mechanism developed by a person in the form of a complete or partial exclusion of emotions in response to selected psychotraumatic effects. “Burnout” is partly a functional stereotype, since it allows a person to dose and economically spend energy resources. At the same time, its dysfunctional consequences may occur, when “burnout” negatively affects performance. professional activity and relationships with partners.

The technique allows to identify the formation of stress phases: "tension", "resistance", "exhaustion" and the leading symptoms of "burnout".

The first phase of stress - "tension", consists of the following symptoms:

- experience of traumatic circumstances (how close to the heart a person takes traumatic situations);

- dissatisfaction with oneself;

- a feeling of being driven into a cage;

- Anxiety or depression.

The second phase of stress - "resistance", consists of the following symptoms:

- inadequate selective emotional response (emotional lability);

- emotional and moral disorientation (inability to control emotions within the framework of moral and ethical standards)

- expansion of the sphere of economy of emotions (avoidance of situations when the manifestation of emotions, participation, empathy is necessary);

- reduction of professional duties.

The third phase of stress - "exhaustion", consists of the following symptoms:

- emotional deficit;

- emotional detachment;

- personal detachment (depersonalization);

- psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders.

The interpretation is based on a qualitative-quantitative analysis, which is carried out by comparing the results within each phase. At the same time, it is important to highlight which phase of stress formation the dominant symptoms belong to, and in which phase there are the greatest number of them.

Thus, using the semantic content and quantitative indicators calculated for different phases of the formation of the “burnout” syndrome, it is possible to give a fairly voluminous characterization of the personality and, in the author’s opinion, it is no less important, to outline individual measures for prevention and psychocorrection.

Organization of the study: each of the subjects was offered the above methods, containing a number of questions regarding the assessment of the psychological state, self-assessment of their behavior, types of response to various life situations.

During the study, all participants were in the same experimental conditions. The work was carried out in an individual survey.

Based on the purpose of the study, and to confirm the hypothesis, we used the method of a formative experiment, which involves several stages:

The first stage - the primary data collection was carried out to determine the general emotional state of the individual and the existing somatic complaints;

The second stage - a secondary data collection was carried out to determine the general emotional state of the individual and the existing somatic complaints after passing 5 sessions of therapeutic massage.

Thus, we are supposed to identify the features and patterns of changes in the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage, to confirm or refute the proposed hypothesis.

For statistical processing and analysis of empirical data, methods of primary mathematical processing were used; SPSS Statistics 17.0 for Windows: r-Spearman correlation analysis.

2.2 Research results and discussion

Let us describe the results obtained by us in the course of the experimental study.

Stage I of the pilot study

At the first stage of the study, the subjects were offered the SAN method (Appendix 1). During data processing, the following results were obtained, which are clearly shown in the diagram (Figures 8 and 9), while quantitative indicators are presented in Appendix 4.

Rice. 8. Indicators of general condition among men

Rice. 9. Indicators of general condition among women

Considering the coefficient indicators of the data, we can note that the value of the indicators on all scales is within the statistical norm. But, unfortunately, we cannot say that the condition of the subjects is favorable, since the scores indicating a favorable condition should be from 5.0 to 5.5 points, and for these subjects, both women and for men, the indicators range from 2.8 to 7 points on all three scales.

We can also observe the difference between the scores on the “well-being” and “activity” scales (mean value 4.7 points) with the indicators on the “mood” scale (mean value 3.2 points). This may indicate an inadequate assessment by the subjects of their condition or a desire to hide their real condition. It is also worth noting the fact that in most of the subjects on the “mood” scale, low indicators from the norm (4.7 - 4.8 points) are characteristic - in 68% of the subjects; 24% of the subjects have high scores (6.1 - 6.7 points) and 8% of the subjects have average on this scale.

Analyzing the data obtained, we can argue that this indicates the instability of the general emotional state of the personality of the subjects.

Also, at the first stage of our experimental study of the subjects, a second method was proposed to identify psychosomatic ailments, we used the Giessen Questionnaire of Somatic Complaints (Appendix 2). We have received the data presented in Table 1, individual indicators for each scale can be viewed in Appendix 5.

