In the summer cottage, you can grow hazel of different types. The healing power of hazel

Resistant to diseases and not picky about special growing conditions, hazelnuts have valuable fruits - tasty and very healthy nuts.

How to independently grow hazelnuts on the site and get the long-awaited harvest will be discussed in this article. In addition, important points will be considered, such as: suitable variety hazelnut, correct selection seedlings when buying, methods of propagation of shrubs and many others.

Having become acquainted with the healing properties of the nut, every gardener, if there is free space, will certainly want to have a shrub in the arsenal of his favorite garden crops.

Hazelnut, description

The cultivated form of hazel - hazelnuts, belongs to the genus Hazel (Corylus) of the Birch family. In culture, the species has been known for about 2000 years; the Black and mediterranean seas. Even the name "hazelnut" comes from Greek word"pontikos", which means "from the Black Sea" in translation.

This perennial woody shrub grows to a height of 3 - 5 m, depending on the variety and artificial crown formation. The leaves are oval or heart-shaped, dark green in color. In autumn, they acquire a bright color of yellow-red tones, which gives them a very attractive decorative appearance.

Hazelnut is a plant with dioecious flowers. Male inflorescences can be seen on the shrub in early spring they look like dangling earrings. Female inflorescences, on the contrary, look inconspicuous, no different from ordinary growth buds. The flowering of the shrub begins early (usually in March), before the leaves appear, as soon as temperature regime set to an average of 12°C. Due to the fact that female and male inflorescences do not bloom at the same time, there is a risk of productive self-pollination of the plant. Therefore, in order to be sure of the future harvest, it is necessary to plant several mutually pollinated varieties of hazelnuts, if possible, at least 10 copies. Pollination of some varieties is also carried out by wind (cross) and with the help of insects.

The hazelnut fruit is represented by a nut in a hard woody shell, wrapped in a leafy cup, ripening by autumn. The nut kernel has two fleshy cotyledons, covered with a shell that is easily peeled off.

At vegetative propagation hazelnuts enter the fruiting phase already in the 3-4th year. The bush gives the greatest yields of nuts at the age of 10 - 35 years, which is, on average, from 5 to 10 kg per bush. Hazelnut is a well-known long-liver, living up to 100 years or more.

The value and nutritional value of a nut will be explained by the composition of its contents: 60-70% are fats, 15-20% are proteins, and 6-10% are carbohydrates. Glycerides of oleic, stearic, palmitic acids, contained in hazelnuts, have healing medicinal properties. These esters are able to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood, prevent the development of vascular diseases, and strengthen the immune system. The presence of vitamins A, B, C, D, E, as well as many chemical elements allows the wide use of hazelnuts in Food Industry as a valuable nutrient.

The plant quickly forms a powerful root system, which allows it to develop and bear fruit even on the most infertile and scarce soils. Hazelnuts are successfully grown in almost all soil and climatic zones. Such versatility could not but attract breeders.

hazelnut varieties

Hazelnut has many fertile and resistant varieties. Some of them are widely used in industrial plantings, others are valued for their excellent decorative properties. You can grow hazelnuts yourself in your garden.

Consider the most popular varieties.

• Hazelnut "Barcelona"

The shrub is distinguished by a dense and spreading form, up to 5 m high. The leaves are quite large, rich green in color, and the upper part of the leaf blade is colored darker than the lower one. The leaves are slightly covered with small villi. Has medium flowering time.

The grade is hardy, frost-resistant and differs in high productivity. Large nuts (25 x 20 mm), different shapes, slightly flattened, with a spiny apex. They have a thick shell, red- Brown. The nut kernel is large, juicy and tasty. Nuts ripen very early, in early September.

This variety deserves wide distribution, the only drawback is the vulnerability to fungal disease- moniliosis.

Pollinators can be representatives of such varieties as Galle, Miracle from Bolviller, Lambert white, Daviana.

• Hazelnut "Cosford"

An English variety with a strong growing bush with a dense and high crown. The leaves of the shrub are dark green, large in size, turning red in autumn. The flowering time of the variety is early.

The variety is high-yielding, bears fruit quite early, at the end of September. The nut is large, rounded and flattened, covered with a thin shell. The kernel is juicy and tasty, with a yield of 54% of the total weight and an oiliness of about 62%.

The variety is moderately hardy, prefers a warm microclimate and secluded places protected from the winds. Suitable for growing in your own garden.

Successfully pollinated by varieties of Galle and Lambert red-leaved.

• Hazelnut "Galle"

German strongly growing variety, reaches up to 5.5 m. The bush forms a large crown of medium density. Flowering time is medium early.

The nuts are large (28x25), cone-shaped with an egg-shaped core, covered with a rather rough shell, which is easily separated.

The fruits ripen later than the previous varieties, in late September - early October. Do not rush to harvest, so that the nuts do not lose weight and lose their taste.

This variety is one of the most fruitful, fruiting regularly and in large quantities. However, he prefers fertile soil and a warm climate. It is pollinated by varieties such as Barcelona, ​​Cosford, Early long.

• Hazelnut "Warsaw Red"

European variety, characterized by a vigorous shrub, spherical shape. Nuts of large sizes, with pleasant sweetish palatability. The fruits ripen in the second half of September.

Counts decorative variety having red leaves in autumn period and green - in the summer. The core yield is 48 - 51%, the presence of fats is about 70%, proteins 14%, carbohydrates 8%. The kernel of the nut has a light thin skin, delicate, sweetish in taste. The flowering time of male and female inflorescences practically coincides. As an additional pollinator, the Galle variety is suitable.

• Hazelnut "Trapezund"

Crimean top grade, meets all the requirements of state standards. Nuts of large size, ripening very early (at the end of August), with a high fat content (up to 72%). largest view hazelnuts, with a kernel at the exit of 60%. Moderately frost-resistant variety, withstands temperatures down to -32°C, characterized by high yield.

• Hazelnut "Red Leaf"

It includes a whole group of varieties, the distinguishing feature of which is the leaves of carmine shades. A characteristic feature of the group is increased frost resistance, which allows it to endure even very severe winters. And high yields of nuts and unpretentious care (poor soil, lack of moisture) made him a favorite for many gardeners.

Such shrubs are actively used for decorative purposes. Artificial bright fence gives the site a unique appearance.

