Optimal temperature chart. Heating schedule for quality regulation of heat supply based on the average daily outdoor temperature
Standard water temperature in heating system depends on air temperature. Therefore, the temperature schedule for the supply of coolant to the heating system is calculated in accordance with weather conditions. In the article we will talk about the requirements of SNiP for the operation of the heating system for objects for various purposes.
from the article you will learn:
In order to economically and rationally use energy resources in the heating system, the heat supply is tied to the air temperature. The dependence of the water temperature in the pipes and the air outside the window is displayed as a graph. The main task of such calculations is to maintain comfortable conditions for residents in apartments. For this, the air temperature should be about + 20 ... + 22ºС.
The temperature of the coolant in the heating system
The stronger the frost, the faster the living quarters heated from the inside lose heat. To compensate for the increased heat loss, the temperature of the water in the heating system increases.
The calculations use normative indicator temperature. It is calculated according to special technique and included in the governing documents. This figure is based on the average temperature of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation is based on the 8 coldest winters over a 50-year period.
Why is the drawing up of a temperature schedule for the supply of coolant to the heating system happening in this way? The main thing here is to be ready for the most severe frosts that happen every few years. Climatic conditions in a particular region can change over several decades. This will be taken into account when recalculating the schedule.
The value of the average daily temperature is also important for calculating the margin of safety of heating systems. By understanding the ultimate load, you can accurately calculate the characteristics necessary pipelines, stop valves and other elements. This saves on the creation of communications. Given the scale of construction for urban heating systems, the amount of savings will be quite large.
The temperature in the apartment directly depends on how much the coolant is heated in the pipes. In addition, other factors also matter here:
- air temperature outside the window;
- wind speed. With strong wind loads, heat losses through doorways and windows increase;
- the quality of sealing joints on the walls, as well as the general condition of the decoration and insulation of the facade.
Building codes change as technology advances. This is reflected, among other things, in the indicators in the coolant temperature graph, depending on outdoor temperature. If the premises retain heat better, then energy resources can be spent less.
Developers in modern conditions more carefully approach the thermal insulation of facades, foundations, basements and roofs. This increases the value of objects. However, along with the growth of construction costs are reduced. The overpayment at the construction stage pays off over time and gives good savings.
The heating of the premises is directly affected not even by how hot the water in the pipes is. The main thing here is the temperature of the heating radiators. It is usually in the range of + 70 ... + 90ºС.
Several factors affect battery heating.
1. Air temperature.
2. Features of the heating system. The indicator indicated in the temperature chart for supplying coolant to the heating system depends on its type. In single-pipe systems, water heating up to + 105ºС is considered normal. Two-pipe heating due to better circulation gives a higher heat transfer. This allows you to reduce the temperature to + 95ºС. Moreover, if at the inlet the water needs to be heated, respectively, to + 105ºС and + 95ºС, then at the outlet its temperature in both cases should be at the level of + 70ºС.
So that the coolant does not boil when heated above + 100ºС, it is supplied to the pipelines under pressure. Theoretically, it can be quite high. This should provide a large supply of heat. However, in practice, not all networks allow water to be supplied under high pressure due to their deterioration. As a result, the temperature drops, and during severe frosts there may be a lack of heat in apartments and other heated premises.
3. The direction of the water supply to the radiators. At the top wiring, the difference is 2ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС.
4. Type of heaters used. Radiators and convectors differ in the amount of heat they give off, which means that they must work in different temperature conditions. Better performance heat transfer from radiators.
At the same time, the amount of heat released is affected, among other things, by the temperature of the outdoor air. It is she who is the determining factor in the temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system.
When the water temperature is +95ºС, we are talking about the coolant at the entrance to the dwelling. Given the heat loss during transportation, the boiler room should heat it much more.
In order to supply water of the required temperature to the heating pipes in the apartments, a special equipment. It mixes hot water from the boiler room with the one that comes from the return.
