Discharge of sewage on land and water bodies. How to get a wastewater discharge permit

EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC FACTOR ON THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF HYDROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THE MOSCOW RIVER

TITLE SHEET DO IT RIGHT

PHOTO REMOVED TO REDUCE THE VOLUME

Introduction………………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter I. Physical and geographical characteristics of the Moskva River basin……………………………………………………………………...4

1.1 Hydrography of the Moscow region…………………………………...5

1.2 Relief and soil cover of the Moscow River basin……………….9

Chapter II. General characteristics of the Moscow River………………..15

2.1 Hydrology of the Moscow River………………………………………………..16

2.2 Wastewater discharge into the Moscow River…………………………………...19

Chapter Sh. Material and methods of research…………………..22

3.1 Sampling in a water body………………………………………24

3.2 Criteria for assessing surface water pollution…………………26

3.3 Chemical analysis of surface water samples………………………27

3.3.1 Method for determining biogenic elements…………………………..27

3.3.2 Methodology for the determination of pollutants…………………………33

3.3.3 Method for the determination of heavy metals………………………………………………………43

3.3.4 Methodology for determining COD and BOD……………………………………...43

Chapter IV. Spatial dynamics of the main parameters of the hydrochemical regime of the river in summer…………………………………………………………………………….45

Conclusions………………………………………………………………………...85

list of used literature……………………………..86

INTRODUCTION

Anthropogenic pollution of water resources in the Moscow region has recently acquired the features of an uncontrolled and uncontrolled process that poses a serious threat to public health. Water pollution violates the ecological stability of the aquatic environment, causing significant economic damage to the national economy.

The Moscow River from source to mouth flows through the territory of the Moscow region, which is one of the most urbanized. Therefore, along the banks there is a high concentration of industrial production, a high population density, as well as a significant amount of water consumption. The Moskva River is a water body for both drinking water supply and fishery purposes. In this regard, the problem of pollution of the Moscow River is becoming relevant.

The purpose of the work is to determine the degree and nature of the influence of the anthropogenic factor on the spatial dynamics of hydrochemical parameters in the Moscow River.

To achieve this goal, an analysis of hydrochemical indicators was carried out in sections of the river with varying degrees of anthropogenic load.

Chapter I. Physical and geographical characteristics of the Moskva river basin

The Moscow River is considered the water "axis" of the Moscow region. Its length within the region reaches 455 km (out of 473 km). The maximum width of the Moskva River is about 200 m, the maximum depth is 6 m.

The area of ​​the Moskva River basin is 17,600 km2, which is 37.5% of the entire territory of the Moscow Region (Fig. 1).

The upper reaches of the Moskva River (before the confluence of the Ruza River) belongs to the region of predominantly elevated gently undulating plains. In some places there are flat, moraine plains covered with mantle loams with separate areas of hilly moraine relief. The main background of the soil cover is soddy-strongly and moderately podzolic soils. Soddy-strongly podzolic soils occupy the most flat areas and gently sloping lower slopes. Soddy medium podzolic soils are most often found on arable lands (Golts et al., 1998).

Most of the territory is occupied by agricultural land on the site of spruce and broad-leaved forests. However, in some areas they have been preserved or birch and aspen forests have appeared in their place.

The relief below the confluence of the Ruza River and up to the city of Moscow is represented by erosional plains with areas of hilly-morainic relief. The soils of this area are soddy-medium- and strongly podzolic on mantle loams, less often on moraine. Bogs and marshy soils in this area are rare and are represented by small massifs. On the slopes to the rivers and ravines, there are many washed-out soils, the humus horizon of which is partially washed away. The forests are mainly secondary aspen-birch, with areas of spruce and broad-leaved-spruce forests (Annenskaya et al., 1987).

Below the Pakhra River, the relief of the territory located on the right bank of the Moskva River (almost to the mouth) is represented mainly by elevated erosion-dissected plains, with the remains of a moraine-hilly relief. This area belongs to the region of light gray strongly podzolized soils. They are formed mainly on cover loams of heavy and medium mechanical composition. In the riverine part, due to the dissection of the relief, washed-out soils are widespread. Due to the relatively high soil fertility and good drainage of the surface, the plowing of this territory is high (up to 70%). As a result of intensive agricultural use, small areas of intact pine and broad-leaved forests or secondary birch or aspen forests have remained in their place (Golts et al., 1998).

The relief of the mouth part of the Moskva River is represented by outwash and alluvial-outland plains. Soddy-weakly podzolic soils on sands of considerable thickness prevail here. On these soils, floodplain meadows, shrubs, forests with a significant admixture of broad-leaved species are developed, and steppe soils are found in places.

BRING IN ORDER THE RELIEF, SOILS, ETC. MOSCOW RIVER BASIN

The climate of the Moskva River basin is temperate continental, characterized by warm summers and moderately cold winters with stable snow cover and well-defined seasons. The annual moisture balance is positive. On average, 600-700 mm of precipitation falls on the catchment area of ​​the river per year, of which 400-500 mm falls during the warm season (Yearbook of Surface Water Quality 2012).

There are more than 1,500 watercourses in the Moskva River basin, 99% fall to the share of small rivers. The largest of them are the rivers Ruza, Istra, Pakhra, Pekhorka, Severka. Due to the rejuvenation of forests due to excessive logging, the Moscow region has lost half of the springs and a third of small rivers over the past 130 years. So, when cutting down 10% of the forest in the basin of a small river 10 km long, it is shortened by 200-400 m, and when the forest is completely cleared, it disappears (LINK)

Figure 1 - Moscow River

On the catchment area of ​​the upper section of the Moskva River, from the upper reaches of the river to the Rublevsky hydroelectric complex, four reservoirs have been created - Mozhayskoye, Ruzskoye, Ozerninskoye and Istrinskoye. Flow regulation in this section of the river is about 80% (Sklyarov, 1977).

