The subtleties of the choice and use of materials for waterproofing, taking into account their qualitative characteristics. Floor waterproofing materials

The specifics of the work of waterproofing materials, unlike roofing materials, is direct constant contact with water vapor or water, in some cases acting under pressure. The general task of waterproofing is to prevent the penetration of aggressive groundwater containing acids, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, causing the destruction of concrete and metal, to the insulated material (anti-corrosion waterproofing) or the migration of water through the building envelope (anti-filtration waterproofing). To do this, either create a waterproof layer between the water and the surface of the material, or make the material itself waterproof. Waterproofing is performed, first of all, for underground structures and structures that experience the action of direct hydraulic pressure or filtering groundwater during operation. These are foundations, basement walls, floors.

In new construction, on the outside of the underground structure, “primary” waterproofing is used - painting and pasting. During reconstruction and repair, additional “secondary” waterproofing is performed: monolithic (plastering, facing, impregnating, injection) and filling (hydrophobic).

Paint waterproofing, recommended for protection against capillary, filtering water, is a monolithic waterproof coating 3–6 mm thick, obtained by applying viscoplastic compositions to the surface to be protected. Depending on the binder used, bitumen, bitumen-polymer and polymer compositions are used. Bituminous working mixtures are obtained either by dissolving bitumen in an organic solvent, or in the form of an aqueous emulsion in combination with emulsifiers that ensure uniformity and stability of the compositions.

Bitumen-polymer mastics, as a rule, are multifunctional materials used for waterproofing and roofing carpet - rolled or mastic. They are characterized by high deformability of the coating. Examples are hot and cold rubber-bitumen mastic isol - MRB-G (X), bitumen-polymer emulsion roofing and waterproofing mastics ARNIS and BELAM, bitumen-nairite BNK and bitumen-polyethylene (BIPE).

For outdoor and internal waterproofing ground and underground reinforced concrete, stone, metal structures, operated without constant exposure to UV radiation, use the polymer mastic "Gidrofor". This is an environmentally friendly two-component viscous composition, made on the basis of synthetic rubber and a hardener, which, as a result of polymerization, forms a monolithic, waterproof, rubber-like surface on the surface. protective layer with high performance. Temperature range of application minus 5 - plus 70 o C, flexibility 5 mm/-50 o C, durability not less than 15 years.

Epoxy and cement complex compositions have proven themselves well in waterproofing underground reinforced concrete structures, including up to five ingredients to provide the desired properties. For example, in addition to cement, one of the compositions includes sand, synthetic latex, liquid glass and an emulsifier. The main advantage of such polymer cement materials is environmental safety. Waterproofing coatings must have high adhesion to concrete of at least 100 kPa and tensile strength of 3 to 12 MPa.

Pasting, plastering and facing coatings are used with direct action on the water surface at a pressure of up to 10 m. The special ones include "Izol" - a baseless biostable roll material based on a rubber-bitumen binder with the introduction of a filler, antiseptic and plasticizing additives; "Buterol", obtained by mixing synthetic rubbers, thermoplastic elastomers, plasticizers, vulcanizing additives and fillers. Structures are protected by gluing these baseless roll materials up to 2 mm thick onto a special mastic in two layers.

The main roll materials used, as a rule, differ from roofing materials in the form of a protective layer due to the fact that for waterproofing materials there are virtually no effects of high and negative temperatures, UV radiation. Like roofing, they are produced on the basis of fiberglass and fabric, polymer canvas and fabric. As a binder for waterproofing structures not subject to hydrostatic pressure (floors, vertical walls basements), use bitumen, bitumen-elastomer and plastomeric compositions. For structures operating under hydrostatic water pressure, the use of bitumen is excluded. The protective layer can be fine-grained, dusty or made of a polymer film.

The number of layers of waterproofing depends on the value of the effective hydrostatic head of water and the required humidity in the room (from less than 50 to more than 75%).

With high aggressiveness of groundwater, a polyethylene film with a thickness of more than 200 microns is used. A multi-layer coating is obtained using special adhesives and cold adhesive mastics. To ensure the reliability and durability of the roll coating, it is protected by a fence in the form of a brick wall, concrete slabs or asbestos-cement sheets.

Plastering monolithic waterproofing in order to avoid cracking, because the thickness of a relatively brittle coating, depending on the magnitude of the hydrostatic head, ranges from 6 to 50 mm; it is used only for rigid non-deformable surfaces of building structures. Used protective compounds based on bitumen, polymer binders or mineral binder - cement contain fine aggregate and mineral or organic fillers in the form of powders or fibers to increase crack resistance.

Depending on the size (dispersion) of aggregates and fillers used, bituminous asphalt mastics (hot and cold) and solutions are used. Their purpose is anti-filtration and anti-corrosion protection of underground parts of structures. The conditions limiting the use are the absence of the effect of oil products and hot water (T> 50 ° C).

It is possible to strengthen monolithic waterproofing either by additional reinforcement with fiberglass mesh (fiberglass) or by using polymer solutions and polymer concrete.

Plaster compositions are applied to the surface in layers (no more than 3 layers) by manual or pneumomechanical (shotcrete) methods. Mineral compositions (based on cement) contain sand of a certain fraction - cement-sand mortars or finely ground fillers - colloid-cement mortars. To ensure the given plasticity of the mixture and the impermeability of the coating, plasticizing and sealing additives are introduced.

metal sheet materials up to 4 mm thick is used as a fixed formwork when concreting monolithic structures. In the case of the location of the waterproofing on the side of the action of groundwater, the metal sheets are protected by paint compositions from corrosion.

Polymer sheet materials flat and profiled (polyethylene, polypropylene, vinyl plastic) 2 mm thick are installed in the formwork when receiving monolithic structures or glued to the surface with a polymer silicate composition to protect prefabricated structures.

Membrane waterproofing, which is a multilayer material consisting of a thick polyethylene film with a three-dimensional mesh glued to it, filled with granules of bentonite clay or a water-swellable polymer, is becoming increasingly recognized among builders for external waterproofing of foundations. When moistened, these materials, increasing several times in volume, create a waterproof layer.