Temperature chart for supplying coolant to the heating system
The graph shows what the water temperature should be at the entrance to the dwelling and at the exit from it, depending on the street temperature.
The presented table will help to easily determine the degree of heating of the coolant in the central heating system.
|
Temperature indicators of air outside, ° С |
Temperature indicators of water at the inlet, ° С |
Temperature indicators of water in the heating system, °С |
Temperature indicators of water after the heating system, °С |
|||
Representatives of utilities and resource-supplying organizations measure the water temperature using a thermometer. The 5th and 6th columns indicate the figures for the pipeline through which hot coolant. 7 column - for the return.
The first three columns indicate fever- these are indicators for heat generating organizations. These figures are given without taking into account heat losses that occur during the transportation of the coolant.
temperature graph the supply of coolant to the heating system is needed not only by resource-supplying organizations. If the actual temperature differs from the standard one, consumers have reasons to recalculate the cost of the service. In their complaints, they indicate how warm the air in the apartments is. This is the easiest parameter to measure. Inspecting authorities can already track the temperature of the coolant, and if it does not comply with the schedule, force the resource supplying organization to perform its duties.
A reason for complaints appears if the air in the apartment cools below the following values:
- in the corner rooms in the daytime - below + 20ºС;
- in the central rooms in the daytime - below + 18ºС;
- in corner rooms at night - below +17ºС;
- in the central rooms at night - below +15ºС.
SNiP
Requirements for the operation of heating systems are fixed in SNiP 41-01-2003. Much attention in this document is given to security issues. In the case of heating, the heated coolant carries a potential hazard, which is why its temperature for residential and public buildings limited. It, as a rule, does not exceed + 95ºС.
If the water in the internal pipelines of the heating system is heated above + 100ºС, then the following safety measures are provided for at such facilities:
- heating pipes are laid in special mines. In the event of a breakthrough, the coolant will remain in these reinforced channels and will not be a source of danger to people;
- pipelines in high-rise buildings have special structural elements or devices that do not allow water to boil.
If the building has heating made of polymer pipes, then the temperature of the coolant should not exceed + 90ºС.
We have already mentioned above that in addition to the temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system, responsible organizations need to monitor how hot the accessible elements of heating devices are. These rules are also given in SNiP. Permissible temperatures vary depending on the purpose of the room.
First of all, everything here is determined by the same security rules. For example, in children's and medical institutions allowable temperatures are minimal. AT in public places and there are usually no special restrictions for them at various production facilities.
Surface of heating radiators general rules should not be heated above +90ºС. If this figure is exceeded, Negative consequences. They consist, first of all, in the burning of paint on batteries, as well as in the combustion of dust in the air. This fills the indoor atmosphere with substances harmful to health. In addition, damage to the appearance of heating devices is possible.
Another issue is safety in rooms with hot radiators. According to the general rules, it is supposed to protect heating devices, the surface temperature of which is above + 75ºС. Usually, lattice fences are used for this. They do not interfere with air circulation. At the same time, SNiP provides for mandatory protection of radiators in children's institutions.
In accordance with SNiP, the maximum temperature of the coolant varies depending on the purpose of the room. It is determined both by the characteristics of the heating of different buildings, and by security considerations. For example, in medical institutions, the permissible water temperature in pipes is the lowest. It is + 85ºС.
The maximum heated coolant (up to +150ºС) can be supplied to the following facilities:
- lobbies;
- heated pedestrian crossings;
- landings;
- technical premises;
- industrial buildings, in which there are no aerosols and dust prone to ignition.
The temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system according to SNiP is used only in the cold season. In the warm season, the document in question normalizes the microclimate parameters only in terms of ventilation and air conditioning.
Economical energy consumption in the heating system can be achieved if certain requirements are met. One of the options is the presence of a temperature chart, which reflects the ratio of the temperature emanating from the heating source to external environment. The value of the values makes it possible to optimally distribute heat and hot water to the consumer.
