How to prepare a solution for plastering walls. Mortar for plaster

Wall plastering is one of the oldest and most effective ways of leveling and decorating surfaces. The modern construction market offers a huge number of different solutions for plastering walls, but the purchase of dry or already diluted mixtures with water can cost a significant amount. To save money, you can prepare the plaster yourself.

Necessary tools and materials for work

The preparation of plaster mortars begins with the preparation of the following tools:

• Mixing container (a regular plastic bucket will do).
• Containers for dosing components.
• Trowel for manual mixing, drill, rotary hammer with mixer attachment or concrete mixer for machine mortar preparation.

From the materials you will need:

• Binder (clay, lime, cement).
• Filler (sand, stone chips or flour, sawdust).
• Water.
• Special additives to increase plasticity, viscosity, water resistance, if necessary.

This material is most often used for rough finishing of internal and external walls of residential premises. It is durable, moisture resistant and has a long service life, but at the same time it is difficult to work with it due to its large weight. In addition, it may take up to 14 days for the cementitious compounds to completely dry and set strength. This type of plaster should be done according to the following instructions:

1. Sand sifting. This procedure is carried out before preparing a solution for plastering walls, using a large sieve. It is necessary to identify and remove stones, lumps of clay and sand, which are unacceptable in the plaster mix.
2. Mixing dry ingredients. It is necessary to measure 1 portion of cement grade M400 and higher and 4 portions of sand, then pour them into a common container and mix thoroughly with a hand tool, since using a drill at this stage will lead to the formation of a huge amount of dust.
3. Adding water. The liquid must be added in small portions, constantly stirring it with a mixer. In the end, you should get a homogeneous mixture, the consistency of which will resemble thick sour cream. For machine plaster, the composition should be more liquid. Then the container is left for 10-15 minutes and mixed again.
4. Addition of plasticizers and other special components. These substances are added at the very end in the proportions indicated by the manufacturer. At the end, the solution is mixed again, after which they begin to apply.

On a note! Cement-based solutions dry for a rather long time, so you can immediately prepare a large portion of the material, which is enough for the entire wall or a significant fragment of it. It is allowed to mix the finished composition with a mixer from time to time so that it remains homogeneous.

To increase the strength of the material, lime is sometimes added to it. Such a solution is prepared in the same way as cement, but after mixing the main components, you need to take 2 servings of lime and dilute it with water in a separate container, then mix thoroughly. The result should be the so-called lime dough, which resembles ordinary batter in consistency. Then the diluted lime is added to the mixture of sand and cement, and only after that water and other components are added.

Instructions for mixing lime compositions

This material has been widely used in the past. Its main advantage is relatively low cost and high mechanical strength. The preparation of a plaster mortar of this type is as follows.

If quicklime is used, it will take considerable time to slake it. To do this, dry lime is poured into a container, after which cold water is poured into it. As a result, a violent reaction will occur, which will be accompanied by heating and splashing, so the mixture in the container should occupy no more than 40% of the volume. Wear protective clothing and goggles when pouring liquid. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is closed and left to infuse for 2 weeks.

After that, you need to grind the slaked lime so that there are no lumps left in it. To do this, use a sieve through which the material is ground. Before diluting the material with water, a small amount of sand is added to the lime container, and then mixed. Sifted sand is added to a homogeneous mixture in the amount of 3 shares per 1 share of lime dough. Pour the material in small portions, constantly stirring and adding a little water. The result should be a solution with the density of thick sour cream.

Important! Such mixtures dry out within 12-14 hours, so you need to do the plaster in such an amount that is used at a time. You also need to constantly clean the mixer nozzle after each mixing of the plaster.

Lime-gypsum materials

The manufacturing process of this material looks exactly the same as the one described above, but instead of adding 3 shares of sand, you need to make a gypsum mortar. The consistency, as always, should be like sour cream. 1 share of gypsum must be diluted with water, then add the mixture to the previously prepared lime dough. At the end, everything is thoroughly mixed with a drill with a mixer attachment. Depending on the required strength, you can add a little more water or add a small amount of sand.

Should know! Compositions with the presence of gypsum dry out very quickly, so before starting cooking, you need to divide the wall into sections of 1 square meter and prepare as much mortar as needed to process this area.

In this case, the main component is alumina. Such plaster has been used for several millennia. The preparation of the simplest solution is as follows:

• Before making a mortar for plaster, alumina is placed in a container and water is added, and then left for 4-5 hours.
• The prepared clay is thoroughly mixed and sand is poured into it. The proportions of the mortar for wall plastering are 1:3. It is necessary to dilute the plaster in stages, in small portions.
• Immediately after the final mixing, the solution can be applied to the walls.

Only in such a solution can you constantly add water to maintain the required consistency. In the case of other mixtures, this is strictly prohibited.

