Green cuttings. Green cuttings - an effective method of vegetative propagation

THE GREEN SEA OF THE TAIGA If you look at the map of the distribution of vegetation, it becomes obvious that the most common in our country are the taiga landscapes. The taiga stretched from Kronstadt to Vladivostok. This belt is not equally wide everywhere, and if it is superimposed on a globe,

Cuttings Before describing several ways of vegetative propagation of clematis, we give a number of general tips and recommendations. When pruning in the spring, more shoots with vegetative buds should be left. Pruning clematis for vegetative propagation

Alley one: BLUEBEARD AND GREEN HEART In natural reservoirs, along with higher plants, algae are always present - primary aquatic plants. In the practice of a collector of aquatic plants, algae play an insignificant role: they have long been cultivated in aquariums.

Most efficient technology Propagation of blue honeysuckle plants is propagation by green cuttings. In the conditions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia, this method of reproduction for honeysuckle has not been developed. The optimal elements of green cuttings, cuttings placement schemes, conditions for their successful rooting have not been determined. These recommendations allow the use of highly effective methods of accelerated reproduction of blue honeysuckle in production conditions.

The success of green cuttings of honeysuckle largely depends on the cultivation facilities, the availability of drainage, the preparation of the substrate, and the quality of irrigation. Rooting of green cuttings is recommended to be carried out in a film greenhouse TPV 10.1.11-86. The soil in the area where the greenhouse is installed must be well-drained to remove excess moisture. The thickness of the soil for root formation is 30 cm, the organo-mineral soil consists of a mixture of peat and other organic materials with the addition of mineral components. To maintain the optimal regime of air and soil moisture, small-drop irrigation should be used using fogging installations. The watering regime should ensure the constant presence of small drops of water on the leaves. The soil at a depth of 15-20 cm should be well moistened. Rooting conditions: the top layer of the substrate 10 cm deep - sand, relative air humidity 90 - 95%, maximum air temperature 35-36 0С (optimum 25-30 0С), soil 28-30 0С (optimum 22-25 0С). The size of the cuttings is 12-15 cm, planting depth is 4-5 cm.

Green cuttings are cut from the mother liquor in the phase of fading shoot growth on mother plants. In honeysuckle, visually, this period coincides with the appearance of the first ripe berries, for the Tambov region - approximately in the period from June 5 to June 15. The plants in the mother liquor and in the breeding area are cared for in accordance with technological maps for growing mother plants and cuttings.

Harvesting of shoots should be carried out in the early morning, when the tissues of the stems and leaves are most watered. The shoots are carefully folded into plastic bags and quickly delivered to the cutting site. Leaves on cut shoots have a low water-retaining capacity and lose turgor in a short period. Leaves that have lost turgor can hardly restore it, which negatively affects the process of root formation. As green cuttings, you need to use branching shoots and renewal shoots.

It is necessary to prepare the cuttings as follows. With a sharp knife at a distance of 1.5 cm under the lower pair of buds of the first internode, an oblique cut is made at an angle of 45 ° to the axis of the shoot. The second cut - at an angle of 90 ° - is made above the upper pair of buds at a distance of 1 cm. Before planting, the lower pair of leaves is removed with a knife or pruner. If the internodes of the shoot are shorter than 7 cm, the cuttings are harvested from two internodes, removing two pairs of leaves and leaving the third - the top one. The cuttings are tied into bundles, to which a label is attached indicating the variety and the number of cuttings in the bundle.

If the production conditions limit the possibility of grafting within the specified optimal time, as well as with simultaneous grafting of varieties with different degrees of maturity of annual shoots, rooting stimulants, such as IMC, rootin and others, should be used. For soaking in a solution of rooting stimulants, the cuttings are placed in wooden boxes, lined with polyethylene film or plastic cuvettes with a height of at least 10 cm. A working solution is poured into the bottom of the box or cuvettes with a layer of 2–4 cm. The beams are immersed with their lower ends into the working solution. It is necessary to ensure that the lower sections of the cuttings are at the same level and are all located in the working solution.

Treatment of cuttings with aqueous solutions of rooting regulators is carried out as follows. To prepare a working solution, a sample of the preparation of rooting stimulants is pre-dissolved in a small amount hot water(50 - 100 ml). If the drug has dissolved, bring the solution to the desired volume and pour it into a box. Aqueous solutions are not stable, so they are prepared immediately before use.

To prepare an alcohol solution, a sample is taken, dissolved in a small amount of 96% ethyl alcohol, then water is added to the desired volume to obtain a 50% alcohol solution. The solution is prepared in a glass or porcelain container with a capacity of 150 - 500 ml. Since alcohol evaporates easily, the solution should be stored in a tightly closed container, in the dark at a low temperature.

The prepared alcohol solution with a layer of 2 - 3 cm is poured into a small jar, the cuttings are immersed in it with the lower ends; stand for 10 seconds and immediately planted in the greenhouse.

To process the cuttings with growth powder, the last layer of 0.5 - 1 cm is poured into a flat-bottomed cup or box. The cuttings are processed immediately after cutting and immediately planted for rooting in grooves made in advance with a marker.

The mode of fine spraying with water in the first three weeks lasts 5-10 seconds with an interval of 15-30 minutes from 7 to 20 hours daily with a break for the night. This ensures the constant presence of water on the leaves, the soil at a depth of 15-20 cm was well moistened. After the appearance of the first roots (in early July), the frequency of watering should be reduced, and the duration of the period without watering should be increased (3-5 minutes after 1-1.5 hours).

Starting from mid-July, it is necessary to harden the rooted cuttings, airing the greenhouse. In late August - early September, the greenhouse is completely freed from the film.

Digging up rooted cuttings is carried out in late September and early October.

After digging the cuttings, rooted plants were evaluated according to the method of V.I. Budagovsky (1959) (taking into account the growth diameter in cm, plant height in cm, the state of the root system in points):

1 point - there are no roots on the plant;

2 points - unsatisfactory rooting (1-2 weak roots or only their rudiments);

3 points - satisfactory rooting (3-4 roots);

4 points - good rooting (on plants a large number of large and small roots);

5 points - rooting is very good (many densely located large and small roots depart from the cuttings).

The rooting rate of cuttings is found from the ratio of the number of rooted cuttings to the number of planted cuttings and is expressed as a percentage.

Analyzing the works of F. G. Belosokhov, I managed to learn a lot of interesting things about the history of honeysuckle as a valuable food crop. This is how the first image of a branch with blue honeysuckle fruits looked like, made by the French naturalist C. Clusius in 1583 (Fig. 3):

Figure 3. The first image of honeysuckle made by C. Clusius.

Honeysuckle, as a valuable berry plant, became known about 300 years ago after the first explorers and scientists penetrated Eastern Siberia and the Far East (Plekhanova, 1982). The first information about the honeysuckle plant is found in the "Skaski" of the Russian explorer V.V. Atlasov, who made a campaign in Kamchatka in 1697-1699 (Berg, 1946). Many researchers noted the good taste of Kamchatka honeysuckle berries (Krashennikov, 1818). The population of Eastern Siberia and Far East has long harvested honeysuckle berries for drying and for jam (Batalin, 1894; Branke, 1935).

Initially, interest in honeysuckle was caused by its decorative effect (Zaitsev, 1962). As a berry plant, T.D. Mauritz in Nerchinsk in 1884 (Mauritz, 1892; Evreinoff, 1940). Abroad, in 1910-1915, it was introduced into cultivation by farmers in northeastern Canada (Fernald, 1925).