High-rise buildings are connected mainly to central heating. Sources that convey thermal energy, are boiler houses or CHP. Water is used as a heat carrier. It is heated to a predetermined temperature.
Having passed full cycle through the system, the coolant, already cooled, returns to the source and reheating occurs. Sources are connected to the consumer by thermal networks. Since the environment changes the temperature regime, thermal energy should be regulated so that the consumer receives the required volume.
Heat regulation from central system can be produced in two ways:
- Quantitative. In this form, the flow rate of water changes, but the temperature is constant.
- Qualitative. The temperature of the liquid changes, but its flow rate does not change.
In our systems, the second variant of regulation is used, that is, qualitative. W Here there is a direct relationship between two temperatures: coolant and environment. And the calculation is carried out in such a way as to provide heat in the room of 18 degrees and above.
Hence, we can say that the temperature curve of the source is a broken curve. The change in its directions depends on the temperature difference (coolant and outside air).
Dependency graph may vary.
A particular chart has a dependency on:
- Technical and economic indicators.
- Equipment for a CHP or boiler room.
- climate.
High performance of the coolant provides the consumer with a large thermal energy.
An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the coolant, Tnv is the outdoor air:
It is also used, the diagram of the returned coolant. A boiler house or CHP according to such a scheme can evaluate the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid arrives cooled.
The stability of the scheme depends on the design values of the liquid flow of high-rise buildings. If the flow rate through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, as the flow rate will increase. And vice versa, when minimum flow, the return water will be sufficiently cooled.
The supplier's interest is, of course, in the receipt return water in a chilled state. But there are certain limits to reduce the flow, since a decrease leads to losses in the amount of heat. The consumer will begin to lower the internal degree in the apartment, which will lead to a violation building codes and the discomfort of the inhabitants.
What does it depend on?
The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and coolant. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of coolant. When designing a central source, the size of the equipment, the building and the section of pipes are taken into account.
The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23°C, it would be warm in the apartments and have a value of 22°C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. These standards are in line with the normal comfortable living in home.
Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature scheme. For example, the return of a liquid with an elevated temperature will indicate high coolant costs. Underestimated data will be considered as a consumption deficit.
Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme with calculated data of 95-70°C was introduced. The buildings above had their chart 105-70°C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70°C, and maybe 80-60°C.
Temperature chart 95-70:
Temperature chart 95-70 How is it calculated?
The control method is selected, then the calculation is made. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water inflow, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, when one of them considers only heating, the second one considers heating with consumption hot water.
For an example calculation, we will use methodological development Roskommunenergo.
The initial data for the heat generating station will be:
- Tnv- the amount of outside air.
- TVN- indoor air.
- T1- coolant from the source.
- T2- return flow of water.
- T3- the entrance to the building.
We will consider several options for supplying heat with a value of 150, 130 and 115 degrees.
At the same time, at the exit they will have 70 ° C.
The results obtained are brought into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:
So we got three various schemes which can be taken as a basis. It would be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we considered the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic features of the region and the characteristics of the building.
To reduce power consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and uniform distribution of heat throughout the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the load of the system does not affect the quality operation of the unit.
Adjustment
Heating regulator Automatic control is provided by the heating controller.
It includes the following details:
- Computing and matching panel.
- Executive device at the water supply line.
- Executive device, which performs the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
- boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
- Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several in a room.
The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.
To increase the flow, there is a booster pump, and the corresponding command from the regulator. The incoming flow is regulated by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some of the liquid that circulates along the circuit is sent to the supply.
Information is taken by sensors and transmitted to control units, as a result of which flows are redistributed, which provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.
Sometimes, a computing device is used, where the DHW and heating regulators are combined.
The hot water regulator has more a simple circuit management. The hot water sensor regulates the flow of water with a stable value of 50°C.
Regulator benefits:
- The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
- Exclusion of liquid overheating.
- Fuel Economy and energy.
- The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.