The water fund of Moscow is represented by 70 small rivers with a total length of 165 km. A completely open channel is preserved only at 7 of them - Yauza, Setun, Skhodni, Ramenki, Ochakovka, Ichka and Chechera. The Volga is blocked near the city of Dubna by the dam of the Ivankovskoye reservoir, from which the canal im. Moscow. According to it, the capital receives 58% of the water it consumes (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Moscow Canal

Figure 3-4 - Small rivers (Istra river - Yauza river)

All rivers are characterized by a calm flow (average speed 0.3-0.5 m/s) and wide, well-developed river valleys with a floodplain and 2-3 floodplain terraces.

The rivers of the Moscow River basin belong to the type of rivers with snow supply, the share of which is on average 60-61%, rain - 12-20%, the rest falls on groundwater.

Power sources determine the intra-annual distribution of runoff, that is, the regime of rivers. The height of the rise during the spring flood is different in different rivers. The maximum rise was registered in the lower reaches of the river. Moscow - 10-13 m. The lowest level (low water) occurs on the rivers in summer.

Figure 5,6,7 - River Sestra, Yakhroma, Dubna

The relief of the Medvedka river basin is gently undulating in the upper (southern) part of the catchment area and is indented by a dense network of rivers and streams in the middle and especially the lower (northern) part (Fig. 8). The sharp change in relief is explained by the proximity of the deeply incised valley of the Moskva River. The valleys of rivers and streams in the middle and lower parts of the basin have steep and well-covered slopes.

Figure 8 - Medvedka River, Voskresensky District

The soil cover in most of the basin was formed on mantle loams and, in terms of mechanical composition, is represented by loamy soils. The most common in the basin are light and medium loamy soils. In the northwestern part of the basin, sandy and sandy loamy soils are developed on glacial sands. According to the degree of podzolization, soddy weakly podzolic soils are the most common. Most of the soils belong to slightly eroded soils, and eroded ones predominate only on steep slopes. The least washout is observed in forests. (Egorenkov, 1990). The vegetation cover consists of forests, meadows and cultivated agricultural vegetation. Meadows in the basin have been preserved only along the river valleys, streams, as well as in a slightly swampy area in the upper reaches of the Medvedka River. Meadow vegetation is represented by herbs. On alluvial deposits and in slightly waterlogged areas in the upper reaches of the Medvedka River and other watercourses, marsh vegetation is common.

The forests in the Medvedka river basin are of secondary origin and are represented by mixed broad-leaved species. Complex spruce forests are zonal type. To date, the nature of the forest has been severely disturbed by human economic activity, a large number of temporary ones have appeared, a large number of temporary derived plantations have appeared. Broad-leaved forests are confined to the most elevated and drained watershed areas. Less elevated watersheds, but also well-drained by rivers and ravines, are occupied by spruce-broad-leaved forests. Pine-broad-leaved forests are confined to ancient alluvial terraces. Gray alder forests stretch in narrow strips along streams and rivers.

The Zakza River is a right tributary of the Medvedka River. The geological structure of the watershed is represented by cover loams up to 2.5 meters thick. The soil cover consists of soddy-podzolic loamy soils. As the relief decreases, the degree of soil podzolization increases, and signs of gleying appear.

The vegetation is represented by secondary birch-aspen forests on the site of reduced broad-leaved-spruce and spruce-broad-leaved forests (Pospelov, 1990). IS THE MEDVEDKA RIVER RELATED TO THE MOSCOW RIVER BASIN?

The relief of the left bank of the river basin WHOSE BASIN? below the city of Moscow, it is represented by outwash plains with areas of slightly elevated gently undulating and undulating moraine plains. The territory is covered with mantle loams, water-glacial sands, and moraine deposits. This area is characterized by separate elevated areas, on the surface of which soddy-medium- and strongly podzolic soils are developed. Vast lowland areas are mostly waterlogged, they are dominated by soddy-podzolic-gley soils with patches of peat bogs. The main area is occupied by agricultural land on the site of pine and broad-leaved forests. Forests are predominantly secondary: birch-aspen, less often pine, broad-leaved-spruce. In the upper reaches of the Nerskaya river basin, areas of untouched pine and broad-leaved-pine forests have been preserved.

The Pakhra river basin is located on the interfluve of the Moscow and Oka rivers (Fig. 9). The territory of the basin is composed of rocks of the Carboniferous, Jurassic and Cretaceous age, which come to the surface only along the river valleys. From above, bedrocks are overlain by Quaternary deposits. The basin belongs to the distribution area of ​​the Dnieper moraine, while the Moscow moraine is found only in the western part of the basin. From the surface, the entire territory of the basin, with the exception of the ancient alluvial terraces, is covered with mantle loams, which everywhere serve as the parent rock for soil formation. In the river valleys of the Pakhra River and its tributaries (in the lower and middle sections of the course), ancient alluvial deposits are widespread, represented mainly by sands and sandy loams. In the western part of the basin and in the extreme eastern part, fluvioglacial sands of outwash plains of Moscow time are common, overlain from above by mantle loams. In the western part of the basin, the thickness of the latter is small (0.5–1 m), in the eastern part it is much larger (2–3 m).