Table 1 Identified level of subjective feeling of discomfort

Considering the data obtained, we can state that the most pronounced ailments among the subjects of the health center are "exhaustion" 18.3% and "pain in various parts bodies” 6.6% - according to these scales, high indicators were revealed. The main features of individuals with these types of ailments are characterized in the non-specific factor of exhaustion, which indicate total loss vital energy- the general need of a person for help. They express subjective suffering of an algic or spastic nature.

In general, the general subjective degree of emotional experience of physical ailments among the subjects does not go beyond the statistical norm, psychosomatic complaints are not clearly expressed.

Our next step was to determine the level of emotional burnout and the characteristics of the emotional sphere among the subjects, using the method for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko (Appendix 3). We received the following data, which are presented in the diagram (Figure 10), individual indicators for each scale can be viewed in Appendix 6.

Rice. 10. Indicators of emotional and personality traits among the subjects

Diagnostics of the emotional sphere of the subjects of the health center indicates that the most established emotional and personal characteristics are "experiencing psycho-traumatic circumstances" (23.3%) and emotional deficit (18.3%).

Analyzing the overall picture of the indicators of the severity of each symptom and its formation, we can say that the following phases of emotional burnout are expressed:

Tension - clearly diagnosed in 32.3% of all subjects (under No. 8, 11, 22, 23, 30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 45, 46, 49, 50, 53, 55 and 58) ;

Resistance - in the formation phase was detected in 16% of the subjects (under No. 5, 17, 26, 33, 37, 42, 52, 56 and 57);

Exhaustion - detected in 28% of all subjects (under No. 2, 4, 5, 17, 22, 27, 32, 34, 42, 49, 50 and 56).

Thus, among the subjects, the level of emotional burnout does not exceed the permissible norm, because the total amount of 12 diagnosed scales did not exceed the threshold values. The most pronounced tension.

II stage of experimental research

At the second stage of our experimental study, we carried out a secondary data collection to determine the general state of the personality, the level of emotional burnout and subjectively expressed psychosomatic complaints of the subjects of the health center, after undergoing 5 sessions of therapeutic massage.

The main purpose of this stage was a longitudinal analysis of the features and patterns of changes in the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage, to confirm the hypothesis that the impact of therapeutic massage is considered as a corrective factor in the emotional state of the individual.

Let's present the indicators of data changes according to the SAN methodology (Figure 11), quantitative indicators in Appendix 7.

Rice. 11. Indicators of changes in the general condition among the subjects at two stages

Considering and analyzing each scale separately at two stages of the study, we can state that the overall indicators on the “well-being” and “activity” scales in 58% of the subjects approached favorable.

Repeated data on the Giessen Somatic Complaints Questionnaire (presented in Appendix 8) also showed a positive trend (Table 2), as the level of "exhaustion" approached 4% and "pain in various parts of the body" decreased to 1.2%, the overall level of malaise was set to low in 68% of all subjects.

Table 2 Changes in the level of subjective feeling of discomfort

The most significant changes after passing through several massage sessions were recorded according to the Boyko burnout level method (individual indicators obtained at the second stage of the study are presented in Appendix 9), the general formation:

Tension - detected in 10% of all subjects (under No. 22, 30, 35, 38, 39 and 55);

Resistance - in 4% of the subjects (under No. 26, 37 and 56);

Exhaustion - diagnosed in 8% of the subjects (under No. 22, 27, 32, 42 and 56).

Thus, we observe a decrease in all indicators of the scales according to the method of emotional burnout Boyko (Figure 12), which indicates a favorable effect of the massage process on the emotional and personal sphere of the subjects.

Rice. 12 Indicators of changes in the main scales according to the Boyko method (in %)

We can consider changes in emotional and personal characteristics in Figure 13.