You can also cook with the addition of the following materials:

1. Lime paste. It is added before the sand. The ratio is as follows: for 1 share of clay you need 0.5 shares of lime and 3 sand.
2. Cement. It is mixed with clay, while the proportions of plaster solutions are 0.2: 1, after that, mixed with 3 parts of sand.
3. Gypsum. This material will require 0.25 shares per 1 clay. First, these components are mixed, then sand is added. Such a mixture seizes a few minutes after the preparation of the mortar is completed, and hardens in 30 minutes.

This material is used for both starting and finishing surfaces. It grabs quickly and weighs little, so working with it is not difficult. But gypsum is hydrophilic, so it cannot be used for finishing wet rooms.

There are several options for making a solution, but the first step is the same for everyone - mixing the dry ingredients. Cooking methods:

• Mix 3 parts crushed chalk and 1 part gypsum, then add a small amount of wood glue. Add water and stir. Recall that the consistency is the same for all mixtures, despite the fact that the composition of the plaster is different.
• 2 parts of gypsum, part of drying oil and 0.1 shares of NF-1 desiccant are mixed in containers, water is added, mixed.
• 1 part of the usual plaster mixture, 1 part of sawdust, 4 parts of gypsum are mixed and diluted with water.

Should know! To extend the drying time, PVA glue is added to the solutions, its share can be no more than 2% of the finished mass. The composition of the mortar for plaster can be slightly changed, depending on the required quality of the coating.

Additional components

To give wall plaster solutions some properties or improve existing ones, the following substances are added to plasters:

In the composition of the plaster, you can add no more than 10% of the above materials from the total mass.

In order for the plaster to meet all the requirements, during its manufacture, the following recommendations must be followed:

They are made according to all the rules and in any case will be of better quality than cooked at home. Therefore, if the home master does not have experience and is not ready to spend a lot of time and effort on cooking, it is better not to try to save money, but immediately buy liquid or dry plasters in a hardware store.

Plaster or a layer of finishing material applied to the surface during construction work is a mandatory step prior to finishing.

This is a specially prepared one that, after drying, hardens, forming a hard, even surface, ready for final processing.

In most cases, it is used to correct any defects, as well as to seal technological channels formed during the repair process, for example, when laying new wiring. The surface becomes even, smooth and aesthetic.

The exact proportions of the mortar for wall plastering allow the prepared mixture to perform its function after drying and not crumble over time. To choose it correctly, you need to have a general idea of ​​the types of building mixtures and their purpose. Knowledge of their main components and application possibilities will allow you to easily navigate the existing range and correctly apply the solution for their use.

and their features

Wall decoration can be used outside or inside the room and is divided into three main types:

• standard, as protection against environmental influences (external walls) or correction of surface defects, including leveling, sealing cracks, technological channels and preparation for final finishing with finishing decorative coatings, as a rule, thin-layer;
• protective, acting as an insulator or screen, for example, suppressing noise, retaining heat, or preventing the penetration of radiation;
• decorative, used during the finishing coating (color, stone, Venetian, graphite).

Each type is characterized by a certain composition, the preparation of which requires the exact proportion of mortar for wall plastering.

What is building mix

To prepare a wall plaster mortar, the proportions must include the binder (cement, lime or gypsum), the aggregate, usually sand and water.

Depending on the amount of binder component, they are:

• skinny, characterized by the absence of cracks, but poor strength;
• greasy, able to crumble and shrink.

Skinny mixtures easily slide off the trowel, while greasy ones, on the contrary, stick to it. The task of any builder is to prepare a solution for plastering walls, the proportions of which will be optimal.

In addition, a plasticizer is necessarily added to the finished solution, which makes it easier to work with the mixture. The simplest option is ordinary liquid soap or laundry detergent, but there are also special industrial additives.

Number of layers

The application usually takes place in three layers, which have individual proportions of the wall plaster solution:

• the first (spray) is applied with a layer of at least 5 and no more than 9 mm when filling all the irregularities and looks like sour cream;
• the second (ground) is the main layer, which can be applied several times and has the density of the dough;
• the third (covering), is applied with a layer of no more than 4 mm, always on a damp surface, similar in consistency to a spray.

When preparing a mortar for wall plastering, the proportions differ in the amount of binder, most often cement. In the first layer there is very little of it, in the second the amount increases and in the third it becomes maximum.

Types of mixtures

When decorating walls, several basic types of compositions are used. Today, three mixtures are mainly used:

• cement, the most common and popular, is characterized by the greatest strength, but a long solidification period;
• clay, used during internal and external work in the processing of wooden surfaces;
• lime, an inexpensive analogue of a cement mixture, often used with gypsum, accelerating the setting period and increasing strength.

In addition, depending on the situation, other options may also apply:

• gypsum - the most rarely used due to the rapid (within a few minutes) initial solidification and complete fixation after half an hour;
• mixed - characterized by the use of several special components at the same time;
• special - used with a certain additive, depending on the goal.