Figure 9 - Pakhra River

The surface of the pool has a general slope from west to east. In the upper reaches of the Pakhra River, the absolute heights of the watershed exceed 200 m (up to 230 m). From here, the surface of the interfluves decreases to the northeast to the Moscow River (up to 170 - 160 m of absolute height). The most elevated is the northern part of the basin, located on the Teplostan Upland (maximum height 253.4 m). The western part of the basin is included in the Maloyaroslavets-Narofominsky region of a hilly moraine plain, valley-outland depressions and meltwater runoff troughs, with individual islands of ridge-hilly relief; the eastern part - to the Nizhnemoskvoretsky region of the undulating erosional plain with islands of flat moraine ridges and hills. The eastern part of the basin is an erosive plain dissected by a dense and deeply incised valley-ravine-gully network (Annenskaya et al., 1987).

In the valley of the Pakhra River and its tributaries, in places where limestone is shallow, karst phenomena develop; karst processes are especially intense in the lower segment of the Pakhra river valley.

The dominant type of soils in the northern part of the territory are soddy-medium podzolic heavy loamy and clayey, in the western part - soddy-strongly podzolic in combination with soddy-medium podzolic heavy loamy and clayey soils. In the southern part of the basin, light gray strongly podzolized soils are common, as well as soddy weakly and medium podzolic heavy loamy and clayey soils.

The dominant type of forests are secondary birch and aspen forests that have arisen on the site of spruce and broad-leaved forests.

The Pakhra River is a tributary of the Moscow, therefore its basin is the Moscow basin - this should not be singled out separately, it can be included in the description of the Moscow river basin

Chapter II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOSCOW RIVER

One of the largest watercourses in the Moscow region is the Moskva River (Fig. 10). The Moscow River plays an important water resource role both for the city of Moscow and for a significant part of the region.

Figure 10 - Moscow River

The river originates on the Smolensk-Moscow Upland, flows from west to east to the city of Moscow, and then in a southeast direction, flows into the Oka River from the left bank at a distance of 855 km from the mouth.

There is no certainty about the source of the river. It is generally accepted that Moscow originates in the Starkovsky swamp on the slope of the Smolensk-Moscow Upland near the Starkovo tract, Mozhaisk district, Moscow region (Fig. 11). This swamp on the border of the Smolensk and Moscow regions is sometimes called the "Moskvoretskaya puddle", and a small stream starting in its northern part is called the Moscow River by the locals. The beginning of the stream, on the territory of the Mozhaisk district of the Moscow region, is marked by a chapel erected in 2004. At 16 km from the source, Moscow crosses the border of the Smolensk region, passing through Lake Mikhalevskoye, which some experts consider the beginning of the river (indicating that the stream flowing into the lake is the Konoplyanka River).

Figure 11 - Starkovsky swamp

The most important economic and recreational functions of the Moscow Region are connected with the Moskva River. The river provides water to the population and industry, receives wastewater from surrounding cities, serves as a transport artery, irrigates fields and meadows, and hosts sanatoriums, rest homes and other recreation areas (Subbotin, 1992).

Food is snow (61%), ground (27%) and rain (12%). During the spring flood, 65% of the annual runoff passes. The average long-term water flow in the upper reaches (the village of Barsuki) is 5.8 m³/s, near Zvenigorod 38 m³/s, at the mouth 150 m³/s. The flow of the river approximately doubled in 1937 due to the commissioning of the Moscow Canal. The transfer of Volga water to the Moskva River basin is used to water the river itself (the design amount is about 30 cubic meters per second, the actual amount since 2000 is 26 cubic meters per second), the Yauza tributary (according to the project - more than 5 cubic meters per second, in fact - less than 2 cubic meters per second). A significant part of the Volga water, 30-35 cubic meters per second, goes to the city's water consumption - and then, after cleaning, is also discharged into the Moscow River. In 1978, with the commissioning of the Vazuza hydraulic system, an additional transfer of the flow of the upper Volga through the Vazuza and Ruza rivers began in the amount of 22 cubic meters per second (LINK)

The river freezes in November - December, opens at the end of March - April. Due to the discharge of warm waters within the city of Moscow, the water temperature in the center in winter is 6 °C higher than in the outskirts, and ice formation is unstable.

The Moscow River is the main water artery of the city of Moscow, has a length of 80 km within the city. The width of the river inside the city varies from 120 to 200 m, from the narrowest part near the Kremlin to the widest near Luzhniki. It is generally accepted that the speed of the river flow is 0.5 m/s, but in practice the speed of the flow is completely dependent on the waterworks, reaching 0.1-0.2 m/s with closed gates, and 1.5-2 m/s with open gates. . The depth in areas above Moscow is up to 3 m, below Moscow it reaches 6 m, in some places (above the Perervinsky hydroelectric complex) up to 14 meters.

In the upper course, the river flows among moraine hills and meanders strongly; The current of the river is fast, the bottom is sandy. The width of the river in the upper reaches, before the confluence of the Inochi River, is 2-15 m. Below the confluence of the Inochi, terraces and a wide floodplain appear near the Moskva River. Near the village of Dernovo, the river flows into the Mozhaisk reservoir. Below Mozhaisk, the banks of the river become steep, sometimes steep: the river cuts through the limestone strata. Along the banks of the river in the middle reaches - mostly mixed forests. Near Zvenigorod, the width of the river reaches 65 m. Below the city of Zvenigorod, the river valley continues in Jurassic clays, the banks are more sloping, and landslide processes are frequent. The river enters the city of Moscow in the northwest in the Strogino region and leaves the city in the southeast, crossing the Moscow Ring Road at the Besedinsky bridges. Within Moscow, the river makes six large bends, at the base of three of them dug channels, rectifications (Khoroshevo, Karamyshevo, Nagatino). The average width of the river within the city of Moscow is 100 m. Below the city of Moscow, the river valley expands significantly, numerous oxbow lakes appear in the floodplain (there are over 160 of them), flood meadows are widespread. Near the mouth, the width reaches 200 m.