Table with temperature chart
The operating mode of the boilers depends on the weather of the environment.
If we take various objects, for example, a factory building, a multi-storey building and private house, all will have an individual heat chart.
In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:
| Outside temperature | Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline | Temperature of network water in the return pipeline |
| +10 | 70 | 55 |
| +9 | 70 | 54 |
| +8 | 70 | 53 |
| +7 | 70 | 52 |
| +6 | 70 | 51 |
| +5 | 70 | 50 |
| +4 | 70 | 49 |
| +3 | 70 | 48 |
| +2 | 70 | 47 |
| +1 | 70 | 46 |
| 0 | 70 | 45 |
| -1 | 72 | 46 |
| -2 | 74 | 47 |
| -3 | 76 | 48 |
| -4 | 79 | 49 |
| -5 | 81 | 50 |
| -6 | 84 | 51 |
| -7 | 86 | 52 |
| -8 | 89 | 53 |
| -9 | 91 | 54 |
| -10 | 93 | 55 |
| -11 | 96 | 56 |
| -12 | 98 | 57 |
| -13 | 100 | 58 |
| -14 | 103 | 59 |
| -15 | 105 | 60 |
| -16 | 107 | 61 |
| -17 | 110 | 62 |
| -18 | 112 | 63 |
| -19 | 114 | 64 |
| -20 | 116 | 65 |
| -21 | 119 | 66 |
| -22 | 121 | 66 |
| -23 | 123 | 67 |
| -24 | 126 | 68 |
| -25 | 128 | 69 |
| -26 | 130 | 70 |
SNiP
There are certain rules that must be observed in the creation of projects on heating network and transporting hot water to the consumer, where the supply of water vapor must be carried out at 400°C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. The supply of heat from the source is recommended to be released to the consumer with values of 90/70 °C or 115/70 °C.
Regulatory requirements should be followed for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory coordination with the Ministry of Construction of the country.
In the article, we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the heating system depends on the temperature outside. elevator node and what can be the temperature of the radiators in winter.
We will touch on the topic self fight cold in the apartment.
Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.
general information
Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.
Outside temperature
Design temperature heating period, which is included in the design of heating systems, is nothing less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day periods for the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.
This approach allows, on the one hand, to be prepared for severe frosts that happen only once every few years, and on the other hand, not to invest excessive funds in the project. On the scale of mass construction, we are talking about very significant amounts.
Target room temperature
It should be noted right away that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.
Several factors are at work in parallel:
- Outdoor air temperature. The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
- Presence or absence of wind. Strong wind increases the heat loss of buildings by blowing porches, basements and apartments through unsealed doors and windows.
- The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room. It is clear that in the case of a hermetically sealed plastic window with double glazing heat loss will be much lower than with dried out wooden window and glazing in two threads.
It is curious: now there has been a trend towards construction apartment buildings with the highest degree of thermal insulation.
In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are being built immediately with facade insulation mineral wool or polystyrene and with hermetically closing doors of entrances and apartments.
- And finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.
So, what are the current temperature standards in rooms for various purposes?
- In the apartment: corner rooms- not lower than 20C, other living rooms - not lower than 18C, bathroom - not lower than 25C.
Nuance: at an estimated air temperature below -31C, more than high values, +22 and +20C (source - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 "Rules for providing utilities citizens"). - AT kindergarten: 18-23 degrees depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and playrooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
- AT educational institutions: from 16C for boarding school bedrooms to +21 in classrooms.
- In theaters, clubs, other places of entertainment: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and + 22C for the stage.
- For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories), the norm is 18 degrees.
- In grocery stores, the normal winter temperature is 12, and in non-food stores - 15 degrees.
- The temperature in the gyms is maintained at 15-18 degrees.
- In hospitals, the maintained temperature depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, in the wards for premature babies it is maintained at +25, and for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) - 15C. In surgical wards, the norm is + 26C.
temperature graph
What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?
