Types of human emotions. Five Basic Emotions of Gestalt Therapy from the Perspective of the Philosophers of Ancient China

The body reacts to every event in life - both with muscle tension and the awakening of processes inside the body. This usually happens after especially emotional and unexpected moments.

Events are both positive and negative. The first ones lead to positive reactions of the body - a rise in mood, activation of freedom, both muscular and mental, which gives calmness, comfort, relaxation. The second - negative - remain in the body with tension, stiffness, and possibly internal processes launched to resolve an external conflict.

• Disease is conflict training in which the body strengthens some area for protection.

Suppose you are often told that drinking cold water will make your throat sore. The body is activated - it begins to increase its protective functions. after drinking cold water, you have told the organism that the realization has happened. But the throat did not hurt, and protection was not needed. What to do with the increased number of cells that were preparing for defense? The body gets rid of them, which causes sputum.

The body is not a computer that unambiguously reads information and saves everything in certain folders. Therefore, blocks are not always reflected in specific parts of the body. Let's try using the example of the back to consider some of the symptoms that can be caused by psychological reasons.

1. Neck

Emotion: unwillingness to accept what is happening for reality

Fear of perception of reality and unwillingness to turn around and see the world in all its facets lead to tension in the cervical region. After all, when we are afraid of something, we squeeze our shoulders and lower our heads. It is likely that something alerted or repelled you in a recent situation.

2. Thoracic

Emotion: too sensitive perception of information from the outside world

Our life is filled with communication and many events, a large flow of information passes through us. Reading the world, we feel certain emotions that we do not always understand and do not always know how to analyze and control.

3. Lumbar

Emotion: social fears, taking on a lot of responsibility

The largest vertebrae are located in this department and, taking on many responsibilities, we load them. The fear of losing financial resources is also manifested, especially among those who are involved in big business.

4. sacrum

Emotion: fear of loss of freedom of action, decisions, fear of death

Our legs are a support and the ability to move in the desired direction, which gives confidence in the actions performed. Pain in the sacrum speaks precisely of the loss of freedom of choice, and perhaps of plans broken through no fault of yours.

5. Coccyx

Emotion: dissatisfaction appearance, sexual frustration

The psychological roots of problems with the coccyx are close to the causes of pain in sacral region: thoughts about the threat to health, passive attitude to life. After all, it is not without reason that pain in the coccyx is felt at the moment when you sit for a long time. This is the moment of inactivity.

Listen to your body. He always gives signals - the main thing is not to miss them. And treat training consciously so that the benefits from them become even greater.

The concept of emotions and feelings.

Kinds of feelings.

Emotional reactions and states.

Higher feelings.

The development of emotions and feelings in children.

1. "Emotions" And "feeling"- very close and most often inseparable concepts, but still they are not identical.

Emotions It is a direct experience in a specific period of time.

Most often they are associated with the innate reactions of a person, his motives and needs.

Feeling- this is a personality trait, a relatively stable attitude to the world around.

The inseparability of emotions and feelings is expressed in the fact that feelings are manifested in specific emotions.

For example, love for a loved one is manifested in joy for his successes and achievements.

The importance of emotions in human life is great. They help to navigate what is happening, evaluating it from the standpoint of desirability or undesirability, under their influence a person can do the impossible, since there is an instant mobilization of all the forces of the body.

Interesting views of the psychophysiologist P. V. Simonova , who believed that emotions arise when there is a mismatch between what you need to know and what is known. P. V. Simonov owns the creation of the formula of emotions

E \u003d (-P) / (H-C)

where E - emotions,

P - need (in the formula it is taken with a negative sign "-"),

H - information necessary to satisfy the need,

C - information that can be used, what is known.

The following conclusions can be drawn from the formula:

if P \u003d 0, then E \u003d 0, that is, there is no need, there are no emotions either;

if H \u003d C, then E \u003d 0, that is, a situation where a person has completeness of information and opportunities to meet a need;

if C = 0, then E is maximum, since if there is a need, there is no information about how to satisfy it. This is the case about which they say: “It is not the event that is terrible, but its expectation”;

if C is greater than H, then positive emotions arise. P. V. Simonov in the book “What is an emotion?” gives such

situation: “A thirsty traveler moves on hot sands.

