Temperature graphs of a low-temperature heating system. Temperature graph of the heating network - tips for compiling

Economical energy consumption in the heating system can be achieved if certain requirements are met. One of the options is the presence of a temperature chart, which reflects the ratio of the temperature emanating from the heating source to external environment. The value of the values ​​makes it possible to optimally distribute heat and hot water to the consumer.

High-rise buildings are connected mainly to central heating. Sources that convey thermal energy, are boiler houses or CHP. Water is used as a heat carrier. It is heated to a predetermined temperature.

Having passed full cycle through the system, the coolant, already cooled, returns to the source and reheating occurs. Sources are connected to the consumer by thermal networks. Since the environment changes the temperature regime, thermal energy should be regulated so that the consumer receives the required volume.

Heat regulation from central system can be produced in two ways:

1. Quantitative. In this form, the flow rate of water changes, but the temperature is constant.
2. Qualitative. The temperature of the liquid changes, but its flow rate does not change.

In our systems, the second variant of regulation is used, that is, qualitative. W Here there is a direct relationship between two temperatures: coolant and environment. And the calculation is carried out in such a way as to provide heat in the room of 18 degrees and above.

Hence, we can say that the temperature curve of the source is a broken curve. The change in its directions depends on the temperature difference (coolant and outside air).

Dependency graph may vary.

A particular chart has a dependency on:

1. Technical and economic indicators.
2. Equipment for a CHP or boiler room.
3. climate.

High performance of the coolant provides the consumer with a large thermal energy.

An example of a circuit is shown below, where T1 is the temperature of the coolant, Tnv is the outdoor air:

It is also used, the diagram of the returned coolant. A boiler house or CHP according to such a scheme can evaluate the efficiency of the source. It is considered high when the returned liquid arrives cooled.

The stability of the scheme depends on the design values ​​of the liquid flow of high-rise buildings. If the flow rate through the heating circuit increases, the water will return uncooled, as the flow rate will increase. And vice versa, when minimum flow, return water will be cool enough.

The supplier's interest is, of course, in the flow of return water in a chilled state. But there are certain limits to reduce the flow, since a decrease leads to losses in the amount of heat. The consumer will begin to lower the internal degree in the apartment, which will lead to a violation building codes and the discomfort of the inhabitants.

What does it depend on?

The temperature curve depends on two quantities: outside air and coolant. Frosty weather leads to an increase in the degree of coolant. When designing a central source, the size of the equipment, the building and the section of pipes are taken into account.

The value of the temperature leaving the boiler room is 90 degrees, so that at minus 23°C, it would be warm in the apartments and have a value of 22°C. Then the return water returns to 70 degrees. These standards are in line with the normal comfortable living in home.

Analysis and adjustment of operating modes is carried out using a temperature scheme. For example, the return of a liquid with an elevated temperature will indicate high coolant costs. Underestimated data will be considered as a consumption deficit.

Previously, for 10-storey buildings, a scheme with calculated data of 95-70°C was introduced. The buildings above had their chart 105-70°C. Modern new buildings may have a different scheme, at the discretion of the designer. More often, there are diagrams of 90-70°C, and maybe 80-60°C.

Temperature chart 95-70:

How is it calculated?

The control method is selected, then the calculation is made. The calculation-winter and reverse order of water inflow, the amount of outside air, the order at the break point of the diagram are taken into account. There are two diagrams, where one of them considers only heating, the other one considers heating with hot water consumption.

For an example calculation, we will use methodological development Roskommunenergo.

The initial data for the heat generating station will be:

1. Tnv- the amount of outside air.
2. TVN- indoor air.
3. T1- coolant from the source.
4. T2- return flow of water.
5. T3- the entrance to the building.

We will consider several options for supplying heat with a value of 150, 130 and 115 degrees.

At the same time, at the exit they will have 70 ° C.

The results obtained are brought into a single table for the subsequent construction of the curve:

So we got three various schemes which can be taken as a basis. It would be more correct to calculate the diagram individually for each system. Here we considered the recommended values, without taking into account the climatic features of the region and the characteristics of the building.

To reduce power consumption, it is enough to choose a low-temperature order of 70 degrees and uniform distribution of heat throughout the heating circuit will be ensured. The boiler should be taken with a power reserve so that the load of the system does not affect the quality operation of the unit.

Adjustment

Automatic control is provided by the heating controller.