Prior to the construction of hydraulic structures, the flow of the river was subject to strong seasonal changes: in the summer it could be forded, and in the spring there were periodic floods, with a maximum recorded rise in the level of up to 839 centimeters in 1879. The level of the river was traditionally measured from the "Moscow zero" - a mark near the Danilov Monastery, which has a height of 116 meters above the level of the Baltic Sea. The leveling mark “7.77 fathoms above the level of Moscow” was restored in 2004 in the wall of the chapel of St. Prince Daniel of Moscow, near the monastery.

Water transparency varies from 2 meters in winter (in January/February) to 1 meter in spring (May), in summer and autumn it is about 1.5 meters (http://moskva.ru09.info/vodnye-pamyatniki-prirody/409- moskva-reka.html).

Wastewater discharge into the Moscow River

Table 1 - List of enterprises discharging wastewater

Table 1 continued

Table 1 continued

THE TABLE REQUIRES A DETAILED ANALYSIS: CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION SOURCES ACCORDING TO THE MAIN POLLUTION COMPONENTS - UTILITIES, INDUSTRIAL AND OTHER; BRIEFLY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF POLLUTION, SELECT THE MOST DANGEROUS FOR THE WATER ENVIRONMENT; GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF POLLUTION BY PARTS OF THE RIVER

CHAPTER III. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Field work on the Moskva River was carried out during the three summer months of 2012 by means of field trips with a set of equipment by car (Fig. 12).

Figure 12 - Spec. water vehicle

Hydrochemical studies were carried out taking into account the morphometry of the riverbed, the inflow of wastewater, their mixing with the water of the watercourse. Sampling on the Moskva River was carried out at 11 sections covering the entire length of the watercourse (Table 2).

Processing of the collected material was carried out in the Department of Surface Water Monitoring of the Central UGMS (Central Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring).

Table 2 - List of alignments on the Moscow River

Figure 13 - map-scheme of alignments on the Moscow River

Water sampling

Water sampling directly at the water body is carried out once a month at each site, regardless of the meteorological situation in the area.

Water sampling: with a clean bucket, previously rinsed with water from this reservoir, the analyzed water is scooped up (from a boat, from a bridge, from the shore) and then poured through a funnel into liter bottles, which are then closed with a lid (Fig.). The analysis of the selected water is carried out no later than two days from the date of sampling.

Figure - Sampling at a water body

The place and time of sampling is recorded in the field log. Using a thermooximeter, water temperature and oxygen saturation are measured (Fig. 14). In the laboratory, measurements are made on the first day (determination of color and transparency of water).

Figure 14 - Thermooximeter

Chemical analysis of surface water samples is carried out according to the methods included in RD 52.18.595-96 “Federal list of measurement methods approved for use in the performance of work in the field of environmental pollution monitoring”.

Both domestic and industrial wastewater can pose a risk to human health and the environment, so their disposal is subject to laws and regulations. This article will tell you who can be given a permit to discharge wastewater and what is required for this.

In order to discharge wastewater into the sewer networks of settlements, natural reservoirs or groundwater, industrial enterprises need to obtain a discharge permit from the relevant authorities, as well as conclude an agreement on the acceptance and discharge of wastewater with Vodokanal.

Such a permit is issued only on the basis of an act issued by the state commission on the acceptance of the facility for operation, therefore it can be obtained only upon completion of the construction or reconstruction of the enterprise.

Discharge of effluents from enterprises in cities or towns is permitted only if the enterprise has treatment facilities in which effluents must be treated to meet established standards.

Grounds for issuing permits for the discharge of effluents

For newly built enterprises, the basis for obtaining a permit for the discharge of wastewater into the sewerage system is an agreement with Vodokanal, and for reconstructed operating enterprises, the water management passport serves as the basis.

A permit for the discharge of wastewater into natural water bodies (rivers, seas, lakes, etc.) is issued on the basis of a notification from the natural resources authorities, which include the environmental protection department.

Important: the form in accordance with which the industrial enterprise develops a water management passport is provided by the sewerage and water supply organization. This form also indicates the norms for discharge of effluents and their composition.

Documents Required to Obtain a Discharge Permit

In order to obtain permission from the relevant organizations to remove industrial sewage, the enterprise must submit the following documentation:

• Acts confirming the work carried out on, drain wells, insulation, foundations, soil compaction, etc.;
• Technical passports for the equipment and materials used during the work;
• Statement of testing the strength of concrete in case of its use;
• Acts confirming the positive results of the test for strength and water tightness;
• Drawing of the project of the system used to divert wastewater;
• Certificate confirming the implementation of the anti-corrosion coating of welds and joints, as well as their diagnostics;
• Information about existing deviations from the original construction project;
• Act for the operation of the pipeline system;
• The act of acceptance into operation of the internal sewer network of the enterprise;
• Drawing of the wiring of the sewer network and plumbing equipment;
• Certificate of assignment of an address and number in the register to this object.