One of the important indicators that determine the type of solution you need is the level of humidity. Depending on the microclimate, the desired composition is selected. The most versatile and common is the cement mortar for plastering walls, the proportions of which are known even to an amateur, and allow it to be successfully used both outside and inside the room.

cement mortar

The most reliable, simple and ubiquitous way. To do it, you must strictly follow the order.

Work begins with the preparation of all components and, first of all, sand. It must be dried, and then be sure to sift. Then carefully clean all lumps, especially clay ones. It is not advisable to use sand of red or red color, this lowers the quality of the finished mixture and its performance properties, and it is impossible to use unscreened and uncleaned sand at all.

After sifting, you can start preparing for plastering the walls. The proportions vary depending on the type of cement used. For example, using the M400 brand, 4 sand components are enough for 1 part of cement. If an M500 is used, the number of parts increases to five. Violation leads to loss of quality finish and is not allowed. Dry components are thoroughly mixed in a pre-prepared container. This can be done using a mixer inserted into a hammer drill, shovel or concrete mixer.

The choice of method depends on the required volume. If you have to work independently, it is enough to use a large construction bucket of 15 or 20 liters, in which you can prepare a solution for plastering walls with your own hands, the proportions remain the same. If the work is done by several people, it makes sense to use a large trough or a concrete mixer.

Water is gradually added to the thoroughly mixed mixture, bringing the composition to a state of thick sour cream.

Features of lime mortar

In order to reduce costs, cement is sometimes replaced with slaked lime, which has almost no effect on quality. Moreover, the proportions of lime and cement mortar for wall plastering are almost the same.

Its peculiarity lies in the use of only It is quite simple to do at home at no special cost.

The acquired lime is poured with warm, but not hot water in a large container, and after the reaction is completed, it is filtered, usually through gauze. It can be used no earlier than a day later.

lime mixture

Preparing the solution also involves following the sequence.

First, lime is cleaned of lumps by stirring. The use of water or sand in small quantities is allowed. Having received a homogeneous composition, you can proceed to the preparation of the mixture.

The required composition is obtained if three sands, previously sifted and cleaned, are put on one part of the lime mass. Along with the sand, water is gradually introduced. This continues until the solution resembles a thick homogeneous mass. After that, it can be used for 12 hours.

Features of lime mortar during outdoor work

Usually lime mixture is used only in dry climates. If the processing time of the facade is limited, the proportions of the mortar for plastering the exterior walls include a small amount of gypsum.

This allows it to begin to harden within a few minutes, completely hardening in half an hour.

To make a solution, 1 kg of gypsum is added to 3 liters of ready-made lime mixture. But it is necessary to take into account the hardening period and the amount of work, otherwise it will harden ahead of time.

clay mortar

The use of clay is still quite common in wooden houses. To prepare a strong clay mortar for wall plastering, the proportions should include cement, lime or gypsum.

You will need alumina, preferably fatty, which is soaked for several hours. It is important to constantly stir the mixture and add water until it becomes thick.

The easiest way to prepare it is to add sifted sand in a ratio of one to three. But it is not particularly durable. This is corrected by adding 1/5 parts of cement to these components. At the same time, cement and clay, that is, binders, are first mixed, and only then sand.

Sometimes cement is replaced by lime, but with a mandatory increase in the part to 1/2. You can also add gypsum, but not more than 1/4.

Component ratio

The proportions of different components in the finished solution always differ, depending on the task and the type of layer. Typical ratios are shown in the table below.

The specified proportions are not constant and can be adjusted in each individual case.

Ready dry mixes

Today, almost all manufacturers provide a wide range of ready-made dry mixes. All that is needed before starting work is to take the required volume of water and the finished dry solution, after which everything is thoroughly mixed, usually twice. The mixture is ready to use. As a rule, they are always slightly more expensive than the cost of the included components if purchased separately.

Their main advantage is that there is no need to mix several different elements in the right proportions. In addition, the sale is made in large quantities, which is not always convenient. For example, it makes no sense to buy a bag of cement weighing 25 kg if you need to patch up a small hole in the wall. Therefore, with a small amount of work, a ready-made dry mix will be a good alternative.

Working with plaster

Properly selected proportions of mortar for plastering interior or exterior walls are one of the key points of any repair. But even the ideal ratio will be useless if the plastering is carried out in violation of the rules for applying to the surface. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to all stages without exception. Only in this case can a positive effect be expected.

The sequence, thickness and number of layers is as important as the composition. A mistake can lead to the most unpleasant consequences. The application is carried out with a special tool, with a mandatory time interval provided for each type of mixture.

With minimal experience in carrying out such work, it is recommended that a mandatory number of trial attempts be made in small areas in order to assess one's own capabilities.

Tools and specifics of individual surfaces

If the work is done by hand, you will need a certain construction tool:

• rule;
• Master OK;
• level;
• spatulas of different sizes;
• cord;
• grater for grouting.

The application of the first and second layers is carried out with a trowel, the third - with a spatula. Typically, the first layers are applied to an auxiliary mesh for reinforcement. When applying the finish coating, a gypsum mixture is used.