It includes the following details:

1. Computing and matching panel.
2. Executive device at the water supply line.
3. Executive device, which performs the function of mixing liquid from the returned liquid (return).
4. boost pump and a sensor on the water supply line.
5. Three sensors (on the return line, on the street, inside the building). There may be several in a room.

The regulator covers the liquid supply, thereby increasing the value between the return and supply to the value provided by the sensors.

To increase the flow, there is a booster pump, and the corresponding command from the regulator. The incoming flow is regulated by a "cold bypass". That is, the temperature drops. Some of the liquid that circulates along the circuit is sent to the supply.

Information is taken by sensors and transmitted to control units, as a result of which flows are redistributed, which provide a rigid temperature scheme for the heating system.

Sometimes, a computing device is used, where the DHW and heating regulators are combined.

The hot water regulator has more a simple circuit management. The hot water sensor regulates the flow of water with a stable value of 50°C.

Regulator benefits:

1. The temperature regime is strictly maintained.
2. Exclusion of liquid overheating.
3. Fuel Economy and energy.
4. The consumer, regardless of distance, receives heat equally.

Table with temperature chart

The operating mode of the boilers depends on the weather of the environment.

If we take various objects, for example, a factory building, a multi-storey building and private house, all will have an individual heat chart.

In the table, we show the temperature diagram of the dependence of residential buildings on the outside air:

SNiP

There are certain rules that must be observed in the creation of projects on heating network and transporting hot water to the consumer, where the supply of water vapor must be carried out at 400°C, at a pressure of 6.3 bar. The supply of heat from the source is recommended to be released to the consumer with values ​​of 90/70 °C or 115/70 °C.

Regulatory requirements should be followed for compliance with the approved documentation with the obligatory coordination with the Ministry of Construction of the country.

The efficiency of the heating system depends on many factors. These include the rated power, the degree of heat transfer of radiators and the temperature regime of operation. For the latter indicator, it is important to choose the right degree of heating of the coolant. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal temperature in the heating system for water, radiators and the boiler.

What determines the temperature of the water in the heating

For correct operation heat supply requires a graph of the temperature of the water in the heating system. According to it, the optimal degree of heating of the coolant is determined depending on the influence of certain external factors. It can be used to determine what water temperature in the heating batteries should be in a certain period of time the system is running.

It is a common misconception that the higher the degree of heating of the coolant, the better. However, this increases fuel consumption, increasing operating costs.

Often, the low temperature of the radiators is not a violation of the norms for heating the room. A low-temperature heat supply system was simply designed. That is why the exact calculation of water heating should be given Special attention.

The optimum water temperature in the heating pipes largely depends on external factors. To determine it, the following parameters must be taken into account:

• Heat loss at home. They are decisive for the calculation of any type of heat supply. Their calculation will be the first stage in the design of heat supply;
• Boiler characteristics. If the operation of this component does not meet the design requirements, the water temperature in the heating system of a private house will not rise to the desired level;
• Material for the manufacture of pipes and radiators. In the first case, it is necessary to use pipes with the minimum thermal conductivity. This will reduce heat loss in the system during the transportation of the coolant from the boiler heat exchanger to the radiators. For batteries, the opposite is important - high thermal conductivity. Therefore, the temperature of the water in the radiators central heating, made of cast iron, should be slightly higher than that of aluminum or bimetallic structures.

Is it possible to independently determine what temperature should be in the radiators? It depends on the characteristics of the system components. To do this, you should familiarize yourself with the properties of the batteries, the boiler and the heat supply pipes.

AT centralized system heat supply temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment is not important indicator. It is important that the norms for heating the air in living rooms.

Heating standards in apartments and houses

In fact, the degree of water heating in pipes and heat supply radiators is a subjective indicator. It is much more important to know the heat dissipation of the system. It, in turn, depends on what minimum and maximum water temperatures in the heating system can be achieved during operation.

For autonomous heat supply, the norms of central heating are quite applicable. They are detailed in the resolution of the PRF No. 354. It is noteworthy that the minimum water temperature in the heating system is not indicated there.

It is only important to observe the degree of heating of the air in the room. Therefore, in principle, the temperature regime of operation of one system can be different from another. It all depends on the influencing factors that were mentioned above.