If it is necessary to waterproof the foundation of an operated building with inside through holes are drilled in the walls and floor of the basement, through which special waterproofing solutions are injected under pressure, consisting of Portland cement, clay, liquid glass and sealing additives.

For waterproofing walls from capillary rise of moisture, drilling in the wall of a network of inclined wells of small diameter is used, followed by injection of impregnating solutions through them: organosilicon, water-repellent liquids or monomers with special additives, which, polymerizing in the pores of the material, increase water resistance and bearing capacity designs.

IN last years the use of waterproofing dry mortars based on Portland cement is expanding. To provide them reliable operation several conditions must be met:

to eliminate through defects and increase the reliability of the coating, multilayer waterproofing is necessary;

waterproofing materials should work only for their intended purpose and not experience the action of abrasive and other loads during operation;

the protective coating and the base must have close coefficients of thermal expansion to ensure strong adhesion and prevent the appearance of deformation cracks.

Depending on the composition of dry mixes, by mixing them with water at the construction site, it is possible to obtain waterproof concrete (W 12) or coating compositions. High coating density is achieved through careful selection of the particle size distribution of washed aggregates and the introduction of sealing additives.

Impregnation waterproofing can be effectively performed using a penetrating material such as Kolmatron, developed in Russia. With its help, the structure not only acquires waterproofing properties, but also restores its strength and frost resistance to the F 150 grade.

For porous concrete surfaces, it is also effective to use compositions that include easily penetrating chemicals that interact with calcium hydroxide, cement stone, forming compounds that clog pores and increase the density of the surface layer.

Silicone liquids act somewhat differently, on the basis of which colorful and impregnating compositions are obtained. Due to the fact that they contain chemical elements that are differently related to water - hydrophobic and hydrophilic, they are well absorbed by the mineral porous surface, giving it the property of hydrophobicity. In this case, the impregnating material does not block the pores, but only imparts a water-repellent property to their surface, thereby not excluding vapor permeability, i.e. the material remains "breathable", which is very important, especially for building envelopes.

Types of waterproofing and materials used are presented in table. 9.2.

Table 9.2

Types of waterproofing and materials used

Type of waterproofing	Product shape	Applicable materials
Primary: painting pasting	Viscoplastic mixtures	Paint and varnish and mastic compositions based on bitumen, bitumen-polymer binder with the introduction of solvents or water-based
	Rolled	Basic (glass and polymer canvas and fabrics) and baseless multicomponent biostable materials using bituminous, bitumen-elastomer and plastomer binders. For structures operating under hydrostatic water pressure, bitumen is not used.

The end of the table. 9.2
Secondary: monolithic plaster	Plaster plastic combs and dry water-soluble mixtures	Multi-component asphalt in the absence of oil products and hot water, polymer, cement plasters for waterproofing rigid non-deformable surfaces
Facing filling impregnating injection	Large-sized sheet	Metal sheet materials 4 mm thick with paintwork. Polymeric flat and profiled sheets 2 mm thick (polyethylene, polypropylene, vinyl plastic).
	Small-piece tiled	Slag-ceramic, glass, ceramic, polymer tiles on waterproof and water-resistant compounds
	Loose free flowing	Granules of bentonite clay or water-swellable polymer
	Surfactant liquids	Silicone compounds for surface treatment
	impregnating solutions	Silicone, water-repellent liquids or polymer solutions injected into drilled wells under pressure

Previously, the solution of issues of protecting premises from the penetration or spread of moisture became a real problem. It was not easy to find the necessary materials on sale, and many technologies were known and available only to professionals. However, today, if desired, you can find everything.

Waterproofing materials for the floor are produced in various forms, and from this variety, you can easily choose the most suitable one in terms of characteristics and application technology.

Much, of course, depends on which particular floor and for which premises it is necessary to protect it from moisture, since each of them requires a special approach. Therefore, before you go to the store and rush to spend money on waterproofing compositions, you need to familiarize yourself with each of them.

In addition to the floor material, which the will be applied protective compound, factors such as temperature conditions waterproofed premises and floor of its location.

To date, there are several ways of laying or applying various moisture-proof materials - these are coating or plastering, painting, impregnating, gluing, casting, injection and filling. In order for any type of waterproofing to give the expected effect, a well-prepared, cleaned surface on which it will be applied is a very important condition.

These materials are applied to floors with a roller, brush or spray, and are the most popular and used. Painting waterproofers create a thin hydrophobic film on the surface, with the penetration of the composition into the structure of the material up to two millimeters deep. This is due to additives from lime, talc, asbestos, which are able to close the pores. waterproofed surfaces - bricks or concrete.

Painting technology can be safely called the easiest to apply and affordable at prices. For its implementation, materials based on polymers, resins, minerals, bitumen and other compounds with good adhesion and hydrophobicity are used. These can be polyurethane, rubber, epoxy compounds, silicone gels, acrylic or bituminous suspensions.

Sometimes they try to replace these waterproofing agents with thickened oil paint or varnish, but do not forget about the special properties profile material that conventional paints and varnishes cannot replace.

A separate group of painting waterproofing compositions can be sprayed, which are applied using spray guns. These suspensions are made on an acrylate basis. These include, for example, such a well-known tool as liquid rubber. This composition is applied in several layers and conscientiously performs protective functions for 40-50 years, and under the most unfavorable conditions of high humidity.

The application process is as follows:

• the old coating is removed from the surfaces to the base, then it is cleaned;
• close up thick concrete solutions discovered damage - cracks or chipped, then leveled and dried well;
• then the surface is impregnated with special primers or diluted 1: 3 coloring compositions;
• after soaking the soil, waterproofing compounds are applied;
• some of them heat up a little, but, for example, certain bitumen-based suspensions require heating even up to 150-160 degrees;

The corner of the room treated with "liquid rubber"

• for reliable waterproofing, it is necessary to apply two layers of the composition. The first of them should have a thickness of about two millimeters, since it should be well absorbed into the surface to be treated, and the second, control layer can be quite thin;
• drying of each of the layers can take from one and a half to 15 hours.