Surfaces with large differences are processed using special building beacons, which facilitate the process of applying and leveling the plaster.

Plastering is an essential step in finishing the surface of walls and ceilings. In addition to the protective function, it acts as a decor, increases fire resistance and acts as an additional insulator. In addition, plaster allows you to hide small surface defects, connecting seams. The strength and durability of the plaster layer directly depends on the correctly selected composition of the mixture.

Overview of types of plaster mortars

Before directly preparing the plaster mixture, it is important to assess the microclimate in the room. So, for finishing exterior walls, cement or cement-lime plaster is most often used, if the climate is dry enough, then lime plaster can also be used for finishing exterior walls. But in temperate climates, it is most often used for interiors.

Depending on the purpose, the following types of plasters are distinguished:

1. Cement. It is characterized by a slow set of strength, the setting of the mixture occurs within 12 hours after the introduction of water into the mixture. Differs in the greatest durability in comparison with other types of plasters.

1. Clay. It is used for plastering wooden surfaces.

1. lime. To speed up the setting and give greater strength, building gypsum is sometimes introduced into the solution of lime plaster.
2. Gypsum can be used by itself. It must be remembered that the solution completely hardens after 30 minutes, and after 4 minutes setting begins.
3. IN combined solution several binders are used for wall plastering (cement and lime, lime and gypsum, etc.).

1. Special plaster. Depending on the purpose, an appropriate additive is introduced into the composition of the mixture.

The most commonly used filler is sand. It is best to use river sand to prepare the plaster mix. The marine is characterized by excessive salinity, which affects the strength of the mixture, and the ravine, as a rule, is too polluted.

The composition and proportions of the mortar for plaster

To prepare the mixture, you will need a binder, aggregate and water. In some cases, it is possible to use additives to give the mixture the necessary qualities. For example, in order to obtain a waterproof mixture, it is enough to add calcium nitrate to the usual components of cement plaster.

Since the plaster, as a rule, is performed in 3 layers, the composition of the mixture for each layer is different. For spraying, a mixture with a reduced binder content is used, for the preparation of a primer layer, the binder content is slightly increased, and for the finishing layer, the maximum allowable amount of binder is used. Due to this, the finishing layer is characterized by increased strength. If the plaster is performed in 1 layer, then it is recommended to use the average of the proposed ratios of binder and filler. Otherwise, the mixture will not be plastic enough and may move away from the surface of the wall or ceiling.

Solutions for plastering walls have different compositions, it is recommended to use the following ratio of binder and aggregate:

1. For cement plaster, the ratio of cement and binder is: for spraying - I part of the binder for 2.5 - 4 parts of the aggregate, for the primer layer per unit volume of the binder there are 2-3 parts of the aggregate, and for the finishing layer from 1.5 to 2 parts.
2. The proportions of mortar for plastering walls using clay are the same for each layer - it is recommended to use 3-5 times more aggregate than clay.
3. Lime mortar for wall plastering has the following composition: spray from 2.5 to 4 parts of aggregate per 1 part of binder, for primer mixture - from 2 to 3 parts, in the finishing mixture it is recommended to use 1-2 parts of aggregate per 1 part of binder.
4. Cement-lime mixture, for preparation per unit volume of cement it is necessary: ​​for spraying - from 0.3 to 0.5 parts of lime and 3 - 5 parts of aggregate, for a primer layer - from 0.7 to 1 part of lime and 2.5 - 4 parts of aggregate, for finishing the lime content increases to 1 - 1.5 parts, the sand content does not exceed 2.5 - 4 parts.
5. Lime-clay mixture for 0.2 parts of lime and 1 part of clay accounts for 3-5 parts of sand.
6. The composition of the cement-clay mixture can be taken the same for all layers of plaster - 1: 4: 6-12 (cement: clay: sand).
7. Lime-gypsum mortar (lime: clay: sand) -2 parts of sand, finishing layer - 1 - 1.5 parts of gypsum (in this case, sand is not added).

Tools and materials for the preparation of plaster

To prepare the plaster solution you will need:

1. Capacity for loading materials.
2. Dispenser (any container for volumetric dosing of materials);
3. Nozzle for a drill (mixer), with which materials will be mixed. Mixing can also be done manually using a trowel or any other handy tool.

1. Binder (lime, cement, clay, etc.).
2. Aggregate (sand, sawdust, etc.).
3. Water.
4. Additives to give the mixture the necessary properties, such as water resistance.

In addition to the correct selection of the composition of each plaster mixture, the quality of the plaster layer is greatly emphasized by the technology of preparing the mixture. At first glance, it may seem that there is nothing complicated in mixing the components, but it is not. For each type of mixture, there is a recommended order for loading the components and mixing.