For about 170 years, there has been a discussion about edible honeysuckle as a valuable plant for introduction into culture. Moreover, edible honeysuckle often meant what we now refer to as Kamchatka honeysuckle, Turchaninov's honeysuckle, and edible honeysuckle proper (Gidzyuk, 1978). I.V. Michurin named edible honeysuckle among the most valuable fruit and berry plants of exceptional interest for breeding, and called on industrial gardeners and scientists of the country to introduce it into the gardens of the northern regions and widely use it in breeding to create valuable varieties (Albensky, Antonov , Bakharev et al., 1949).

Such qualities of culture as winter hardiness, early fruit ripening also attracted the attention of foreign authors (Evreinoff, 1940; Zylka, 1969).

The systematic selection of honeysuckle was started in 1950-1960. at the Pavlovskaya (Teterev, 1983, 1975, 1953; Chestnaya, 1972) and Far Eastern (Bochkarnikova, 1972, 1978) experimental stations of VIR, at the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture in Siberia (Luchnik, 1966; Zholobova, 1985) and at the Bachkar stronghold of this institute in Tomsk region (Gidzyuk, 1981, 1978; Tkacheva and Savinkova, 1989).

The main advantages of honeysuckle are early ripening (on average, 7-10 days earlier than strawberries) and a high content of P - active substances. The total content of P - active substances (catechins, rutin, anthocyanins, leukoanthocyanins, etc.) ranges from 600 to 1800 mg / 100g, according to their number edible honeysuckle second only to chokeberry. The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits reaches 90 - 130 mg / 100 g, which is more than in strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries (Plekhanova, 1984). The accumulation of ascorbic acid in honeysuckle fruits varies depending on climatic conditions, fertilization, fruit picking time, botanical species, and other factors (Gidzyuk, 1978).

Honeysuckle fruits contain dry substances - 10-19%, sugars - 3-13%, pectin substances - 1.1-1.6%, minerals - 0.4-0.9%, acids - 1.0-3, 0% dry weight; vitamins (mg%): C - 20-50, P - 400-1500, incl. catechins - 250-800, anthocyanins - 400-1500, leukoanthocyanins - 100-500 (Ermakov, 1992).

In small quantities, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B9, provitamin A (carotene) accumulate in honeysuckle berries: B1 - 2.8-3.8, B2 - 2.5-3.8, B9 - 7.2-10, 2, carotenoids - 0.05-0.32 mg%. Of the trace elements present potassium, iron, iodine, manganese, copper.

Honeysuckle is very unpretentious in culture. It grows and bears fruit even on poor soils, does not require much care, is exceptionally hardy (tolerates very low temperatures - minus 500 and below), flowers withstand frosts down to - 5 - 70C. In urban conditions, it is gas-resistant, annually blooms and bears fruit both in the conditions of the northern regions and the south of the country, decorative during flowering and fruiting. On honeysuckle plants with edible fruits, dangerous diseases and pests have not yet been noted.

Honeysuckle berries have long been used in traditional medicine as a capillary strengthening agent for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, malaria, indigestion. Berries are used as a dessert and for processing into jams, juices, compotes, and wine. In medicine, an infusion of honeysuckle leaves is also used. The leaves of wild honeysuckle are readily eaten by sheep, goats, deer, deer, the berries serve as food for birds, and dense bushes are convenient for nesting. Honeysuckle berries are suitable for making pink and purple dye, and the leaves are yellow.

Honeysuckle is a good honey plant, providing nectar and pollen to insect pollinators. The release of nectar per flower reaches 0.3 - 0.4 mg. The special value of honeysuckle as a honey plant is that it blooms very early, when there are few other honey plants; and bees often still have to be fed at this time (Gidzyuk, 1978).

Honeysuckle has a high ecological plasticity, adapting to existence in a variety of ecological and geographical conditions.

Honeysuckle fruits are diverse in shape and taste, have a rich biochemical composition and are known for their healing properties.

Colored from light blue to dark blue, covered with a bluish wax coating, honeysuckle fruits are diverse not only in taste, but also in shape (Fig. 4):

Figure 4. Shapes of edible honeysuckle fruits.

The taste of honeysuckle fruits is provided by sugars, non-volatile organic acids, and bitter substances.

Now more than 100 varieties of honeysuckle have been bred in Russia, which are of great interest to amateur gardeners.

To start vegetation, honeysuckle varieties require the sum of positive temperatures +32…+48 0С, the beginning of flowering +180…+2460С, the ripening of berries +600…+7800С (Belosokhov, 1993; Zhidekhina, 1998).

Honeysuckle is one of the most hardy plants. In the conditions of Siberia, it withstands frosts down to -520C. Buds and flowers are slightly damaged even at -6-70C (Zakotin, 2004). However, she does not respond well to a long warm autumn, and long winter thaws. These conditions provoke the beginning of the growing season and untimely flowering.

But even despite this, honeysuckle is currently the favorite culture of amateur gardeners. Cultivation of honeysuckle in school areas is also promising, since earlier ripening of berries will allow diversifying the school diet of students with high-quality vitamin products.

However, the slow increase in the economic productivity of plantations requires more dense planting patterns in school areas, which in turn requires a large amount of planting material. And this makes it necessary to develop effective methods for the accelerated reproduction of planting material.

One of the well-known, fairly affordable and cost-effective is the method of green cuttings. It is well developed and found to be very effective in the early stages of shoot growth in relation to honeysuckle. However, at these stages, the length of the shoots is insignificant, which significantly reduces the possible number of cuttings that can be taken for rooting. In this regard, we set ourselves the goal of identifying the possibility and effectiveness of cuttings at the stages of later vegetation.

As a result of the conducted research, we found that honeysuckle has a high percentage of rooting in the early stages of cuttings. (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Percentage of honeysuckle rooting with early term cuttings and the use of stimulants.

At the same time, tightening with cutting cuttings leads to a sharp decrease in the percentage of rooting. So, on average, for 17 varieties, the percentage of rooting was 64.6875%. The multiplication factor ranged from 40% to 100%. Varietal differences were quite significant (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. The percentage of rooting of honeysuckle with a late cutting term using stimulants.

The highest percentage of rooting was noted in the variety Tomichka. Not far from him lagged variety Lazurnaya. The lowest percentage of rooting was shown by the variety Pervenets.

For clarity, photos taken by the student personally are presented. They show the root systems of some varieties of honeysuckle. See fig.

Growth regulators provided different efficiency of root formation (Table 1)

As a result of the research carried out in later dates cuttings, the highest percentage of rooting in the variety Tomichka when using Kornevin.

On fig. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 are photographs of the root systems of some varieties of honeysuckle.

Figure 7. Variety Early. Figure 8. Variety Vasyuganskaya.

Figure 9. Cultivar Blue spindle. Figure 10. Variety Berel.

Figure 11. Variety Kamchadalka Figure 12. Variety Blue bird.

Figure 13. Variety Azure.

green cutting method became possible with the use of cultivation facilities (greenhouses, tents, greenhouses), artificial fog installations and physiologically active substances.

Green cuttings in the Middle Volga region are carried out in the second or third decade of June. Depending on the weather conditions of the year, the timing of cuttings may vary. For cutting cuttings, the increments of the current year are used. Shoots are harvested early in the morning, cuttings 8-12 cm long are cut with a sharp knife or secateurs. Sections on the handle are made 0.5-1 cm below the kidney. The bottom sheet is removed.