Video: an example of applying paint waterproofing

Gluing waterproofing

The pasting type of waterproofing is a sheet (roll) material that is laid out or glued onto resins or mastics, which have a thick consistency, to surfaces that require protection from moisture.

The material is produced in the form of rolls and sheets, they can be dense or thin, have a transparent, opaque or foil appearance.

• Materials such as steklobit, roofing felt, metalloizol, foilizol, technonikol and the like are produced in rolls.

• In the form of sheets or panels, waterproofing asphalt, polymer, bituminous materials and others with similar characteristics are produced.
• Membrane waterproofing, which has small rounded spikes on its surface, is also produced in the form of sheets and is well suited for flooring under a screed.

It should be noted that protective materials are laid on the floor surface in different ways. But all forms of installation are quite simple, and bitumen or epoxy compounds are most often used for this process:

• adhesive mass is applied to the base. Some types of mastics need to be warmed up before spreading;
• on the on the the carried and, if necessary, heated composition is applied with cut roll material, with each subsequent sheet overlapping at least, how 10 cm;

When using rolled materials, two layers are often laid, with the second oriented perpendicular to the first.

• waterproofing in the form of panels is also laid overlapping or end-to-end;
• each subsequent row of insulating panels is laid with a shift to the previous one in one direction or the other by half the panel (according to the brickwork system);
• any waterproofing laid on the floors must be brought to the walls by 10-15 cm.

Coating waterproofing

Coating waterproofing compositions have a thick consistency with very good elasticity. Such materials include thick bituminous and polyurethane mastic, polymer cement, etc.

These waterproofing agents contain fillers made of polymer fibers and plasticizers, which increases their adhesion and hydrophobicity.

On the surface, these compositions are distributed in the same way as plaster mortars- using a spatula. The thickness of such a seamless coating can be from 0.4 to 4 cm.

This kind of waterproofing compounds perfectly isolate the floors of such problematic premises from moisture, such as balconies and loggias, rooms ground floors and cellars, bathrooms and kitchens.

Mastics based on bitumen and polymers are applied not only in technical rooms constructed buildings, but also immediately on the foundation slabs. It should be noted that the hot coating applied in living rooms undesirable, as it is quite toxic and requires good ventilation during work.

Coating waterproofing also includes a plaster type of work using appropriate moisture resistant compounds, which can be additionally applied to bituminous coating or simply to waterproofed cleaned surface.

Mixtures are diluted with water, applied with a spatula and evenly distributed over the surface. There can be two or three such layers, and each of them should dry well.

Dry plaster waterproofing resembles ordinary plaster mixture or construction adhesive, but they incorporate special components that penetrate into the pores of the material and close them.

Video: waterproofing the floor with a coating composition

Cast waterproofing

Cast waterproofing is divided into hot and cold, depending on the form in which it is applied to the surface. Hot applied to floors asphalt-polymer and asphalt composition - it can be pitch, hot bitumen or asphalt concrete.

In order for cast waterproofing to work effectively, the base under it must be thoroughly cleaned and dropped.

Hot waterproofing

When laying this material, it must be heated to a temperature of 50 to 120 degrees, depending on the viscosity of the composition.

Bitumen is natural material made from petroleum products, and in its pure form, when solidified, it will crack at any temperature. But, its main advantage is water resistance and insolubility in water. Therefore, it is used as a basis for the manufacture of waterproofing compounds.

When heated, they are applied to clean surfaces in several layers.

Peck is a product obtained from the processing of coal tar. There are several types of this material, they differ in melting point, usually in the range from 70 to 90 degrees. But this material is rarely used, and, mainly, it is used as an additive to other waterproofing compounds.

Cold cast waterproofing

This method of waterproofing is the most reliable of all existing ones, as it penetrates into every pore of the surface material without forming cracks. Most often, cold waterproofing is made from an epoxy mixture or liquid glass. Today this material is used for the installation of self-leveling 3D floors, which at the same time serve not only as waterproofing, but also as a decorative design of the room. This method of protection against moisture penetration is especially suitable for a bathroom in which 100% waterproofing is required.

• Epoxy mixture consists of two components - epoxy resins and a special solvent, which are mixed immediately before pouring and spreading it over the surface. The working composition is prepared in portions, as it sets quickly enough.
• Liquid glass is an excellent waterproofing for cellars and ground floor rooms. Such a composition will reliably protect the room from moisture penetration and will work no less efficiently than a two-component epoxy mix. The durability of such waterproofing can be determined by the service life of the entire structure, i.e. having arranged it once, you can not worry about a second procedure or repair.

The material is environmentally friendly and does not emit fumes harmful to human health, and at the same time it has excellent penetration properties into the most microscopic pores of concrete or other waterproofed basics.

Liquid glass is produced in dry and liquid form. Dry powder of the material is added to cement mortars, making them waterproof. It is possible to add a composition and a liquid consistency to ready-made concrete - in this case, the mixture is made in proportions per 10 liters of mortar and one liter of waterproofing agent.

Application of cast waterproofing

Any cast waterproofing arrange as follows:

• The surface is cleaned, dedusted with a powerful construction vacuum cleaner.
• Then the surface is repaired - cracks and flaws in the base are repaired.
• After repair work floors must be dry.
• More floors primed. In each case, the composition of the soil will depend on the material that will be subsequently used for waterproofing work.
• The waterproofing composition is prepared in accordance with the instructions attached to it, brought to the required consistency and poured on the surface in parts.

• Level the mixture with wide spatulas or doctor blades, then leave the surface to dry and harden.
• Waterproofing may not be limited to one layer - two or three pours can be made, but after the final hardening of each previous layer.

Penetrating waterproofing

A penetrating type of waterproofing is applied to floors with an already arranged screed. The compounds used in this case have the ability to penetrate the structure of concrete and seal the pores, creating a moisture-resistant layer. The solution can be applied in several layers.