1. It is recommended to mix the cement mortar in a dry state. First, sand is poured into the container and leveled until an even layer is obtained, cement is poured on top. These components are mixed in a dry state and only then diluted with water and mixed again until a homogeneous solution is obtained. It is better if the layers of sand and cement alternate several times.

1. In mixtures using lime, only slaked lime should be used. The aggregate is gradually introduced into the lime paste with the addition of water. This will avoid lumps and get a homogeneous mixture.

1. If necessary, add gypsum to it, remember that it is allowed to spend no more than 2-5 minutes on preparing the solution. In this case, gypsum dough is first prepared (gypsum is poured into water and mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained), then lime mortar is introduced into it.
2. To prepare a clay plaster mixture, it is necessary to soak the clay for a while and knead it to get rid of large lumps.

1. When preparing a cement-lime mortar, cement and sand are also mixed in a dry state and then poured with lime milk until the desired consistency is obtained.
2. In addition, already prepared dry mixes are available on the market. In this case, you just need to pour the mixture with the recommended amount of water and mix until the desired consistency is obtained.

Compliance with all the rules for preparing a solution for plastering walls will achieve the required strength of the plaster layer and its durability. Ideal plaster, in addition to its direct functional purpose, will also perform an aesthetic function.

Plaster is an integral part of the finishing of walls and ceilings. How long we do not need cosmetic repairs depends on its quality. The quality of the plaster mixture itself, and then the plaster coating, depends on the composition.

Cement plaster mixes

Cement plaster mixtures can be divided into two types:

• Cement-sand, used for leveling and finishing any surfaces, except for concrete. Adhesion with such a base for cement plaster is poor.
• Cement-lime, used in the decoration of brick, concrete and ceramic surfaces

Both plaster compositions necessarily include special polymeric additives and mineral fillers, which make the finished mixture more plastic, heat and frost resistant, and enhance its astringent and adhesive properties.

We prepare plaster

You can make a plaster mortar from a ready-made mixture, or you can do it yourself. We add medium fraction sand and a little liquid soap to the composition of the cement mortar, which prolongs the time of working with the mortar.

Below are the proportions of cement mortar for plaster. The composition of the cement-sand mixture:

• 1 part cement;
• 3 parts sand;
• water to the consistency of thick sour cream;
• liquid soap

The composition of the cement-lime mixture:

• 1 part cement;
• 3 - 5 parts of sand;
• 1 part of lime dough (one part of quicklime + three parts of water. Pour lime with warm water, wait for the reaction to start, add more water and mix. Close and let ripen for one day. Then dilute with water to a liquid state, drain into the prepared pit, in a day we pour sifted sand on top, and on top of the earth. The maximum layer of sand and earth is half a meter. In the pit, lime is aged from 15 to 20 days, after this period, lime dough is obtained, which is used in the preparation of plaster cement-lime mortar.);
• liquid soap or soap solution.

The preparation of a cement mortar for plaster consists in mixing sand and cement in the required proportions. The resulting dry mixture is gradually poured either into water or milk of lime, add liquid soap. By appointment, we adjust the amount of liquid - for spraying walls, a weaker solution is required, for rough plastering of walls after spraying - a thicker one.

To prepare a cement mortar for wall plastering, it is enough to know the exact proportions of cement, filler and liquid, as well as follow simple rules.

1. We take a clean box with a flat, smooth bottom.
2. We pour clean sifted sand to the bottom.
3. Pour cement on top.
4. Thoroughly mix the dry mixture, then level it with a rake.
5. We repeat point 4 several times.
6. We carefully look at the finished mixture, it should be a uniform color.

Advice. Prepare the working mixture in small quantities. After forty to fifty minutes, it will seize and begin to lose its properties, and the coating will turn out to be of poor quality.

There are three types of ready-made plaster mixes prepared from factory dry ones. Their quality is determined by the trowel lowered into the container with the finished mixture.

1. Fatty. Too sticky, strongly sticks to the trowel. As it dries, it will crack and shrink. We adjust the ratio of the finished mixture and the filler, adding it and stirring thoroughly until we get the desired consistency.
2. Normal. A thin layer of cement mortar remains on the trowel.
3. Skinny. The presence of the mixture is barely noticeable on the trowel. In this case, the ratio of dry mix and liquid must be corrected towards cement by adding it and stirring thoroughly.

In the photo in this article you can see how to properly knead the solution.

Advice. When preparing this kind of mixture for plaster, use only slaked lime. Quicklime, when water is added, will enter into an uncontrolled reaction with it and it is not a fact that it will be completely extinguished. In the future, the remaining pieces of unslaked lime will come into contact with moisture, which will lead to gaps in the plaster coating.

Plaster mixtures, where there is little cement and too much sand, have little plasticity and are very inconvenient to use, therefore the optimal ratio of cement and sand is 1: 3. We use cement brand M400, it gives the best result.

Application of cement plasters

Cement-based plaster mixtures are considered universal, as they can be used for both indoor and outdoor work, they are resistant to moisture, and have good vapor permeability. You need to know that such a mixture dries for about 4 weeks. But it must be processed no later than an hour after application.