Use cuttings with 2-3 leaves. They are tied in bundles (50 pieces each) - so that the lower sections are at the same level. To enhance root formation, the cuttings are treated with indolylbutyric acid at a concentration of 25–50 mg/l or with heteroauxin at a concentration of 50–75 mg/l. The cuttings are kept in the solution for 12-16 hours at a temperature of +22°...+25°C. The leaf blades of the cuttings should not touch the solution, otherwise they will burn. After that, the cuttings are planted for rooting. Various substrates are used for rooting, but pure sand is more technologically advanced and cheaper. Greenhouses must have good drainage.
Greenhouses are prepared as follows: a frame is made, crushed stone is poured into it with a layer of 15-20 cm, then humus soil 25-30 cm thick and sand on top - a layer of 2-3 cm. Cuttings are planted to a depth of 1.5-2 cm according to scheme 8 -10 cm between rows and 5-7 cm in a row. Carefully ensure that the leaf blades are wet all the time, otherwise the cuttings will wither and dry out.

The period of root formation in green cuttings of cherries, plums, apple trees, pears and their clonal rootstocks lasts from 30 to 45 days, depending on the ability of the variety or rootstock to root. Rootstocks of stone fruit and pome crops are rooted by 80-90%, grapes, sea buckthorn, currants and gooseberries - by 70-80%. Cherry cuttings varieties Karmaleevskaya, Rastunya. Braiding, plums - Eurasia 21, Early ripening red, Mirnaya, Zhiguli, Renklod Leah are rooted by 60-80%. In cuttings of Finaevskaya, Dessert Volga, Large-fruited Volga cherries, plums - Pamyat Finaeva, Ternosliva Kuibyshevskaya, Svetlana, the rooting rate is 20-50%.

To enhance growth and improve the development of cuttings, 1-2 root dressings are carried out with nitroammophos or crystallin (at the rate of 30 g per bucket of water) with an interval of 15-20 days. The film is removed in the middle of summer and rooted plants are hardened. Plants are left in greenhouses for the winter, while they are covered with a small layer of peat, spruce branches or sawdust. Early in the spring they should be opened again, otherwise the plants will support. They are dug up in autumn. Standard seedlings up to 1-1.2 m high and a bole thickness of 1.2-1.5 cm are planted in the garden, non-standard ones are grown for another year. Rooted cuttings of clonal rootstocks are dug up and used for

Vegetative propagation, unlike seed, occurs asexually - a new plant is part of the mother, and then separated from it. This type of reproduction allows the most complete preservation of economically valuable traits and properties of the mother plant in the offspring and thereby increases the productivity of the planting material.

The process of growing planting material in this case is accelerated. It does not depend on the yield of seeds. Planting material is genetically homogeneous. Its cultivation under a polyethylene cover using automatic systems for creating and maintaining an optimal microclimate makes it possible to significantly expand the range of breeds propagated vegetatively, reduce the cost of its cultivation and switch to replacing some breeds of seed propagation with vegetative ones.

This type of reproduction is used in the following cases:

when breeding breeds that are difficult to propagate by seeds, do not give seeds at all under any conditions or give unviable seeds;

for harsh conditions of existence, where many plants do not have time to ripen or do not set seeds at all;

for the reproduction of some plants, even relatively easily propagated by seeds, but not retaining their genotype due to splitting;

· with mass reproduction of valuable, but still rare in the culture of introducers, since with this method many plants can be obtained from one or more maternal individuals.

Artificial vegetative propagation is divided into autovegetative and heterovegetative. Autovegetative reproduction is carried out by organs or parts of the organs of the reproduced individual without the use of other plants, heterovegetative - using other plants (various types of grafting). Autovegetative propagation is carried out by stem (lignified and green cuttings) and root cuttings, shoots, layering, root offspring, dividing the bush, and the like.

In this thesis, the method of propagation by green cuttings of roses of the tea-hybrid group is considered in more detail.

The history of the study of green cuttings

Domestic scientists have conducted numerous studies on green cuttings of tree and shrub species of various species and varieties. A significant contribution to the theory and practice of green cuttings was made by the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev, where in 1934 experiments on green cuttings were carried out on a number of gooseberry varieties. Since 1935, the study of the ability to reproduce by green cuttings of 115 different species and varieties of garden plants began. The experiments laid the foundation for further research, as a result of which a connection was established between the ability to regenerate adventitious roots when propagated by green cuttings in various life forms and their evolution.

A large number of species, varieties and forms of plants have been identified that are promising for propagation by green cuttings.

In 1940, a study began on the effect of growth regulators on the rooting of green cuttings of many species and varieties of plants. Their effectiveness was especially noticeable on cherries and plums. At the same time, optimal concentrations, terms and methods of processing cuttings were identified.

The basics of green cuttings with the use of growth regulators were determined by the end of the 40s of the twentieth century. Recommendations were issued, and the development of green cuttings began in nurseries near Moscow.

At the end of the 1950s, complex studies on the optimization of factors external environment for rooting cuttings and the development of the necessary engineering and technical means.

In the development and improvement of the technology of green cuttings, a special place belongs to the state farm "Pamyat Ilyich" near Moscow. Back in the 1940s, under the guidance of the Department of Fruit Growing, the development of green cutting technology with the use of growth stimulants began on this farm, and in the 1960s, according to an experimental project developed at the Academy, the first industrial artificial fog plant in Russia was built in protected ground and a systematic development of green cutting technology. Here, the selection of species and varieties promising for green cuttings was carried out, technological means and elements of technologies were improved in relation to the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia.

However, as VNIILM studies conducted in 1975-1981 showed, the cutting method also has disadvantages. The first negative side is that rooted cuttings cut from one adult mother tree, as a rule, give offspring that are heterogeneous in terms of growth rate. This phenomenon has been called the "cutting effect". Usually, more homogeneous offspring can only be obtained by harvesting cuttings from younger plants when propagated by buds and other young parts of plants (tissue cultures). Another negative trait cutting method is the strong susceptibility of cuttings to various fungal diseases, which can be overcome only by observing strict preventive measures for soil disinfection. For many breeds, it is also necessary to carry out special preventive treatment of cuttings with fungicides and insecticides.

The work carried out at VNIILM on the reproduction of introduced species and hybrids of hardwoods made it possible to accumulate a large amount of experimental material, which made it possible to establish that the percentage of rooted cuttings varies greatly and depends on the rooting conditions, the timing and methods of harvesting cuttings, and the biological characteristics of harvested cuttings. Thus, experimental work in VNIILM in 1975-1981 on cuttings shows that it is possible to carry out reproduction successfully and at the same time obtain plants with a well-formed stem, retaining the growth rate inherent in the mother plant. In the course of these studies, agrotechnics for growing planting material of vegetative origin was developed, taking into account the development of cuttings and the formation of seedlings.

In the period from 1985 to the present, research has continued at TSCA to further improve the methods of green cuttings in relation to various species and varieties, and the best combinations of green cuttings with other technologies have been identified. New technological elements of influence on mother plants have been worked out, methods for improving mother plants in protected ground and rooted cuttings in containers have been developed.

Vegetative reproduction, successfully overcoming the problems of heritability of a complex of economically useful traits and providing planting material in the years following periods of low seed yields, poses a number of new problems, among which, first of all, the problem of rooting of propagated vegetative organs and their parts, as well as the problem of depression of growth processes in vegetatively propagated seedlings obtained from adult plants.

The problem of root formation is associated with the level of auxins in rooted tissues and organs. Synthesized in the apical parts of the shoots, auxins move down to their basal areas and cause the division of meristematic cells and the laying of roots. Both the lack of auxins and their excess can inhibit root formation. In order to regulate the auxin balance, the propagated material is treated with exogenous regulators of various nature, as well as the influence of a number of physical factors.

A number of other works directly point to the dependence of rooting success on a complex of physical environmental factors, giving it priority over all types of treatments, including chemical ones, and even placing it in importance above age and genetic factors.