He knows that only after three days there can be a source. Will it be possible to pass this way? Has the stream been covered with sand? And suddenly, turning behind a rock ledge, a person sees a well that is not marked on the map.

Stormy joy embraces the weary traveler. At that moment, when the mirror of the well flashed in front of him, the traveler became the owner of comprehensive information about the possibility of quenching his thirst, and this is in a situation where the forecast predicted three days of the most difficult trials.

However, the emotional life is much richer than any formula, so many life manifestations do not fit into it.

The value of emotions and feelings in a person's life is very great, they allow you to better understand everything that surrounds a person and what happens to him.

2. There is a huge number of emotions in a person's life, which are sometimes difficult to combine into any groups, therefore there is a wide variety of classifications of emotions.

Let's name the most commonly used:

1) positive (cause pleasant experiences) and negative (cause unpleasant experiences). It should be noted that personal and public assessments of the sign of emotion do not always coincide, for example, guilt is unpleasant for a person, and therefore it is a negative emotion, but for society this emotion is clearly positive;

ptenic (cause human activity) and asthenic (fetter activity, provoking passive behavior);

W. Wundt proposed a classification in three areas:

a) pleasure - displeasure;

b) voltage - discharge;

c) excitation - inhibition.

4) The modern American researcher K. Izard (“Human Emotions”) proposes to divide emotions into fundamental and derivative ones.

The fundamental ones include interest, joy, surprise, grief, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt. We emphasize once again that due to the variety of emotional manifestations, it is difficult to give a single classification of emotions.

3. External expression of emotions is defined as an emotional reaction. Expressive movements contribute to better understanding between people, being an involuntary accompaniment of speech.

Understanding the language of emotions, you can find the right words, the right tone in communication, support a person in need.

Studies have shown that the most informative in emotional reactions are the eyes and mouth of a person.

Thus, it is estimated that in the works L. N. Tolstoy there are descriptions of 85 shades of expression of the eyes and 97 - of a smile.

In one experimental study, it was studied which part of the face - the eyes or the mouth - determines its expression.

In the experiment, photographs of the face of the same person were horizontally cut in half, depicting various emotions: laughter, surprise, suffering, etc.

Then they were glued into one photo with the expression of various emotions.

The task of the subjects is to determine what emotion is being expressed. It turned out that the leading role in the definition of emotion belongs to the mouth, since it was by its expression that the emotion was determined.

The language of emotions is a language that is understandable without an interpreter, but it should be remembered that there are cultural and national characteristics that are determined by customs and traditions.

For example, in some African countries, laughter expresses amazement, and in some Asian countries, a burp from a guest after a treat means complete satisfaction.

If emotions are manifested over a relatively long period, then we can talk about an emotional state.

The most common of these are mood, affect, frustration, and stress.

The mood captures a person for some time, but this is a relatively mild state and can change quite often.

The occurrence of a particular mood depends on many reasons that are far from always realized by a person, so sometimes it may seem that the appearance of a bad or Have a good mood in no way explainable.

Affect- a rapidly arising and rapidly flowing emotional state, which is characterized by a violation of the conscious control of one's actions, the inability to adequately assess what is happening.

Several stages can be distinguished in the development of an affective state. On initial stage a person experiences a strong desire to succumb to the feeling that has gripped him (anger, fear, etc.).

At the same time, small movements are upset, the manifestation of expressive reactions is not controlled.

However, at this stage a person can still master himself and slow down the development of affect.

A person completely loses control over himself, his actions are reckless. At the end of an affective outburst, weakness and emptiness come, a breakdown, sometimes a person falls asleep.

Stress- this concept was introduced G. Selye , who defined it as a state of strong and prolonged psychological stress resulting from an overload of the nervous system.