Advice. The layer of plaster on the outer walls of the building should be twice as thin as on the inner ones. Thus, the normal vapor permeability of the walls is observed, fungus does not form on them and condensate does not collect.

In addition to the correct composition and kneading of the plaster mixture, it is necessary to properly prepare the base, otherwise all the work will go down the drain and everything will have to be started all over again.

Here are some tips for preparing the base (using a brick wall as an example).

1. It is necessary to level the surface and peel off the dried cement (if any).
2. Then we carefully embroider the seams of the brickwork (if there are any voids and notches, we leave it as it is).
3. We remove dust, if there are greasy stains - wash them off, wipe the surface with a damp sponge and let dry.
4. We cover the base with a primer and let it dry.
5. We prepare the mixture for plaster and proceed to the application. We work from the bottom up and from right to left.
6. After about 40 minutes, we proceed to the final alignment.

Advice. It is not recommended to work at temperatures above + 25 and below +5 degrees, as well as in rainy weather. If you still had to plaster in hot weather, it is recommended to moisten the finished surface regularly to avoid premature drying and cracking.

Starting to repair, you need to decide for yourself how much effort you are willing to spend on it. Perhaps the best solution for you would be to buy ready-made cement mixtures from well-known manufacturers.

Despite the large number of building materials, few of them today are able to compete with plastering walls. This is due to a number of factors, one of which is the ability of the plaster mixture to act as a base leveler. This is especially important when finishing. Consider the rules for preparing a plaster solution.

Peculiarities

Plaster mortar is a wide range of mixtures. The spectrum includes various compositions, this is due to the purpose of each material. The basis of any raw material is a binder. In addition to it, manufacturers include various additives in the composition. This is a pasty mass. It is smeared on the walls or ceiling, stretching until a uniform layer is formed.

The composition of each mixture directly affects its purpose. For this reason, mixtures can be designed for indoor or outdoor use. Some formulations are relatively versatile and designed to work indoors as well as outdoors. A distinctive feature of these mixtures is resistance to adverse environmental factors. One of the features of plaster compositions is granularity.

It is the size of the fraction that indicates whether the composition is the finishing or starting one. Often, it is a rough texture that is used to prepare the base for finishing. Depending on this, one or two plasters are used on one surface. In this case, one of them is the preparation of the base for applying the other. Due to the particle size and additional effect, the cost of the top coat is always higher than the starting analogue.

Sometimes the plaster mixture is confused with the term "dry plaster", which is commonly understood as drywall sheets.

In fact, plaster is a composition based on a powder mixture or a ready-to-use solution.

In the first case, it is a binder and fillers in a balanced formula. They must be kneaded before applying the plaster material to the prepared substrate. The second variety is remarkable in that it does not need to be adjusted before being used on the surface.

Such material may have a different shade. It depends on the constituents of the mixture.

• In one case it is a gray concrete color, in others it is dirty beige, sometimes milky.
• White is considered basic.
• The finished cream-based material can be colored. However, the range of shades of such mixtures is poor. This makes it necessary to paint the plaster mixtures on their own.

All solutions are divided into fatty, lean and normal. Mixtures of two or more components are called complex. In fatty varieties, the astringent component predominates. Therefore, they shrink and crack, require re-treatment.

If the filler dominates, the mortar does not shrink, but does not adhere well to the substrate. The normal composition is moderately plastic, easy to use, durable.

Kinds

It is impossible to prepare a plaster composition without having an idea about the varieties of such mixtures. In the modern construction market, the attention of the buyer is offered a wide range of similar products in various forms of release. It differs in volume and composition.

There are several popular mixtures:

• cement-sand;
• cement-lime;
• plaster;
• clay;
• adhesive;
• polymeric;
• specialized.

Each type of plaster has its own advantages, durability, disadvantages. For example, specialized compositions are nothing more than mixtures of insulation and waterproofing. These are intermediate masses-alternatives to mineral wool and other sheathing. With their help, you can get rid of annoying noise from the outside and prevent moisture from entering.

Cement-sand options- conventional cement mortars and masonry mixtures with high resistance to mechanical stress. In the process of drying, they shrink, they are applicable in heated and unheated rooms. Cement-lime mixtures are distinguished by the presence of fine sand in the composition. Suitable for indoor use, have antibacterial properties.

Clay varieties are environmentally friendly. They contain asbestos, lime and cement. Less durable compared to cement compositions. Gypsum plaster mixtures are used more often as levelers. These compositions are hygroscopic, not suitable for finishing rooms with a high degree of humidity. With frequent contact with water, they wear out and deteriorate.

Adhesive plaster mixes needed to fix the insulation or waterproofing. More often, such products are used when leveling surfaces when working with a grid. Polymer plasters do not have sufficient ventilation, however, they have high fire resistance and sound insulation. They are made from acrylic and silicone. There are silicate varieties.