Rice. 13 Changes in emotional and personal characteristics (in %)

Note: 1 - experience of traumatic circumstances; 2 - dissatisfaction with oneself; 3 - "Caged in a cage"; 4 - anxiety and depression; 5 - inadequate selective emotional response; 6 - emotional and moral disorientation; 7 - expansion of the sphere of economy of emotions; 8 - reduction of professional duties; 9 - emotional deficit; 10 - emotional detachment; 11 - personal detachment; 12 - psychosomatic disorders.

Considering and analyzing each scale separately, we can state that in most cases the level of emotional burnout was reduced, so the greatest changes occurred on the “emotional deficit” scale by 13%.

Such data may indicate the favorable nature of the effect of therapeutic massage on the emotional state of the individual. Thus, therapeutic massage can be considered as a multi-level factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual.

2.3 Correlation analysis of the obtained data

The final stage of our study was to ensure the reliability of the study, for this we used the method of mathematical statistics. Since we proceed from the assumption that in the process of therapeutic massage conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual, and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual. To test this assumption, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r was used. Correlation analysis was carried out separately for indicators of emotional burnout and psychosomatic disorders before the use of therapeutic massage (Appendix 10) and after (Appendix 11) among all subjects.

Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the closest relationship between the studied variables according to the data of the first stage of the study is “exhaustion” and “experience of psycho-traumatic circumstances”, as well as “exhaustion” and “emotional deficit”. It should be noted a clear connection between "pain in various parts of the body" and "emotional deficit", "anxiety and depression". The relationships we have identified are visually represented by correlation pleiades in Figure 14.

Rice. 14. Correlation galaxy on the sample, the first stage of the study

Communication level 0.05

Communication level 0.01

Note: 1 - exhaustion, 2 - gastric complaints, 3 - pain in various parts of the body, 4 - heart complaints, 5 - experiencing psychotraumatic circumstances, 6 - dissatisfaction with oneself, 7 - "Caged", 8 - anxiety and depression, 9 - inadequate selective emotional response, 10 - emotional and moral disorientation, 11 - expansion of the sphere of saving emotions, 12 - reduction of professional duties, 13 - emotional deficit, 14 - emotional detachment, 15 - personal detachment, 16 - psychosomatic disorders.

Analyzing the galaxy of correlations, we can conclude that "exhaustion" is caused by the experience of a traumatic circumstance and emotional deficit, and, in turn, emotional deficit is associated with "pain in various parts of the body", which provoke anxiety and depression in these subjects. Such data do not contradict the quantitative analysis presented in Figure 10 and Table 1.

Consider the correlation analysis data after applying therapeutic massage in Figure 15.

Rice. 15. Correlation galaxy on the sample, the second stage of the study

Note: 1 - exhaustion, 2 - experience of psychotraumatic circumstances, 3 - anxiety and depression, 4 - psychosomatic disorders, 5 - expansion of the sphere of saving emotions, 6 - emotional detachment.

Negative relationship at the level of 0.05

Negative relationship at the level of 0.01

Communication level 0.05

Communication level 0.01

Figure 15 shows that there are few correlations between the variables. The most obvious links are also seen between the level of exhaustion and anxiety and depression (the level of connection is 0.01), so we can observe a decrease in these indicators in appendices 8 and 9, which indicates the effectiveness of the use of therapeutic massage and the normalization of the emotional state of the individual.

It should also be noted the relationship between the indicators of psychosomatic disorders and exhaustion (the level of connection is 0.05), there have also been changes in the decrease in indicators.

Thus, the hypothesis that in the process of therapeutic massage conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual was confirmed.

CONCLUSION

The particular relevance of the psychological study of the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage is due to the fact that it is the emotional states of the individual, as integral characteristics of mental activity, that are a reflection of the psychological health of a person. As shown by numerous psychological studies, the regulation of mental states is of great importance in this case.