Most famous varieties: Ekaterina, Academician Yablokov, Smolin, Kudraif, Moscow ruby.

In addition to these species, there are still a lot of varieties of hazelnuts recommended for cultivation. These include: Circassian, Kudryavchik, Kerasund, Palace, Badem, Lombard, Ata-Baba, Yagly, Panakhessky, Kadetten and others.

Planting a hazelnut

Given the unpretentiousness and endurance of many varieties of hazelnuts, it will not be difficult to grow a shrub on your site. And, knowing the features of growing and optimal conditions for planting, the process will seem simple and exciting. The result, in the form of delicious nuts, will delight in its abundance in a few years.

Selecting a landing site

• Taking into account that mature plant hazelnut - a strong growing, sprawling and dense long-lived shrub, you must initially choose spacious, open and well-lit space. Hazelnut prefers sunny places protected from through winds. The maximum illumination of the shrub significantly increases its productivity.
• To soils hazelnuts are unpretentious and grow almost everywhere, with the exception of dry sandy, swampy and saline soil types. Naturally, on fertile soils, with good hydration it will develop better and give the greatest yields. Loose, nutrient-rich, neutral soil will be optimal. acidic soils you must first lime, taking 500 g of lime per 1 sq.m. soil. When planting on black soil, it is recommended to add sand or peat to improve its moisture and breathability. The plant does not tolerate cold, heavy and compacted soils well.
• The shrub takes root and grows as on flat areas, as well as on the slopes. In Turkey, for example, hazelnut plantations are located in the foothills and on the slopes. On the contrary, having a superficial root system, the shrub successfully strengthens the slopes. If the slopes are large, they must be additionally traced by equipping the corresponding holes there.
• Considering that hazelnuts are a moisture-loving crop, you can choose places for planting near rivers or reservoirs. It is even allowed to use the area with high level groundwater, due to the formation of a surface root system in hazelnuts. But, nevertheless, it is better that the landing site does not undergo spring floods, and water did not stay there.

Landing time

• Planting is best done in the fall (approximately in the month of October) in still warm and moist soil. This means that in the spring root system hazelnuts will fully recover and the shrub will be ready for further vegetation.
• You can also plant hazelnuts in early spring, the main thing is to provide seedlings with sufficient moisture. Growing, the roots quickly use up winter moisture reserves.

Planting agrotechnics

• When propagating hazelnuts, it is important to initially sort the seedlings into standard ones suitable for planting and non-standard ones that need to be grown. Saplings grow from 1 to 3 years, it depends on their size. They are planted on a mini bed with a row spacing of about 1 m and 20-30 cm in a row.
• Hazelnuts grow in one place for a long time, the crown grows more and more over time, so the distance between seedlings should not be less than 4-5 m, and the row spacing should be 5-6 m. The only exception is planting a shrub as an ornamental hedge, then the distance is reduced up to 2-3 m.
• To increase productivity, it is better to plant at least 3, diverse and mutually pollinated shrubs on the site. In the case of large plantations, wild-growing hazel is planted on 10 rows of hazelnuts, which contributes to successful cross-pollination.
• The landing pit is prepared in advance (1-3 months), about 70x70 cm in size. About 10 kg of humus, 200 g of double superphosphate, 70 g of potassium sulfate are added to the pit, after which everything is mixed with the ground.
• A small mound is made in the hole, along which the roots of the seedling are straightened, then the bush is sprinkled with earth and compacted. It is important that the root neck of the seedling is at ground level or 2-3 cm higher.
• A hole is made around the planted bush and watered abundantly. To retain moisture trunk circles it is better to mulch with sawdust, dry grass or peat. After a week, watering is repeated.

• For optimal rooting, the aerial part of the seedling must be cut off, leaving about 20 cm from the soil surface.
• If the site is infested with a large number of cockchafer larvae, appropriate treatment should be carried out before planting hazelnuts. chemicals. Another option: a year before planting, sow buckwheat or lupine as green manure, which are detrimental to larvae.

Placement of hazelnuts on industrial plantations

There are several schemes for mass planting hazelnuts: 6 x 6, 5 x 6, 4 x 6, 5 x 5 and 4 x 5 m. The more space allocated for a shrub, the more powerful it will be in the future, which means it will be able to provide a large harvest.

They also practice a nested form of planting, which increases the yield of plants, when plants are planted in a circle.

Pollinating varieties are necessarily planted on extensive plantations, placing them also according to a certain pattern.

Growing hazelnuts, care features

It is not difficult to grow this useful and valuable food crop, it is enough to follow the basic rules of care and agricultural technology.

Loosening, weed control

Like any other plant, hazelnuts love loose soil that is not clogged with weeds. Therefore, regular loosening around the trunk and timely removal of weeds are necessary methods of hazelnut farming, especially during the formation of a young shrub from a seedling.

Given that the root system of the shrub lies close enough to the soil surface (from 10 to 20 cm), loosening or digging is carried out carefully, to a depth of 5-8 cm, so as not to damage the roots.

An adult fruit-bearing plant will no longer be so susceptible to the absence of these agrotechnical measures. The best option in this case would be soil mulching (sawdust, peat, dry grass), which will also prevent weathering, washing out and freezing of the soil.

Watering

Hazelnut is a moisture-loving crop, especially this should be taken into account in the spring and summer, when soil moisture reserves are depleted. Watering directly affects the yield of fruit crops, so drought should not be allowed on the site. This rule especially applies to the summer period, when the future harvest is laid. Watering should be carried out depending on weather and climatic conditions. On average, in dry weather, the bush is watered 1-2 times a month. Excellent results also provides drip irrigation.

It should be borne in mind that an excess of moisture negatively affects the plant, so it is important to ensure good drainage of the site, especially after watering.

Fertilization

Top dressing - necessary measure cultural care and depends on quality composition soil. The type and dose of fertilizer directly depend on the degree of fertility of the site.

Annual application organic fertilizers(15-20 liters of humus, manure, compost, wood ash) with a small amount of nitroammophoska (100-200 g) under each bush will only improve the growth and fruiting of the hazelnut crop.

In June, when the fruit is laid, the plant is fed with 0.5% urea or other mineral fertilizers. Organic top dressing is applied for digging.