Of the environmental factors mentioned, temperature and light are the most important. During the period preceding the cutting of the cuttings, the cutting material must be exposed to low temperatures. The only question is what is the duration and range of these impacts. With a high degree of probability, it is assumed that both the time and temperature ranges in critical determined by genetic factors.

There are diametrically opposed opinions in the literature about the role of light in the process of rooting of vegetatively propagated material. Evidence is given that prolongation of the photoperiod by artificial increase suppresses rooting.

Among the works devoted to the problem of rooting of cuttings, the greatest attention is paid to the use of various chemical treatments. A common feature of these works is that the effectiveness of the substances used varies greatly depending on the species of the cutting material, its biological age, conditions. environment, preceding cutting cuttings and existing during rooting. In this regard, the set of substances used and the range of their concentrations is quite wide.

A separate problem is growth depression observed during vegetative propagation.

The use of growth regulators in green cuttings

Growth regulators are organic or synthesized synthetic substances that, in small quantities, cause inhibition or changes in certain physiological processes occurring in plants.

Growth regulators are chemicals that affect plant growth, increased yields, the formation of new tissues, and so on.

Once in the plant organism, they are included in the metabolism and have a certain effect on it, as a result of which the level of vital activity of plants rises or falls. With the help of growth regulators, one can activate or delay one or another process occurring in the plant organism. The use of growth regulators is becoming more and more diverse every year, they are used to accelerate plant growth, root cuttings, when transplanting plants, for increased productivity of a number of crops, removing tubers, bulbs and seeds from dormancy, prolonging dormancy, dropping leaves, destroying unwanted plants, growth inhibition and so on.

As a result of the action of growth substances in plant cells, the following physiological processes occur: the intensity of synthetic processes increases, the hydrolysis of sugars and proteins increases, the viscosity of protoplasm decreases and its permeability increases, the activity of some enzymes increases, while others are inhibited, the activity of photosynthesis and respiratory gas exchange of tissues and organs of plants. Growth substances contribute to the redistribution of plastic substances present in the cutting, which leads to the formation of missing organs in a developing plant organism.

Studies conducted in our country and abroad testify to the possibility of wide use of these substances in forestry.

Growth regulators are both natural substances and synthetic preparations.

growth regulators natural origin subdivided into hormonal and non-hormonal substances. The main hormonal substances are phytohormones. Currently, 5 groups of phytohormones are known:

auxins (IAA);

Gibberellins (GK);

· cytoninides (CTK);

abrerens (ABA);

ethylene (Z).

The role and purpose of growth regulators is most clearly manifested in their physiological properties with various metabolic processes in plants.

A large amount of planting material, which has to be grown in the shortest possible time, requires work on landscaping and the creation of forest plantations. Vegetative propagation by cuttings allows you to preserve the properties and characteristics of the mother plant in the offspring. On the handle, the roots develop from the so-called root germ. Certain favorable conditions contribute to the formation of root primordia. Growth regulators are especially effective, which significantly increase the percentage of rooting of cuttings and accelerate their growth.

Substances such as Kornevin, Ribav, IMC contribute to the abundant formation of roots on the cuttings.

The response to growth regulators depends on the species characteristics, the physiological state of the mother plants and their age. Stimulants act on cell membranes, softening them, and thereby promoting better water absorption. The more intense the process of absorption of regulators and water, the more intense the process of root formation. Young cuttings root more easily.

There are two reasonable ways to treat cuttings with substances, aqueous solutions and dry mixtures of stimulants with powders. charcoal or talc. It is recommended to place the cuttings in water for two hours before processing. Before immersing the cuttings in solutions of stimulants, the cut is renewed.

The action of growth stimulants does not affect the cuttings of different species in the same way.

Harvested cuttings should be placed in an aqueous solution of growth regulators. Tied in a bundle of 50 pieces, they are immersed with their lower ends by about 1/3 of the length and left in solution for 6-48 hours, depending on the concentration and degree of lignification of the cuttings. The processed cuttings are planted in a greenhouse, where they are kept until they are fully rooted.

genetics, breeding and seed production, biotechnology, plant physiology

Izvestiya TSHA, issue 4, 2013

OPTIMIZATION OF GREEN CUTTING TECHNOLOGY OF GARDEN PLANTS

IS HE. ALADINA

(RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev)

The article summarizes the results of many years of research on improving the technology of green cuttings of garden plants. The advantages of new elements are discussed, which can significantly increase the yield of high-quality rooted and planting material.

Key words: horticultural plants, easy and difficult rooting varieties, green cuttings, mother liquors, preparation of mother plants, growth regulators, biologically active substances, substrates, disinfection of substrates, foliar treatments, containers.

Green cuttings are one of the most promising methods of vegetative propagation, which makes it possible to obtain own-rooted plants on an industrial scale. The creation of the basic technology and its introduction into production was the result of many years of work carried out under the guidance of M.T. Tarasenko by a team of researchers and teachers of the academy (Z.A. Prokhorova, V.V. Faustov, B.S. Ermakov, F.Ya. Polikarpova, E.G. Samoshchenkov, V.K. Bakun, V.A. Maslova, A.G. Matushkin, I.M. Posnova, L.P. Skaliy) together with nursery breeders. The accumulated scientific and industrial experience has made it possible to develop the technology of green cuttings in relation to zonal conditions our country and the biological characteristics of crops and varieties.

However, despite the fact that the technology for the production of planting material for horticultural crops based on green cuttings by the end of the 20th century. has been mostly worked out and has found wide application, there are still significant reserves to improve its efficiency. The results of our 25 years of research, presented in this article, confirm this.

Green cuttings are based on the natural ability of plants to regenerate - the restoration of lost organs or parts, the formation of whole plants from leafy stem cuttings after the formation of adventitious roots. Regeneration manifests itself differently and depends on many factors:

life form, hereditary characteristics, age, condition of mother plants, rooting conditions, etc.

Green cuttings make it possible to increase the yield of cuttings from one mother plant and significantly (4-5 times) reduce the area of ​​mother plants. It allows you to expand the number of species and varieties that can reproduce vegetatively, and is indispensable for the rapid reproduction of plants that are available in limited quantities (valuable breeding forms, rare varieties, healthy clones). A significant advantage of green cuttings is the physiological integrity and genetic uniformity of native-rooted plants. Green grafting also contributes to the improvement of planting material: growing shoots are less populated by pests (glass box, gall midge, bud mites) than lignified ones. This technology provides not only a high multiplication rate, but also a shorter growing period. It is successfully combined with other methods: microclonal propagation, propagation by green grafting, lignified cuttings, layering. It is possible to combine green cuttings with picking strawberry rosettes and growing seedlings of flower, vegetable and medicinal plants.

In the technology of green cuttings, modern means of mechanization and automation can be used technological processes. Rooting of green cuttings and, in part, their growing are carried out in protected ground under controlled conditions, while the results do not depend on adverse climatic factors. Thanks to the intensive use of protected soil (dense placement of cuttings per unit area, the use of containers, the development of the vertical profile of greenhouses, the introduction of crop rotations), green cuttings are profitable.

Bottleneck of existing technology - big losses rooted plants during storage and after transplantation for growing in open ground. In hard-to-propagate crops, a long period of root formation, low rooting (no more than 30-50%) and poor development of the root system are the cause of poor survival during transplantation, low winter hardiness of rooted plants and low quality planting material. In addition, the costs for laying intensive mother liquors, the construction of a fogging plant with an automated system for regulating external conditions, the construction of cultivation facilities, premises for grafting and winter storage of rooted cuttings, etc. are very high. Green grafting, despite the seeming simplicity of implementation, requires good knowledge biological characteristics of propagated species and varieties, a well-thought-out system of measures for the organization of production and clarity in the implementation of all technological methods.