In order to determine what temperature should be in the heating pipes, you should familiarize yourself with the current standards. In their content there is a division into residential and non-residential premises, as well as the dependence of the degree of air heating on the time of day:

• In rooms during the daytime. In this case, the standard heating temperature in the apartment should be +18°C for rooms in the middle of the house and +20°C in the corners;
• In living rooms at night. Some reduction is allowed. But at the same time, the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment should provide, respectively, + 15 ° С and + 17 ° С.

The management company is responsible for compliance with these standards. In case of their violation, you can request a recalculation of payment for heating services. For autonomous heat supply, a table of temperatures for heating is made, where the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the heating of the coolant and the degree of load on the system are entered. At the same time, no one bears responsibility for violation of this schedule. This will affect the comfort of staying in a private house.

For district heating it is mandatory to maintain the required level of air heating at landings and non-residential premises. The temperature of the water in the radiators must be such that the air is heated to a minimum value of +12°C.

Calculation of the temperature regime of heating

When calculating the heat supply, the properties of all components must be taken into account. This is especially true for radiators. What is the optimal temperature in the radiators - + 70 ° C or + 95 ° C? It all depends on thermal calculation which is carried out at the design stage.

First you need to determine the heat loss in the building. Based on the data obtained, a boiler with the appropriate power is selected. Then comes the most difficult design stage - determining the parameters of heat supply batteries.

They must have a certain level of heat transfer, which will affect the temperature curve of the water in the heating system. Manufacturers indicate this parameter, but only for a certain mode of operation of the system.

If you need to spend 2 kW of thermal energy to maintain a comfortable level of air heating in a room, then the radiators must have no less heat transfer.

To determine this, you need to know the following quantities:

• Permissible maximum water temperature in the heating system -t1. It depends on the power of the boiler, the temperature limit of exposure to pipes (especially polymer pipes);
• Optimal the temperature that should be in the heating return pipes - t This is determined by the type of wiring of the mains (one-pipe or two-pipe) and the total length of the system;
• Required degree of air heating in the room -t.

Tnap=(t1-t2)*((t1-t2)/2-t3)

Q=k*F*Tnap

Where k- heat transfer coefficient of the heating device. This parameter must be specified in the passport; F- radiator area; Tnap- thermal pressure.

Varying various indicators of maximum and minimum temperature water in the heating system can be determined optimal mode system operation. It is important to correctly initially calculate the required power heater. Most often, the indicator of low temperature in heating batteries is associated with heating design errors. Experts recommend adding a small margin to the obtained value of the radiator power - about 5%. This will be needed in case of a critical decrease in the temperature outside in the winter.

Most manufacturers indicate the heat output of radiators according to the accepted standards EN 442 for mode 75/65/20. This corresponds to the norm of the heating temperature in the apartment.

Water temperature in the boiler and heating pipes

After performing the above calculation, it is necessary to adapt the heating temperature table for the boiler and pipes. During operation of the heat supply, there should not be any emergencies, common cause which is a violation of the temperature graph.

The normal indicator of water temperature in central heating batteries can be up to + 90 ° С. This is strictly monitored at the stage of preparation of the coolant, its transportation and distribution to residential apartments.

Much the situation is more difficult with autonomous heating. In this case, control completely depends on the owner of the house. It is important to ensure that there is no excess of water temperature in the heating pipes that goes beyond the schedule. This may affect the security of the system.

If the water temperature in the heating system of a private house exceeds the norm, the following situations may occur:

• Pipeline damage. In particular, this applies to polymer lines, in which the maximum heating can be + 85 ° C. That is why the normal value of the temperature of the heating pipes in an apartment is usually + 70 ° C. Otherwise, deformation of the line may occur and a rush will occur;
• Air heating excess. If the temperature of the heat supply radiators in the apartment provokes an increase in the degree of air heating above + 27 ° C - this is beyond the normal range;
• Reduced service life of heating components. This applies to both radiators and pipes. Over time, the maximum temperature of the water in the heating system will lead to breakdown.

Also, a violation of the schedule of water temperature in the system autonomous heating causes air pockets to form. This is due to the transfer of the coolant from liquid state into gaseous. Additionally, this affects the formation of corrosion on the surface of the metal components of the system. That is why it is necessary to accurately calculate what temperature should be in the heat supply batteries, taking into account their material of manufacture.

The most common violation thermal regime work is observed in solid fuel boilers. This is due to the problem of adjusting their power. When a critical temperature level in the heating pipes is reached, it is difficult to quickly reduce the boiler power.

