Step-by-step installation of a water supply system with your own hands: from simple to complex. Features, technology, installation process

I want to warn you right away that this topic is not entirely on the subject of Habr, but in the comments to the post about the element developed at MIT, the idea seemed to be supported, so below I will describe some considerations about biofuel elements.
The work, on the basis of which this topic is written, was carried out by me in the 11th grade, and took second place at the international conference INTEL ISEF.

A fuel cell is a chemical current source in which the chemical energy of a reducing agent (fuel) and an oxidizing agent, continuously and separately supplied to the electrodes, is directly converted into electrical energy.
energy. circuit diagram fuel cell (FC) is presented below:

FC consists of an anode, cathode, ion conductor, anode and cathode chambers. On the this moment bio power fuel cells not enough for industrial scale use, but low power BFCs can be used for medical purposes as sensitive sensors since the current in them is proportional to the amount of fuel being processed.
So far it has been proposed big number constructive varieties of fuel cells. In each particular case, the FC design depends on the purpose of the FC, the type of reagent and ionic conductor. A special group is allocated to biofuel cells that use biological catalysts. important hallmark biological systems is their ability to selectively oxidize various fuels at low temperatures.
In most cases, immobilized enzymes are used in bioelectrocatalysis; enzymes isolated from living organisms and fixed on a carrier, but retaining their catalytic activity (partially or completely), which allows them to be reused. Let us consider a biofuel cell as an example, in which an enzymatic reaction is coupled to an electrode reaction using a mediator. Scheme of a biofuel cell based on glucose oxidase:

The biofuel cell consists of two inert gold, platinum or carbon electrodes immersed in a buffer solution. The electrodes are separated by an ion-exchange membrane: the anode compartment is purged with air, the cathode - with nitrogen. The membrane makes it possible to spatially separate the reactions taking place in the electrode compartments of the element, and at the same time ensures the exchange of protons between them. Suitable membranes for biosensors different types produced in the UK by many companies (VDN, VIROCT).
The introduction of glucose into a biofuel cell containing glucose oxidase and a soluble mediator at 20°C results in an electron flow from the enzyme to the anode through the mediator. Through the external circuit, the electrons go to the cathode, where in ideal conditions water is formed in the presence of protons and oxygen. The resulting current (in the absence of saturation) is proportional to the addition of the rate-determining component (glucose). By measuring stationary currents, it is possible to quickly (5 s) determine even low concentrations of glucose - up to 0.1 mM. As a sensor, the described biofuel cell has certain limitations associated with the presence of a mediator and certain requirements for the oxygen cathode and membrane. The latter must retain the enzyme and at the same time pass low molecular weight components: gas, mediator, substrate. Ion-exchange membranes generally meet these requirements, although their diffusion properties depend on the pH of the buffer solution. Diffusion of components through the membrane leads to a decrease in the efficiency of electron transfer due to side reactions.
To date, there are laboratory models of fuel cells with enzyme catalysts, which, by their characteristics, do not meet the requirements of their practical application. The main efforts in the next few years will be directed to the refinement of biofuel cells and further use of the biofuel cell will be more related to medicine, for example: an implantable biofuel cell using oxygen and glucose.
When using enzymes in electrocatalysis main problem that needs to be solved is the problem of conjugating an enzymatic reaction with an electrochemical one, that is, ensuring efficient transport of electrons from active center enzyme to the electrode, which can be achieved in the following ways:
1. Transfer of electrons from the active center of the enzyme to the electrode using a low molecular weight carrier - a mediator (mediator bioelectrocatalysis).
2. Direct, direct oxidation and reduction of active sites of the enzyme on the electrode (direct bioelectrocatalysis).
In this case, the mediator conjugation of the enzymatic and electrochemical reactions, in turn, can be carried out in four ways:
1) the enzyme and the mediator are in the volume of the solution and the mediator diffuses to the electrode surface;
2) the enzyme is on the surface of the electrode, and the mediator is in the volume of the solution;
3) the enzyme and mediator are immobilized on the electrode surface;
4) the mediator is attached to the electrode surface, and the enzyme is in solution.

