Low temperature of the coolant in the heating system. Temperature graph of the heating network - tips for compiling

Heating battery - main element heating system in a city apartment, efficient home appliance for heat transfer. It is from the batteries (radiators) and their temperature that the coziness and comfort of living for all residents of the house largely depend.

In this article we will tell you: what should be the temperature of the radiators in the apartment, what are its norms and whether interruptions in the heat supply are acceptable.

Start of the heating season

Start of heating supply at residential apartments indicated in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354. The document states that as soon as, average daily temperature outdoor air is below +8 ºС and remains unchanged for 5 days in a row, heating is turned on in the apartments.

In all other cases, the moment of heat supply can be legally delayed. Detailed information about when which temperature include heating in apartments You can read.

Note: heat will begin to flow into the apartments no earlier than on the 6th day after the recorded temperature indicators of the air outside.

Most regions of the country heating season starts from mid-October and ends in April.

Reasons for the lack of heat in the apartment

There may be situations when, due to the negligent attitude of the heat supply company to its own duties, there is no heat supply to the apartments. Why? The reasons for the lack of heat include:

• Breakdown of the heating system at home;
• The filling of pipes that conduct heat to houses with air;
• Unfinished renovations.

If the heating supply delay is caused by a breakdown of the in-house system, then it is impossible to correct the situation until the problem is fixed.

If the cause of the delay is the filling of the heat supply pipes with air, it is necessary to contact the operating organization. The specialist must “blow out” the batteries within a day after the appeal, and there will be no obstacles to filling them with circulating liquid.

Why is the heat supply to the radiators interrupted?

Start heating season does not yet mean its continuity. Sometimes the heating supply is temporarily stopped, which causes a lot of questions and indignation on the part of the population.

It is important to know that it is legal, interruptions in the heating supply can be:

• Maximum 24 hours. Provided that the minimum air temperature in the apartment is +12 ºС;
• Maximum 8 hours. If the temperature drops to +10 to +12 ºС;
• No more than 4 hours if the thermometer shows +8 ºС and below.

All downtime periods are indicated in total for a month. If residents notice an excess of these values, they should file a complaint with the responsible organization. Familiarize with optimal temperature indicators in the apartment in winter can be in.

Heating battery temperature standards

Heating system apartment building- the result of the work of engineering. It is a complex mechanism consisting of many elements.

Therefore, it is so important to follow the rules for the installation and operation of heating radiators in each apartment. Otherwise, the heat will be distributed unevenly, which will lead to the fact that it will be warm in one apartment, and cold in the next one.

An important point is also . In order to avoid such situations and came up with appropriate allowed values(standards).

Permissible minimum battery temperature

Like any other indicator, important for normal vital activity person ( , etc.) battery temperature during the heating season must have admissible minimum.

However minimum temperature batteries in apartments by law and regulations not spelled out. This means that the indicator must be kept allowable air temperature in the apartment (+18 to +25 degrees).

Obviously, which is unacceptable for low battery temperatures, achieve normal air temperature throughout the apartment impossible.

What should be the maximum value?

Unlike the minimum, the maximum value is precisely indicated in SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". This document defines the standards established for the in-house elements of the heating system:

• The maximum allowable temperature for batteries in an apartment is 95 ° C with a two-pipe heating system;
• At single pipe system heating temperature maximum is 115 ° C;
• The recommended temperature is between 85°C and 90°C. This is because 100°C is the boiling point of water. When this indicator is reached, special measures are applied to prevent boiling;

Note: although the temperature maximum is 115°C, battery operation in this mode is not recommended. They break quickly if they work with such an increased load.

How to measure battery temperature?

If you suspect that the batteries are heating poorly, you can measure their temperature. There are several ways to measure battery temperature, namely:

• Ordinary thermometer. In this case, 1-2°C should be added to the measured surface of the heater;
• Using an infrared thermometer;
• An alcohol thermometer measures the temperature of the battery by tightly wrapping it around it. For measurement accuracy, it is necessary to cover the thermometer with a heat-insulating material.