In the case when the soil is fertile and well fertilized with organic matter, nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied. This can lead to rapid growth of the shrub and, as a result, a decrease in yield. If the soils are poor, spring application nitrogen fertilizers will positively affect the development and fruiting of the shrub.

Disease and pest control

Nuts are a favorite delicacy for many large animals, so wild boars, squirrels, hares, and mice can harm the bush. Of the small pests, the most dangerous are caterpillars, butterflies, beetles.

So, from beetles, hazelnut leaves and nuts are often attacked by the nut weevil and the barbel beetle. A sign of damage is the early shedding of nuts, their worminess and the presence of dry shoots. To combat them, they dig the site, clean the damaged nuts and treat with pesticides.

Processing is carried out in the spring, when beetles appear, in order to prevent egg laying. From mechanical methods, you can also periodically shake off insects on a film laid under a bush. Unfortunately, this method is very laborious and inefficient.

Regarding diseases, hazelnuts can be affected by powdery mildew, when spider mold appears on the foliage, followed by blackening. In case of infection, all affected leaves are destroyed, and the plant is sprayed with a lime-sulphur solution, colloidal sulfur, or another fungicide. As you know, it is better to prevent a disease than to cure it later.

Therefore, in order to prevent powdery mildew disease, all leaves that have fallen in autumn are collected and destroyed, and the earth is dug up. After all, it is on fallen leaves that this fungal infection overwinters.

Bush formation, pruning

The correct formation of a shrub affects its growth, development and, accordingly, productivity. Often, physiological processes such as increased winter hardiness or disease resistance are also dependent on pruning.

So correct pruning- an important link in the whole chain of agrotechnical practices for the care of hazelnuts.

Allocate standard and bush pruning. Pruning task: to form a light sparse crown for more air and light access, and to stimulate the formation of young fruit branches. Pruning is carried out in autumn or early spring.

To decorate a bush, unnecessary shoots are cut out in its middle and 8-10 main (so-called skeletal) trunks are left. The formation of the shrub must be completed by the beginning of its fruiting (4-5 years).

It should also be borne in mind that after 3-4 years, the active development of coppice shoots of the shrub begins. If all the emerging shoots are cut off, a trunk will form, like a tree. If you continue to form a shrub - cut out the barren growth, and leave the young branches. The main thing is that the hazelnuts do not turn out to be too thick, with poor access to light, and hence a decrease in yield.

At the age of 15–20 years, the bush is rejuvenated when 2-3 old trunks are removed, and young shoots are shortened. The essence of rejuvenation is to replace old skeletal trunks with new ones that have emerged from young growth. Replacement can be carried out both gradually (within 6-7 years to replace the trunks), and one-time (all old trunks are immediately removed). Naturally, in the latter case, fruiting will temporarily stop and resume only after a few years.

Shelter for the winter

Only young seedlings need shelter for the first few years, and even then in a harsh, non-snowy winter. So that the shoots do not freeze out, they can be bent to the ground and covered with spruce branches.

Harvest and storage

As a rule, hazelnuts begin to ripen in autumn: the wrapper becomes golden brown and the nut is easily removed from it. Having harvested, it must be dried well, spreading thin layer(can be in the sun or in a ventilated area). After that, remove, where it remained, the sheet wrapper and dry the peeled nuts again. Hazelnut fruits are stored in bags or boxes in a dry place for up to 3 years.

Hazelnut propagation

Hazelnut is propagated by seeds and vegetatively, and different varieties reproduce in different ways.

Vegetative propagation method

• Reproduction by dividing the bush

This is a fairly simple method that allows you to save all varietal characteristics. The excavated bush is divided into parts with full roots and cut (up to 15 cm) shoots. Prepared parts sit on permanent place. With proper care, hazelnuts take root well, restore the crown and begin to bear fruit in 3-4 years.

• Reproduction by rhizomes

At about the 3rd year of life, a hazelnut shoot is formed, which is separated with an ax. When transplanting shoots, it is necessary to make special incisions that provide better survival.

• Bow breeding

Young annual shoots are used, which are bent to the ground, into specially dug grooves, fixed with special hooks. The shoots are sprinkled with earth and watered. When the layer takes root, it can be separated from the mother bush. A very laborious and inefficient way.

• Reproduction by layering

Reproduction is carried out by horizontal or vertical layering. From one shoot, about 5 layers are obtained. This method of propagating shrubs is considered quite laborious, but effective. Laying layering is carried out in early spring.

Annual cuttings are laid horizontally in the grooves, pinned, and do not sprinkle with anything. On such horizontally laid shoots, young vertical shoots sprout from the buds. In summer, when sprouted shoots reach 10-15 cm, they are spudded with soil to a third of their height and provided with abundant watering. The growth is shortened to 0.5 m in order to better root formation. The following year, layering with formed roots must be dug up and divided into parts.

Vertical layers are obtained as a result of hilling 1-2-year-old shoots, making additional wire constrictions. This is how the rooting of the layering occurs, which by the fall will reach about a meter in height.

• Reproduction by vaccinations

A difficult method that is practiced mainly by experienced gardeners. A culture is grafted in the spring, and various varieties of hazel are often used as a stock.

Reproduction by seeds

The main difference between the seed method of reproduction is that the offspring does not retain the characteristics of the parent. Therefore, this method is often used by breeders to develop new varieties.

Seed material - nuts, choose selected, large, ripe and not damaged. Their preliminary stratification is carried out and in the spring they are planted on prepared beds. Grown seedlings will be able to begin to bear fruit only after 6-10 years.

Self-cultivation of hazelnut seedlings is a rather long and laborious process, which can only be done experienced gardeners. For novice amateur gardeners, it is better to buy hazelnuts in specialized stores, online stores, garden fairs or markets. When buying ready-made seedlings, you should pay attention to the roots (they should be well developed, with a clod of moist soil) and shoots (they should not be damaged or broken off). The price of hazelnuts is quite affordable and varies depending on the variety and age of the seedling.

Why grow hazelnuts?

An unpretentious culture with a high yield of a valuable and useful product is a dream for any gardener. If the size of the site allows you to plant this shrub, the return will not be long in coming. On average, about 10 kg of nuts are harvested from one bush, tasty and very healthy. The crop is stored easily and long time retains its taste.