In this work, laccase served as a catalyst for the cathodic reaction of oxygen reduction, and glucose oxidase (GOD) served as a catalyst for the anodic reaction of glucose oxidation. Enzymes have been used in the composition of composite materials, the creation of which is one of the most milestones creation of biofuel cells, simultaneously performing the function of an analytical sensor. In this case, biocomposite materials should provide selectivity and sensitivity for determining the substrate and, at the same time, have high bioelectrocatalytic activity approaching enzymatic activity.
Lakcase is a Cu-containing oxidoreductase whose main function under native conditions is the oxidation of organic substrates (phenols and their derivatives) with oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 40,000 g/mol.

To date, it has been shown that laccase is the most active electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. In its presence, a potential close to the equilibrium oxygen potential is established on the electrode in an oxygen atmosphere, and oxygen reduction proceeds directly to water.
A composite material based on laccase, AD-100 acetylene black, and Nafion was used as a catalyst for the cathodic reaction (oxygen reduction). A feature of the composite is the structure that ensures the orientation of the enzyme molecule with respect to the electron-conducting matrix, which is necessary for direct electron transfer. The specific bioelectrocatalytic activity of laccase in the composite approaches that observed in enzymatic catalysis. The method of conjugation of the enzymatic and electrochemical reaction in the case of laccase, i.e. the method of electron transfer from the substrate through the active center of the laccase enzyme to the electrode is direct bielectrocatalysis.

Glucose oxidase (GOD) is an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class, it has two subunits, each of which has its own active center - (flavin adenine dinucleotide) FAD. GOD is an enzyme that is selective with respect to the electron donor, glucose, and can use many substrates as electron acceptors. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 180,000 g/mol.

We used a composite material based on GOD and ferrocene (Pc) for anodic oxidation of glucose by a mediator mechanism. The composite material includes GOD, highly dispersed colloidal graphite (HCG), Phc, and Nafion, which made it possible to obtain an electronically conductive matrix with a highly developed surface, to ensure efficient transport of reagents to the reaction zone and stable characteristics. composite material. The method of conjugation of enzymatic and electrochemical reactions, i.e. ensuring efficient electron transport from the GOD active center to the mediator electrode, while the enzyme and the mediator were immobilized on the electrode surface. Ferrocene was used as a mediator - an electron acceptor. When the organic substrate, glucose, is oxidized, ferrocene is reduced and then oxidized at the electrode.

If anyone is interested, I can describe in detail the process of obtaining electrode coverage, but for this it is better to write in a personal. And in the topic, I'll just describe the resulting structure.

1. AD-100.
2. laccase.
3. hydrophobic porous substrate.
4. Nafion.

After the electrodes were obtained, we proceeded directly to the experimental part. This is what our working cell looked like:

1. reference electrode Ag/AgCl;
2. working electrode;
3. auxiliary electrode - Pt.
In the experiment with glucose oxidase - purge with argon, with laccase - with oxygen.

Oxygen reduction on soot in the absence of laccase occurs at potentials below zero and occurs in two stages: through the intermediate formation of hydrogen peroxide. The figure shows the polarization curve of oxygen electroreduction by laccase immobilized on AD-100, obtained in an oxygen atmosphere in a solution with pH 4.5. Under these conditions, a stationary potential is established close to the equilibrium oxygen potential (0.76 V). At cathodic potentials greater than 0.76 V, catalytic reduction of oxygen is observed on the enzyme electrode, which proceeds by the mechanism of direct bioelectrocatalysis directly to water. In the area of ​​potentials cathodic more than 0.55 V, a plateau is observed on the curve, which corresponds to the limiting kinetic current of oxygen reduction. The limiting current was about 630 μA/cm2.

The electrochemical behavior of a composite material based on HOD Nafion, ferrocene, and VCG was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The state of the composite material in the absence of glucose in a phosphate buffer solution was monitored from the charging curves. On the charging curve at a potential of (–0.40) V, maxima are observed related to the redox transformations of the active center GOD - (FAD), and at 0.20-0.25 V, the maxima of the oxidation and reduction of ferrocene.

From the results obtained, it follows that based on a cathode with laccase, as a catalyst for the oxygen reaction, and an anode based on glucose oxidase for glucose oxidation, there is a fundamental possibility of creating a biofuel cell. True, there are many obstacles on this path, for example, peaks of enzyme activity are observed at different pH. This led to the need to add an ion-exchange membrane to the BFC. The membrane makes it possible to spatially separate the reactions occurring in the electrode compartments of the element, and at the same time ensures the exchange of protons between them. Air enters the anode compartment.
The introduction of glucose into a biofuel cell containing glucose oxidase and a mediator leads to an electron flow from the enzyme to the anode through the mediator. Through the external circuit, the electrons go to the cathode, where, under ideal conditions, water is formed in the presence of protons and oxygen. The resulting current (in the absence of saturation) is proportional to the addition of the rate-determining component, glucose. By measuring stationary currents, it is possible to quickly (5 s) determine even low concentrations of glucose - up to 0.1 mM.