It is important: the device that measures the temperature of the batteries must have a quality certificate. The measurement range should be from 5 to 40 degrees C - this greatly minimizes the measurement error. Permissible error is not more than 0.1 gr.S of measurement.

If the battery temperature substantially does not reach recommended values ​​should be written application to the management company for measurement. Commission in the presence of the tenant of the apartment will make control measurement of fluid circulating in the battery and establish mismatch.

Note: before measuring the temperature of the batteries, measure the temperature of the hot water from the tap. These indicators are interconnected with each other. If the thermometer readings are in the range from 60 to 75 ° C, this is considered the norm, if below, it is a deviation from it.

What to do if there is no heating?

If it was not possible to wait for heating, it's time to move on to decisive action. First, you need to understand the reason for what is happening. If it turns out that everything is to blame for a breakdown in heating system at home, it needs to be removed. If the supply company is to blame for the delay in heating, it must be proved that the apartment is cold.

To do this, together with a representative of the operating company, it is necessary to measure the temperature in each room. If it is lower, it is important to record the readings.

Based on the results of measurements, the service company is obliged to take measures, correct the situation and recalculate the heating fee in periods of non-compliance. If there are no actions on the part of the responsible company, it can be held administratively liable for violating the rules of public services for the population.

The minimum allowable air temperature in a living room in winter is +18 °C. As soon as an underestimated value of this indicator is fixed, the organization supplying heat is obliged to reduce the payment for it by 0.15% for each hour of violations.

If the recalculation did not motivate the responsible organization to correct errors, a collective complaint of the residents of the house about the violation should be drawn up. temperature regime. It will become the basis for going to court. For violations, the organization supplying heat can be severely fined.

Thus, the temperature of the batteries in the apartment during the heating season must comply with the requirements of SNiP.

Residents of apartments can independently measure the temperature of the batteries to clarify whether the standards are being met. Knowledge of all permitted norms, boundaries and dates associated with the onset of the heating season gives possibility protect their rights in case of their violation.

About heating standards in apartments says the following video:

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Economical energy consumption in the heating system can be achieved if certain requirements are met. One of the options is the presence of a temperature chart, which reflects the ratio of the temperature emanating from the heating source to external environment. The value of the values ​​makes it possible to optimally distribute heat and hot water to the consumer.

High-rise buildings are connected mainly to central heating. Sources that convey thermal energy, are boiler houses or CHP. Water is used as a heat carrier. It is heated to a predetermined temperature.

Having passed full cycle through the system, the coolant, already cooled, returns to the source and reheating occurs. Sources are connected to the consumer by thermal networks. Since the environment changes the temperature regime, thermal energy should be regulated so that the consumer receives the required volume.

Heat regulation from central system can be produced in two ways:

1. Quantitative. In this form, the flow rate of water changes, but the temperature is constant.
2. Qualitative. The temperature of the liquid changes, but its flow rate does not change.

In our systems, the second variant of regulation is used, that is, qualitative. W Here there is a direct relationship between two temperatures: coolant and environment. And the calculation is carried out in such a way as to provide heat in the room of 18 degrees and above.

Hence, we can say that the temperature curve of the source is a broken curve. The change in its directions depends on the temperature difference (coolant and outside air).

Dependency graph may vary.

A particular chart has a dependency on:

1. Technical and economic indicators.
2. Equipment for a CHP or boiler room.
3. climate.

High performance of the coolant provides the consumer with a large thermal energy.

An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the coolant, Tnv is the outdoor air:

It is also used, the diagram of the returned coolant. A boiler house or CHP according to such a scheme can evaluate the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid arrives cooled.

The stability of the scheme depends on the design values ​​of the liquid flow of high-rise buildings. If the flow rate through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, as the flow rate will increase. And vice versa, when minimum flow, the return water will be sufficiently cooled.