After reaching a deep impregnation of the surface, the waterproofing must not be damaged by mechanical action or perforation. Therefore, this type of material is very often used to protect basements and cellars. In addition to water resistance, this composition gives the concrete surface additional strength by creating special crystalline bonds that intertwine with the structural crystal lattice of cement and close all the pores in the base. These processes occur due to special silicate or lithium additives.

The penetrating mixture is applied to any smooth or uneven surface - leveling the floor can be carried out on top of it. It should be noted that each layer applied to the floor surface must be completely dry.

Injection waterproofing

For injection waterproofing, polyurethane one-component solutions with low viscosity are used. A chemical reaction in such compositions occurs when they come into contact with water - this contact leads the solution to a significant expansion, an increase in its volume, and an increase in internal pressure. These features allow him spread inside concrete structure displacing water and taking its place. The result is a waterproof polyurethane composition. Some of the materials used in chemical reaction become elastic, while others take rigid forms. Bringing to a similar state of the used composition occurs within 2 to 20 minutes.

For injection waterproofing, special equipment is used. It can be carried out in combination with other measures, and is suitable even for conditionally mobile building elements, for example, joints bearing walls and foundation.

But it should be noted that this process is quite expensive, both in terms of the price of materials, labor intensity and the use of special equipment. It is almost always accompanied by drilling additional holes for the introduction of the composition. In this regard, this option is usually used in extreme cases, when it is impossible to use other methods for emergency isolation of previously erected building structures.

Backfill waterproofing

There is the simplest and accessible view waterproofing, although rather laborious, is the backfilling of areas with impervious to water bulk materials.

For this process, materials of powder, fibrous or granular consistency are used, such as slag mineral wool, clay, foam plastic granules, sand, etc.

For rooms with high humidity - cellars, basements, basement floors, mainly perlite sands are used to protect the floor, which are considered universal material for waterproofing works.

Each layer of the poured composition must be well compacted, therefore, the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room is protected by walls (formwork), which will prevent the material from spilling out beyond them.

A concrete screed should be laid on top of the compacted backfill, which is arranged in accordance with all the rules with reinforcement and alignment with the beacons.

In addition to the above materials modern production manufactures a large number of other means, but, as a rule, they do not fundamentally differ from those that have been mentioned. In some rooms, it is simply impossible to do without waterproofing, therefore, when choosing a material, as well as the technology for its application, you must carefully consider all the characteristics of the compositions intended for this important process.

Waterproofing material protects structures and buildings from moisture penetration, protects structures from the destructive action of filtering or washing water, etc. In a word, waterproofing creates conditions for the normal operation of buildings and equipment, increases their reliability and increases durability.

The range is inexhaustible - without having an idea about the types of these products, you can easily get confused. Let's understand the classification and purpose of different types of waterproofing.

waterproofing requirements

On the various elements buildings (roof, walls, foundation) are affected by a variety of natural conditions. Therefore, choose and install one or another type of waterproofing, based on its characteristics, taking into account these factors.

Waterproofing material must be resistant to aggressive conditions external environment. Its durability and reliability depend on it.

The main qualities of moisture insulation

Waterproofing should have the following qualities:

1. Waterproof. This is the ability to not pass or absorb moisture. This characteristic- basic for all types of waterproofing materials.
2. weather resistance. This is the ability to maintain the original qualities for a certain time under the influence of various atmospheric manifestations. The parameter is determined in points on a special scale. Either indicated by the manufacturer in years, months or days.
3. Water resistance. The resistance of the material to prolonged exposure to moisture, without losing its original qualities.
4. Biological stability. Modern types of moisture insulation should not be destroyed by the aggressive influence of fungi, bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.

1. Vapor permeability. The ability of a material to pass water vapor through itself. This quality is especially important for waterproofing walls and roofs of buildings.
2. Resistant to extreme temperatures and fluctuations. The ability of a material to maintain its original qualities and integral structure under a certain temperature regime. This property is especially important for external waterproofing.
3. Resistance to mechanical damage. Waterproofing must maintain an integral structure under heavy loads on its surface.
4. Durability. The ability of the material to maintain integrity and working qualities under the influence of aggressive factors for the entire service life guaranteed by the manufacturer.
5. Chemical resistance. The ability of waterproofing to maintain its properties and integrity under the influence of aggressive chemical environments and substances.

How are waterproofing materials classified?

Initially, the classification separates moisture-proof materials according to the terms of their use. On this basis, waterproofing can be used for outdoor and internal works.

According to the main purpose distinguish two types:

1. Anti-filtration waterproofing. It is used to protect underwater and underground structures from water penetration. It can be basements and semi-basements of buildings, mines, transport tunnels, caissons, pits.

• Such protection is also used for hydraulic retaining structures - diaphragms, depressions, dams.
• Protects similar material from leakage of waste or operating water in basins, canals, tunnels, technical tanks, settling tanks, etc.

1. Anti-corrosion waterproofing. It is used to protect the material of buildings and structures from mineralized storm, ground, sewage, river and sea waters. It also protects objects from aggressive chemical liquids.

• Anti-corrosion waterproofing also prevents aggressive atmospheric effects in areas of variable water levels. It protects hydraulic structures and surface metal structures there.
• Such waterproofing materials can protect against electrical corrosion caused by stray currents. For example, power transmission towers, pipelines and other ground and underground metal structures.

According to production material waterproofing can be:

• asphalt (bituminous);
• mineral;
• polymer;
• bitumen-polymer;
• metal;
• composed of bentonite clay.

According to the arrangement types of waterproofing are divided into:

• pasting;
• painting;
• cast;

• plastering (coating);
• injection;
• impregnating;
• penetrating;
• mounted;
• bulk.

According to design features and purpose moisture insulation can be:

• keyway;
• superficial;
• working on separation or clamping;
• sealing joints, seams or interfaces;
• complex (for example, plastic expansion joints, hydrothermal insulation).

According to the physical state and form of release waterproofing materials may look like:

• metal sheets;
• film, woven, membrane rolls and tapes;
• flexible sheets (for example, PVC or geosynthetic membranes);
• liquid formulations (examples - "liquid rubber", sprayed polyurethane);
• dry (powder) building mixes.