Restrictions on the composition of wastewater

A number of restrictions related to their composition are imposed on industrial wastewater allowed for disposal into the sewer system, such as:

• It is forbidden to allow the consumption of industrial effluents exceeding the established limit;
• The content of floating, dissolved and suspended particles in water should not exceed the relevant standards;
• Waste water should not cause damage and destruction of the materials from which the pipeline or elements of sewage treatment plants are made;
• The composition of wastewater should not include particles that can lead to clogging of the sewer pipeline or the appearance of deposits on the walls of sewer pipes;
• Industrial effluents should not contain explosive impurities, as well as bacterial pollutants;
• The required effluent temperature is not more than 40 degrees, and the pH value is from 6.5 to 9.0;
• Industrial wastewater should not contain gases and acids whose fumes are harmful to human health, as well as elements that interfere with the biological treatment of sewage.

Terms of use of the common stock

Obtaining a sanction for the use of a common runoff for the removal of industrial wastewater has its own specific features:

1. In order to use a common drain, an industrial enterprise must obtain a permit and draw up a contract with the relevant water supply and sewerage enterprise.
2. In the case of a limited period of validity of the permit, in order to continue using the effluent after its expiration, either the contract must be extended or a new contract drawn up.
3. If during the term of this agreement changes have occurred in the water management of the enterprise, it undertakes to notify the relevant management organizations about them within ten days.
4. The basis for reissuing a permit for the use of a common drain is the development of a new project for the sewerage system at the enterprise.
5. When an enterprise obtains the right to use the subsoil and special use of technical water, the permit is also valid for the discharge of wastewater from the city water supply network.

Prohibitions Included in Effluent Discharge Permit

In any permit for the removal of industrial wastewater there is a whole list of prohibitions in force in accordance with the law "On Environmental Protection" and related to the discharge of wastewater into natural natural reservoirs.

So, it is forbidden to dump waste into natural reservoirs:

• with the presence of impurities for which methods of analysis and maximum allowable concentration are not regulated;
• having the possibility of reuse, for example, in reverse water supply;
• industrial effluents for which the treatment procedure has not been carried out;
• containing sources of infectious and viral infections that create a risk of exceeding the epidemiological threshold;
• which are the end products of the neutralization of technological and household waste;
• including oily substances and construction waste.

Organization of the issuance of permits for the discharge of wastewater

The issuance of permits for the disposal of industrial wastewater is organized in accordance with the instructions for issuing permits.

This instruction is developed by the relevant governing bodies separately for each specific region.

The instructions regulate both the conditions for issuing or refusing to issue a discharge permit, and the procedure for obtaining it.

In addition, this document provides for the suspension and renewal of a previously obtained permit for the removal of industrial wastewater.

The basis for obtaining permission to discharge wastewater into natural reservoirs is an application that includes:

• A list of all details of the enterprise, including its state registration;
• Information about the place where wastewater is discharged;
• Average annual indicators of wastewater consumption with approved limit standards.

In case of refusal to obtain a permit for wastewater discharge, the decision-making authorities are obliged to indicate the reason for the refusal.

into water bodies

Regardless of the regulatory requirements for water quality in a water body, there are production restrictions on the discharge of wastewater, which enterprises must strictly comply with.

It is forbidden to discharge wastewater into water bodies:

which can be eliminated by rational technology, maximum use in circulating water supply systems, or by devices without waste production;

waters that, taking into account their composition and local conditions, can be used for irrigation in agriculture, subject to sanitary requirements.

Especially unacceptable is the discharge of vat residues and technological waste into water bodies.

Technological conditions for wastewater discharge

into water bodies

The place of wastewater discharge should be located downstream of the river from the border of this settlement and all places of its water use, taking into account the possible reverse flow during surge winds and when the HPP regime changes.

The conditions for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies are determined taking into account:

the degree of possible mixing and dilution of wastewater with the water of a water body on the way from the place of wastewater discharge to the settlement (control) site of the nearest points of household, drinking, cultural, domestic and fishery water use;

the water quality of reservoirs and watercourses is higher than the place of the projected wastewater discharge.

3. Methodology for determining the compliance of the conditions for the discharge of wastewater from an enterprise with sanitary requirements

Control and management of water quality in water bodies provide for the solution of the following tasks:

checking that the dilution of wastewater is sufficient to ensure that impurities are dispersed to non-hazardous concentrations at the point of use;

determination of the required degree of purification (disinfection) of wastewater;

forecasting water quality for a given perspective.

Pollution of a reservoir with sewage can adversely affect:

violation of the general sanitary regime of the reservoir;

change in the organoleptic properties of the reservoir.

Accordingly, depending on the properties of pollutants, the degree of necessary wastewater treatment is determined for each indicator of the composition and properties of water in reservoirs.

The basic equation for mixing wastewater discharged into a reservoir with natural waters has the form

where Q - water flow in the river, m 3 / s;

q- the flow rate of wastewater entering the river, m 3 / s;

CCt is the concentration of pollution (of a given harmful substance) in the runoff, mg/l;

Withp is the concentration of pollution (of this harmful substance) in the river above the discharge of wastewater into it (background concentration), mg/l;

Cn.water is the concentration of pollution (of this harmful substance) in the river before the settlement point of water use (generally, 1 km upstream of the river), mg/l;

-mixing coefficient showing what part of the water flow in the reservoir is mixed with wastewater in the design section.

Value q is determined by an economic or design organization on the basis of measurements or technological calculations.

Value Q is determined by the design organization on the basis of special local hydrological surveys or data from the hydrometeorological service. Value cp determined on the basis of specially organized research.