The supplier's interest is, of course, in the receipt return water in a chilled state. But there are certain limits to reduce the flow, since a decrease leads to losses in the amount of heat. The consumer will begin to lower the internal degree in the apartment, which will lead to a violation of building codes and discomfort to the inhabitants.

What does it depend on?

The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and coolant. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of coolant. When designing a central source, the size of the equipment, the building and the section of pipes are taken into account.

The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23°C, it would be warm in the apartments and have a value of 22°C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. These standards are in line with the normal comfortable living in home.

Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature scheme. For example, the return of a liquid with an elevated temperature will indicate high coolant costs. Underestimated data will be considered as a consumption deficit.

Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme with calculated data of 95-70°C was introduced. The buildings above had their chart 105-70°C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70°C, and maybe 80-60°C.

Temperature chart 95-70:

How is it calculated?

The control method is selected, then the calculation is made. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water inflow, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, where one of them considers only heating, the other one considers heating with hot water consumption.

For an example calculation, we will use methodological development Roskommunenergo.

The initial data for the heat generating station will be:

1. Tnv- the amount of outside air.
2. TVN- indoor air.
3. T1- coolant from the source.
4. T2- return flow of water.
5. T3- the entrance to the building.

We will consider several options for supplying heat with a value of 150, 130 and 115 degrees.

At the same time, at the exit they will have 70 ° C.

The results obtained are brought into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:

So we got three various schemes which can be taken as a basis. It would be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we considered the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic features of the region and the characteristics of the building.

To reduce power consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and uniform distribution of heat throughout the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the load of the system does not affect the quality operation of the unit.

Adjustment

Automatic control is provided by the heating controller.

It includes the following details:

1. Computing and matching panel.
2. Executive device at the water supply line.
3. Executive device, which performs the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
4. boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
5. Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several in a room.

The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.

To increase the flow, there is a booster pump, and the corresponding command from the regulator. The incoming flow is regulated by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some of the liquid that circulates along the circuit is sent to the supply.

Information is taken by sensors and transmitted to control units, as a result of which flows are redistributed, which provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.

Sometimes, a computing device is used, where the DHW and heating regulators are combined.

The hot water regulator has more a simple circuit management. The hot water sensor regulates the flow of water with a stable value of 50°C.

Regulator benefits:

1. The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
2. Exclusion of liquid overheating.
3. Fuel economy and energy.
4. The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.

Table with temperature graph

The operating mode of the boilers depends on the weather of the environment.

If we take various objects, for example, a factory building, a multi-storey building and private house, all will have an individual heat chart.

In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:

SNiP

There are certain rules that must be observed in the creation of projects on heating network and transporting hot water to the consumer, where the supply of water vapor must be carried out at 400°C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. The supply of heat from the source is recommended to be released to the consumer with values ​​of 90/70 °C or 115/70 °C.

Regulatory requirements should be followed for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory coordination with the Ministry of Construction of the country.

When autumn confidently walks across the country, snow flies beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word form “heating season” sounds appropriate. People recall past winters and try to figure out the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully revise the valves and nozzles of the boilers. By October 1, tenants of an apartment building are waiting, like Santa Claus, a plumber from management company. The ruler of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays on five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house has a calorie supply system.

Heating of an economy-class apartment building is carried out through centralized system heat supply. The pipes are included in basement buildings. The supply of heat carrier is regulated by inlet valves, after which water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through risers, and from them it is supplied to batteries and radiators that heat housing.

The number of gate valves correlates with the number of risers. While doing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partially leaves through the return pipe, and partially is supplied to the hot water supply network.

degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP plant or in a boiler house. The water temperature standards in the heating system are prescribed in building regulations Oh: the component must be heated to 130-150 °C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure tear them up like a heating pad.

An extensible concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here it performs an energy-saving function elevator unit- jumper between the direct and return pipe. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the return in winter allow the preservation of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

The liquid from the straight pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The carrier temperature is lowered by mixing the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

Hot gone

Hot water temperature sanitary rules at the points of analysis should lie in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - from the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - with a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

A temperature chart is drawn up. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming a home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the temperature norms of the coolant in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter time in the range of 70-90 °C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In the summer when hot water needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to the range of 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that in a neighboring apartment, the heating elements are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser is the way the hot water is distributed.