Types of moisture-proof materials

I'll tell you more about the types of waterproofing.

Paint insulation

Paint moisture insulation can be cold or hot. It is made in the form of a multilayer, but thin (up to 2 millimeters) coating. It consists of polymer, bitumen or polymer-bitumen paints, varnishes, primers and mastics.

Painting materials are optimal for anti-corrosion and anti-capillary insulation of metal and reinforced concrete structures. The most reliable are cold rubber-epoxy compounds and hot polymer-bitumen ones.

Now, new cold-applied polymer coatings have begun to become more widespread. These are primers:

• latex;
• latex-acrylic;
• epoxy;
• epoxy-furan;
• epoxy tar, etc.

Plaster waterproofing

Coating and plaster moisture insulation can be cold or hot. This is a thick (up to 2 centimeters) coating applied in several layers.

The most common plaster compositions for reinforced concrete structures:

• cement shotcrete;
• cement colloidal mortar;
• asphalt mastics and solutions of hot and cold application.

All these compounds do not need a protective fence. They allow mechanization of their laying.

Now the use of plaster and coating waterproofing from polymer-cement and polymer-concrete mortars is expanding.

Pasting materials

Paste insulation is a multi-layer (usually 2-3 layers) coating of rolled materials. In most cases, it is protected by plaster, screed or cladding.

Traditional pasting materials:

1. glassine- these are rolls of roofing paper impregnated with petroleum bitumen.
2. Ruberoid. This material is also made from roofing paper, which is impregnated with low-melting oil or asphalt bitumen. Then the cloth is covered on both sides with refractory bitumen. Then sprinkled with talc, asbestos or small gravel. This prevents the material from sticking together.

Pasting waterproofing made of roofing felt and glassine is resistant to cracking. However, she is fragile.

Therefore, now it is being actively replaced by polymer films. Or materials made of fiberglass and coated fiberglass (for example, hydroisol, hydrostekloizol).

Cast moisture insulation

Cast waterproofing is the most reliable type of protection against moisture.. It consists of hot asphalt solutions or mastics. They are evenly spread over a horizontal surface in several layers. Most often there are two or three. The total thickness of the coating is 2-2.5 cm.

Or the composition is poured into the formwork on the walls. Then the coating layer can be 3-5 cm.

The price of cast waterproofing is quite high, and it is difficult to make it. Therefore, it is chosen only in especially critical cases.

The latest materials, which have recently been used for cast moisture insulation:

• bitumen perlite;
• expanded clay asphalt concrete;
• epoxy foam and other types of foam.

Bulk moisture protection

Backfill insulation is made with loose waterproofing materials. They are placed in waterproof cavities and layers. Those are most often protected by formwork.

In terms of purpose and design, bulk moisture insulation is similar to a cast counterpart. However, it has a large thickness (up to 0.5 meters) and it can serve as additional thermal insulation with low water resistance.

The most common bulk materials:

• hydrophobic sand;
• expanded clay;
• hydrophobic powders;
• asphaltoizol.

Impregnation compositions

Impregnating waterproofing materials are used to protect building products with a porous structure:

• structures made of wood;
• concrete, foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks and slabs;
• asbestos-cement pipes and sheets;
• limestone and tuff blocks.

Impregnation waterproofing is optimal for prefabricated structural elements that are subject to strong mechanical stress. This:

• pipes;
• piles;
• foundation blocks;
• tubing.

The most common impregnating moisture-proof compounds:

• bitumen in organic solvents;
• petrolatum;
• coal tar pitch;
• polymer primers and varnishes.

Injection waterproofing technology

Injection moisture insulation is made by injection binders in cracks and seams of structures. Or in the soil in contact with them. It is usually used in the restoration of waterproofing.

For injection waterproofing, modern types of polymers are now increasingly used. It is a furan or urea resin.

Mounted materials

Mounted waterproofing is made of structural elements:

• plastic sheets and panels;
• metal sheets;
• profile tapes.

They are fixed to the base with mounting ties. Such isolation is used in especially difficult cases.

Latest materials for installed water protection:

• propylene-ethylene rubber, laid on the ground or glued to a solid base;
• fiberglass;
• rigid polyvinyl chloride;
• prefabricated structures made of reinforced concrete, covered at the factory with plaster or paint waterproofing.

The most common type of mounted waterproofing are surface coatings. They are combined with structural seals, expansion joints and arrangement of interfaces. This creates a continuous pressure head protection for the structure.

Surface waterproofing

1. Traditionally, surface moisture insulation is designed during waterproofing works so that it is pressed against the protected structure by the pressure of water.
2. IN Lately there were varieties of such protection that work on separation.

Great importance in setting up surface waterproofing has a seal expansion joints. This is necessary to make the seams waterproof and protect them from clogging with ice, soil, floating debris.

In addition to moisture resistance, seals must have high deformation capacity and flexibility. This helps them follow the deformations of the joined sections, structural elements.

The most common types of seals:

• plastic and rubber diaphragms;
• asphalt pads and dowels;
• molded sealants in the form of tapes and cords;
• compensators and diaphragms made of metal.

Recently, seals made of fiberglass and polymer-bitumen sealant have appeared. They make it possible to equip more reliable and simpler seals.

Pull-off insulation are coatings mounted on the side of the structure that is opposite to the water pressure.

Scope of application:

1. Restoration, repair of waterproofing of buildings and structures. For example, with the help of internal plastering of flooded basements.
2. Moisture insulation of underground facilities, which bearing structures concreted close to the rocky base or the soil surrounding them. These are sinkholes, tunnels, heavily buried rooms.

Materials used for pull-out insulation:

1. Coatings that can be fixed to the base by means of anchoring. This is a mounted and cast waterproofing.
2. Coatings that do not lose reliable adhesion to concrete with prolonged exposure to moisture. These are cold-applied epoxy and asphalt paints and cement shotcrete.

penetrating compounds

The basis of penetrating waterproofing are dry mixes. They consist of quartz sand, cement and active chemical additives.