Previously, researchers have identified the main patterns and developed the main elements of the technology. It was found that the effectiveness of green cuttings depends on the life form of plants (the highest root-forming ability is in vines and perennial herbaceous plants, the lowest is in trees), species and varietal characteristics. Even within the same species (for example, varieties of apple trees, stone fruits, gooseberries, barberries), the rooting of cuttings is not the same.

Researchers and practitioners are unanimous that rooting conditions (humidity, light, air and substrate temperature, composition of the latter) are one of the main factors for the successful rooting of green cuttings. For active

Its root formation requires conditions that can ensure the maximum reduction in transpiration and intensive photosynthesis. AT classical literature on green cuttings, comprehensive material is presented on the reaction of cuttings of different breeds and varieties to external conditions, optimization of rooting regimes, arrangement of ridges, preparation of substrates, methods of hardening, on the design of greenhouses, fogging installations, etc. .

Treatment of the basal parts with growth regulators is one of the most effective methods that stimulate the regeneration of adventitious roots in stem cuttings. Reception provides a great economic effect at low labor and cost. At one time, thanks to the discovery of the ability of hormonal preparations of the auxin series to induce root formation, many crops that were difficult to propagate were transferred to the rank of medium and easy rooting.

The most effective drugs were identified: P-indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA, 50-200 mg/l); P-indolyl-3-butyric acid (IMA, 5-100 mg/l); a-naphthyl-acetic acid (NAA, 5-50 mg/l) and methods of treatment: weakly concentrated aqueous solutions (16-24 hours); concentrated alcohol solution (a few seconds); growth paste or powder. Treatment of cuttings with aqueous solutions is the simplest, most accessible and widely used method in green cuttings technology. The concentration of the drug and the duration of treatment depend on the root-forming ability of plants and the degree of lignification of the shoots.

However, despite the high stimulating activity of synthetic auxins, their use is currently limited, since they are toxic compounds. A search is underway for equally effective, but environmentally friendly analogues. Vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamine), phenolic compounds (rutin, succinic, gallic, salicylic, ferullic and hydroxycinnamic acids (zircon), as well as steroid glycosides (emistim, ecost) can be used as root formation stimulants.

On different types and varieties of berry and ornamental shrubs we have shown that some environmentally friendly drugs: epin, potassium lignohumate (150-250 mg/l), salts of cresoacetic acid (cresacin, 100-250 mg/l), crezival, etirane (250-500 mg/l), zircon (250-500 µl/l), chitosan derivatives (ecogel) (20-30 mg/l), Baikal EM-1 preparation (1:2000, 1:500), endophytic preparations (nikfan, symbiont, mycephyt; 10-100 mg/l) are highly effective as stimulators of root formation and can replace the synthetic auxins f-IAA, P-IMA), which are widely used in green cutting technology.

In order for the production of planting material to be profitable, the selection of breeds and varieties must be carried out taking into account their production value, consumer demand and the natural ability to reproduce by green cuttings. Rooting should be at least 60-90% and the yield of standard seedlings should not be less than 30-40% of the original number of cuttings. It is desirable that the assortment of garden plants be varied and regularly updated. In this regard, it is necessary to provide for the prompt replacement of mother plantations, the role of which can hardly be overestimated.

It was found that the ability to reproduce by green cuttings is determined not only by hereditary characteristics, but also by the age and physiological state of the mother plants. The age of the queen cells plays a big role. As a rule, plants in the early stages of their ontogenesis exhibit

high regenerative capacity, which in the future, with aging, decreases. In this regard, mother liquors, depending on the life form of plants, it is advisable to use up to 5-12 years of age.

The costs of laying queen cells with improved planting material are completely justified, which significantly increases the cutting productivity of plantations and reduces protective measures and pesticide loads.

Many researchers rightly believe that when developing technologies for propagating garden plants by green cuttings and in sterile culture, the condition of the mother plant is of paramount importance, and consider it necessary to single out a preliminary stage, the purpose of which should be the purposeful preparation of plants for propagation.

Previously, several very effective methods for preparing mother plants for cuttings were developed. Compacted (like a hedge) placement of plants with sparse row spacing and strong pruning provide an increase in the total growth and yield of green cuttings per unit area of ​​the mother liquor. At the same time, the restrained growth of shoots contributes to the easier formation of root primordia.

A highly effective technique is the cultivation of mother plants in protected ground (Fig. 1A): the yield of cuttings is 5-20 times higher than in open ground, which is especially important at the initial stages of reproduction. Up to three weeks

There is a favorable period for cuttings; in a number of plants that are difficult to propagate, the rooting rate of cuttings increases by 20-35%.

Good tissue hydration is favorable for the successful rooting of cuttings, so the soil moisture in the mother liquors should be at least 70-80% of the total field moisture capacity. In this regard, especially in protected ground conditions, continuous mulching of the soil with black polyethylene film is justified. Moisture is better preserved under the film, the soil warms up earlier in the spring, manual weeding is excluded. Favorable temperature and water regime in the root layer provides powerful root growth, promotes better growth of the aerial part and increases cutting productivity by 15-20%.

Of great importance is the provision of mother plants with mineral nutrients, however, an excess of nitrogen and excessively strong growth of shoots prevent the rooting of cuttings. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizers are permissible only in the form of dressings in early summer.

To well-known tricks pre-training etiolation of mother plants. In our country, this method has found wide application in the cultivation of clonal rootstocks. Etiolation activates the excitability of the kidneys, incl. dormant shoots, enhances shoot formation, increases the yield of cuttings from the mother plant, positively affecting the formation of root primordia: etiolated shoots are younger in tissue development and surpass green ones in terms of plastic substances, enzyme and hormone activity, especially P-IAA, which induces adventitious root formation.

An effective way to pre-prepare shoots for cuttings is their local etiolation: as they grow, several dark spiral tubes (25-30 cm long) are placed on the nodes of the shoot according to the number of potential cuttings (when cuttings are harvested, the shaded part becomes basal) (Fig. 1 C ).

This technique allows to reduce the period of root formation by 2-3 times, improve the quality of the root system and preserve the ability of the middle and lower parts of the shoot to root for a long time. In easily rooted species and varieties, root primordia are formed on the shaded areas of the shoot under the film, which significantly reduces the rooting time.

According to our observations, full shading of mother plants after heavy pruning in combination with local etiolation of the base of the shoots is very promising. Of particular interest is etiolation in combination with growing mother plants in protected ground, which makes it possible to significantly increase the multiplication factor and increase the number of rooted cuttings with growth by 1.5-2 times. When growing mother liquors in a greenhouse and local etiolation, the same type of reaction occurs, which is expressed in the restructuring of the anatomy of the stem of cuttings and increased meristematic activity.

A new direction in the preparation of initial plants for cuttings is associated with the use of growth regulators on mother liquors. As a result of our many years of research (1983-2006), carried out according to the generally accepted technology of green cuttings in the fruit growing laboratory of the RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev, methods have been developed for preparing mother plants of fruit, berry and ornamental crops for reproduction using physiologically active substances. The latter make it possible to increase the level of regenerative capacity of vegetative offspring, reduce the period of root formation, and improve the development

development of the root system, increase the viability, winter hardiness of rooted material and the quality of seedlings. The effectiveness of the methods is confirmed on a large number of species and varieties with different root-forming ability and when using physiologically active compounds of different directions of action.