The use of hazelnuts

A representative of the hazel genus, hazelnuts, is famous for its nutritional and medicinal properties, being a complete food product. The high-calorie product contains nutrients important for the human body, vitamins A, B, C, E, a number of macro and microelements.

Fats, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids are very important for human health. The use of nuts helps with chronic fatigue, neuroses, diseases of the cardiovascular system, anemia, diabetes, obesity. For people subject to physical or mental stress, for a growing body, this product is especially valuable. The substances contained in hazelnuts help remove toxins from the body, help cleanse the body and strengthen the human immune system.

Hazelnuts are also indispensable in the food industry, in cooking. It is impossible to imagine the preparation of cakes, chocolate, halva, cookies or sweets without these delicious and fragrant nuts. In ground form, as a food additive, it is also used in vegetable, meat and fish dishes.

Due to the large amounts of protein, hazelnuts, like other nuts, occupy an honorable first place in the diet of vegetarians, replacing meat and dairy products with them. The low content of carbohydrates and sugars, despite the high calorie content, allows it to be used by patients diabetes and dietary intake.

Hazelnut oil is also used for medical and cosmetic purposes.

We must not forget about decorative application shrubs. Plants with red, yellow or orange flowers enjoy in landscape design special popularity. Shrubs are planted to create hedges, combining the practicality of culture with beauty. appearance. And alternating varieties with different colors leaves, it is possible to create a real masterpiece of decorating a garden plot.

The ease of planting and growing has made hazelnuts available for summer cottages or garden plots. Among cultivated plants, which are grown as food, hazelnuts have taken one of the leading places. This is due to the high nutritional value of its fruits, the simplicity of agricultural technology, unpretentiousness to soil and climatic conditions and other useful qualities.

Hazelnut, photo

Hazelnut, video: "How to plant a hazelnut"

In our country, hazel fruits have been eaten since ancient times. They went to the forest for nuts, collected, harvested and transplanted walnut trees and bushes closer to home. Domesticated hazel began to be called. First mentions hazelnut(hazels) are found in the records of the ancient Romans and Greeks. It is believed that they were the first to cultivate this wonderful plant. Scientists believe that hazel was the main plant, the fruits of which ten thousand years ago, at the end of the ice age, saved our ancestors from starvation.

The optimal scheme for planting seedlings is 6 x 6 m or 5 x 5 m, with a shortage of space, you can plant 2 x 5 m, 3 x 5 m. It is important to remember that the more space a tree has, the better it grows and bears fruit.

Half a month before planting, prepare a hole half a meter deep and half a meter in diameter, fill it with a mixture:

• Soil (top layer)
• Humus - 2-3 buckets or manure - 5-8 kg
• Superphosphate - 150 grams
• Potassium salt - 50 grams
• Mycorrhiza - 2-3 handfuls to a depth of 15cm.

In the center of the pit, install a peg, near which you place. Before planting, hazelnut roots must be straightened and lowered into a solution-talker (a mixture of earth and water). Deepen the level of the root neck by 3 cm, but the neck itself cannot be covered with earth. Trim the seedling after the fifth or sixth bud, leaving about 25 centimeters in height.

Regardless of weather conditions, seedlings must be watered at the rate of 4 buckets of water under each tree and the soil should be mulched with any suitable material (, needles, humus, etc.). Repeat watering after a week.

In the summer it is recommended to carry out top dressing with ashes. Nitrogen fertilizers reduce the yield of hazelnuts, although they make the bush lush and beautiful, so it is better not to use them when feeding a nut.

To get good, it is important to do the formation of the bush correctly. In the first three years, the root system develops better, after this time, an increased growth of shoots begins, from which trunks are formed. From the second or third year, you need to carry out the bush procedure. Choose 5-8 of the strongest shoots from which the crown of the bush will be formed, cut the rest to the root. At hazelnuts, only young shoots are left, barren ones are removed.

Branches should be cut at the base of the bush.

At the 11th year of nut growth, before the leaves begin to bloom, rejuvenate the tree: cut off three old trunks and shorten the young ones. In one place, hazelnuts can grow for more than a hundred years. It is not necessary to cover hazelnuts for the winter, it is quite frost-resistant.

Tree diseases and pests

Hazelnuts are resistant to and, nevertheless, branches can be processed for prevention iron vitriol. This should be done in late October and early spring.

Tree pest and disease control:

• For hazelnuts, the May beetle is a great danger, the larvae of which love to feast on the roots of the tree. If larvae of the May beetle are found in an amount of more than two per 1 square meter, the pest must be destroyed before planting.
• Nut weevil is capable of destroying up to 50% of the crop. In the spring, before the appearance of beetles, add granulated 10% Bazudin to the soil at the rate of 2.5 grams per 1 sq. meter. After the appearance of beetles, trees are sprayed with Karbofos 0.06 grams per 1 square meter. Gather and destroy prematurely fallen nuts. In the morning, shake off the beetles on canvases spread on the ground.
• The hazelnut barbel loves to lay its eggs under the bark of young shoots, the beetle larvae gnaw out the core of the shoots, as a result of which they dry out. All dried branches should be 15 cm below the dried place and then burned. In mid-May, spray the plants with 1% Karbofos.

To prevent infection of hazelnuts with diseases and pests, it is necessary to remove and burn fallen leaves in the fall, and then dig up the ground under the bushes of the plant.

It is destroyed in this way, it tolerates winter well on fallen leaves, and weevil larvae. In the summer, regularly collect and destroy the affected fruits. With proper care, hazelnuts are practically not susceptible to diseases and pests.

More information can be found in the video.

Common hazel is a deciduous shrub reaching a height of up to 10 meters. Such shrub has medicinal properties. Therefore, among the people, hazel was called hazel.

The plant belongs to the hazel family. Hazel leaves are large, with jagged edges, have a red color in autumn.. The bark of the shrub is brown with transverse stripes. There is a powerful root system that grows very quickly deep in the soil.

After planting, the shrub grows slowly, gradually adding in growth. Flowering occurs before the leaves open, in early spring. Earrings about 5-7 cm long are formed on the trees., are single and collected in several pieces together. The fruit is an oval-shaped nut, located in a green cupule. Fruit ripening occurs by the end of summer. Up to 20 nuts can form in the seed, but 2-5 are more common. The shrub begins to bear fruit after 8 years. This shrub is a long-liver, its age reaches 100 years, it is frost-resistant.