Unfortunately, I failed to bring the idea of ​​this BFC to practical implementation, because. right after the 11th grade, I went to study as a programmer, which I am diligently doing today. Thanks to everyone who made it.

There are many ways to equip the vertical waterproofing of the foundation. Among them, the most popular are paint and roll, but their membrane counterpart, in which the protection of the bases is provided by a special polymer film, is used more and more every year. It has an important advantage - unlike its competitors, membrane waterproofing completely seals the foundation from ground water. It is also resistant to corrosion and chemical substances. By the way, if you are interested in building foundations, we advise you to visit the section.

To date, experts define three types of membrane waterproofing of foundations - light, medium and heavy. The last two types of road are complex and are used in situations where it is necessary to provide protection from strong hydrostatic pressure on the base of the building. In private housing construction, it is quite enough to mount the film on your own easy way. Do-it-yourself waterproofing of the foundation with a film (membrane) of just this type will be discussed in detail in the article.

Preparation of the foundation and walls for waterproofing equipment.

A very important advantage of membrane waterproofing is the absence of the need to carefully level vertical surfaces. The reason for this is that polymer films are not fixed directly to the concrete base. Instead, they hang freely along a vertical surface, forming a kind of "skirt". This provides additional strength for waterproofing - in the event of even a slight deformation of the foundation, the membrane will remain intact. Exceptions are only if there is a need to apply two-layer film insulation.

Fixing membrane waterproofing.

The technology is quite simple and in general is similar to the installation of classical rolled insulation. The film is delivered completely finished in rolls. It remains only to deploy it along vertical surfaces, fix it from above, and cut off the excess from below. It is necessary that the film protrude above ground level by at least 30 centimeters. You need to lay from top to bottom, that is, unroll the roll not longitudinally to the wall, but perpendicularly. Attach the membrane depending on its model. The most common and simplest option is to install special small-sized PVC roundels on the wall with a step of no more than one and a half meters. The membrane is attached to them by spot welding under the influence of hot air. Also, the film is reliably welded to metal parts.

Just as in the case with roll waterproofing, the sections of the film should be overlapped - one section should go behind the other. On most film models, self-adhesive strips are provided along the edges just for this. If they are not there, you can use adhesive tape, special construction glue, or weld the sheets to each other using a stream of hot air.

As for the length of one piece of film, then, as mentioned above, it should not be clearly normalized. It is enough to make sure that the waterproofing extends below the edge of the foundation cushion by 20-30 centimeters. Subsequently, when the sinuses fall asleep, the soil will securely fix them, and the membrane will tightly close the concrete base. However, when filling the soil, it is very important to carefully monitor that sharp stones do not damage the waterproofing, do not stretch or bend it. The section of the membrane protruding above the ground must also be covered. There are many ways to do this. The most practical and popular is to apply thin cement screed(about 1 cm thick) or decorative panels. In both cases negative impact it will not have any effect on waterproofing qualities.

If you would like to give your film waterproofing greater strength (this is necessary, for example, in places where hydrostatic pressure groundwater exceeds 200 kN/m2), you can make it two-layer. In this case inner layer there will be a flat membrane, and the outer perforated film. It is much thicker, stronger, fastened using the same technology as described above. However, in this case, it is necessary to carefully align the vertical walls of the foundation.

One of the latest innovations in the market of modern roofing materials is membrane roofing. The technology of its laying allows you to install the roofing without seams, which gives the roof the best waterproofing characteristics. The market offers various membranes that differ in composition and installation methods.

Among this variety, it is possible to choose an option for any type. Consider what a membrane roof is and get acquainted with the technology of its laying on various surfaces.

In this article

Types of membrane roof

The production of membrane coating is based on polymers and artificial rubbers, which give this type of roofing its elasticity. There are three types of this material.

based on polyvinyl chloride

PVC membranes are based on polyvinyl chloride, which is the basis of many insulating roofing materials. Elasticity of such a coating is given by a volatile plasticizer, and flexibility is provided by a reinforcing polyester mesh. Such characteristics allow the use of PVC membranes on the roofs of complex structures.