The influence of temperature on the properties of the coolant

In addition to the above factors, the temperature of the water in the heat supply pipes affects its properties. This is the principle of operation of gravitational heating systems. With an increase in the level of heating of water, it expands and circulation occurs.

However, in the case of using antifreezes, the excess temperature in the radiators can lead to other results. Therefore, for heat supply with a coolant other than water, you must first find out the permissible indicators of its heating. This does not apply to the temperature of the radiators. district heating in the apartment, since antifreeze-based liquids are not used in such systems.

Antifreeze is used if there is a possibility of low temperature affecting the radiators. Unlike water, it does not begin to change from a liquid to a crystalline state when it reaches 0°C. However, if the work of heat supply is outside the norms of the temperature table for heating upwards, the following phenomena may occur:

• Foaming. This entails an increase in the volume of the coolant and, as a consequence, an increase in pressure. The reverse process will not be observed when the antifreeze cools;
• Formation limescale . The composition of antifreeze includes a certain amount of mineral components. If the norm of the heating temperature in the apartment is violated in a big way, their precipitation begins. Over time, this will lead to clogging of pipes and radiators;
• Increasing the density index. There may be malfunctions circulation pump, if its rated power has not been designed for such situations.

Therefore, it is much easier to monitor the temperature of the water in the heating system of a private house than to control the degree of heating of antifreeze. In addition, ethylene glycol-based compounds emit a gas harmful to humans during evaporation. Currently, they are practically not used as a coolant in autonomous systems heat supply.

Before pouring antifreeze into the heating, replace all rubber gaskets to paranitic. This is due to the increased permeability of this type of coolant.

Ways to normalize the temperature regime of heating

The minimum value of the water temperature in the heating system is not the main threat to its operation. This, of course, affects the microclimate in residential premises, but in no way affects the functioning of heat supply. In case of excess of norm of heating of water there can be emergencies.

When drawing up a heating scheme, it is necessary to provide for a number of measures aimed at eliminating a critical increase in water temperature. First of all, this will lead to an increase in pressure and an increase in the load on inner surface pipes and radiators.

If this phenomenon is one-time and short-lived, the heat supply components may not be affected. However, such situations arise under the constant influence of certain factors. Most often, this is the incorrect operation of a solid fuel boiler.

• Installing a security group. It consists of an air vent, a bleed valve and a pressure gauge. If the water temperature reaches a critical level, these components will remove excess coolant, thereby ensuring the normal circulation of the liquid for its natural cooling;
• mixing unit. It connects the return and supply pipes. Additionally, a two-way valve with a servo drive is installed. The latter is connected to a temperature sensor. If the value of the degree of heating exceeds the norm, the valve will open and the flows of hot and cooled water will mix;
• Electronic heating control unit. It records the temperature of the water in various parts of the system. In case of violation of the thermal regime, he will give the appropriate command to the boiler processor to reduce power.

These measures will help prevent incorrect operation of the heating for another initial stage the occurrence of a problem. The most difficult to regulate the level of water temperature in systems with solid fuel boiler. Therefore, for them, special attention should be paid to the choice of parameters of the safety group and the mixing unit.

The effect of water temperature on its circulation in heating is described in detail in the video:

In this article I want to tell you how and on the basis of what the temperature of the coolant is regulated. I don't think that this article will be useful or interesting to heat power workers, since they won't learn anything new from it. But for ordinary citizens, I hope it will be useful.

4.11.1. The mode of operation of the heating plant of the power plant and the district boiler house (pressure in the supply and return pipelines and temperature in the supply pipelines) must be organized in accordance with the task of the heat network manager.

The temperature of the network water in the supply pipelines in accordance with the approved for the heat supply system temperature graph should be set according to the average outdoor air temperature for a period of time within 12 - 24 hours, determined by the heat network dispatcher, depending on the length of the networks, climatic conditions and other factors.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city, depending on local conditions. It clearly defines what should be the temperature of the network water in the heating network at a specific outdoor temperature. For example, at -35 ° the temperature of the coolant should be 130/70. The first digit determines the temperature in the supply pipe, the second - in the return. The heat network manager sets this temperature for all heat sources (CHP, boiler houses).

The rules allow deviations from the given parameters:

4.11.1. Deviations from the set mode behind the head valves of the power plant (boiler house) should be no more than:

• by the temperature of the water entering the heating network, ± 3%;
• by pressure in the supply pipelines ± 5%;
• pressure in return pipelines ±0.2 kgf/cm2 (±20 kPa).