Hazel calmly tolerates the shadow, but develops and grows better in illuminated areas.

In nature, hazel is found in Russia, the Caucasus, and the Crimea. There are more than 10 types.

• common hazel
• treelike
• Large
• Manchu
• multi-leaved
• Horned

Received the name bear nut. Tree up to 20 meters long, 8 meters wide. The bark of the shrub is gray in color and peels off in sheets. Grows very slowly. Leaves turn yellow in autumn. The fruits of the tree-like hazel are divided into sharp slices. The shrub is unpretentious, tolerates drought, adapts to any climate.

Large hazel shrub(Lombard walnut) has grayish branches, up to 15 meters long. The leaves are large, toothed. Does not tolerate frost well. Often grown in the Balkans.

Hazel Manchurian

It is a shrub with many trunks, has a trunk length of 3 to 7 meters. The bark of the hazel is brown, the leaves are rounded, have a dark green color. The fruits are oblong nuts. Shrub shade-tolerant and frost-resistant. Occurs in Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territory.

Very dense shrub up to 4 meters high. Leaves change color. Green in summer, red in spring, yellow in autumn. The shrub loves light, can tolerate shade, is frost-resistant, tolerates drought. Fruiting starts early. Grows in the Urals, the Far East and Siberia.

Grows up to 3 meters in height. It has a lush crown and oval yellow leaves.. Received the name due to the fruit, resembling a horn. Grows in North America.

Composition and benefits of hazelnut

Hazelnut, which is called hazel, is the most common and favorite of the types of nuts. Hazelnut is considered a valuable and tasty nut., several times more nutritious than bread and dairy products.

Hazelnut has beneficial features, high nutritional and energy value, enriched with vitamins and minerals.

The bulk of the fetus is formed by fats, one-fifth of proteins and amino acids. The nut contains a huge number of minerals:

• Potassium
• Phosphorus
• Magnesium
• Sodium
• Iron

All of these healing and healing properties fill the body with energy. Hazel fruit oil contains acids that can protect the heart and blood vessels. For the growth and development of the body, the nut is useful for children, and for the elderly to maintain strength and health.. In addition, hazelnuts contain substances that can cleanse the body and remove toxins. Vitamins prevent the appearance cancer cells. For medicinal purposes, fruits, leaves, bark, roots are used. Hazel is a laxative, used for diarrhea. A decoction of the bark of a tree can serve as a medicine for varicose veins.

Widespread use of hazelnuts in cooking. Nut is used in the preparation of various dishes, and also added to baking.

Preparations prepared on the basis of hazel are used in cosmetology. Oil and a decoction of walnut leaves are used against hair loss.

But, as well as beneficial substances there are contraindications. It is necessary to eat a limited amount of nuts, otherwise it causes headache and allergic reactions.

Planting and caring for a tree

With proper planting of hazel, it is necessary to choose a free, sunlit place. The tree grows well on any soil, does not like wetlands and sandy areas. Before planting, it is necessary to prepare a place that, when spring comes, will not flood the seedlings.

Favorable time for planting is autumn, but you can plant seedlings in spring, until the end of April. The distance between the trees as they grow, take into account at least five meters. To harvest, it is necessary to plant three or more mutually pollinated shrubs.

It is very important to know that a shrub alone does not bear fruit.

Before planting, you need to purchase a young seedling, you can dig it in the forest. Prepare a hole by digging with a shovel, measuring 80 by 80 cm and 80 cm deep. Humus, fertilizer black soil, is introduced into each pit, and mixed with the ground. Form a hole around the seedlings and pour water. After that, mulching with sawdust or grass is performed.

After planting, a young shrub must be watered, weeded, fertilized, and treated for pests. After planting a young shrub, it is necessary to loosen the soil and water, especially in summer in hot weather. An adult tree does not require much care, it is necessary to prune for good fruiting. When buying, you need to beware of seedlings, they bear fruit a few years later, the nut is smaller in size. Hazel grows in mixed and coniferous forests, in the steppe, along rivers. Hazel is common in Russia, in the Caucasus, in Europe, in the Primorsky Territory.

Rules for breeding and growing

The methods of propagation are vegetative and seed. The seed method is used when growing seedlings. For sowing, ripe nuts are taken, sown immediately after harvest in September.

Varietal shrubs are propagated vegetatively:

• layering
• rhizomes
• Vaccinations
• The division of the bushes
• cuttings

When propagated by layering young shoots bend down and root to the ground, without tearing them away from the bush. Everything should be done with care so as not to harm the buds that young shoots will give.

rhizomatous growth the plant appears in the third year after planting seedlings. One shrub produces more than a hundred shoots, and they are used for reproduction. Three-year-old rhizomes are separated along the edges of the bush with a hatchet, shovel or hacksaw. The shoots have weak roots, they are planted in one hole in 3 pieces. And in nurseries they grow for about 2 years, to strengthen the root system.

Hazel is propagated by dividing the bush. The uprooted shrub is divided into several parts so that each stump has roots. After planting, abundant watering follows, for a good engraftment of the bush. Already in the third year, such seedlings begin to bear fruit.

To propagate by grafting, cuttings are harvested in the fall, and stored in a cool place. The vaccination is done in the spring in the butt, in a split or behind the bark. Grafting for the bark takes root better. Vaccinations are smeared with garden pitch and covered with foil. After bud break, the film is removed.

Hazel cuttings are rooted in closed ground with high humidity. It is necessary to cut seedlings 10 centimeters long, remove the lower leaves. After that, prepare a composition of sand, peat, earth and humus. Planted cuttings in boxes with moist soil under the film. After 3 weeks, after the appearance of the roots, the film is removed.

Harvesting

Harvesting of hazel takes place in the third year, when the bush begins to bear fruit in September.

The maturity of the fruit is determined by the acquisition of a yellow shell and flaking.

When shaking the tree, nuts that have not fallen should be given time to ripen. Immediately after ripening, nuts are not suitable for human consumption. They need to dry for a while in a dry and ventilated area. It is recommended to store nuts in bags through which air passes.. When harvesting, the earth is strongly trampled down under the bush, it must be loosened, watered and fertilized after.