In a single-pipe design, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature is upper floors higher than on the bottom;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

In a two-pipe system, the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° C in the forward direction and 70 ° C in the opposite direction.

Warm like a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk through the attics, stairwells and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

We assume that the coolant in the riser complies with the building regulations. It remains to find out what is the norm for the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in terms of the house;
• residential or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important, not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

Happy in corner rooms the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and 18 ° C is allowed in centrally located rooms.

At night, air in the dwelling is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is household, denoting a number of identical items. In relation to the heating of housing, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually they put a lattice fence that does not interfere with air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

Aesthetics cast iron radiators- a parable in the language. They require periodic painting, as regulations require that the work surface be smooth and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters cast iron products on high:

• little susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• they have a high thermal power per 1 section, therefore they are compact;
• they are inert in heat transfer, therefore they smooth out temperature fluctuations in the room well.

Another type of radiators is made of aluminum. Lightweight construction, painted in the factory, does not require painting, easy to clean.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in aquatic environment. Certainly, inner surface heaters are insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then it will begin chemical reaction with the release of hydrogen, when creating overpressure gas aluminum appliance may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much heating that matters metal object how much air heating in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from working surface heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Stairwell heating

Since we are talking about apartment building, then it should be mentioned stairwells. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system state: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of the tenants requires that the doors be closed tightly. entrance group, do not leave the transoms of stair windows open, keep the glass intact and promptly report any problems to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate the points of probable heat loss and maintain the temperature regime in the house, an application for recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating appliances in the apartment is produced with the obligatory coordination with the management company. Unauthorized change in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and sites will be recorded. Technical inspection premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - trial - fine.

So the situation is resolved like this:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to apply to the Criminal Code is to turn off the riser for the duration of the repair;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat energy metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the cubic capacity of water passed through the house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat at temperatures in the apartment below the norm, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.

From a series of articles "What to do if it's cold in the apartment"

What is a temperature chart?

The temperature of the water in the heating system must be maintained depending on the actual temperature of the outside air according to the temperature schedule, which is developed by specialists in heat engineering from design and energy supply organizations according to special technique for each source of heat supply, taking into account specific local conditions. These schedules should be developed based on the requirement that, in cold period years in living rooms ah was supported optimum temperature*, equal to 20 - 22 ° С.

When calculating the schedule, heat losses (water temperatures) in the area from the heat supply source to residential buildings are taken into account.

Temperature graphs should be drawn up both for the heating network at the outlet of the heat supply source (boiler house, CHPP), and for pipelines after the heating points of residential buildings (groups of houses), i.e. directly at the entrance to the heating system of the house.

Hot water is supplied from heat supply sources to heating networks according to the following temperature charts:*

• from large CHP plants: 150/70°С, 130/70°С or 105/70°С;
• from boiler houses and small CHP plants: 105/70°С or 95/70°С.

*first digit - Maximum temperature direct network water, the second digit is its minimum temperature.

Other temperature schedules may be applied depending on specific local conditions.

So, in Moscow, at the exit from the main sources of heat supply, schedules of 150/70°С, 130/70°С and 105/70°С (maximum/minimum water temperature in the heating system) are used.

Until 1991, such temperature schedules were annually approved by the administrations of cities and other settlements before the autumn-winter heating season, which was regulated by the relevant regulatory and technical documents (NTD).

Subsequently, unfortunately, this norm disappeared from the NTD, everything was given to the owners of boiler houses, thermal power plants, and other factories - steamships, who at the same time did not want to lose profits.