We have made an attempt to reflect the current state of this problem, and the disclosure of the main characteristics of the psychological nature of emotional states and their regulation. The scientific basis for the approach to the problem of regulating the emotional states of a person was the theory of the mental and psychophysiological adaptation of a person, which was developed by F.B. Berezin. Comprehensive study of theories of emotions and emotional states (P.K. Anokhin, L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinshtein, P.V. Simonov, R. Fress, J. Reikovsky, K. Izard) showed that there are three ways to eliminate an unwanted emotional state:

1) through another emotion - involves conscious efforts aimed at activating another emotion, opposite to the one that the person is experiencing and wants to eliminate;

2) through cognitive regulation - associated with the use of attention and thinking to suppress an unwanted emotion or establish control over it;

3) and through motor regulation - the use of physical activity as a channel for discharging the emotional stress that has arisen.

Based on the above, in our research work we set a goal: to identify the features and patterns of changes in the emotional states of the individual in the process of therapeutic massage. The object of the study was the emotional state of the individual, the study took place in two stages, based on the content of the method of the formative experiment. We interviewed 60 participants of the health center "Harmony", including 28 men and 32 women, aged 20 to 45 years.

The hypothesis was the assumption that in the process of therapeutic massage conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual. In the work, we used methods for diagnosing the general condition and psychosomatic ailments, as well as methods for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout and methods of mathematical statistics.

During the study, our hypothesis was confirmed.

The data obtained by us as a result of the experiment conducted on the basis of the Harmony health center reliably showed that in the process of therapeutic massage, conditions are created for a directed change in the emotional state of the individual and therapeutic massage can be considered as a factor that corrects the emotional state of the individual.

Summarizing the results of the empirical study, we can conclude that after the application of therapeutic massage, the level of "well-being" and "activity" in 58% of the subjects approached favorable. The indicators of psychosomatic complaints also decreased, the level of "exhaustion" approached 4%.

Also, from the main features and patterns of changes in the emotional state of the individual, it is worth noting that exhaustion, as a rule, is caused by the experience of a traumatic circumstance and emotional deficit, and in turn, emotional deficit provokes anxiety and depression in the subjects. As can be seen from the study, the closest links arose between the level of exhaustion and anxiety and depression (the level of connection is 0.01), according to these scales, the greatest changes occurred, in the direction of decreasing indicators, which indicates the effectiveness of the use of therapeutic massage and the normalization of the emotional state of the individual.

Summing up all the above, we can draw the following conclusion.

1) Emotional states are generally characterized by positive or negative experiences, influence on behavior and activity, intensity, duration, degree of awareness in connection with a specific object. Emotions control a person much more than it seems at first glance. So, the emotional tension accumulated as a result of the occurrence of affective situations can be summed up and sooner or later, if it is not given time to release, lead to a strong and violent emotional discharge, which, relieving tension, often entails a feeling of fatigue, depression, depression;

2) Violation of psychological adaptation or the use of inadequate forms of defense leads to somatization of the emotional state of the individual, i.e. experiences and physiological changes go hand in hand;

3) The use of therapeutic massage leads to the normalization of the emotional background and the state of the individual, to a decrease in the exhaustion of the body and the resulting emotional stress.

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Flowing partly on an unconscious level, the perception of emotions is of great practical importance. Adequate perception of emotions and emotional states is important, for example, in interpersonal communication, in solving problems of professional suitability (starting from determining the emotional characteristics of a person working with complex equipment in conditions of increased responsibility, ending with important personal qualities of managers at various levels). As an illustration of the above, one can refer to the works of A.G. Zhuravlev, in which he reveals the relevance and practical significance of the issue of the influence of various communicative qualities of the leader's personality on the effectiveness or efficiency of team management. The paramount quality of the personality in this regard, according to A.G. Zhuravlev, is sociability, which is characterized by ease of contacts, the absence of isolation, isolation, etc. However, it should be specially noted that it is not enough to judge the severity of a person's sociability by the number, by the frequency of contacts. It is necessary to take into account the emotional "tone" of these contacts, which can be positive, neutral and negative. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between such qualities as contact and sociability. A person who easily enters into contact, in a business relationship with other people, but at the same time causes an emotionally negative "tone" of communication in partners, can be called contact, but cannot be called sociable. Sociability as a personality trait must necessarily be accompanied by an emotionally positive tone of communication.