It is impossible to unambiguously take a negative attitude to a stressful situation, since against the background of a destructive effect on a person, stress can also mobilize the body's resources to achieve high results, for example, in sports competitions.

Nevertheless, if the tension is long and very strong, then it does not pass without a trace and is fraught with the occurrence of somatic diseases, fatigue, indifference, and depression.

There are three phases in the course of stress:

anxiety reaction, which is characterized by great stress in the functioning of the body, by the end of the phase, resistance to a specific stressor increases;

stabilization, where unbalanced functions are set at a new level;

exhaustion.

frustration- an emotional state that occurs in a situation where it is impossible to achieve the goal due to constantly arising obstacles.

It can have two forms of expression: aggression or depression. The main reason for the occurrence is the inability of a person to endure prolonged emotional stress, poor endurance.

Thus, emotions have a number of external and internal manifestations that change the life of a person.

4. Feelings, like emotions, are difficult to classify, and psychology does not have a generally accepted classification.

Simplistically, feelings can be divided into moral, intellectual and aesthetic.

Moral (moral) feelings testify to the attitude of a person towards other people, society, and their manifestation is based on moral norms that a person is guided by when organizing his behavior.

As an example, we can highlight the feeling of love (in the broad and narrow sense), compassion, devotion, humanity, etc.

Intellectual feelings arise in the process of cognitive activity and reflect a person's attitude to this activity.

Psychology has irrefutable evidence of a deep connection between thought and emotional processes, where feelings regulate the course of intellectual activity.

Examples of such feelings are curiosity, doubt, the joy of discovery, love of truth, etc. A. Einstein wrote:

“The most beautiful and deepest emotion we can experience is the feeling of mystery.

It is the source of all true knowledge.” V. A. Sukhomlin- sky emphasized the importance of the feeling of surprise in the intellectual development of the child, noted that the absence or loss of this feeling does not stimulate the knowledge of the secrets of life, impoverishes the inner world of the child.

Aesthetic feelings reflect a person's attitude to various aspects of life, their expression in art, are manifested in artistic tastes, in assessments, etc.

These feelings are a product of the cultural development of the individual, an indicator of his maturity.

Examples are a sense of beauty, aesthetic pleasure, a sense of humor, etc.

Human feelings are characterized by stability and generalization, the impossibility of reducing them to specific emotional experiences.

5. Immediately at the time of the birth of the child, the first emotional reaction appears - a cry.

Already in the first month of life, a smile appears, and in 2-2.5 months - a “complex of revival”, i.e. emotional reactions (movement of arms, legs, smile) when an adult appears and turns to the baby.

IN preschool age emotions and feelings are extremely unstable, but very diverse, for example, interest, anger, surprise, disgust, joy, etc.

At school age, under the influence of education, higher feelings are actively formed.

Younger schoolchildren still do not have a good command of their emotions, but adolescents, against the background of the growth of moral feelings, are quite well aware of their emotional experiences.

There are a variety of ways to nurture emotions. Music, painting, excursions to nature, fiction - all well-known ways to develop the emotional sphere of children.

It is useful to teach children to recognize and convey an emotional state using facial expressions and pantomime, this will allow them to better understand other people in the future. You can train these skills using pictogram templates that represent a schematic expression of any emotion.

The emotional sphere of children can be developed through the game. Games serve as the environment where the baby shows his emotions and feelings, learns to communicate.

It is important that the child has such a toy (preferably soft), with which he will complain, scold, pity her, etc.

It will also protect against loneliness if, due to circumstances, the baby must be left alone.

In the development of children's emotionality, the role of fairy tales is significant. Reading fairy tales is by no means just an interesting pastime, but one of the ways to develop the inner world of the child himself and his ability to understand inner world another man.

So, in the development of the emotional world of children, you can use a variety of methods and techniques.

LECTURE№4. Psychology of agedifferences

It is assumed that our emotions are rooted in so-called drives - basic physiological innate needs, such as: hunger, thirst, sexual desire, the need to excrete waste products, avoidance of pain and the search for pleasure (comfort). Why such a list, I think, does not need to be explained.