Checking for sufficient dilution

Solving equation (1) with respect to , we have:

Formula (2) makes it possible to predict the sanitary state of water for all given parameters included in it. The forecast is made by comparing sp.water with the maximum permissible concentration established for this substance CMPC. If the value sp.water smaller Spdk, then the prognosis is favorable and dilution of wastewater is sufficient. Otherwise, when sp.water > Cpdk, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the concentration of pollution (of this harmful substance) in the river before the settlement point of water use by carrying out the following measures:

reducing the amount of wastewater discharged into the reservoir;

reducing the concentration of pollution in wastewater by diluting it with clean water;

reducing the concentration of pollution in wastewater, either through additional treatment systems, or by improving technological processes.

When several substances with the same limiting indicator of harmfulness enter the water body with the runoff, the sum of the ratios of the concentration of each of the substances in the water body ( With 1 n.water, With 2 n.water, ...With N n.water) to the corresponding MPC should not exceed one:

If this condition is not met, then the content of one or more pollutants in the wastewater must be reduced.

from pollutant chemical

In order to determine the extent to which wastewater should be cleaned, neutralized or disinfected from a chemical pollutant, so that on the way to the first points of water use, the degree of water pollution does not violate normal water use conditions and does not threaten public health, it is necessary to determine the maximum concentration of a chemical pollutant in wastewater Spdk, at which, after the discharge of runoff into the river, the permissible pollution limit will not be exceeded in river water, i.e. the condition Sp.vod Spdk. To do this, you need to use the following formula:

where Spdk - the maximum permissible concentration of a chemical in river water.

Value Spdk is determined according to the literature (reference) data or on the basis of specially organized studies, if such data are not available.

The value of the maximum concentration of a chemical in wastewater Spdk, at which the permissible limits of water pollution in the river will not be exceeded, determined by the calculation for a new or existing facility and taken as the basis for the design of treatment facilities, acquires the value of a control value for the period of operation of these facilities and forms the basis of the limit, the maximum allowable for this facility, discharge into the reservoir of pollution.

The required degree of wastewater treatment from a given chemical,%, is determined by the formula

The value of the mixing ratio for flowing (unregulated) water bodies is determined by the Frolov-Rodziller method

The coefficient in equation (6) is determined by the formula

where L- the distance along the fairway from the place of wastewater discharge to the place of the nearest point of water use;

is a coefficient that takes into account the hydraulic conditions of mixing, which, in turn, is determined by the formula

where E is the turbulent diffusion coefficient;

-coefficient depending on the place of wastewater discharge into the reservoir; when released near the shore, it is equal to 1, when released into the middle of the river, it is equal to 1.5;

is the tortuosity coefficient of the river, it is equal to the ratio of the distance along the fairway from the place of wastewater discharge to the site of the nearest water use point ( Lf) to the distance to the same point in a straight line ( Lstraight), i.e.:

The coefficient of turbulent diffusion, for lowland rivers is determined by the formula

where Vav- the average flow velocity in the area between the wastewater outlet and the site of the water use point;

Nsr- the average depth of the reservoir in the same area.

Determining the required degree of wastewater treatment

from suspended solids

Sanitary requirements limit only the degree of increase in the content of suspended solids in the water of reservoirs. Therefore, the calculation formula (4) takes the form

where muffin– allowable increase in the content of suspended solids, is assumed to be 0.25 mg/l for fishery water bodies and 0.75 mg/l for household water bodies and cultural and household purposes. The rest of the designations are the same.

In the process of economic and household activities of a person, a huge amount of water is consumed, which after use forms a considerable amount of wastewater contaminated with various substances. All of them must be discharged into the environment, and this must be done in such a way as not to harm it (or at least minimize it to acceptable limits). This problem is becoming more and more acute every year. Water consumption in industry, agriculture and in everyday life is constantly growing, and the wastewater ends up becoming more and more polluted.

According to the current Russian environmental legislation , dumping of untreated sewage is prohibited, and those businesses and individuals who allow it face considerable fines. Moreover, for especially malicious violators who repeatedly and maliciously violate the rules and regulations for the discharge of wastewater, do not care about their purification from harmful impurities, even criminal liability.

In order to comply with all the requirements currently imposed on the discharge of wastewater, it is necessary to use specialized treatment facilities. One of their most famous and reputable domestic manufacturers is the Flotenk company. She is already for many years has been developing, manufacturing at its own production facilities, assembling, commissioning and maintaining equipment and facilities designed for the treatment of wastewater of various origins and compositions.

Where is wastewater allowed to be dumped?

Permissible wastewater discharges by industrial, agricultural and transport enterprises, as well as housing and communal facilities are allowed to be carried out into a centralized or local sewerage system, or, subject to proper treatment, directly into the environment, that is, into open water bodies or to certain areas of relief. In many cases, it is necessary to permission to dump wastewater, especially when it comes to their diversion to objects of a special nature management regime.

One of the most important conditions for resetting wastewater is that the content of substances harmful to the environment and human health in them should not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations specified in the relevant regulatory documents. Company "Flotenk" successfully solves this problem, designing and producing exactly such cleaning systems that allow their users to fully comply with these requirements. It should be especially noted that each of these equipment complexes takes into account the characteristics of wastewater in each specific case, and provides the most effective separation of precisely those contaminants that are present in them.

Discharge of sewage into the sewer

All large settlements are now provided with centralized sewer systems. These engineering complexes include absolutely all the components that are necessary for collecting wastewater from a large number of facilities, transporting it to treatment facilities, separating mechanical, biological and chemical impurities, decontaminating and discharging into the environment. However, it should be noted that the discharge and treatment of wastewater in such systems is not always organized in full compliance with the requirements of the current environmental legislation and environmental standards.