The action of growth regulators is based on profound changes in the functional state of membranes, hormonal status, and many metabolic reactions. We have shown that one of the most effective growth regulators in preparing mother plants for reproduction are retardants: chlorcholine chloride (CCC, 0.025%), paclobutrazol (cult, 0.02-0.05%), mepiquat chloride (pix, 0.025%). 4-0.8 ml/l), chloroethylphosphonic acid (2-HEPA, 0.035-0.05%), kim-112 (2 ml/l). Treatment of mother liquors with retardants stimulates rhizogenesis in green cuttings of pear, plum, cherry, medium and difficult-to-root varieties of gooseberries, shortened cuttings of red and black currants, stem cuttings of raspberries; decorative types barberry (Fig. 2). It also turned out that the rate of plant response to the action of exogenous retardants depends on varietal characteristics. The worse the rooting of the variety or form, the higher the effect. Retardants also have a positive effect on winter hardiness and the quality of rooted cuttings of easily rooted species and varieties, increasing the yield of standard planting material by 1.5-2 times and showing a significant aftereffect for the next year.

However, it should be noted that with repeated use of retardants CCC, Kim-112, kultar can suppress the growth of mother plants. After two or three years of use, it is necessary to take a break or alternate them with other substances.

Rice. Fig. 2. Effect of treatment of mother plants of Barberry Thunberg (B. thunbergii, f. atropurpúrea) with retardants (paclobutrazol, 2 ml/l) on the quality of rooted cuttings (B) and seedlings (D) (A, C - control)

goy direction of action (for example, cytokinins). Treatments with ethylene producers and pix can be carried out annually.

Preparations with cytokinin activity (6-BAP, 0.025-0.05%; dropp, 0.01-0.075% a.w.) increase the vegetative productivity of mother plants by 2-2.5 times, increase the multiplication factor, and the quality of rooted cuttings and seedlings. When propagating difficult-to-root European gooseberry varieties, an increase in root formation from 5 to 50-60% turned out to be possible by combining the preparation of the mother liquor with the treatment of cuttings with auxins (IMC, 35-50 mg/l). When rooting medium- and easily propagated species and varieties, the yield of high-quality rooted and planting material increases by 2-3.5 times. At the same time, a high positive effect is achieved without processing the cuttings themselves with auxins both in the year of preparation of the mother liquor and the next.

It is very promising to use physiologically active compounds of natural origin, safe for humans and the environment (steroid glycosides - tomatoside, capsicoside, nicotianoside - 5-50 mg / l) and preparations derived from endophytic fungi (nikfan - 0.015-0.035 ml / l; SFG-2 - 0.015-0.02 ml/l).

The undoubted advantage is the combined use of growth regulators with urea nitrogen (5 g/l) and a complex of macro- and microelements (cytovit, 1-1.5 ml/l). After the complex treatment of mother liquors, root formation in stem cuttings increases, the resistance of vegetative offspring to stressors and the share of standard seedlings in the total amount of planting material increase.

It is worth emphasizing once again that in most cases a positive effect is achieved without treating the cuttings themselves with root formation stimulants, which greatly simplifies the cutting process itself, especially when propagating prickly plants (gooseberries, barberries, rose hips). After the application of retardants, cuttings of easily propagated plants take root well in simple greenhouses without an automated fogging system; cuttings from hard-to-propagate species and cuttings from open ground are best rooted under controlled conditions. When propagating easily rooted plants, especially in young age, a positive aftereffect is usually observed in the following year.

As our studies have shown, the results of preparing mother plants of horticultural crops for reproduction depend not only on their hereditary characteristics, but also on the totality of internal and external factors. The material presented below was obtained in experiments with gooseberries, an interesting model culture, represented by two groups of varieties that differ significantly in many biological features, incl. in terms of rooting ability.

With a sufficiently high level of agricultural technology, the use of retardants contributes to an increase in the rooting of green gooseberry cuttings and its regeneration in vitro in all age periods (5-60 years). Taking into account the vegetative productivity and rooting, the maximum yield of high-quality rooted cuttings from one mother plant can be achieved: in hard-to-propagate varieties - at the age of 10-15 years, in easily rooted ones - at the age of up to 5 years (before mass fruiting). The younger the plants, the more noticeable the aftereffect of retardants for the next year.

A high effect is achieved when mother liquors are treated only in a certain growth phase of annual shoots: for easily rooted plants - at the beginning, for hard-to-root - at the end of the phase of decaying growth. The latter have optimal

the phase is short and occurs earlier than in easily rooted crops. The phase of decaying growth is characterized by the active state of the assimilation surface (high values ​​of tissue hydration, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid content) and the beginning of the deposition of plastic substances into the stock (an increase in the content of carbohydrates in shoots, a decrease in the content of total, protein and non-protein nitrogen). The treatment of maternal plants in this phase is accompanied by a decrease in the content of gibberellic acid (GA) in the stems and an increase in the ratio of the sum of auxins and cytokinins (IAA + CK) to abscisic acid (ABA), which also promotes root formation. In protected ground, the optimal period for processing mother plants increases by 2-3 weeks. in all varieties of gooseberries.

In the manifestation of the maximum effect, the processing time during the day is also of great importance. Spraying of plants must be carried out in the morning (from 7 to 11) and evening (from 17 to 19 h) when turgor is restored. In hot daytime hours (13-15 h) the result is negative. The unequal effectiveness of growth regulators at different times of the day is apparently associated with stomatal movements, which largely depend on the hydration of tissues, the intensity of meteorological factors (temperature and humidity, water supply conditions, illumination) and the intensity of assimilation processes. Treatments are not very effective at night and when combined with surfactants (CEP).

The best results of using retardants on mother liquors were obtained by us in years with humid and very warm weather. In dry years, the quality of treatments increases against the background of preliminary irrigation (60-70% 1111B) (hard-to-root forms are especially responsive).

In hot and dry weather, hard-to-propagate varieties should be propagated by cuttings on the 15-17th day after the treatment of mother liquors. In rainy and cool - the optimal timing of grafting is shifted by 1.5-2 weeks. Cuttings of easily rooted varieties must be started on the 6-10th day after the treatment of mother plants, regardless of weather conditions.

When the original plants are kept in protected ground with continuous mulching with black polyethylene film and regular watering, the efficiency of treatments increases and to a lesser extent depends on the climatic conditions of the growing season. At the same time, the regenerative capacity of hard-to-root varieties, shortened cuttings and cuttings from the more lignified part of the shoot increases, and the quality of rooted plants and seedlings improves. The time from the processing of mother plants to the start of cuttings is reduced to 3-5 days.

At the beginning of the growing season, intensive pruning of mother plants is necessary, but if the pruning is too strong, the total growth is significantly reduced. In addition, it is important to preserve several orders of branching and limit the number of strongly growing axial, fattening shoots, the cuttings from which take root weakly.

In the technology of green cuttings, the size and type of cuttings are of great importance. For harvesting cuttings, it is best to use a one-year increase in higher orders of branching, medium growth strength, from a well-lit side of the crown. The size of the cuttings depends on the planned release of planting material and the biological characteristics of the plants. It is known that plants develop better from long cuttings, however, in common practice, the average length of a cutting is 12-15 cm. When propagating species with large leaves, two to three

nodal cuttings. As a rule, apical and combined cuttings (green with part of last year's wood) take root better, especially in difficult-to-propagate plants (conifers, lilacs and gooseberries). Rehabilitated planting material and valuable varieties in limited quantities can be propagated by shortened cuttings, but due to the small supply of plastic substances, they take root weakly and require the use of additional techniques that stimulate rhizogenesis.