Emotions (affects, emotional disturbances) are such states as fear, anger, longing, joy, love, hope, sadness, disgust, pride, etc. The psychology of the old days listed countless such experiences. What is common between emotions, feelings and drives, causes the need for a common group name. Bleuler (1929) combined feelings and emotions under the heading "efficiency".

Emotions manifest themselves in certain mental experiences, known to everyone from their own experience, and in bodily phenomena. Like sensation, emotions have positive and negative sensory tones and are associated with feelings of pleasure or displeasure. The feeling of pleasure, when intensified, turns into an affect of joy. Pleasure and displeasure are manifested in certain facial expressions and pulse changes. With emotions, bodily phenomena are expressed much less frequently. So, joy and fun are manifested in motor excitation: laughter, loud speech, lively gestures (children jump for joy), singing, glitter of eyes, blush on the face (expansion of small vessels), acceleration of mental processes, an influx of thoughts, a tendency to witticisms, a feeling cheerfulness. With sadness, longing, on the contrary, there is a psychomotor delay. Movements are slow and meager, the person is "depressed". Posture expresses muscular weakness. Thoughts, inseparably, chained to one. Paleness of the skin, haggard features, decreased secretion of glands, bitter taste in the mouth. With severe sadness, there are no tears, but they can appear when the severity of experiences is weakened.

On the basis of bodily experiences, Kant divided emotions into sthenic (joy, enthusiasm, anger) - exciting, increasing muscle tone, strength, and asthenic (fear, longing, sadness) - weakening. The division of emotions into sthenic and asthenic is schematic. Some affects are difficult to attribute to one or another rubric, and even the same affect, at different intensities, can reveal either sthenic or asthenic features. According to the duration of the flow, emotions can be short-term (anger, fear) and long-term.

Long lasting emotions are called moods. There are people who are always cheerful, in high spirits, others are prone to depression, longing or always irritated. Mood is a complex complex that is partly associated with external experiences, partly based on the general disposition of the body to certain emotional states, partly dependent on sensations emanating from the body's organs.

The mental side of emotions is manifested not only in the experience of the emotion itself. Anger, love, etc. affect intellectual processes: ideas, thoughts, direction of attention, as well as will, actions and deeds, all behavior. With the weakening of emotional stress, for example, in the initial states of dementia praecox, there is a weakening of the will, apathy. The influence of emotions on the intellect and will varies over a very wide range, depending on the strength of the emotional excitement.

With strong affects (fear, great joy, anger, fear), the usual course of associations is disrupted, consciousness is captured by one idea, which is associated with emotion, all others disappear, the emergence of new ideas that are not associated with emotion is inhibited. The further course of the processes is not the same. With joy, after the initial "fading", there comes an influx of many ideas that are in connection with the circumstance that caused the affect. With fear, grief, anger, the ideas that arose at the beginning remain in the mind for a long time. The affect may be resolved in violent actions and in such strong changes in the circulation and respiration that it sometimes led to fainting; there have even been instances of instant death. A person with sufficiently developed inhibition processes, despite the violation of the flow of ideas during emotions, is able to correctly assess the environment and control his actions. Such affective reactions, characteristic of a healthy person, are called physiological affects. Explosive affective reactions associated with loss of self-control are called primitive reactions.

An obligatory component of creating an emotionally positive tone of communication is such manifestations of emotions that psychologists classify as non-verbal emotional expressions.

The most important property of expression as a means of communication is its duration. Usually, violent expression does not exceed 2–3 seconds and, with a longer duration, is interpreted as false, feigned. It is of great interest to study the regularities in the dynamics of microexpressions, the duration of which varies from 40 to 200 ms. In the case of masking an emotional state by a person, they act as the most informative signals that most observers do not notice and are not recognized. The microprocess of perception, or an elementary perceptual act, is an indecomposable unit of visual perception that controls processes of a higher level, simultaneously obeying the logic of their development. As is known, the interaction of the subject of perception with the object appears in the form of processes for solving a visual problem, action (operation) or behavioral act. It realizes the visual contact of the individual with the environment, which externally manifests itself in the form of a directed turn and (or) stable fixation of the eyes (head). "Contact" lasts 300-500 ms and unfolds within the visual field of the individual. The movement of the perceptual system of a given level is the microprocess of perception in the broad sense of the word.