It is determined by four factors:
- Air temperature outside.
- Type of heating system. For single pipe system the maximum water temperature in the heating system in accordance with current standards is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system - 95. The maximum temperature difference between the supply and return is 105/70 and 95/70C, respectively.
- The direction of the water supply to the radiators. For houses of the upper bottling (with supply in the attic) and lower (with pairwise looping of the risers and the location of both threads in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
- Type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and have different heat transfer; accordingly, to ensure the same temperature in the room, the temperature regime of heating must be different.
So, what should be the temperature of heating - water in the supply and return pipes - at different outdoor temperatures?
We present only a small part temperature table for the estimated ambient temperature of -40 degrees.
- At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipeline for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return one is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
- At -20 for radiators, the supply and return must have a temperature of 67-77 / 53-55C. For convectors 68-79/55-57.
- At -40C outside, for all heaters, the temperature reaches the maximum allowable temperature: 95/105, depending on the type of heating system, at the supply and 70C at the return pipe.
Useful extras
To understand the principle of operation of the heating system apartment building, separation of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.
The temperature of the heating main at the outlet of the CHP and the temperature of the heating system in your home are completely different things. At the same -40, a CHP or boiler house will produce about 140 degrees at the supply. Water does not evaporate only due to pressure.
In the elevator unit of your house, part of the water from the return pipeline, returning from the heating system, is mixed into the supply. The nozzle injects a jet of hot water at high pressure into the so-called elevator and recirculates the masses of cooled water.
Why is this needed?
To provide:
- Reasonable mixture temperature. Recall: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.
Attention: for kindergartens, a different temperature norm applies: no higher than 37C. low temperature heating appliances have to be compensated large area heat exchange.
That is why in kindergartens the walls are decorated with radiators of such great length.
- Large volume of water involved in circulation. If you remove the nozzle and let the water flow directly from the supply, the return temperature will differ little from the supply, which will dramatically increase heat loss on the route and disrupt the operation of the CHP.
If you turn off the suction of water from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline can simply freeze in winter.
The areas of responsibility are divided as follows:
- The temperature of the water injected into the heating mains is the responsibility of the heat producer - the local CHPP or boiler house;
- For the transportation of the coolant with minimal losses - the organization serving the heating networks (KTS - communal heating networks).
- For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - ZhEU. In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - something on which the temperature of the radiators depends - is coordinated with the CTC.
If your house is cold and all the heating devices are those installed by the builders, you will settle this issue with the residents. They are required to provide the temperatures recommended by sanitary standards.
If you undertake any modification of the heating system, for example, you thereby assume full responsibility for the temperature in your home.
How to deal with the cold
Let us, however, be realistic: most often we have to solve the problem of cold in the apartment ourselves, with our own hands. Not always housing organization can provide you with warmth in a reasonable time, and sanitary norms not everyone will be satisfied: I want the house to be warm.
What will the instructions for dealing with cold in an apartment building look like?
Jumpers in front of radiators
In front of the heaters in most apartments there are jumpers that are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the riser in any condition of the radiator. For a long time they were supplied with three-way valves, then they began to be installed without any shut-off valves.
The jumper in any case reduces the circulation of the coolant through the heater. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.
The simplest way to make your apartment warmer is to insert chokes into the jumper itself and the connection between it and the radiator.
With their help, it is possible to conveniently adjust the temperature of the heating batteries: when the jumper is closed and the throttle to the radiator is fully open, the temperature is maximum, it is worth opening the jumper and covering the second throttle - and the heat in the room comes to naught.
The great advantage of such a refinement is the minimum cost of the solution. The price of the throttle does not exceed 250 rubles; spurs, couplings and locknuts cost a penny at all.
Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is at least slightly covered, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, adjusting the heating temperature will result in batteries and convectors that have cooled down at the neighbors.
Warm floor
Even if the radiator in the room hangs on a return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, by modifying the heating system, you can make the room warm.