How penetrating waterproofing works: ions of the active additive, dissolved in water, penetrate into the concrete through its pores. There, during a chemical reaction, they crystallize. These ions create a reliable barrier to water:

1. The chemical components of the insulator penetrate deep into the concrete, dissolving in water. There they react with ionic complexes of aluminum and calcium, salts and metal oxides that concrete contains.
2. In these reactions, salts of a more complex composition are formed. When they interact with water, insoluble crystalline hydrates are formed. These are randomly arranged needle-shaped crystals.
3. The crystalline hydrate clogs pores, microcracks and capillaries up to half a millimeter wide. This neoplasm becomes part of the concrete structure.
4. Due to the force of surface tension of water, needle-shaped crystals become an insurmountable barrier in its path. This blocks the seepage of groundwater through the concrete.

The service life of penetrating moisture insulation is equal to the operating time of the concrete structures it protects. This happens because the crystalline hydrate, located in the thickness of concrete and changing its mechanical properties, becomes part of it.

The manufacturer's instructions indicate that such waterproofing further increases the compressive strength of the base.

Spray materials

Spray waterproofing is used to protect against water intrusion or leakage:

• foundations;
• roofs;
• basements and semi-basements:
• artificial reservoirs.

This is a two-component coating, which consists of a polymer base and a hardener. They are mixed before applying the insulation. The composition is distributed over the surface by cold spraying. After it hardens, a strong membrane is created on the protected base.

Advantages of sprayed waterproofing:

• good adhesion to any base materials;
• the coating is monolithic, it has no seams;
• the material is not flammable;
• it has no smell;
• long service life, about 10-15 years.

Protection of building elements from moisture

Learn more about waterproofing individual elements building.

Moisture protection of basements and foundations

Do-it-yourself foundation waterproofing work involves the following steps:

1. Foundation preparation. Cleaning it from dirt, dust, oil stains.
2. Arrangement of a waterproofing coating.
3. If necessary, then a protective fence is mounted.
4. Sealing of interfaces and expansion joints of the foundation.

I warn you, waterproofing basements and foundations is the most important and rather complicated stage of construction. My practice shows that fixing waterproofing installation errors is much more expensive than doing the job right away.

For the foundation are used different types moisture protection. Rolled waterproofing materials are usually used. If the soil is problematic, then optimal solution- the latest injectable analogues.

Moisture insulation of the foundation must necessarily include the sealing of cold joints. They appear as a result of uneven laying of monolithic slabs, due to the appearance of microcracks during soil shrinkage, or these are interblock joints.

Protection of the ground part of foundations and basements

To properly waterproof a basement or foundation, you need to take into account the following factors:

• the nature of the use of the premises;
• the intensity of penetration of ground, storm and melt water into it;
• the presence of drainage and features of its design.

Moisture protection of the above-ground part of basements, semi-basements and foundations in most cases is equipped with coating materials. But if ground water plentiful, and it is impossible to arrange drainage, this method is ineffective. As a result, dampness and foci of mold appear in the basement.

I offer you a good way out of this situation. Use injection material for moisture protection of the basement. It is applied like this:

1. First, a series of holes are drilled in the basement wall from its inside.
2. Acrylate gel is pumped into them using a pump.
3. The injection composition begins to be actively absorbed by the wall.
4. As a result, acrylate comes out and creates a protective film on the outside of the wall.

Floor insulation

Penetrating materials are often used to waterproof concrete floors. They are effective even for protecting basement floors with severe cracks.

But only roll materials made of polymer film can fully guarantee protection. That is why their rating is so high. When gluing the joints between them, the panels of the insulator create a monolithic barrier impervious to moisture.

In the bathroom, bathroom, and kitchen, floors are most often protected from moisture with film or bituminous roll materials. The method of painting isolation is also common. Then the floors in several layers are covered with bituminous or polymeric varnishes and mastics.

Paint waterproofing has one serious drawback - a short service life. It is equal to 5-6 years.

At moisture protection wooden floors there are two features:

1. It is best equipped with roll material from film. This coating must not have gaps and unprotected joints.
2. In places where floors adjoin vertical structures (walls, columns, arches, etc.), waterproofing should overlap on their surface. The height of the overlap should be about 20 cm.

Protecting the base of external walls

Porous stone-like materials (brick, foam concrete, limestone, aerated concrete, expanded clay concrete) on damp soil are subjected to capillary suction of water. This leads to rapid wetting of the walls and their destruction. Freezing moisture in winter greatly speeds up this process.

Therefore, the foundation of walls made of porous stone-like materials needs a hermetic protective cut-off. The best option- use a polymer film for such waterproofing. With its help, the first or basement floor is cut off from all wetted structures: the basement, the underground section of the basement floor and the foundation.

Suitable for cut-off waterproofing and injection materials.

The practice of cutting off with high grades, common for many years cement mortars ineffective - it simply does not work.

Such waterproofing does not completely stop the ingress of water into the wall, since the solution has pores. Seasonal thaw/freeze cycles gradually open and begin to expand the capillaries in the protective coating.

This provokes the beginning of moisture suction into the walls of the house. Water finally opens the pores and starts the process of destruction of the structure.

Output

Waterproofing materials are very diverse. There are many types and varieties of them, designed to protect various structures and elements of buildings. Without familiarizing yourself with their features, you will not be able to effectively apply waterproofing.

To clearly understand the topic, watch the video in this article. If something is not clear to you, ask questions in the comments.

1. Type and material of the insulated structure - underground or aboveground; roof, walls, floor, ceiling or foundation, etc. For example, waterproofing underground structures requires advanced level protection from moisture, as they are constantly in contact with the ground. Above-ground structures need waterproofing materials that can withstand strong temperature changes. Waterproofing of underground structures must be vapor-tight, above-ground - vapor-permeable.
2. Climatic conditions.
3. The presence of an old waterproofing layer, its appearance.
4. Planned service life of the material until the next repair.
5. Type of waterproofing (external, internal, penetrating).
6. Existing and expected loads on the insulated structure (for example, when waterproofing a roof, it is important to know whether it will be exploited).
7. The choice of waterproofing material is influenced by its properties such as vapor permeability, strength, frost resistance, durability, environmental friendliness, flammability and water resistance.