Exposure to diseases and pests

Susceptibility to diseases and pests and diseases of hazel is extremely rare. There are many shrub pests:

• Shchitovka
• weevil beetle

Damaged fruits are shed by caterpillars in large quantities. A dangerous pest is the weevil beetle. When spring comes, it eats leaves, after which it lays eggs. A larva appears inside the nut, which gnaws out all the contents. In pest control, it is necessary to spray the bushes after flowering with a solution of chlorophos or other preparations. Measures are being taken to clean up foliage and damaged nuts near the tree.

In garden plots, lush and beautiful tree hazel, although the shrub is popular. The shrub has many values ​​in medicine, and wood is of particular value in furniture and industrial production. In addition, the shrub is an object of beauty in any garden, especially during flowering.

Hazel common, common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) [lichen, hollow, zalepuyna, walnut shrub, orich, orishina, arah (Georgian), chattauk (Kyrgyz), alun (Moldovan)], birch families (Betulaceae).

There are a significant number of hazel species belonging to the genus Corylus, most of them grow in the USSR. Of particular importance is the common hazel-common hazel (C. avellana).

Tree-like hazel also grows in the USSR - bear nut (C. colurna), heterophylla hazel (C. heterophylla), Colchis hazel (C. colchea), Pontic hazel (C. pontica), Manchurian hazel (C. manshurica), short-tubular hazel ( C. brevitiba), etc.

Hazelnut (hazel) - a shrub branched from the base, with an average height of 1.5-2.5 to 4.5-5 m; rarely there are trees reaching a height of 7-7.5 m. The plant is monoecious. Blossoms in February - April (depending on the place of growth). In the southern regions, hazelnut flowering begins at the end of January. The leaves are bare, dark green above, pubescent below, rounded or oval, serrated along the edges. The branches are young bare, gray; older bristly, with hairs, yellowish-gray. male flowers form long scaly, drooping earrings; female flower wrapped in a scaly kidney. Flowering is usually very early, before the leaves open.

Despite the fact that there are almost always two ovules in the ovary, usually only one grain develops.

The fruit of the hazel is a drupe, which is in a leafy bell-shaped wrapper - a plush (saucer).

Hazel bears mostly cylindrical fruits, but there are round-ovate and flattened-ovoid fruits.

As the nut shell matures, it becomes more and more intense brown; the nut is separated from the fruit and falls out of the plush (saucer).

Hazelnut grows in forests (oak, mixed and other types) as an undergrowth and often on the edges.

Common forest hazel is known on the Dnieper under the name of hazel, "lichen".

Usually hazel is an undergrowth, growing together with oak, hornbeam and other tree species. In the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia, hazel often grows in the form of undergrowth along with dogwood and other plants.

Hazelnut is distributed along the slopes of the northern, northwestern, can go far into mountainous areas and grow in low places, but does not tolerate flooding by spring waters.

Hazelnut prefers southern slopes and sufficient lighting.

When growing, hazel is often very thickened, which sharply reduces its fruiting.

Hazel propagates by seeds, root offspring, layering (gives abundant shoots after felling).

Hazel grows on various soils, but prefers chernozem fertile soils moderate humidity; it successfully grows on loams and sandy loams, but not on sandy poor and not on marshy ones, hazel begins to bear fruit in the 4-5th year and later, but reaches the most abundant fruiting by 12-15 years. The timing of fruiting is influenced by the soil and climatic conditions of the regions and the type of walnut.

Hazel is distinguished by good fruiting, especially in low-lying places, with an abundance of sunlight. Under these conditions, for example, in the Caucasus, it yields almost annual crops.

In terms of ripening, hazelnuts (like many other wild fruits and nuts) can be divided into two extreme groups - early and late. Ripening stretches from August to October-November.

Hazelnut lives up to 70-80 years. Its productivity is from 0.5 to 2.5 tons per 1 ha.

Wild hazel served as the source material for breeding cultivars having industrial value.

The wild-growing hazelnut is very widespread in the USSR. It grows in the European part of the USSR, the North Caucasus, Ukraine, in the central western regions of the RSFSR, the Baltic states - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Transcaucasia and in many other areas.

Of particular interest are the hazelnuts of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, where their largest and most valuable varieties are represented.

In the RSFSR, hazelnut is found in the Middle Volga, Crimea, Lower Volga, Moscow and Leningrad regions, in Bashkiria, the Chuvash Republic, the Tatar Republic and in many other areas.

In addition to the common hazel, a large group of hazel trees belonging to other species grows in the USSR.

bear nut(C. colurna L.). The wild-growing bear nut, which is distributed in the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Western Georgia, Dagestan, and the North Caucasus, is very close to the hazelnut. Bear nut - a tree up to 20-36 m high, the trunk is straight, covered with scaly light bark; the crown is pyramidal. Bear nut blooms in March-April. Fruiting from late August - early October. The percentage of fat in bear nuts is greater than in forest nuts. The nut seed (kernel) is very tasty. In size, the fruits of the bear nut are somewhat smaller than the fruits of the common hazel, they have a very hard shell and a scar runs along their surface.

When ripe, the fruits quickly crumble from the tree.

Bearnut gives a very valuable, beautiful, layered, hard wood, which is in great demand in turning and carpentry, going to make expensive furniture and various items household items.

Hazel, Manchurian hazel(prickly) (C. manshurica). It grows wild in the Far East along the edges, clearings, in mixed and coniferous forests as an undergrowth. This is a multi-stem highly branched shrub up to 3-3.5 m in height; the fruits are collected in several pieces (3-4), pointed in shape, with a thinner shell than the bear nut. Fruit ripening in September.

Harvesting of Manchurian hazel is carried out in extremely limited quantities due to the fact that the fruits have a prickly wrapper, which makes picking difficult (collecting fruits in mittens).

hazel(C. heterophyll) grows wild in the Far East and in Eastern Siberia. It is a shrub up to 2-2.8 m in height, young branches are pubescent; leaves are broadly oval, with shallow lobes along the edges; the plush is much longer than the nut. The fruits are almost round, spherical in shape, flattened on top, sometimes angular in shape, are found together in several pieces, the shell is light yellow, thick, hard, pubescent.

Taste quality is satisfactory.

Hazel variegated grows along the edges of the forest, on the slopes, sometimes it occupies large, dense arrays.