The method of laying this membrane eliminates the presence of seams, which significantly increases its resistance to leaks. In addition, these membranes are available in various colors, including light ones, which allows the roof to reflect the sun's rays and not heat up in hot weather. Mounted using heat welding.

This type of membrane roof, with its advantages, has an acceptable cost, which makes it popular material for roofing.

Reinforced artificial rubber EPDM membrane

EPDM membrane based on artificial rubber with reinforcement using a polymer mesh. To improve the strength characteristics, ether additives are added to it. The waterproofing of the EPDM membrane is high due to its high adhesion to bituminous surfaces. Mounted with glue.

The disadvantage of the roof is its high price which pays off long term service for more than half a century.

TPO membrane is a novelty of the domestic roofing market. The material is made on the basis different types rubber, in which various stabilizing additives are added to increase strength, elasticity and refractoriness. This thermoplastic material is based on different kinds polyvinyl chloride, not rubber. Mounted by heat seal.

Scope of application

Membrane roofing is usually mounted on. The convenience of this type of roofing materials is the fact that they can be laid on the old roofing without its dismantling, which significantly saves time and money for the improvement of the roof or its repair.

When using membranes for flat roofs you can create an exploitable surface on which you can place various objects, including those with high traffic. This is useful when creating a roof over underground garage or parking, when arranging a cafe on the roof of an office or shopping center.

Membrane roofs are actively involved in the areas of multi-storey and industrial construction, while their use in the sector of private houses is only gaining momentum.

An important advantage of using membrane materials is the absence of additional waterproofing in the roofing pie.

Key points when choosing and working with membrane coatings

It is believed that membrane roofing materials applicable only on flat concrete roofs. Let's refute this opinion: membranes can be mounted on any and are especially convenient to use for the repair of old roof structures.

The calculation of the use of membrane roofing should be based on the following rules:

• The load on truss system or walls of a building. If they are reliable, then there is the possibility of ballast fastening of the membrane. If there is no confidence in the strength of the house, then it is better to choose a welding or adhesive method of fixing the membranes;
• When calculating the amount of material required to cover the roof, overlaps of 5 cm must be taken into account, as well as the need to mount the membrane on all types of junctions.

The main advantage of a membrane roof - the absence of seams - can be destroyed overnight by the wrong laying technology. Do not be too lazy to check the tightness of the seams: after they have cooled, run a screwdriver along the seam and make sure there are no holes.

Mounting

The technology of roofing from a membrane depends on the type of coating chosen and the base under the roof. Consider the basic installation methods.

glue method

In this way, the EPDM membrane is mounted. For this, special double-sided adhesive tapes are used, with which the joints of the canvases are glued. membrane material. This installation technology is convenient in private construction, as it does not require the use of specialized equipment. Bonding of canvases is done quite quickly and does not require special preparation.

However, this method does not provide a permanent seal. At the joints, the adhesive tape begins to move away over time and let moisture pass under the roof.

Heat welding method

Membrane joints are welded using heated air. PVC, TPO membranes are laid by this method. A welding machine is used that delivers a jet of air at a temperature of 600°. A building hair dryer with the possibility of heating the air to a minimum of 550 ° can be used.

Membrane sheets are laid overlapping each other, the edges are heated by a burner and glued together. After the material has cooled, a single web is formed with firmly sealed seams. The seams after using the burner are completely sealed and have the same elasticity as the rest of the canvas.

Laying rules

The technology for laying PVC membranes contains a number of rules:

• Before sealing the seams, it is important to clean the membrane surface of any contaminants, including grease and chemicals;
• Cloths are laid freely, without stretch. The overlap of two adjacent canvases must be at least 5 cm;
• It is important to carry out the welding machine quickly enough, not lingering in one place for a long time and not lowering the recommended temperatures. With a very thick seam, there is a high probability of tearing the fabric in a place near the seam;
• When too high temperature welding machine the membrane will burn and not stick together;
• The optimal width of the seam is at least 2 cm. With a smaller value, it is necessary to install a round membrane patch on top of the seam.

Using building hair dryer it is necessary to follow the nozzle, which warms up the joint of the canvases, through them with a roller. When using a welding machine, this is not required, since the machine independently rolls the surface to be welded.

Ballast method

Unlike welding, the method of fastening the membrane with ballast does not require the use of special equipment, which makes it acceptable in do-it-yourself installation conditions. The ballast method is possible on flat roofs and roofs with a slope of up to 15°.