Purpose

The scope of application of plaster solutions is wide:

1. They are used in construction, repair and decoration of buildings.
2. Depending on the type of composition, it can be used for the construction of buildings, their decoration and decoration. In fact, it is a building, intermediate and decorative material.
3. Some compositions are needed for laying bricks and stones. Others level the floor, others level the surfaces, are indispensable for the installation of double-glazed windows.
4. Clay solutions are needed for the construction of the furnace. They are better than others for mounting a chimney, fireplace, barbecue.
5. Cement options are appropriate in the work on finishing the verandas. They are also used for interior renovations. In general, no repair can do without plaster solutions, it is needed everywhere.

They apply to grounds:

• concrete;
• wood;

• brick;
• stone;
• drywall;
• mineral wool;
• polystyrene foam;
• aerated concrete.

To summarize, plaster solutions are used when finishing the surfaces of walls, ceilings, floors:

• catering establishments;
• polyclinics, laboratories, hospitals;
• libraries, educational institutions;
• swimming pools, saunas, baths;
• salons, studios,

• bars, cafes, clubs;
• hotels, philharmonics, concert halls;
• apartment buildings;
• private buildings, dachas, verandas, closed arbors.
• sports complexes;

Composition options

You can prepare a plaster solution yourself. Even experienced craftsmen often improve the plaster formula, saturating it, for example, with PVA glue as a plasticizer. You can consider several common recipes for making plaster mortar with your own hands.

Based on putty

To knead the bulk, you will need ordinary putty (6 kg), water (2 l) and PVA glue (0.2 l). Dry powdered putty is placed in a container, gradually pour in water, stir. Then add PVA glue and mix again. In the absence of such glue, it is allowed to replace it with drywall grout (the proportions remain the same 1: 1).

primed

Putty remains at the base, in which a primer is added instead of water in a ratio of 6: 2. A batch is made, after which grout (0.2 l) and color are added to the mass (saturation is selected individually). This recipe allows you to get a decorative plaster material. Therefore, the primer must be used in white in order to color it without losing the quality of the desired shade.

Cement

For the manufacture of such a plaster solution, cement is needed, as well as sand and water. The ratio varies: for spraying, the proportions are 1: 4, for soil 1: 3, water is added to the consistency of sour cream. The solution must not spread. Do not use cement with sand in a ratio of 1: 16, the sand coating will quickly crack.

If you need to use cement material as a tile adhesive, it is advisable to add a little PVA glue to it. From this, it will become elastic and strong.

Clay

Making your own clay plaster is easy. The composition is made up of clay and sand, for performance, water is added to it. Depending on the type of work, the proportions can be 1: 3, 1: 4, 1: 5. This applies to spray and soil. If clay-lime plaster is required for work, the proportions are as follows: lime 1 hour, clay 2 hours, sifted sand 6 hours. If you need to plaster the walls from the outside, use clay, sand and cement in the ratio: 0.2: 3: 1, don't forget to add clean water.

with lime

The lime composition is used in the decoration of adobe houses. The coating has no strength, is afraid of moisture. Consists of slaked lime (1 hour) and sand (3 hours). For soil, the proportions are 1: 2, for spraying 1: 3, for covering the ratio is 1: 2. The lime-cement composition is more in demand. However, for kneading, they use lime itself, and lime dough. The ratio of cement - lime - sand for each layer is different. For one layer it is 1: 0.4: 3 (4), for the second 1.61: 2.5 (3), for the third 1: 1.5: 4.

Gypsum

The recipe for gypsum plaster involves the use of white gypsum powder. Six hours of the mixture will need to be diluted with 2 liters of cool water, then add 0.2 liters of PVA glue to them. If it is made with an admixture of lime, lime dough is used in a gypsum-lime ratio of 1: 3.

For draft material, sawdust is added to such a mixture. To the same ratio, they will need 1 hour. You can not use sawdust from larch for the composition.

Venetian

This decorative plaster is prepared from ordinary fine-grained putty. Quartz, marble, malachite chips, slaked lime and color of the desired shade are added to it. The concentration of color is selected individually, however, its abundance will lead to a deterioration in the quality of the solution. The total amount of lime for the entire composition varies between 50-60%. This is 3 hours, while gypsum takes 1 hour. To give gloss after the coating has dried, it is treated with special wax.

Versailles

This finishing mixture for interior work is created on the basis of putties of two types: starting and finishing in a ratio of 1: 1. They are mixed, the desired color is added. An obligatory component that provides Versailles plaster with a special effect is silver. It is used after the coating has completely dried. It is added to a water-soluble varnish (half diluted) and only the protruding parts of the relief are sprayed.

What will be needed for cooking?

To prepare a plaster mortar, you need simple equipment and components of the mixture. Usually this:

• container for mixing;
• construction mixer or drill with a special nozzle;
• dispenser, syringe;
• components of the plaster mixture;

• clean water at room temperature;
• work clothes;
• protective equipment (goggles, gloves, respirator).