Georgian hazel(C. iberica). It grows wild in the North Caucasus, Abkhazia and other regions. Tree up to 25 m high and with a fleshy pubescent cupule; fruits are collected in several pieces; nuts of spherical flattened shape.

Colchis hazel(C. colchiea). Shrub of small height, up to 1 m; the branches are young gray, with ovate, sharp-toothed along the edge, small leaves; plush silvery-pubescent, long; the shape of the nuts is short-ovoid, up to 14 mm long and 12 mm in diameter.

It grows wild in Western Transcaucasia and other areas.

Pontic hazel(C. pontica). It grows wild in Western Transcaucasia. The shape of the nut is broadly ovoid, the fruit is squeezed at the base, the involucre of the fruit is pubescent.

Imeretian hazel(C. imeretica). Grows wild in Imeretin. Fairly tall shrub with rounded or broadly ovate, large leaves; the plush is long, narrowed above the nut, has long hairs.

The shape of the nuts is close to cylindrical or obovate.

Hazel gives tasty nutritious fruits, high in fat and protein.

In shape, fruits are oblong, conical, round-spherical, angular, etc. Unripe nuts sitting in a cupule are initially white in color; mature fruits are dark yellow, brownish or light yellow. The most common brownish color. The hazelnut shell is smooth or ribbed.

In the Caucasus, some varieties of hazel give large fruits, the weight of ten hazelnuts is 17.9-21.2 g.

In the period of full maturity, when the fruits (nuts) accumulated the maximum amount nutrients and the core has hardened, you should start harvesting them.

Nuts harvested before full maturity contain a significantly lower amount of fats, proteins, have a soft core, which later shrinks; such nuts do not withstand long periods of storage and are easily spoiled.

The most valuable component of hazel fruit is fatty oil, which is a clear yellow liquid with a pleasant taste and aroma of eaves.

Fatty oil of hazelnuts is perfectly absorbed by the human body and due to this it can be used in a variety of ways in the food industry. Hazelnut oil is used in the perfume industry, soap production and in the production of oil paints for painting.

According to the study of K. P. Kardashev, fatty peanut butter(hazelnuts from the Vladimir region) has the following indicators: specific gravity(at 15°) 09165; refraction (at 25°) 63.3; acid number 0.18; saponification number 189.0; ether number 188.82; iodine number 82.45.

The waste obtained from the extraction of the oil kernel can be used in the confectionery industry.

In the southern regions of the country, more than 72% of fat (fatty oil) accumulates in the nut kernel. In more northern regions, the formation of fatty oil in hazel fruits is slower and the fat content in nuts is usually lower.

Hazelnuts contain over 19-20% of proteins. The nitrogenous substances of hazelnuts are represented mainly by proteins (globulin).

Of the carbohydrates, hazelnuts contain fiber (cellulose); the nucleus sometimes contains a small amount of starch and sugar (sucrose), the content of which reaches 2-5.2%. The kernel of the hazel nut contains iron (4.3 mg in 100 g of the nut, and 12.7 mg in the yellow skin), calcium and other elements. The composition of hazelnuts also includes vitamins (B 1 0.37-0.90 mg%); hazel leaves contain 200 mg% of vitamin C; hazel fruits also contain carotene (provitamin A).

Tannins are found in separate parts hazel plants; so, in the plush of fruits, their content is 15%, in the leaves 8-10%, in the bark 7%.

Leaves and bark of hazel contain fatty oil. The hazel bark also contains dyes (yellow), so it is used in the leather business to color the skin.

Below is the chemical composition of the hazelnut kernel according to the main indicators.

Chemical composition of the hazelnut kernel (in %)

Hazel (hazel): planting and care.

Common hazel (hazel) is a forest inhabitant of central Russia, known since ancient times for the excellent taste of its fruits - nuts, their high nutritional value, and attributed to it folk beliefs magical properties wood. This useful shrub is also invaluable for its winged helpers - bees. Its abundant spring flowering provides a huge amount of the main food for insects - pollen, thoroughly supporting them after wintering. The excellent decorative effect of hazel, and especially its hybrid culture - hazelnuts, is increasingly used by gardeners to decorate summer cottages and estates.

Description of culture.

Representing a deciduous shrub or low, up to 8 m in height, tree, hazel, has a decorative and attractive appearance. The oval or spherical dense crown and light, smooth gray-brown bark with transverse stripes create a pleasant impression. Hazelnut flowering occurs in early spring, even before the leaves open. Since the hazel is a monoecious plant, beautiful staminate catkins, single or collected in bunches, and pistillate flowers appear on it. Four forked connected stamens make up a flower. spring bloom hazelnuts - a beautiful life-affirming sight. The fruit of the hazel is a nut. They are pubescent with a greenish cupule and are combined into infructescences of 3-5 or more pieces. Hazelnuts bear fruit annually, alternating between heavy and moderate harvests. Fruiting, starting from the 5-8th year, is typical for such a culture as hazel (hazel). Planting and care are determined by the method of planting.

Nuts: composition and benefits.

Ripe hazel kernels are not only very tasty, but also the most high-calorie of all types of nuts. They are more nutritious than meat and dairy products. Fatty oils, trace elements, vitamins, amino acids and their unique compounds contained in nuts give the kernels excellent taste and healing qualities. Eating them is good for children and adults. Nuts are eaten raw or roasted, added as a filler in the production of chocolate, confectionery, oriental sweets. And with excellent taste, nut butter is an ingredient in salads, hot and cold appetizers. The long shelf life of hazelnuts (3-4 years), during which they do not lose their basic qualities, is another advantage of this unique product. Available in the bark and leaves of hazel tannins, tannins, essential oils allow their effective use in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries.

Medicinal properties.

The high bactericidal properties of hazel are successfully used in the treatment of skin diseases (neurodermatitis, eczema, etc.). The young leaves of the plant alleviate painful manifestations in case of liver damage, and the peeled fruits (without brown husks) mixed with honey enhance the hematopoietic function of the body and relieve rheumatic pains. Vodka infusions of nuts are successfully used in the treatment of pulmonary problems, bronchitis, feverish conditions, kidney stones. Pounded kernels, thoroughly mixed with egg white, are an excellent remedy for chemical and thermal burns. Decoctions of spring bark relieve feverish conditions in malaria, walnut oil helps in the fight against helminths, and is used in cosmetology.

Hazel in landscape design.