But there was a need for more effective way mobilization of energy (strength) for survival, stimulation and direction of physical, and eventually mental activity, for the selection of signals that affect the perception of the world. Emotions and feelings gradually began to perform these functions - at least in highly developed animals this can already be observed.

• As a result, the first emotions arose, and became the basis for all other feelings and experiences - as a response to the need to survive and learn about the world.

There are many theories of the origin of feelings and views on which emotions are considered primary and basic - you can familiarize yourself with them if necessary. I will tell you what seems to me convincing and, most importantly, useful for practical application.

I highlight the following basic emotions that underlie all other human feelings. In my opinion, there are seven of them: interest, joy, sadness, anger, disgust, fear and surprise. It is also interesting to note how these basic emotions were connected at the stage of their occurrence with the main processes of the individual's survival and adaptation to the surrounding world.

Interest generates, motivates, nourishes and enhances the desire to learn the world, activity and seeking pleasure.

Joy associated with the acceptance and absorption of food and water, with the satisfaction of desires (including sexual ones), it is a reaction to receiving pleasure.

sadness- a reaction to the loss of an object that brings pleasure.

Anger (anger)- that which helped to eliminate and destroy obstacles to obtaining pleasure (satisfaction).

Fear- reaction of protection, running away or warning of possible pain or threat.

Disgust- reaction of rejection.

Astonishment- a momentary reaction to contact with something unfamiliar, unusual.

As a result, surprise leads to a rapid change in previous emotions - reactions, to a change in the previous action or its rapid cessation.

Emotions most often manifest themselves in interaction, reinforcing, suppressing each other, or flowing from one to another. So fear, for sure, was often associated with disgust and anger, and interest turned into joy. With the development of man and his ability to respond to changing conditions of life, more complex feelings and emotional reactions began to arise.

How do emotions turn into feelings?

Naturally, now the causes of these emotions have become more diverse, the situations of their occurrence have become more complicated, and a lot of new things have been added to these seven emotions. Then why is it necessary now to isolate the basic emotions and trace the causes of their initial occurrence?

All this can be used, compared with mathematics or geography, as a coordinate system. And also, using the comparison with food, we can say that these seven emotions are the main basic ingredients of our modern diverse sensory and taste experiences. And understanding their origin helps us to put certain (and not put badly compatible) components at the right time and in the right proportions into our emotional dishes and sensual cocktails in order to prepare them competently: good quality and for your own benefit. How is such a cocktail of experiences prepared?

The choice of this coordinate system - seven basic emotions - allows us to pick up the keys to numerous feelings and experiences, the number of which is already difficult to count. Thank God (or nature, or ourselves), we have gone far from animal ancestors. And therefore our emotional life has become much more complicated, and we already experience the above emotions not only in those cases.

A number of psychologists - researchers, as well as writers or philosophers, name shame, fear, hope, contempt, and love among the main human emotions ... No doubt, in our life these feelings (and not only) play a significant role, and the faces and actions of people are read well.

Even young children begin to express some of these feelings at a very early stage in their development. But these feelings seem to me already derivatives of those seven basic ones, and therefore in this book, for ease of analysis and understanding, I will call the seven basic emotions exactly emotions, and the rest - a derivative of them, whether by mixing, changing intensity, direction, or imposing on action (more on that later) - feelings and experiences.

For example, such a feeling as contempt is formed from two fundamental emotions, like anger and joy: I am angry at the object of contempt and at the same time I am glad that I am better than him. Excitement consists of the same emotions, but in different proportions and with a focus on the future: anger at an obstacle and joy at the idea of ​​the pleasure that will be obtained as a result of overcoming this obstacle.

There are elements of anger and surprise in hatred, as well as interest. And love (one of its varieties) consists of interest and joy: interest is an attraction to an object and the joy of connecting with it (accepting it). If desired, people add fear, sadness, anger, and surprise to this feeling, and other types of love are obtained, although these two fundamental emotions are the basis of this feeling. Whatever one may say: if there is no interest or joy, then there is no love, but something completely different turns out, although it may be generated by this feeling. But more on that in a separate chapter.