The presence of protective agents is due to the appearance of dust from the components of the mixture during the mixing process. When filling the container, the microparticles will rise into the air. Work clothes will protect the body. The respirator will not allow particles of the plaster material to enter the body.

For use, you will have to take care of another container, which depends on the tool by which the plaster will be applied to the surface.

Process details

There is nothing complicated in the preparation of any plaster solution. The main requirement is always high-quality mixing of the mass until plasticity, a homogeneous consistency without lumps and other defects in the form of stains of the pigmenting material are obtained. The mass must be diluted correctly. Poor-quality finishing raw materials will cause a reduction in service life. If the decorative finish is poorly prepared, a beautiful coating will not work out of it.

Different types of mixtures have their own kneading nuances:

• Cement plaster mortar is lowered into a container, mixed with sand and other additives, if any. Only after high-quality mixing can water be added. After mixing, the composition is left for 10–15 minutes, then mixed again.
• In most lime-based mixtures, it is better to use the slaked version. It is into the doughy mixture that all additives are gradually introduced. This solution preparation technology eliminates the formation of lumps and texture inhomogeneities.

• If it is necessary to prepare a solution based on gypsum and lime, it is important to take into account the time (no more than 5 minutes). Here the technique is somewhat different. First, ready-made gypsum powder must be added to the water. It should be mixed until smooth. After that, a solution of slaked lime is gradually introduced into the mass.
• It is necessary to make clay plaster qualitatively by pre-soaking the clay in water. First, it soaks, after a while, it is necessary to knead the lumps that can spoil the entire solution.
• Cement-lime compositions are created by mixing cement and sand in a dry state. With high-quality mixing, it is possible to add lime milk to the mass until the desired consistency is obtained.

• If self-preparation seems an impossible task, buy a ready-made plaster composition. It remains to place it in a mixing container, check for lumps and add water in the right proportions.
• If it is necessary to add plasticizers to the composition (for example, PVA glue), this should be done after all other components have been mixed. After mixing the compositions with such an inclusion, it is used immediately.

Plaster solutions for decorating surfaces are usually mixed in dry form. If the room temperature is high, their life cycle may be shortened. For this reason, mixtures are not prepared immediately for the entire area being trimmed.

Each portion must have the same consistency for application to the treated surface and its decoration in the form of a textured pattern.

Each batch is produced in strictly identical proportions. The ratios are written down on paper as soon as the desired crumb composition and shade are selected. The consistency does not change, even if it is a mass for voluminous decoration of plaster in the form of stucco or frescoes. She, too, is not bred all at once: the execution of a stucco drawing takes a lot of time. The composition will have time to dry by the time the middle of the work. Monitor the amount of mass, avoiding overspending of raw materials.

It is important to take into account the basic nuances of the manufacture of plaster mortar. This will allow you to perform it efficiently, which will affect the repair and finishing work.

• A clean container should be used for mixing. Residues after the end of the next portion must be removed. They will cause heterogeneity of the new portion of the plaster composition.
• Do not experiment with the consistency of the solution. Its mobility, adhesion, ability to fill cracks and leveling of the treated plane depend on this.
• If the solution breaks and does not hold the designated shape, the water balance is disturbed in it. In the first case, it is not enough, in the second there is a surplus.

• So that the selection of proportions does not cause difficulties, you can start from the markings on each component. Manufacturers indicate ratio recommendations that you can take note of.
• Creativity is welcome within the framework of compatibility. Do not try to mix several components on your own. Not every type of plaster material can be mixed with other coating materials.
• When buying any component for a plaster mortar, it is necessary to check its expiration date. At the end of it, each type of raw material loses the quality and performance characteristics declared by the manufacturer.
• For textured plaster, it is better to purchase putty marked "finish". It is creamy, has an airy texture, will allow you to create a high-quality decorative coating of walls and ceilings.

• It is better to use white material for finishing mixtures. Concrete color options change the desired tone of decorative plaster.
• For laying tiles using cement-sand mortars, it is better to add PVA glue to the mass. It also improves compositions based on gypsum.
• The purchase of gypsum components for finishing facades is undesirable. It is better for these purposes to prepare solutions based on cement. Not suitable here and lime.
• You need to buy components for plaster mortar in a trusted store that has a positive assessment of ordinary buyers and professional craftsmen.

You can scroll through reviews on construction forums to get an idea of ​​a quality product.

• When adding marble, malachite and quartz chips to the solution, you need to take into account the nuance: their dominance will make the plaster mix lean.
• For exterior and interior walls exposed to moisture, it is better to use cement-based compounds. Cement-lime varieties of plaster are also applicable here.
• Where the moisture concentration is low, all coatings can be used, with the exception of cement. The choice of the basis in this case is unlimited.
• Since the life cycle of solutions is short, working with them does not tolerate delays. They need to be stirred from time to time. This is especially true for compositions with the presence of sand.