The visual display of the necessary fragment of reality becomes possible due to the almost instantaneous mobilization of mental means and resources of the individual as a whole (it lasts for a fraction of a second and is just as quickly rebuilt). Such formation and development of a functional psychological organ (a system of internal conditions of perception) was named by V.A. Drummer's perceptual microcomplex. Non-verbal emotional expression has quite diverse areas of manifestation: these are postures, gestures, speech expressions, facial expressions. In a particular study, only one aspect of these many manifestations was chosen - facial expressions.

The problem of the dynamics of perception of facial expression is a problem of a different type than, for example, the problem of perception of color, shape or movement. Face perception is a complex, multidimensional process in which emotion recognition is only one of its aspects. The face expresses a person's personality and is the main channel of non-verbal communication. A person carries information about the age, race and gender of a person, his intellect, character, emotional state, determines the meaningful context of statements, is included in the organization of the communication process. Therefore, perceiving a face, we treat this object of perception as similar to ourselves. Accordingly, the perceptual process is built, including the logic of communication. And as a consequence of this, the perception and determination by the observer of the emotional state of another person is not just a decision-making process, not just the reception and processing of information, etc., it is emotional empathy, that is, a holistic act of communication.

When studying the ontology of perception of facial expression at the micro level, it is extremely important to choose the right necessary methodology research. For this purpose, a review of existing methods for the study of emotions was carried out. They turned out to be quite diverse. The most reliable and reliable criteria for determining emotional states today are, undoubtedly, somatic and autonomic criteria (EEG, ECG, EPG, GSR and some others) and, accordingly, methods using them.

Emotions play an important role in children's lives, helping them perceive reality and respond to it. Therefore, adults (parents and educators) should strive to establish close emotional contacts with the child, since relationships with other people, their actions are the most important source of the formation of the preschooler's feelings: joy, tenderness, sympathy, anger and other experiences.

For a practical psychologist, the behavior of a child, the development of his emotional sphere is an important indicator in understanding the world of a small person and indicates his mental state, well-being, and possible development prospects.

Object of study: emotional development of preschoolers.

Subject research: features of the emotional development of preschoolers.

The purpose of the study: to identify the features of the emotional development of preschoolers.

Research hypothesis: the system of specially organized training sessions is an effective way to correct the emotional sphere of preschoolers.

Research objectives:

1. Based on the study and analysis of psychological sources, to clarify the understanding of emotions and the characteristics of the emotional development of preschoolers.
2. To draw up a diagnostic technique and identify the features of the emotional development of preschoolers.
3. To develop a methodology for the development and correction of the emotional sphere of preschool children.
4. Spend experimental work on the study of the emotional development of preschoolers.

Problem research methods:

1. Projective technique"House, tree, person."
2. Projective technique “Non-existent animal”.
3. Projective technique "Cactus".
4. Projective technique “Family drawing”.
5. Methodology for diagnosing parent-child relationships A.Ya.Varga - V.V.Stolina.

Methodological foundations of the study of the problem. In my work, I used theoretical material and practical experience in correcting the emotional sphere of preschoolers, both in the process of training sessions and outside (Izard K., Chistyakova M.I., Uruntaeva G.A.).

Work structure. In order to confirm the theoretical position of the study in practice, experimental work was organized. The research took place in several stages.

The first stage is search. At this stage, based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature and data from my own experience in preschool institutions, the following occurred:

• formulation of the research hypothesis;
• definition of research tools;
• selection and study of the composition of the experimental group.