This technology requires strong load-bearing structures, since fixing the PVC membrane with ballast is associated with a large weight.

Installation is as follows:

• Rolling of membrane rolls on the base;
• Fixing the material around the perimeter and at the junctions with adhesive tape;
• Sleeping over the ballast membrane: not less than 50 kg per 1 sq. m.

For ballast, crushed stone, pebbles, concrete blocks or paving slabs. It is important to consider that if the ballast has sharp corners that can damage the surface of the membrane, then it is necessary to first cover the roofing with non-woven material.

Ballast fastening of PVC membranes is convenient for the possibility of arrangement.

Installation of a membrane coating on corrugated board

The option of laying a membrane on roofs made of corrugated board is quite common, thanks to which the roof made of corrugated board is insulated and soundproofed.

Installation in this case follows this algorithm:

• A vapor barrier with an overlap of sheets is laid on the corrugated board;
• On top of the vapor barrier, insulation boards are laid in two layers. Coverage is important top layer bottom joints;
• The insulation is fixed to the base with self-tapping screws;
• A membrane coating is laid on the insulation, the seams of which are sealed with special equipment;
• At the junctions, membrane overlays are made.

We will sequentially show the process of replacing a faulty accumulator membrane. When our hydraulic accumulator failed, the space between the membrane and the body filled with water. The purpose of the bottom flange is to hold the rubber membrane in the accumulator housing. When we unscrewed the flange, water flowed out of the body.

Dismantling a faulty membrane

First, we carefully unscrew the bolts from the flange, remove the flange and wait for the water to drain.

Slightly freeing the edges of the membrane, remove the remaining water.

In this model of a hydraulic accumulator with a volume of 150 liters, a membrane fastener is also provided in the upper part.

This is a threaded fitting external thread. We carefully unscrew the nut from it and pull out the faulty membrane together with the threaded fitting through the hole in the lower part of the housing.

After removing the membrane, nothing remains in the body, so at this stage it is recommended to clean it well inner surface corps.

The membrane is shaped like a pear. note that new membrane must match the original. Don't buy cheap options with a different specification, it will end up being more expensive. Take an old membrane to the store as a sample or copy its specification from the plate on the accumulator case.

Helpful Hint: It is advisable to wash the new membrane in a non-aggressive cleaning solution before use. We insert a threaded fitting into the membrane for attaching it from above and slowly twist it into the opening of the membrane.

Installing a new membrane in the housing

We insert a new membrane into the accumulator housing through the lower hole in the housing.

We push the membrane to its protrusions at the bottom.

Now our task is to straighten the membrane inside the housing and get the threaded fitting into the hole in its upper part. For a larger model, you can use special devices or tie a rope to the fitting in advance and pull it through the hole.

We tighten the nut on the threaded fitting.

Inside the fitting there is a recess for a hexagon. Tighten the nut slightly with a wrench. If it is not planned to install control automatics, a pressure gauge or an air release valve on the accumulator, then the upper hole in the flange can be plugged with a metal cap suitable diameter. As a seal, you can use fum tape or linen.

We wind 5-6 turns of the fum tape and install the cap.

First we twist it by hand, then tighten it with an adjustable wrench.

Install the lower clamping flange on the housing. This flange fixes the diaphragm on the body by pressing its edges. Install and tighten the bolts on the flange according to the same rules by which the wheels of the car are twisted. Depending on the number of bolts, a criss-cross or star pattern can be used. We must try to install and tighten the bolts from opposite sides - this way we will achieve uniform pressing of the flange and the membrane. When all the bolts are installed, tighten them one by one with a socket wrench.

Connecting the accumulator to the water supply system

We connect the accumulator with the help of a gasket and a union nut to the water supply system. There is enough manual effort here.

Before starting the accumulator, it is necessary to create additional air pressure. To do this, unscrew plastic cover from the nipple and connect the pump.

On the manometer, we monitor the increase in pressure in the tank. Normally, the accumulator label shows the amount of pre-air pressure. In our case, it is 1.5 bar.

If no value is given, set the pressure to 1.5 - 2 bar. After that, you can open the tap and supply water to the accumulator.

All rights to the video belong to: DoHow

One of essential elements water supply systems for private houses is a hydraulic accumulator. Thanks to this device, a constant pressure is maintained in the water supply, and all equipment is protected from hydraulic shocks.