In hard-to-root breeds, the optimal cutting time is relatively short (10-14 days) and clearly coincides either with the phase of intensive growth of shoots (cherry, plum, peach, lilac, barberry, golden and red currant, etc.), or with the phase of fading growth (European gooseberry varieties, sea buckthorn, clone rootstocks, apple tree, quince). In easily rooted plants, the period of green cuttings is more extended and can continue in central Russia from early June to mid-August. Coniferous plants (thuja, juniper, cypress) with a long period of root formation are best cut in mid-late June and left at the rooting site for another year. With the maintenance of queen cells in protected ground, the period of grafting of individual breeds is more extended. When determining the timing of cuttings, one should pay attention to such indicators as the flexibility or brittleness of the shoot, the degree of lignification, and the presence of a grassy top.

A great reserve for increasing the efficiency of propagation of garden plants by cuttings is the selection of optimal substrates. It is known that the substrates used in the technology of green cuttings should be light, heat-consuming, have a stable structure, an optimal phase ratio, high total porosity and aeration porosity. Under flushing conditions, artificial mixtures must have an adequate supply nutrients, high exchange absorption capacity and near-neutral soil solution reaction, have a favorable microbiological environment. Substrates should not contain weed seeds, pests and pathogens. For rooting green cuttings, artificial substrates are most often used - mixtures consisting of components of plant origin (peat, moss, lignin, sawdust of coniferous and deciduous species, crushed bark, spent champignon substrate, all kinds of composts, freshly cut lawn grass, coconut fiber), and inert materials (gravel, asbestos, sand, perlite, expanded clay, pumice, mineral fiber, polystyrene, zeolite). The classic substrate for rooting cuttings is a mixture of lowland peat with perlite in different proportions, depending on the propagated species and forms of garden plants. As a rule, these mixtures are light and air-intensive.

Our experiments have shown that the saturation of such substrates with a solution of potassium lignohumate (0.5%) enhances the regenerative capacity. In this variant, the proportion of cuttings with growth is higher, the life of old leaves is longer, and the leaf surface of young leaves is larger. Together, this provides more high level assimilation processes (by the time of digging, the total leaf surface is 1.5-2 times greater than in the control), which has a positive effect on rooting and root development (number, length of roots, total adsorbing surface). Humic substances play an important role in improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and activating the microflora. Lignohumates are one of the most active preparations of humic nature, which are obtained at certain stages of the thermochemical transformation of the lignin biopolymer into humus. It consists of 80-90% humic acids, and 20-25% of them are low molecular weight

lar fulvic acids, which provide high physiological activity. They increase the permeability of membranes, activate photosynthesis and metabolic processes in plants, increase plant resistance to adverse conditions.

Our studies have also shown that a promising component of artificial substrates for the rooting of berry and ornamental shrubs is urban rainfall. Wastewater(OGSV). After mechanical and microbiological treatment, the digested, mechanically dehydrated sludge contains a high amount of basic macro- and microelements and is a valuable organic fertilizer (kuddek), which is characterized by a neutral reaction of the environment and a high degree of saturation with bases. It is stabilized, structured, has a crumbly texture, is characterized by a high content of humified organic matter (57-75% on dry matter), contains a large amount of nitrogen (N total - 2.5-4% on dry matter) and phosphorus ( P2O5 - 2.5-5% on dry basis).

Mechanically dehydrated sludge in its composition corresponds to sanitary standards(SanPiN 2.1.7.573-96), and it can be used in agriculture as is done in many industrialized countries. According to the conclusion of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers and Agrosoil Science (VIUA), Moscow OGV can be used as an organic fertilizer without the risk of soil and crop products being contaminated with heavy metals. At present, recommendations have been developed on the use of FGM for cereals for fodder, fodder and industrial crops, they are recommended for use in forestry and nursery farms, in meadow growing, seed growing and floriculture.

As our experiments have shown, the waste products of microorganisms involved in the purification and fermentation of sediments (more than 30 systematic groups) have hormonal activity, which largely depends on the duration of storage of sediments. Fresh sediments after filter presses are distinguished by the highest content of auxins (IAA) and cytokinins (CK), a pair of hormones responsible for morphogenesis. In fresh sediments and in sediments after a year of storage, a noticeable gibberellic activity was noted, which is realized in the presence of increments on the cuttings and good development sheet apparatus. The high nutritional value of substrates containing fresh GSS, the presence in the medium of hormones synthesized by microorganisms at the stage of thermophilic fermentation, provide a high value of mixtures for rooting green cuttings of garden plants. After 5-7 years of storage on silt plots, the content of hormones in sediments decreases sharply, the structure of substrates deteriorates, the rooting rate of cuttings decreases, and their quality decreases. In addition, precipitation during long-term storage is colonized by pathogenic microflora, which causes rot of green cuttings.

The disadvantages of OGV include a low content of potassium, the bulk of which leaves with purified water, as well as low water-holding capacity. This disadvantage can be eliminated by using high-moor peat instead of low-lying peat as part of the substrate.

It is known that high-moor peat of the moss group with a degree of decomposition of no more than 20% is the most suitable for the preparation of substrates, especially for small-scale technology of growing plants. Sphagnum peat has a significant buffering capacity, high sorption capacity, antiseptic properties due to the acid reaction of the environment and the presence of phenolic compounds, combines high aeration porosity (up to 95%) and moisture capacity. Horse

peat has a slightly acidic reaction, is distinguished by a high content of organic matter (92.7%) and an average content of basic nutrients. The advantages of this type of peat include a long-fiber structure and a small proportion of the dust fraction.

As our studies have shown, for many plants, the best substrate is composed of high-moor peat, coarse-grained perlite and GHSV (not more than 1 year of storage) in equal proportions. In this variant, the highest rates of rooting and quality of cuttings were obtained due to the good physical properties of the substrate, a high supply of mineral nutrients and the hormonal activity of the rooting medium. The latter property allows the rooting of easily propagated shrubs without the use of growth regulators. The GSS in the composition of substrates has a significant positive aftereffect on the quality of planting material with minimal losses during overwintering and growing.

The use of protected soil is associated with the rapid accumulation of pathogenic microflora in the soil. The main reasons are the contamination of traditional substrates (based on lowland peat) with soil pathogenic fungi, as well as the harvesting of cuttings from mother plants infected with Fusarium and root rot. When rooting green cuttings in film greenhouses under conditions of artificial fog, favorable conditions are created for the development of infection (high temperature and humidity of the air and substrate), and their mass decay is often observed, and the attacks of green cuttings can reach 60-80%. The most vulnerable zone of the cutting for fungal pathogens, which coincides with the zone of the most intensive root formation, has been established.

In intense light and high air temperature (25 ° C or more), at the beginning of rooting, the most dangerous are thermophilic species Risoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola and species whose development is facilitated by high air humidity: Alternaria, Phytium, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon. These pathogens cause basal rot, which starts from the aerial lower part of the cuttings. In cloudy weather, at temperatures below 19 ° C, cuttings are affected by gray rot (Botrytis cinerea). To suppress pathogenic soil microflora during rooting of cuttings, a wide range of fungicides is used (fundazol, ronilan, topaz K, atemi, sportak, euparen, benlat, ridomil, topsin M). The treatment of mother plants and cuttings with an aqueous suspension of pesticides, as well as impregnation of the substrate with solutions of preparations before planting the cuttings for rooting, also makes it possible to reduce the stock of infection. Often a positive effect is achieved only after repeated treatments at intervals of two weeks.