Thus, by analogy with music, where seven notes become the basis for creating an infinite number of combinations of sounds and melodies, the seven basic emotions become the basis for creating endless and diverse experiences, feelings and moods.

Quite reasonably, the question may arise, but will not this logical analysis and this classification deprive our emotions of their originality, brightness and strength, will it not make our life boring and sensually poor?

But understanding what and how music is created from does not deprive people listening to it of the ability to enjoy melodies and sound combinations, and at the same time helps to better understand music and even compose it, improving in this.

In the same way, understanding the laws of birth and changing our feelings does not deprive us of the ability to experience them. In addition, it adds the ability to experience exactly the feelings that we choose (that is, listen to the music we need), and help others feel next to us what we think is necessary or optimal for communication (music that is better to listen to together).

During the day, a person experiences a lot of emotions, which, mixing with each other, create a bizarre bouquet. This bouquet colors the perception of a person, making the day lived “bad” or “good”.

Surely any person wants to wake up every morning with a smile and see off the day in positive mood. Living every day happily, filling your life with joyful emotions - this task may be impossible until a person learns to manage his emotions.

You can change your mood as we want, it is not necessary to be dependent on circumstances. In order to feel the emotion of joy, it is not necessary to wait for the right moment when someone or something makes us laugh.

To be happy, you just need to be happy. For happiness, it is not necessary to look for a reason: money, health, soul mate, recognition, and so on. You can just be happy. After all, all we need to already have is our emotions.

It remains only to understand the art of managing your emotions. To do this, first of all, you need to know the types of human emotions in order to learn to distinguish, separate emotions from each other, because they rarely appear in their pure form.

Each person has four pure emotions:

• anger
• fear
• joy
• despondency

These types of emotions create a combination of other feelings and emotions that each of us can experience on a daily basis.

Watch this short video, it shows the faces of different people experiencing the same emotions: from joy to fear.

Conventionally, the types of human emotions can be divided into three main categories: negative, positive and neutral.

List of basic human emotions and feelings

Positive

1. Pleasure

2. Joy.

3. Rejoicing.

4. Delight.

5. Pride.

6. Confidence.

7. Trust.

8. Sympathy.

9. Admiration.

10. Love (sexual).

11. Love (affection).

12. Respect.

13. Tenderness.

14. Gratitude (gratitude).

15. Tenderness.

16. Complacency.

17. Bliss

18. Schadenfreude.

19. Feeling of satisfied revenge.

20. Good conscience.

21. Feeling of relief.

22. Feeling of self-satisfaction.

23. Feeling safe.

24. Anticipation.

Neutral

25. Curiosity.

26. Surprise.

27. Amazement.

28. Indifference.

29. Calm and contemplative mood.

Negative

30. Displeasure.

31. Woe (sorrow).

33. Sadness (sadness).

34. Despair.

35. Grief.

36. Anxiety.

38. Fear.

41. Pity.

42. Sympathy (compassion).

43. Regret.

44. Annoyance.

46. ​​Feeling insulted.

47. Indignation (indignation).

48. Hatred.

49. Dislike.

50. Envy.

52. Anger.

53. Despondency.

55. Jealousy.

57. Uncertainty (doubt).

58. Distrust.

60. Confusion.

61. Fury.

62. Contempt.

63. Disgust.

64. Disappointment.

65. Disgust.

66. Dissatisfaction with oneself.

67. Repentance.

68. Remorse of conscience.

69. Impatience.

70. Bitterness.

Perhaps some of the readers will not agree with such a division of feelings. Feelings are divided not from the standpoint of ethics, but from the standpoint of the pleasure or displeasure delivered.

A person puts a huge amount of energy into his emotions. In fact, this energy is neutral, only emotion can give it a positive or negative character, direct it in the direction of creation or destruction.

Take a closer look at this list, determine for yourself in which emotions you invest your strength more, in the emotions of destruction or creation?

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