The way out is low-temperature heating systems.
It is difficult to apply in a city apartment due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.
Much more real option- warm floor. Due to where larger area heat transfer and more rational distribution of heat in the volume of the room low temperature heating warms up the room better than a hot radiator.
What does the implementation look like?
- Chokes are placed on the jumper and the eyeliner in the same way as in the previous case.
- The outlet from the riser to the heater is connected to metal-plastic pipe, which fits into the screed on the floor.
So that communications do not spoil appearance rooms, they are put away in a box. As an option, the tie-in to the riser is moved closer to the floor level.
Conclusion
Additional information about work centralized systems heating you can find in the video at the end of the article. Warm winters!
During heating season the optimum temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment must be maintained, the norm of which is regulated by Government Decree No. 354 Russian Federation dated 05/06/2011. With district heating, as in the heating system of a private house, the heating of the coolant in the network is regulated depending on weather conditions. The goal is to maintain standard temperature air in living quarters. But often these standards are not observed for various reasons, and residents have to solve the problem on their own.
Requirements for heating networks
In case of district heating, the source of heat is a boiler house or a CHP, where high-temperature hot water boilers are installed (steam boilers at CHPs). The fuel is usually natural gas, other energy carriers are used to a lesser extent. The temperature of the heat carrier at the outlet of the boiler is 115 °C, but the water does not boil under pressure. The need for heating up to 115 ° C is explained by the fact that boiler plants in this mode operate with maximum efficiency.
The transition from 115 ° C to the required temperature value is provided by plate or shell-and-tube heat exchangers. At CHP plants, heat exchangers receive exhaust steam from turbines to produce electricity. According to regulatory requirements, the water temperature in the heating pipes should not exceed 105 ° C, lower limit depends on street conditions. In this range, the heating of water in the heating network is regulated depending on the weather, for which each boiler room has a temperature graph of the heating system. For home networks, 2 calculation schedules are used:
- 105/70 °С;
- 95/70 °C.
These numbers show maximum temperature supply and return water during the most severe frosts in a particular area. But at the beginning and at the end of the heating season, when the weather is still not too cold, it makes no sense to heat the coolant to 105 ° C, therefore, a real temperature heating schedule is drawn up, which describes how much water should be heated at different temperature outside air. The dependence of heating on weather conditions is shown in the table, which contains excerpts from the schedule for Ufa:
| Temperature, °C | |||
| outdoor air average daily | on the supply with the estimated schedule 105/70 | on the supply with the estimated schedule 95/70 | in the return line |
| +8 | 43 | 41 | 36 |
| 0 | 56 | 52 | 43 |
| -5 | 64 | 59 | 48 |
| -10 | 71 | 65 | 52 |
| -15 | 78 | 72 | 56 |
| -20 | 85 | 78 | 59 |
| -25 | 92 | 84 | 63 |
| -30 | 99 | 89 | 67 |
| -35 | 105 | 95 | 70 |
The table is presented as an example and is correct only for this city, another locality has its own dependence, because the climatic conditions in the country are different.
It is quite difficult to find out exactly what the temperature of the coolant in a centralized heating network is. To do this, you need to have a remote thermometer that determines the degree of surface heating. So to determine how the heating standards in the apartment are observed, it is possible only by the air temperature in the rooms.
heating requirements
According to the aforementioned Decree, the start of centralized heating is carried out after 5 days, during which the average outdoor temperature does not exceed +8 °C. If, after 4 cold days, heat comes again on the fifth, then the start of the heating period is postponed until the specified conditions are met. Heating norms prescribe that the termination of heating operation occurs according to the same principle: 5 days must pass with an average daily temperature of +8 ° C.
There are changes in the Decree that provide for an individual approach to the supply of heat to buildings that fully comply with the requirements for thermal insulation. Heat supply organizations are required to turn on the heating of such houses as soon as the temperature in the street drops to the value provided for project documentation. It is easy to guess that in reality these changes are not being carried out very well, and the start of heat supply occurs simultaneously in all residential buildings - insulated and ordinary.