The second stage is the main one. This phase of the study included:

• carrying out diagnostic sections in order to study the emotional status of preschoolers - a stating experiment presented in Chapter 2;

The third stage is formative. This stage includes

development of a methodology for the development and correction of the emotional sphere of preschool children, carrying out appropriate work.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the study of the problem of emotional development of preschoolers

1.1. The concept of emotions

Emotions are a person's reaction to the impact of internal and external stimuli that have a pronounced subjective coloring: they are usually situational in nature and express an assessment by the individual of a certain situation related to the satisfaction of a person's needs at the moment.

Emotions and feelings are a kind of personal attitude of a person to the surrounding reality and to himself.

Feelings and emotions do not exist outside of human cognition and activity. They arise in the process of activity and influence its course.

Thus, the analysis of theoretical studies indicates that considerable material has been accumulated in the psychological and pedagogical literature on the problem of the development of the emotional sphere of preschoolers. Features of emotional development at preschool age are allocated. It has been proven that emotions have a great influence on the development of mental processes in a child.

Drawing a conclusion, it should be noted that it is possible to develop, correct the emotional sphere of preschoolers on training sessions in preschool institutions, but these classes are specific.

1.2. The main characteristics of the emotional development of preschoolers

The main characteristics of the formation of the emotional sphere of young children (1-3 years old):

lack of empathy;

characteristic emotional reactions are associated with immediate desires;

emotionality is due specific situation: whether he can get an object, whether he successfully operates with a toy, whether an adult helps him;

there is no subordination of motives;

• the child is not able to make a decision, make a choice;
• there is egocentrism;
• self-consciousness is born (recognizing oneself in a mirror, calling oneself by name, experiencing a crisis of 3 years “I myself”, using the pronoun “I” in speech);
• the primary self-esteem “I am good” appears, as a rule, at this age it is maximally overestimated;
• perception is affectively colored;
• engaging in action, the child does not foresee the consequences and does not worry about the act and its consequences;
• the assessment of an adult is important (praise - denial);
• reaction to an adult's assessment, affect is the last link in the chain of reactions.

At preschool age (5-7 years), the following features of the formation of the emotional sphere are manifested:

• more calm, balanced emotional background of perception;

• emotionality is conditioned by developing ideas: desire - idea - action - emotion;
• emotional processes are more manageable;
• develops emotional anticipation (future
  result, its assessment by adults). With a negative result of actions, a disapproving assessment of an adult occurs, which can lead to the development of anxiety. With a positive result of the action, the child receives a positive assessment from the adult, which causes a positive emotional incentive for further behavior;
• affect is the first link in the chain of reactions;
• there is a transition from desires (motives) aimed at objects, to desires associated with the idea of ​​​​objects, their properties and obtaining the final result;
• self-esteem is somewhat overestimated, which helps to master new activities without doubt and fear, but by the time of schooling, the level of self-esteem decreases;
• subordination of motives (motives acquire different strength and significance), the emergence of new motives (the motive for achieving success, competition), an individual motivational system is formed (dominant motives are identified, a hierarchy is formed, social motives are identified: achievement of success, interest in achieving activity);
• the ability to evaluate their own behavior.

The need for communication with peers develops on the basis of the joint activities of children - in games, when performing labor assignments, etc. The first and most important feature of communication is the wide variety of communicative actions and their extremely wide range. When communicating with a peer, the child performs many actions and appeals that are practically never found in contacts with adults. He argues with his peers, imposes his will, calms, demands, orders, deceives, regrets, and so on. It is in such communication that such forms of behavior appear as pretense, the desire to express resentment, deliberately not answering a partner, coquetry, fantasizing, etc.

The second difference between communication with peers and communication with adults lies in its extremely bright emotional richness. On average, in peer communication, according to V.V. Vetrovaya, there are 9-10 times more expressive-mimic manifestations expressing a variety of emotional states - from violent indignation to violent joy, from tenderness and sympathy to a fight.

Actions addressed to a peer are characterized by a much greater affective charge. Preschoolers are three times more likely to approve their peers and 9 times more likely to enter into conflict relations with them than when interacting with an adult. Such a strong emotional richness of the contacts of preschoolers is due to the fact that, starting from the age of 4, a peer becomes a more preferred and attractive communication partner. With insufficient emotional contacts, preschoolers may experience a delay in emotional development.