Membrane for accumulator

However, nothing lasts forever, so you need to know how to replace the membrane in the accumulator - without it, it will not be able to work.

The principle of operation of the membrane in the accumulator

In fact, a replaceable membrane for a hydraulic accumulator is its most main part. Without it, it will be just a storage metal tank. The membrane is a rubber pear made of rubber. Depending on the size of the tank itself, it can be of different capacities, however, the principle of its operation does not change from this.

Membrane inside the tank

It is inserted inside the tank and divides it into two parts:

1. One is pumped with air.
2. The second is supplied with water from the plumbing system.

The air pressure in the tank is 1.5-2 atmospheres. Due to this, a constant working pressure is maintained in the water supply.

In addition, the replaceable membrane for the accumulator performs another important task - it protects the water supply from water hammer and protects the pump from too frequent switching on. It happens like this:

• for example, the pump capacity is 3 m3/h, and the tap consumes 0.6 m3/h;
• it turns out that when the tap opens, the pump immediately turns on, however, since it supplies much more water than the tap needs, it immediately turns off. And as soon as the pressure in the system drops, the pump will turn on again. Thus, it will turn on and off every second - and this can lead to the fact that the device will simply burn out;
• thanks to the accumulator, the pump will turn on only when the pressure in the membrane drops below the set value.

It turns out that this device takes important place in the water supply system. And it is desirable to know how to repair it with your own hands. Moreover, it is not so difficult.

Types of membranes

There are 2 types of these products:

1. For heating.
2. For use in plumbing.

Different types of membranes

Naturally, there are certain differences between them:

• the maximum temperature of membranes for plumbing is 70 degrees, while for heating - 99;
• products for plumbing are made of rubber, and for heating from a special composition.

Heating membranes withstand a pressure of 8 atmospheres, while plumbing membranes - 7. Their volumes are also different, but the most popular are within 100 liters

How to determine that the membrane has become unusable

In general, manufacturers claim a service life of these products equal to 5 years. However, in practice, this rarely happens. After all, membranes do not like very much:

• temperature rise above the set value;
• frequent pressure drops;
• intense compression.

In practice, it is rarely possible to avoid the operation of a hydraulic tank in a hard mode, so the service life of a pear is reduced to 3 years.

How to determine that it is time to change the diaphragm in the hydraulic accumulator:

• the pump began to turn on too often;
• no constant water pressure.

This is clear signs membrane damage, however, this may also indicate damage to the accumulator housing. Therefore, before disassembling the container, it is advisable to check the condition of the tank itself.

Membrane replacement

If the cause is already determined, then you need to start repairing. And the first thing to do is to purchase a new product. Here it is important not to save money and buy original spare parts, because. cheap fakes can quickly fail. And it will turn out such a situation that in six months you will have to do everything all over again.

Training

When a new membrane is purchased, you need to prepare a set of keys and proceed to repair. First, you need to drain the water from the tank itself. For this:

• the water supply to the accumulator is blocked;
• air is bled from it;
• water drains.

An important point is that if air comes out of the battery when the water is drained, then the rubber bulb is damaged. The nipple sways in the same way - if water comes out when air is bled, this indicates a breakdown.

The fact is that the pear divides the inside of the tank into two independent chambers. Therefore mixing of water and air is excluded. If this happens, then the internal integrity is broken.

Repair stages

When the water is drained from the tank, you can proceed directly to the repair. Replacing the membrane in the accumulator is done as follows:

This completes the replacement process. Now, you need to do a test run of the accumulator. To do this, it is connected back to the water supply. But in the beginning, you need to pump air into it to the working pressure, it is 1.5-2 atmospheres.

And then the water supply is turned on. At the same time, do not open the supply valve at full capacity. This can lead to a rupture of the membrane, therefore, water is drawn in gradually.

Thus, changing the membrane with your own hands is quite simple. And this can be easily dealt with without involving specialists. Moreover, the cost of replacement in a specialized center can be quite high.

Video

Prevention

To prevent the breakdown of the accumulator by surprise, it is necessary to carry out its periodic maintenance. Making it is easy:

• once every 3-4 months the tank is inspected for damage;
• once every six months, you need to check the operation of the pressure gauge, pressure switch, and also check the level of air pressure in the tank.

The fact is that average term the service life of these products rarely exceeds this figure. Therefore, it is better to carry out the replacement in advance - so you can protect yourself in advance from a sudden breakdown.