Many centralized sewage systems are outdated both physically and morally and require modernization. These works are successfully carried out by Flotenk specialists. They have several very large-scale completed projects for the reconstruction of centralized sewerage networks, which ensure the discharge of treated wastewater into the natural environment (reservoirs, landforms) in full compliance with the latest environmental standards.

Discharge of sewage into water bodies

Discharge of sewage into water bodies is one of the most common ways of waste disposal. It is regulated by particularly stringent cleaning requirements, and not by chance. The fact is that many reservoirs are sources of both technical and drinking water (and in many cases the only ones for entire megacities, such as the Neva for St. Petersburg), and therefore their pollution with harmful impurities is fraught not only with environmental disasters. .

That is why those treatment facilities from which wastewater is discharged into rivers, lakes and other bodies of water, in terms of efficiency and reliability, must be truly flawless. It is these complexes that are developed and produced by the Flotenk company. When they are created, all parameters of effluents are fully taken into account (and taking into account their possible excess volumes), and the possibility of continuous monitoring and control of discharges is provided.

Discharge of sewage on land

According to statistics, the volume of wastewater discharge to the terrain is constantly growing, and, according to the current Russian legislation, in each individual case it is required to obtain a permit, to make the necessary approvals from the relevant regulatory authorities. This need is based on the provisions of Article 5 of the Administrative Regulations Rostekhnadzor, approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 288 dated October 31, 2008. In principle, this document states that a permit is needed only for the discharge of sewage drainage water, effluents from industrial and residential facilities into water bodies, however, the regulatory authorities motivate the requirement to obtain permits for discharge and onto the terrain, since from it they can enter rivers, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, etc.

Only those effluents that have undergone preliminary treatment, meet the standards for the content of pollutants in them and are safe for the environment are allowed to be discharged to the relief. Modern treatment equipment, which allows achieving just such conditions, is designed and manufactured by Flotenk. In its arsenal there are many standard and well-proven solutions in practice, which experts quickly adapt to specific operating conditions. In addition, Flotenk develops, manufactures and installs on a turnkey basis systems for cleaning wastewater discharged to the terrain, according to individual orders, with full consideration of their composition, discharge dynamics, landscape features and other important factors.

Discharge of domestic wastewater and enterprise effluents

The discharge of polluted wastewater of domestic and industrial origin without their purification is also unacceptable. The equipment necessary for the separation of the mechanical, biological and chemical impurities contained in them is mandatory included in the sewer systems designed and manufactured by Flotenk. The same applies to systems intended for use in industrial and agricultural enterprises, as well as in transport infrastructure facilities. When designing such complexes, Flotenk specialists calculate the parameters of wastewater discharge, determine their composition, and on this basis develop, manufacture, install and put into operation treatment systems.

Article 44
[Water Code of the Russian Federation] [Chapter 5] [Article 44]

1. The use of water bodies for the purpose of discharging sewage, including drainage water, is carried out in compliance with the requirements provided for by this Code and legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2) classified as specially protected water bodies.

3. Discharge of waste water, including drainage water, into water bodies located within the boundaries of:

1) zones of sanitary protection of sources of drinking and household water supply;

2) the first, second zones of districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of medical and health-improving areas and resorts;

3) fish protection zones, fishery protected areas.

4. The discharge of waste water, including drainage water, may be limited, suspended or prohibited on the grounds and in the manner established by federal laws.

1 comment on the entry “Article 44 Water Code of the Russian Federation. Use of water bodies for the purpose of discharging wastewater, including drainage water”

Article 44

Commentary on Article 44

1. General overview of the article. It consists of four parts. Part 1 contains a reference rule on the need to comply with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation. In parts 2 and 3, divided into paragraphs, prohibitions on the discharge of waste and drainage waters are formulated on the basis of a territorial sign and a sign of ecological value. Part 4 formulates a reference rule on the possibility of limiting or suspending the discharge of waste or drainage water, as well as introducing additional prohibitions not specified in parts 2 and 3.
2. Objectives, scope and addressees of the article. The main goal is to establish an increased level of protection of especially valuable environmentally valuable objects and territories, to strengthen the restrictions on economic activity in determining the legal regime for such objects and territories.
The scope of the article covers, on the one hand, economic activity, as a result of which wastewater is generated (municipal services, industrial production, etc.) or drainage water (agricultural production, processing industry, etc.), and from the other is the functioning of water areas and territories under a special legal regime.
The addressees of the article are water users (individuals and legal entities, individual entrepreneurs), subjects of environmental management, employees of the administrations of protected areas, other persons involved in the protection of water bodies of special value, employees of environmental authorities performing control and supervision functions.
3. Basic concepts. The terms and phrases used in the text of the commented article indicate the place, methods, and subject side of actions.
3.1 Water bodies - see commentary to art. one.
3.2. Wastewater - see commentary to art. one.
3.3 Drainage water - see commentary to art. one.
3.4. Water bodies containing natural healing resources - see commentary to Art. Art. 49, 50.
3.5. Specially protected water bodies - see commentary to Art. 66.
3.6 Zones of sanitary protection of sources of drinking and domestic water supply - see commentary to Art. 34.
3.7. Zones and districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of health-improving areas and resorts - see commentary to Art. 49.
3.8. Fish protection zones are specially protected areas created to preserve the conditions for the reproduction of aquatic biological resources.
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See: Commentary on the Federal Law of December 20, 2004 N 166-FZ "On Fisheries and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources" / Ed. O.L. Dubovik (part 5, article 48).