During the heating period, the system district heating should provide multi-apartment residential buildings with sufficient heat energy. In order for the heat supply service to be considered fully provided, the following requirements for the permissible air temperature in rooms for various purposes must be met:
- living rooms - from 18 to 24 °С, corner rooms - from 20 °С;
- bathroom (or separate toilet and bathroom) - from 18 to 26 ° C;
- kitchen (taking into account the heat source in the form of a stove) - from 18 to 26 ° С;
- pantry - from 12 to 22 ° С;
- corridor - from 16 to 20 ° С.
For apartment buildings located in cold northern regions, the lower limit allowable temperature in living rooms increased to +20 °С (in corners up to +22 °С). The increase comes into force on the condition that the frost on the street reaches -31 ° C (on average per day) and lasts at least 5 days. It is also allowed to reduce the temperature in the apartment by 3 ° C from midnight to 5.00 in the morning.
Heat supply to a number of apartments or the building as a whole may be terminated as a result of emergency and emergency repairs. But for holding repair work Regulatory documents allocate a certain time, depending on weather conditions. The colder the outside air, the sooner the relevant service is obliged to rectify the fault. The total duration of breaks in heating operation is no more than 24 hours per month.
Failure to comply with the requirements of the heat supply organization
When the duration of repair measures exceeds the time allocated according to the norms, the heat supplier is obliged to recalculate the payment, its value is reduced by 0.15% for each extra hour of disconnected heat supply. According to the rules, the same recalculation must be carried out for all the time when the temperature in the apartments was below the permissible level (18 ° C). At the same time, the deducted amount of payment cannot be more than the amount for the entire period when sufficient heat was not supplied to the radiators for heating. In some cases, the regulatory document allows for the complete exemption of affected tenants from payment.
In order to achieve the discount provided for by legislative acts, residents of an apartment building must complete a number of formalities:
- After taking measurements of the air temperature, report a violation of the standards to the dispatching service of the enterprise supplying thermal energy. It is best to make a written statement signed by those living in the apartment.
- The application must be registered in the prescribed manner.
- According to the rules, after a complaint is received, an inspection must be carried out by the caretaker technicians within 2 hours. They are obliged to visit the dwelling and check how many degrees are in the apartment at the moment.
- Based on the results of the inspection, an act is drawn up, signed by the inspectors and the injured party. If necessary, an additional examination may be appointed, the cost of which is paid by the heat supplier. But if the examination concludes that the standards are not violated, its cost will be included in the payment for thermal energy.
Practice shows that employees of a heating network enterprise may not come with an inspection or their visit does not bring results. In such a situation, the act is drawn up independently and endorsed by at least 2 service users, and then by the chairman elected by the council of apartment building owners. A copy of the act is officially transferred to heat supply organization and register there. Service provision Low quality is considered from the moment when the act is signed by all parties.
Further non-fulfillment by the enterprise of its obligations leads to litigation, where the act drawn up earlier, which has legal force, will play an important role. Similar actions against unscrupulous heat suppliers are necessary to encourage them to reconstruct worn-out networks and equipment, and it will be more expensive to pay for claims.
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What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system in order to live comfortably in the house? This point is of interest to many consumers. When choosing a temperature regime, several factors are taken into account:
- the need to achieve the desired degree of space heating;
- ensuring reliable, stable, economical and long-term operation heating equipment;
- efficient transfer of thermal energy through pipelines.
The temperature of the coolant in the heating network
The heating system must function in such a way that it is comfortable to be in the room, which is why the standards are established. According to regulatory documents, temperature in residential buildings should not fall below 18 degrees, and for children's institutions and hospitals - this is 21 degrees of heat.
But it should be borne in mind that, depending on the air temperature outside the building, the building through the enclosing structures may lose different size heat. Therefore, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system, based on external factors, varies from 30 to 90 degrees. When water is heated above, decomposition begins in the heating structure coatings which is prohibited by health regulations.