No less important are the decorative qualities of the shrub. Hazel is valued by garden landscapers due to its dense foliage, which turns yellow and red in autumn. There are also very picturesque forms of hazel with a wonderful crimson shade of leaves that persist throughout the season. This is the so-called red-leaved hazel. The use of such unusual plants in backyard landscape design will not only decorate the space, but make it unique and inimitable.

Location:grow fast. The redness of the leaves is more intense in good sunlight. And the yellow-leaved forms, in principle, are prone to burning and need to be shaded from the hot midday rays. The advantages include longevity, winter hardiness, shade tolerance and decorative effect.

Soils: better development they reach on fresh, humus-rich soils, they absolutely cannot stand swampy and saline, as well as poor and dry soils.

Landing: plant hazel in autumn. First, pits of 60 × 50 cm are prepared, filled with humus (up to 10-15 kg) and mineral fertilizers (200 g of superphosphate and 50 g of potassium salt) and fertile soil is added from the upper arable layer. Before planting, seedlings are cut to 20-25 cm, the roots are dipped in a mash of clay and manure and placed in pits every 4-5 m (it is denser in a hedge), watered abundantly.

Care: near-trunk circles loosen, but not deep, and mulch, for example, with mowed grass. In dry years, plants are occasionally watered, once every 2-3 years they are fed with organic matter and annually with mineral fertilizers. During the period of fruit setting, urea feeding is desirable. And for the normal growth and development of the hazel bush for the 5-6th year, it is thinned out, leaving 6-8 or 8-10 trunks in each, depending on the density of planting.

To ensure a successful overwintering of plants, it is recommended to bend low-growing branches to the ground in the fall and cover them with snow. To obtain a reliable harvest, artificial pollination has to be used. For this purpose, among the bushes, closer to the female inflorescences, they place a bottle of water tied to the stems and cut branches of common hazel with catkins. Artificial pollination can be carried out in another way. They take several flowering earrings (2-3), bring them to the blossoming fruit buds and gently shake the earrings over the pistils. Very often, earrings and fruit buds open and bloom at the same time. As a rule, earrings begin to dust before the blooming of the female inflorescences. In this case, pollen is collected, sometimes along with earrings, in a clean paper bag. You can not keep pollen in the sun for even a few minutes, it dies. The package is stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of about 0 degrees until the red threads of the pistils are shown. Then, with a soft watercolor brush, pollen is taken from the bag and applied to the stigmas of the pistils. With small hazelnut bushes, this method is convenient and reliable. It takes quite a bit of time to pollinate a flowering bush - 15-20 minutes.

Formative pruning is of great importance for hazel and hazelnuts. Since the plants are photophilous, the entire crown of the bushes should be available for light and air. In practice, two methods of shaping are used. First reception. In thickened bushes, extra shoots are cut out in the middle. Part of the side trunks is bent to the side and fixed in this position with a wire. It turns out something like a green "vase" with a middle accessible to light and air. Another take. The trunks are tied, deflecting them to the left and right, to two thick aluminum wires passing from the sides of the bush at a height of 1.2 - 1.5 m from the ground. The profile of the bush in this case looks like a boat, or the letter "V". This is essentially a trellis garter, so they tie up raspberry and grape bushes. With this formation, the bushes occupy less space than the first one. For a separate bush, it is better to use a "vase" type formation.

The original method of growing and forming hazel. You can form your own hazel trees not in a traditional, multi-stem, but in a single-stem culture. Leave one, the most powerful stem from the bush growth, cut the rest at ground level. The stem will grow very quickly, will be covered with overgrowing fruit twigs, and by the fourth year of life will give the first harvest. Instead of a multi-stemmed bush, a small single-stem tree turned out. An abundance of food, free access of light and air to the crown, determine good annual yields for many years.

One of the constant worries of the gardener is the lightening of the hazel crown, especially inside the bush. When pruning, you have to take into account that most of the hard flower buds are located at the tips of the overgrowing stems of the branches. For this reason, only dried, old and heavily shading branches are cut. Although the hazel bush lives for a long time, but at the age of 15-20 years, the overgrown branches of the skeletal stems begin to dry out, which reduces the yield. Rejuvenating pruning required. It is carried out gradually, cutting out 1-2 old stems per year. They are cut as close to the ground as possible, in early spring, in March, before the start of sap flow. Cut out and excess root shoots from the bush.

Reproduction: seeds, root offspring, layering. They give abundant shoots from the stump. The easiest way in a garden is to divide the bush. With a sharp shovel, 1-2 young stems are chipped off along with the root system and a large clod of earth. When transplanting, cuts are made at a height of 10-15 cm from the ground in order to cause the appearance of new shoots and achieve a better engraftment of the bush. When required big number seedling, and plants give few root offspring, take away horizontal and arcuate layering.

Varietal hazelnuts and hazelnuts can be propagated by grafting a bud or a cutting on wild hazel and bear hazel. best term kidney vaccinations (budding) middle lane- late July - early August, when the rootstock bark is easily separated from the wood. Buds (eyes) for vaccination are taken from the lignified part of the shoots of the current year. Before you start grafting and cut off the eye from the shoot of the graft variety, the stalk is cleaned of pubescence. Grafting with a cutting is done in the following ways: cupulation, splitting, by the bark. Cuttings are harvested in the fall, although you can cut them in the spring before bud break just before grafting.

From sowing seeds of hazelnuts, especially hybrids, the offspring is varied, sometimes little resembling the mother plant. As a rule, hazelnut seedlings produce semi-hazelnuts, although they have excellent taste and nutritional qualities. For planting, choose mature nuts that have fallen from the bush. Sow in autumn to a depth of 7-8 cm, or in spring to a depth of 5-6 cm. seed propagation hazelnuts and hazelnuts come into fruiting time only for 5-8 years. With vegetative for 3-4 years.

Usage: species hazels are shade-tolerant and can make up the second tier. They are good for down, when you need to cover too long and bare trunks of "ankle-legged" trees. But hazels love sunny glades much more. Single seasoned bushes with widely spread branches will completely replace the gazebo or become a shelter for shady flower beds for about eighty years - this is the life of the plant, And the abundant leaf fall of the hazel will be good organic top dressing for any forest plant. Keeping colored hazels in groups or singly is a matter of taste, in any case they look elegant.