There is a classification of waterproofing materials according to composition (active substances), scope, physical state and method of application (laying).

Classification of materials by composition:

• bituminous;
• mineral;
• bitumen-polymer;
• polymeric.

Classification of waterproofing materials by scope:

• for outdoor work;
• for interior work.

There are also materials for roofing (they are often called not waterproofing, but roofing) and materials for other structural elements.

Classification of waterproofing materials by physical state:

• roll;
• mastic;
• powder;
• liquid;
• film (including membrane)

Classification of waterproofing materials according to the method of application:

• painting (plastering, coating) - materials that are applied to the surface in liquid form, after which they wait for their hardening;
• pasting - materials in the form of plates and rolls, which are glued to the surface using mastics and other special compounds;
• cast - materials that are poured onto a horizontal surface;
• backfill - materials that are poured onto a horizontal surface;
• injection and impregnating - materials for penetrating waterproofing;
• mounted - materials that need to be attached to the surface on fasteners. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Rice. 1. Layers of double-sided
roll waterproofing
material.

1. top protective layer;
2. two layers binder or impregnation on both sides of the base;
3. the foundation;
4. bottom protective layer.

waterproofing materials.

Bituminous waterproofing materials.

Bitumen Bitumen is a water-insoluble mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, with a solid or tar-like consistency (hence the name "bitumen tar"). Bituminous waterproofing without modifications and additives - an inexpensive and high-quality protective agent. With the help of bitumen, waterproofing of structures made of concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, cement and other similar materials is arranged. It is used to protect flat roofs, basements, foundations, balconies, loggias and terraces from moisture. It should be borne in mind that bitumen is not resistant to high and low temperatures environment (as a result, it melts or freezes). In construction, modified bitumen is also used, prepared by adding and influencing the composition of the main component of artificial rubber.

Bituminous waterproofing mastics are made from petroleum bitumen (modified or unmodified), mineral filler, organic solvent and special additives: depending on the composition, there are bitumen-polymer, bitumen-kaolin, bitumen-lime, rubber-bitumen and some others bituminous mastics. Such mastics are used for external and internal waterproofing of structures made of concrete, reinforced concrete, brick, metal, wood and other materials, therefore they are called universal. This is a good waterproofing under the parquet floor. However, in addition to universal compositions, there are specialized ones designed for a certain type of work. Bituminous mastics have high elasticity, adhesion to the base, heat resistance and moisture resistance. There are bituminous mastics of cold and hot devices.

Water-based waterproofing mastics are an aqueous emulsion of petroleum bitumen modified with artificial rubber with special additives and mineral filler. Coatings made from such mastic are elastic, have good adhesion (attachment) to the base, high thermal insulation properties and water resistance. They are used for internal insulation (“wet” rooms, balconies and loggias, basements), roofing and repair of any kind of roofing, waterproofing of underground structures.

Powder materials (waterproofing powders) consist of cement, synthetic resins and special additives - plasticizers, hardeners. They are produced in the form of powders, which are closed with a liquid before use and stirred until a homogeneous consistency. Such materials in finished form have the advantages of mastic waterproofing: they tightly fill joints, cracks and seams. Powder waterproofing quickly hardens, however, the resulting protective layer is inelastic, therefore, such materials are not used for sealing expansion joints and joints of materials in buildings subject to shrinkage and vibration. Convenient to apply powder materials for indoor use and on vertical surfaces as they harden quickly. The finished material in liquid form must be used within 20 - 30 minutes.

Liquid waterproofing materials(water repellents, water repellent liquids) consist of silicone, ether compounds of silicic acids and organic solvents. Liquid materials are used for penetrating waterproofing, they are absorbed by porous material (concrete, brick, etc.), making this material waterproof in the outer layer. Liquid materials are convenient in that the waterproofing layer does not take extra space, but is located in the thickness of the structures themselves, while there is no need to close natural look structures with a waterproofing, and then a decorative layer. At the same time, the waterproofing material does not fill all the pores and voids, but covers their surface, so the construction material remains vapor-permeable without losing the ability to natural ventilation. Applying liquid waterproofing is simple and convenient. Among the disadvantages of this type of waterproofing are fragility, the expediency of using only for vertical surfaces, high price and low environmental properties (based on synthetic components). Water repellents on water based must be applied every 1 - 3 years, solvent-based - every 6 - 10 years.

Film waterproofing materials- this polyethylene films(perforated and non-perforated), polypropylene films and membranes. Their advantages are low weight and practicality. A polyethylene film is fixed on structures in one layer on a special fabric or reinforcing mesh. Polypropylene films are stronger and more resistant to solar radiation. Waterproofing membranes are made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These are two-layer films, between the layers of which a reinforcing mesh is placed. The membranes are resistant to external influences, both mechanical and chemical, resistant to temperature extremes, elastic, easy to install, easy to repair and durable (minimum service life - from 20 to 30 years). Relatively low prices make this material more and more popular. Membranes are most often used for waterproofing roofs and ceilings (especially in multi-apartment high-rise buildings), but they can be used for almost any structure, up to the waterproofing of foundations and pools. Sometimes over film waterproofing apply a coat of paint.

Warming and waterproofing of houses and apartments. E. V. Kolosov

To increase the life of any structure, it is necessary to protect it from excessive external moisture. In addition, excess moisture in the indoor air negatively affects the condition of the building and reduces the comfort of the microclimate.

All kinds of waterproofing materials are called upon to solve these problems. It is protection against the penetration of external water that helps to protect the house from constant dampness and mold.

To prevent waterlogging of walls and foundations with water from the soil or through the action of precipitation, a variety of insulating materials are used, the scope of which directly depends on their properties.

The main types of waterproofing

Classification modern materials to protect against external and internal moisture is very extensive. The first main feature for dividing into classes is the method of application. According to it, two types of waterproofing are distinguished: surface and volumetric.