However regulatory requirement on the obligation to draw up temperature schedules for heating restored federal law No. 190-FZ of July 27, 2010 "On heat supply". Here is what is regulated in FZ-190 according to temperature chart(the articles of the Law are arranged by the author in their logical sequence):

“... Article 23. Organization of the development of heat supply systems for settlements, urban districts
…3. Authorized ... bodies [see. Art. 5 and 6 FZ-190] should develop, statement and annual update* * heat supply schemes, which should contain:
…7) Optimal temperature chart…
Article 20. Checking readiness for the heating season
…5. Check readiness for heating period heat supply organizations... is carried out in order to ... readiness of these organizations to fulfill the heat load schedule, maintaining the temperature schedule approved by the heat supply scheme…
Article 6. Powers of bodies local government settlements, urban districts in the field of heat supply
1. The powers of local self-government bodies of settlements, urban districts for the organization of heat supply in the respective territories include:
…4) fulfillment of requirements, established rules assessing the readiness of settlements, urban districts for the heating period, and readiness control heat supply organizations, heat network organizations, certain categories of consumers for the heating season;
…6) approval of heat supply schemes settlements, urban districts with a population of less than five hundred thousand people ...;
Article 4, paragraph 2. To the powers of the fed. organ isp. authority authorized to implement the state. heating policies include:
11) approval of heat supply schemes for settlements, mountains. districts with a population of five hundred thousand or more ...
Article 29. Final provisions
…3. Approval of heat supply schemes for settlements ... must be carried out before December 31, 2011.”

And here is what is said about the temperature graphs of heating in the "Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock" (approved by the Post. Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170):

“…5.2. Central heating
5.2.1. The operation of the central heating system of residential buildings should ensure:
- maintaining the optimum (not below the permissible) air temperature in heated rooms;
- maintaining the temperature of the water entering and returning from the heating system in accordance with the schedule quality regulation water temperature in the heating system (Appendix N 11);
- uniform heating of all heating devices;
5.2.6. The premises of the operating personnel should have:
... e) a graph of the temperature of the supply and return water in the heating network and in the heating system, depending on the outdoor temperature, indicating the working water pressure at the inlet, static and maximum allowable pressure in system;…"

Due to the fact that a heat carrier with a temperature not higher than can be supplied to house heating systems: for two-pipe systems - 95 ° С; for single-pipe - 105 ° С, at heating points (individual house or group for several houses), before water is supplied to houses, hydraulic elevator units are installed in which direct network water having high temperature, is mixed with chilled return water returning from the home's heating system. After mixing in the hydraulic elevator, the water enters the house system with a temperature according to the "house" temperature chart 95/70 or 105/70 ° С.

The following, as an example, shows the temperature graph of the heating system after heating point residential building for radiators according to the top-down and bottom-up scheme (at intervals outdoor temperature 2 °С), for a city with an estimated outdoor air temperature of 15 °С (Moscow, Voronezh, Orel):

WATER TEMPERATURE IN DISCHARGE PIPELINES, deg. C

AT DESIGN OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE

Explanations:
1. In gr. 2 and 4 show the values ​​of the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating system:
in the numerator - at a calculated water temperature drop of 95 - 70 °C;
in the denominator - with a calculated difference of 105 - 70 °C.
In gr. 3 and 5 show the water temperatures in the return pipeline, which coincide in their values ​​with calculated differences of 95 - 70 and 105 - 70 °C.

Temperature graph of the heating system of a residential building after a heat point

Source: Rules and Regulations technical operation housing stock, adj. 20
(approved by order of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1997 No. 17-139).

Since 2003 they have been operating "Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock"(approved by the Post. Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170), adj. eleven.

Maybe Russia is a cold country, but our apartments are warmer than in many European countries. Because it is central heating, subsidized by the state, and the British, Germans, French, deprived of this luxury, are forced to save and temper at the same time. It's in theory. But what about in practice? Is it good for you to heat and what to do if not?

Heating norms

Since central heating is a matter of state concern, the norms for heating in an apartment are determined centrally. GOST 30494-2011 says that during the heating season, the temperature in living rooms, kitchens and bathrooms should not fall below 18 ° C. In cold regions, such as Yakutia or the Khabarovsk Territory, the temperature for living rooms is set from 20 ° C, and for the kitchen and bathroom - from 18 ° C.