3.9. Fishery protected areas are water objects of fishery significance or their sections, which are important for the conservation of valuable aquatic biological resources.
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See: Commentary on the Federal Law of December 20, 2004 N 166-FZ "On Fisheries and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources" / Ed. O.L. Dubovik (part 3.1 of article 49).

3.10. Discharge - the introduction by draining, releasing, descent (volley or emergency) waste or drainage water into water bodies through sewer systems or other devices from the place of formation of such water, which is, in fact, waste in liquid form.
4. Statistical reference. The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2009 amounted to 47.7 cubic meters. km (2008 - 52.1 cubic km). 15.9 cubic meters were classified as contaminated. km of wastewater (33% of the total volume).

Discharge of pollutants with wastewater, thousand tons

Pollutants 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Oil products 3.7 4.6 3.1 3.1 2.5
Suspended solids 359.4 327.7 311.9 291.8 254.1
Phosphorus, total 23.4 23.3 22.6 22.1 19.3
Phenols 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03
surfactant 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9
Copper compounds 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Iron compounds 5.6 8.2 7.3 6.2 6.1
Zinc compounds 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7

5. Connections of the norms of the article with other provisions of the Water Code of the Russian Federation.
When interpreting the provisions of Article 44, the literature indicates that in the Water Code of the Russian Federation, Article 1 is devoted to the regulation of “the use of water bodies for the purpose of discharging sewage or drainage water” (the concept of “use”, “waste water”, “drainage water”, “water bodies ”), Article 5 (defining the types of water bodies), Article 11 (regulating the provision of water bodies for use on the basis of a water use agreement or a decision to grant a water body for use, and in clause 2, part 2, indicating the discharge of waste and drainage water) , articles 13 and 22 (on the content of legal documents), article 37 (which mentions, among other purposes, the discharge of waste or drainage water), 38 (on types of water use), article 39 (regulating the rights and obligations of owners of water bodies and water users), article 55 and other articles of chapter 6 on the protection of water bodies. Thus, article 65 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation contains a ban on the use of wastewater for fertilizing soils within water protection zones.
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See: Practical Commentary on the Water Code of the Russian Federation. S. 262.

6. Problem situations and difficulties in applying the provisions of the article. Since it contains a number of prohibitions, most often difficulties arise in determining to what extent the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, as well as the laws of the constituent entities of the Federation, reflect the goals, meaning of these prohibitions, and to what extent encroachments on water objects in the form of prohibited discharges of sewage or drainage water are covered by the elements of environmental crimes or offenses (see the commentary to Article 68 on this). Significant difficulties also arise in connection with the need to use related legislation on environmental protection, on specially protected natural areas, fishing, sanitary and epidemiological legislation, etc. Finally, it is required to establish the legality of discharges carried out in violation of the norms of the commented article, on special exclusive) decisions of authorized bodies.
7. Concretization of the provisions of Article 44 in acts of Russian legislation. The use of water bodies for the discharge of waste and (or) drainage water, as already noted, is regulated in many sources of law. Among them are federal laws:
a) "On Environmental Protection", which establishes that in order to prevent a negative impact on the environment, it is necessary to establish standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms into water bodies;
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SZ RF. 2002. N 2. Art. 133.

b) “On Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being”, which stipulates that in order to protect water bodies, prevent their pollution and clogging, standards for maximum allowable discharges of chemical, biological substances and microorganisms into water bodies are established.
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SZ RF. 1999. N 14. Art. 1650.

The use of water bodies for the discharge of waste and (or) drainage water is also regulated in the Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation:
a) dated December 30, 2006 N 844, which approved the Rules for the preparation and decision-making on the provision of a water body for use. The Rules stipulate what documents are required for the provision of a water body for the discharge of waste or drainage water;
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SZ RF. 2007. N 1 (part 2). Art. 295.

b) dated 10.03.2009 N 223 “On limits (maximum volumes) and quotas for the intake (withdrawal) of water resources from a water body and wastewater discharge”;
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SZ RF. 2009. N 11. Art. 1318.

c) dated 07.12.1996 N 1425 "On approval of the Regulations on the districts of sanitary and mountain sanitary protection of medical and recreational areas and resorts of federal significance", in which for the territory from which the flow of surface and ground waters to the fields of medical mud, mineral lakes and estuaries, beaches, it is prohibited to discharge sewage and drainage water into water bodies (with the exception of the discharge of treated water through special deep-sea outlets);
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SZ RF. 1996. N 51. Art. 5798.

d) dated December 31, 1995 N 1310 “On the collection of fees for the discharge of wastewater and pollutants into the sewerage systems of settlements”, as well as other types of water use that adversely affect the sanitary and environmental condition of these facilities.
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SZ RF. 1996. N 2. Art. 135.

8. Violations of prohibitions. The grounds and types of legal liability in this case are established by the administrative, civil, and criminal legislation of the Russian Federation (see the commentary to Articles 68, 69). Illegal discharges pose a significant danger to aquatic bioresources, water quality in water bodies, human health, can lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases, etc.
There are a large number of infectious diseases, the source of which is mainly water polluted by illegal discharges.
For example, in July 2010 in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the cause of an outbreak of infection with symptoms of an acute intestinal disease was the contamination of one of the artesian wells used to supply water to a residential microdistrict with effluents from an enterprise that is in bankruptcy proceedings.