The first option involves processing only the surface, regardless of the form in which the waterproofing material is produced. The second option is used mainly for concretes and is intended to be introduced during the preparation of the mixture. These are water-repellent additives that can protect the structure from gradual waterlogging throughout the entire volume.

Constantly emerging new types of waterproofing have led to a gradual expansion of their classification. According to the mechanism of action, all surface materials are divided into:

• penetrating;
• covering.

If we consider the form of release, then the following options are distinguished:

• mastics;
• liquids, including emulsions;
• ready-to-use mixtures;
• films and membranes;
• rolled.

Modern waterproofing materials are very diverse and in their basis, providing all their properties. The four most common varieties are:

• bituminous;
• based on polymers;
• on a mineral binder component;
• based on inorganic and polymeric components.

The composition of all mixtures, regardless of the base, can vary significantly, which determines the scope of their application and the level of protection against moisture penetration.

Bitumen and polymer compositions additionally exhibit sealing properties, which significantly increases the efficiency of their use.

To understand which waterproofing materials are best used in a given situation, it is necessary to compare them and study the properties of each option in more detail.

Volumetric

This type of protection against waterlogging is used only in the production of concrete or mortar, so it does not raise the question of where to apply it and how to choose. Also in Soviet time was developed new way modifications building materials based on Portland cement, which consisted in the introduction of water-repellent additives based on organosilicon emulsions.

Its effectiveness remains controversial, because in addition to the positive effects in the form of water-repellent properties throughout the volume of concrete, there are negative sides. First of all, they include insufficient strength and a decrease in such an indicator of durability as frost resistance.

That is why organosilicon-based compositions are increasingly being used for surface application.

In comparison with the volumetric method, such an application is more efficient and does not affect the parameters of the main building material.

superficial

From the first attempts to protect houses from moisture penetration, this type of waterproofing remains one of the most popular and used. Modern waterproofing materials applied to the treated surface are very diverse.

Given such a wide range the question inevitably arises as to how to choose the most appropriate option.

Composites for impregnation

One of the most simple ways protection of the structure is the impregnation of its surface. Most often, in this case, polymer-based waterproofing materials are used.

Initially, natural and mineral oils were used, which perfectly repel water. But gradually they were replaced by more modern oligomeric compositions based on acrylic, epoxy, silicone and other macromolecular compounds.

In addition to the water-repellent effect, such compositions are able to additionally polymerize in the pores and defects of the base, penetrating deeply into the material, which increases the protection period and increases the durability of the entire structure.

Such composites are mainly used for processing concrete and brick surfaces with sufficient porosity. Pure polymer emulsions are rarely used for wood. In this case, hybrid composites are used on bitumen-polymer and polymer cement base or special paints.

Coating compositions

The most unpretentious to use are bitumen-based mastics. Such waterproofing materials have excellent adhesion to any surface, are able to penetrate into any open pores and sinks. They are used for processing concrete, brick, wood, composite blocks.

Bitumen and its composites with various polymers, such as rubbers, additionally have a sealing property, which helps to use only one type of treatment when sealing seams and corner joints.

But unlike impregnations, such materials are not capable of deep penetration into the base, so they protect the material only on the surface.

As a result, if the waterproofing layer is broken, its effectiveness drops significantly. This area must be further processed to restore the integrity of the coating. For some structures, such as foundations, such repairs are often not possible.

In addition to bitumen, coatings often include compositions based on mineral binders in the form ready mixes. Such composites are applied to the surface of the base, but they cannot be called coatings in their pure form, because as a result of the hydration of the mineral components, crystals are formed that penetrate deeply into the body of the base, whether it be concrete, brick or wood. That is why over time a separate classification appeared for them.

The principle of operation of such compositions is based on additional crystallization of calcium hydrosilicates in the thickness of the base. Such composites can be produced in liquid and powder form for mixing with water, but their principle of operation remains unchanged.

Some options are used only for concrete or brick structures, because for full-fledged work they need external source calcium, which is the base. After application, silicate anions penetrate into the body of the structure to a depth of up to 30 cm and form new crystalline structures in the pores and capillaries, closing them for water penetration.

The shape of the resulting crystal also plays a special role, because silicates are formed in the form of directed needles or their clusters. In fact, neoplasm growth implies complete or partial closure of the capillary along the entire length, which significantly reduces the likelihood of water penetration and wetting of the crystals themselves and the pore walls.

Other varieties do not require external calcium, so they may well be used for wood, also strengthening the cellulose fibers and closing the pores with crystalline neoplasms that are insoluble in water. The main disadvantage of such materials is the uncontrolled growth of crystals that can partially destroy the structure of the base. Therefore, they are of little use for the lungs and cellular concrete low strength.

This type of protection against external moisture is in great demand when processing outer surface foundation and walls of basement floors, as well as flat roofs. Bitumen or its mixture with polymers is applied to a fiberglass web or non-woven polyester material. The binder is sprinkled on top with mineral aggregate or sand for hardening, and the substrate is protected with a film to prevent contamination.

Such waterproofing materials are able to withstand significant loads, they have high strength and durability. Variants with fiberglass backing are excellent for foundations due to their high dimensional stability.

Products with backing polyester fabric more elastic, so they are often used for flat or pitched roof with a small angle. They are easily laid out on the surface and are perfectly amenable to processing.

The main disadvantage of roll products is the difficulty of using on vertical structures. Significant weight and fragility of the material significantly reduce the scope of its application.

Films and membranes

Film materials for waterproofing are most often used in the organization of internal and external thermal insulation, as well as in carrying out roofing works. They protect the insulation from waterlogging, and also contribute to the natural removal of moisture from the indoor air.

Now there is a huge selection of similar products, differing throughput. Some versions of the films additionally serve as protection against the weathering of materials, and also ensure the removal of condensate from under the roofing material.

Manufacturers of all types of waterproofing give detailed description its properties and uses.

A variety of materials and mechanisms of their action allows you to find best option for solutions specific task, whether it is protecting the load-bearing elements of the building or creating a comfortable microclimate.