To determine what the temperature of the coolant in the batteries should be, specially designed temperature charts are used for specific groups of buildings. They reflect the dependence of the degree of heating of the coolant on the state of the outside air. You can also use automatic adjustment according to indications located indoors.
Optimum temperature for the boiler room
To ensure efficient heat transfer in heating boilers, there should be more heat because than more heat can transfer a certain amount of water, the better the degree of heating. Therefore, at the outlet of the heat generator, they try to bring the temperature of the liquid closer to the maximum allowable values.In addition, the minimum heating of water or other coolant in the boiler cannot be lowered below the dew point (usually this parameter is 60-70 degrees, but it largely depends on technical features unit model and type of fuel). Otherwise, when the heat generator burns, condensate appears, which, in combination with aggressive substances contained in the composition flue gases, leads to increased wear of the device.
Coordination of water temperature in the boiler and system
There are two options for coordinating high-temperature coolants in the boiler and lower temperatures in the heating system:- In the first case, the efficiency of the boiler should be neglected and, at the exit from it, the coolant should be given out to such a degree of heating that the system currently requires. This is how small boilers operate. But in the end, it turns out not always to supply the coolant in accordance with the optimal temperature regime according to the schedule (read: ""). AT recent times Increasingly, in small boiler houses, a water heating controller is mounted at the outlet, taking into account the readings, which fixes the coolant temperature sensor.
- In the second case, the heating of water for transportation through networks at the outlet of the boiler room is maximized. Further, in the immediate vicinity of consumers,automatic control of the coolant temperature to the required values. This method is considered more progressive, it is used in many large heating networks, and since regulators and sensors have become cheaper, it is increasingly used in small heat supply facilities.
The principle of operation of heating regulators
The temperature controller of the coolant circulating in the heating system is a device that provides automatic control and adjustment temperature parameters water.Composed this device shown in the photo, from the following elements:
- computing and switching node;
- operating mechanism on the hot coolant supply pipe;
- an actuating unit designed to mix in the coolant coming from the return. In some cases, set three-way valve;
- booster pump in the supply section;
- not always a booster pump in the "cold bypass" segment;
- sensor on the coolant supply line;
- valves and shut-off valves;
- return sensor;
- outdoor air temperature sensor;
- several room temperature sensors.
At the outlet of the heating system (return), the temperature of the coolant depends on the volume of water that has passed through it, since the load is relatively constant. Covering the liquid supply, the regulator thereby increases the difference between the supply line and the return line to the required value (sensors are installed on these pipelines).
When, on the contrary, it is necessary to increase the flow of the coolant, then a booster pump is inserted into the heat supply system, which is also controlled by the regulator. In order to lower the temperature of the water inlet flow, a cold bypass is used, which means that part of the heat carrier that has already circulated through the system is again sent to the inlet.
As a result, the regulator, redistributing the heat carrier flows depending on the data recorded by the sensor, ensures compliance with the temperature schedule of the heating system.
Often, such a controller is combined with a hot water controller using one computing node. A device that regulates hot water supply is easier to manage and in terms of actuators. With the help of a sensor on the hot water supply line, the passage of water through the boiler is adjusted and, as a result, it steadily has a standard 50 degrees (read: "").
Advantages of using the regulator in heat supply
The use of the regulator in the heating system has the following positive aspects:- it allows you to clearly maintain the temperature graph, which is based on the calculation of the temperature of the coolant (read: "");
- increased heating of water in the system is not allowed and thus economical consumption of fuel and thermal energy is ensured;
- heat production and its transportation take place in boiler houses at the most effective parameters, and the characteristics of the coolant and hot water required for heating are created by the regulator in the closest to the consumer thermal node or paragraph (read: " ");
- for all subscribers of the heating network, the same conditions are provided, regardless of the distance to the source of heat supply.