In our experiments, we revealed the high efficiency of bacterial preparations for the disinfection of substrates, such as, for example, coredon, which is a complex of spores of Bacillus subtilis bacteria and biologically active substances. Bacterial strains have an immunomodulating effect and high antagonistic activity against a wide range of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. With the combined use of coredon with potassium lignohumate, a positive overall effect is observed: the stock of soil pathogens and the loss of cuttings from rot are reduced. However, it should be emphasized that the use of fungicides and biological preparations is advisable only for the disinfection of substrates based on lowland peat or FGM after long-term storage. Substrates containing high-quality high-moor peat, perlite and fresh GHSV do not need to be disinfected.

In the practice of green cuttings of garden plants, a significant place is given to foliar mineral dressings, since against the background of a strict leaching regime, weak root system incapable of full absorption of nutrients from the substrate, especially in the initial phases of root formation. An effective foliar top dressing system was developed for clonal rootstocks of apple trees, stone fruits, berry crops; on many objects, the advantage of urea over other forms has been convincingly shown. nitrogen fertilizers.

As our studies have shown, one of the promising methods for increasing the efficiency of green cuttings of garden plants is the use of exogenous treatments of cuttings during the period of root formation with substances that have physiological activity. According to the results of many years of research, stable results are obtained by foliar top dressing with drugs with cytokinin activity: dropp (thidiazuron), 6-BAP, cytodef (20-50 mg / l).

The high content of cytokinins in the leaves contributes to the formation of a highly differentiated photosynthetic apparatus, as evidenced by an increase in the ratio of columnar to spongy mesophyll, the content of green pigments, and the intensity of photosynthesis. Treatment with cytokinins delays leaf senescence, which is extremely important for the induction of root formation and development of the root system in stem cuttings. Leaves treated with cytokinins play the role of an attracting center, where the flow of metabolites is directed. Treatment with cytokinins also causes an outflow of assimilates from leaves to shoots, which cannot but affect the formation of roots: their total adsorbing surface increases 5–7 times. It is known that exogenous cytokinin can act as one of the main inducers of metabolism aimed at increasing cold resistance and heat resistance. Growth regulators with cytokinin activity increase plant resistance to adverse environmental factors, exhibiting a membrane-stabilizing effect. In the leaves of treated plants, the leakage of electrolytes caused by cooling and the intensity of lipid peroxidation are reduced.

Treatments with compounds containing cytokinins and salts of creso-acetic acid are effective: cresacin, crezival (cresacin: mival = 1:1), etirane (cresacin: mi-val = 9:1) (10-40 mg/l). The effective components of the compositions include preparations cherkaz (chloromethylsilatrane) and cherkaz-2 (chloroethylsilatrane) (40-50 mg/l), belonging to the group of framework organosilicon compounds. By optimizing the content of phospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids, they increase the water-retaining capacity of tissues, stabilize the state of proteins, amino acids, affect membrane permeability, which positively affects the resistance of rooted plants to stressful conditions.

We found that the combined use of cherkaz with cytodef in the treated leaf tissues increases the content of cytokinins and auxins and their relationship to ABA, which has a positive effect on root formation in leafy cuttings. An analysis of gas exchange showed that in this variant, visible photosynthesis is maximum, despite the increased costs for root growth and respiration. Significant differences were noted with the control in terms of leaf area (due to the preservation of leaves during the rooting period and the presence of growth), the number of roots, their weight, average and total length (Fig. 3).

Joint use of drugs for 2-2.5 weeks. accelerates root formation in crops with a long rooting period of green cuttings. Obviously

rice. Fig. 3. Effect of foliar treatment of green cuttings of gooseberries (village Lada) and barberries (B. nuberdn, I1. aurea) containing cytokinins (cytodef, 40 mg/l) and cherkaz (40 mg/l)

the positive aftereffect of such compositions on the quality of the rooted material, its resistance to adverse external factors during transplantation, overwintering and growing.

Surface treatments of green cuttings with humic preparations (potassium lignohumate, 150 mg/l), epibrassinolide (epin, 0.2 ml/l), ecogel (chitosan derivative, 10–20 ml/l) are also promising. We observed a stable positive effect in experiments with foliar treatment of green cuttings of cherries, sea buckthorn, gooseberries, red and golden currants with mycephyte (10 mg/l). Mycephite, obtained on the basis of endophytic fungi, has a wide range of biological activity. Its use activates the development of the plant root system and the symbiotic relationship between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms, optimizing mineral nutrition and metabolic processes. The advantage of adaptogen preparations is also manifested in increasing the resistance of rooted plants to stress.

We have found that the effectiveness of foliar treatment of cuttings with growth regulators increases when combined with mineral supplements and depends not only on the hereditary characteristics of the propagated plants, but also on the time of processing and the phase of root formation. The maximum effect is achieved when cuttings are processed in the morning (from 6 to 9). When rooting easily propagated varieties - in the phase of the beginning of the formation of root primordia (2 weeks after planting), hard-to-root - in the period from the beginning of the formation of root primordia (3-4 weeks after planting) to mass growth of roots. Repeated treatments affect not so much rooting as the quality of the root system.

Rooting of green cuttings of berry and ornamental shrubs in plastic cells (Fig. 4) ensures high viability of the rooted material.

Rice. 4. Green barberry cuttings planted for rooting in cassettes (A); rooted gooseberry cutting with intact roots (B)

rial with an intact root system, manufacturability of reproduction, rational use of protected ground areas.

The weaknesses of this method include a lower rooting rate than in ridges. To overcome this drawback, we were allowed by such techniques as the use of combined cuttings and the use of complex foliar treatments. Against the background of optimal substrates (high-moor peat, perlite, OGV), the effect of foliar treatments is maximum (Fig. 5).

The method provides a high yield of viable rooted plants with an intact root system (Fig. 6) and eliminates the need for preliminary disinfection of substrates. Cuttings with a braided root ball are well stored in winter both in cassettes and in bulk in the basement under a film cover at a low positive temperature. They successfully overwinter at the place of rooting and in the open field after the autumn transplant (end of September). When growing in the field, they quickly start growing, are distinguished by good branching, powerful development of the aerial part and root system, and almost all two-year-old planting material can be attributed to the standard.

Such cuttings are the best suited for container culture. Not later than the first decade of October, they are transplanted into containers and stored at a low positive temperature until mid-February. When transplanting in the spring (the second decade of February - the first decade of March), cuttings with an intact root ball are recommended to be treated with an aqueous solution of ecogel (30 ml / l).

It can also be added that when growing cuttings in containers, the inclusion of GHSV (30% by volume) in the substrate contributes to the rapid onset of growth processes, the powerful development of the root system, the increase in total growth, leafiness and early crown formation.

Rice. 6. Planting material for berry and ornamental shrubs in containers (end

May - early June)

Rice. Fig. 5. The quality of Potentilla (P. fruticosa L.) and gooseberry (Snezhana village) cuttings rooted in cassettes in control (A, C) and after foliar treatments with physiologically active substances

By mid-May - early June, shrub seedlings meet the standard for planting material and, in their own way, appearance not much inferior to plants grown by September in open ground.

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OPTIMIZATION OF PROPAGATION TECHNOLOGY OF GARDEN PLANTS BY HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS

(RSAU-MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev)

The paper summarizes the results of long-term research aimed at improving ofpropagation technology of garden plants by herbaceous cuttings. The advantages of some new technical elements that can significantly increase the yield of high-quality growing and planting material are discussed.

Key words: garden plants, easy and hard rooted cultivars, the propagation by softwood cuttings, mother plantation, mother plant's preparation, plant growth regulators, biologically active substances, substrates, disinfection, leaf treatments of cuttings, containers.