Chapter 2. Empirical studies of the emotional sphere of preschoolers.

2.1. Methods for diagnosing the emotional sphere of preschoolers

As the main methods to identify the features of emotional development and assess the emotional state of the child, are used projective drawing tests. These techniques can be successfully used by both psychologists and educators, who, observing the child every day, have the opportunity to carefully examine his behavior in real life circumstances.

In order to confirm the theoretical provisions in practice, I organized an experimental work using projective drawing methods to identify the emotional characteristics of preschoolers: “Family drawing”, “Non-existent animal”, “Cactus”, “House, tree, person” (Appendix 1).

The study was conducted in the preparatory group kindergarten MDOU No. 43, consisting of 28 people, including 18 boys and 10 girls. The study involved 10 people. Age group: 6 years old.

To establish the causes of emotional distress in children, it is important to identify situations or objects that cause negative, painful experiences. In this case, it is advisable to conduct, along with testing children, a questionnaire survey of parents or other people close to the child in order to identify the psychological microclimate in the family.

The results obtained using projective methods were confirmed when working with parents using the parental attitude test. In this type of parental relationship, our subjects are dominated by such tendencies as:

• perception of your child as bad, unfit, unlucky;
• manifestation by parents of indifference towards their child, annoyance, irritation, resentment;
• low assessment of the ability of children;
• the existence of a significant psychological distance;
• manifestation of authoritarianism;
• establishing certain limits of behavior.

General conclusion: An analysis of the information obtained through the study gave the following picture of the emotional sphere of children in a family setting:

• affective ties and conflict anxiety relationships with close relatives;
• emotional concern of the child about the family situation;
• emotional disconnection;
• feeling of overwhelming fear, insecurity;
• depression, feeling of inferiority in a family situation;
• insufficient practice of communication with the child;
• feeling of rejection;
• inadequacy in relations with authoritarian people.

Analyzing the above, it can be noted that the diagnostic sections allowed us to identify the level of anxiety and assess the child's internal attitude to a certain type of situation.

The results of the diagnostic analysis testify to the unfavorable development of the emotional sphere of preschool children and the need for its correction.

Chapter 3

3.1. Teaching methods, techniques and content of tasks for the development of emotions

The main goal of developing the emotional sphere of preschoolers is to teach children to understand the emotional states of themselves and those around them; to give ideas about the ways of expressing one's own emotions (facial expressions, gestures, posture, word), as well as to improve the ability to manage one's feelings and emotions.

Here are some tasks for developing emotions:

1. Examining your own facial expressions in front of a mirror.

2. The game "Artists of silent cinema" - is held in front of a mirror;

3. “Mimic dictation”

4. The same “mimic dictation”, but recorded on videotape;

5. Emotional auto-training through emotional identification (identification) with any character.

6. Telling fairy tales, stories in the first person.

7. Playing situations and plots where arbitrary regulation of emotions is required from the child.

8. Creating a "self-portrait" - drawing, "photo".

As the personality develops, the child's ability to self-control and arbitrary mental self-regulation increases. Behind these concepts is the ability to control one's emotions and actions, the ability to model and bring one's feelings, thoughts, desires and abilities into line, to maintain the harmony of spiritual and material life.

Adults (parents and educators) should strive to establish close emotional contacts with the child, since relationships with other people, their actions are the most important source of forming the feelings of a preschooler. In order to understand children's emotions, adults need to know their origin, and also strive to help the child better understand certain facts of reality and form the right attitude towards them.

Conclusion

Carrying out my formative experiment, I developed a block of training sessions that allow you to correct the emotional state of children (Appendix 2). This block of classes was included in the educational process of the children's institution MDOU No. 43. The results of the work carried out proved its relevance and contributed to the improvement of the emotional state of children.

Based on the above, we can conclude that the tasks set in the study have been solved, and the hypothesis has been confirmed.

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