From midnight to five o'clock in the morning, a decrease in the indicated norms by 3 ° C is allowed. During sleep, the human body needs less heat, and heating providers are legitimately taking advantage of this to save money.

If the specified GOST is a reference book for designers engineering systems, then all public utilities, without exception, compare hours and degrees with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of 05/06/2011. It, in particular, establishes the beginning of the heating season. Batteries should be turned on on the sixth day after the temperature outside the window drops below 8°C. By the way, the rule of eight also applies to reverse side: as soon as the spring air reaches an average daily mark of 8 ° C and is able to maintain positions for five days in a row, the batteries will be turned off.

Often these limits heating period go against our personal comfort. Almost every autumn, communal services are bombarded with demands to turn on the heating in apartments earlier than planned, but they have every right to reject these demands, until, of course, the day specified by the Decree arrives.

How is the heating of apartment buildings

The heat that goes into our homes is generated at CHP or boiler houses. There, the water is heated to be piped into the houses. It must get to the batteries hot, so it must be very hot. Every schoolchild knows that water will boil at 100°C, but this does not happen with water in heating pipes.

A pressure of 7-8 atmospheres is created in the heat supply pipes, which raises the boiling point of water to 160-170°C.

Exist different schemes distribution of the heat carrier (this is how official documents call water in pipes and radiators) coming from the thermal power plant. In the most common, so-called independent scheme heating, water does not go directly to the apartments. First, it is sent to a heating point located in the basement of a high-rise building, where it passes through a heat exchanger and cools down to a temperature acceptable for supply to rooms. The water in the radiators should not be too hot - it is simply dangerous.

After passing through the radiators inside the house, the coolant, which has already cooled down by 25-35 ° C, returns to the same heat point - to heat up again and get into our homes.

Temperature in radiators

The only norm relating directly to heating batteries in an apartment building is the maximum temperature of the coolant. It should not exceed 95°C for two-pipe systems and 105°C for one-pipe systems. Finding out which system is installed in your apartment is easy: look at your radiator and count how many pipes are connected to it. Two-pipe systems more widely distributed - they are more efficient and economical.

The lower limit of water temperature in heating batteries is not officially fixed in any way. The only rule: batteries must provide the established GOST 30494-2011 temperature norm in the rooms. It is clear, however, that if the batteries themselves are slightly warm, then they will not be able to heat the room to the 18 ° C required by GOST. Just a very, very small room.

What to measure and how to measure

So, the desired hour has come, and the heating season has begun, but the apartment is still cold. How to proceed?

The first step is to measure the heating in the apartment. In other words, measure the temperature in the rooms and compare it with the GOST standards indicated above (and listed in detail) to make sure that poor heating in the apartment - a reality, not your individual feelings.

If you have a base station, then you will see the exact air temperature in the form of a graph in your mobile application or web interface.

If all measurements comply with the rules, it is useless to complain, utilities will simply refer to the same GOST. You will have to insulate yourself.

However, if the measurements taken indicate that the heating temperature in the apartment does not correspond to the norm, then there are several options.

First you need to determine the cause of thermal problems.
Here is a short list of the most common:

1. Cork in batteries
Batteries can be cold due to the accumulation of air in the pipes - the so-called air locks. They prevent the water from circulating properly and proper heating in the apartment is broken. The plug can be removed by yourself by opening a special valve or, as it is also called, the Mayevsky tap. It is usually located near upper corner radiator. Be careful, and if you are not sure that you can fix the heating yourself, then it is better to seek help from a specialist.

2. Large heat loss of the apartment
A common problem in older homes is that the batteries are scalding hot, but still cold. It is useless to appeal to public utilities, you need to take care of thermal insulation on your own. Just don't get too carried away with sealing, because curing one can cripple the other. In particular, it often suffers from excessive warming measures. When installing airtight windows and filling cracks in the walls, think about how your rooms are.