4.12.36. For water heating systems, the heat supply regime should be based on the schedule of the central quality regulation. It is allowed to use qualitative-quantitative and quantitative schedules for regulating heat supply at required level equipping thermal energy sources, heating networks and heat consumption systems with means automatic regulation, development of appropriate hydraulic regimes.

So, dear citizens, do not try to somehow influence the heating networks if you become very hot in the spring. They will not do anything for you, because they have neither the right nor the opportunity. Complain to the administration, then, perhaps, they will order to stop the heating season earlier. But remember that in spring the temperature outside is changeable, and if today it is warm and you have turned off the heating, then tomorrow it can become very cold, and turning off the equipment is much faster than turning it on.

Now let's talk about how cold it is in an apartment in winter, especially when it is thoroughly "frost". If the apartment is cold Who is usually to blame? That's right - heating networks! This is what most people think. In part, they are right, but not everything is so simple.

Let's start with the fact that in severe frosts, gas supply organizations can introduce restriction on gas supplies. Because of this, boiler houses have to maintain the temperature of the coolant "as much as possible". As a rule, it is 10 degrees lower than what is laid down in the temperature chart. It is easier for power plants - they switch to burning fuel oil, and boiler houses, which often stand almost in the middle of residential areas, are allowed to burn fuel oil only in emergency cases (for example, a complete cessation of gas supply) so that people do not freeze completely. Due to gas supply restrictions, even turn off hot water to reduce heat carrier costs and thereby maintain the temperature in heating systems at the desired level. So don't be surprised if something happens.

Also, the reason that it is cold in apartments in winter is the high degree of deterioration of the heating networks themselves, and in particular thermal insulation of pipelines. As a result, in houses that are located quite far from the heat source, the coolant “reaches” already cooled down in order.

Well, the last reason that I will talk about is the unsatisfactory thermal insulation of the apartments and houses themselves. Slots in windows, doors, lack of thermal insulation of the house itself - all this leads to the fact that heat goes into environment and we are cold. You can eliminate this cause yourself. Install new windows, make the thermal insulation of the apartment, change the heating radiators to new ones, because over time cast iron batteries clogged and heat transfer is significantly reduced. By the way, if paint the battery black, then it will heat better. This is not a joke, experiments confirm this fact.

Well, that seems to be all I wanted to tell in this article. I also want to make a reservation that I wrote the article, based largely on personal experience. AT different regions our country, the situation may be different and radically different from what I wrote here. But in general, I think the situation is similar. At least in big cities.

Heating battery - main element heating system in a city apartment, efficient home appliance for heat transfer. It is from the batteries (radiators) and their temperature that the coziness and comfort of living for all residents of the house largely depend.

In this article we will tell you: what should be the temperature of the radiators in the apartment, what are its norms and whether interruptions in the heat supply are acceptable.

Start of the heating season

Start of heating supply at residential apartments indicated in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011 N 354. The document states that as soon as, average daily temperature outdoor air is below +8 ºС and remains unchanged for 5 days in a row, heating is turned on in the apartments.

In all other cases, the moment of heat supply can be legally delayed. Detailed information about when which temperature include heating in apartments You can read.

Note: heat will begin to flow into the apartments no earlier than on the 6th day after the recorded temperature indicators of the air outside.

Most regions of the country heating season starts from mid-October and ends in April.

Reasons for the lack of heat in the apartment

There may be situations when, due to the negligent attitude of the heat supply company to its own duties, there is no heat supply to the apartments. Why? The reasons for the lack of heat include:

• Breakdown of the heating system at home;
• The filling of pipes that conduct heat to houses with air;
• Unfinished renovations.

If the heating supply delay is caused by a breakdown of the in-house system, then it is impossible to correct the situation until the problem is fixed.

If the cause of the delay is the filling of the heat supply pipes with air, it is necessary to contact the operating organization. The specialist must “blow out” the batteries within a day after the appeal, and there will be no obstacles to filling them with circulating liquid.

Why is the heat supply to the radiators interrupted?

Start heating season does not yet mean its continuity. Sometimes the heating supply is temporarily stopped, which causes a lot of questions and indignation on the part of the population.

It is important to know that it is legal, interruptions in the heating supply can be:

• Maximum 24 hours. Provided that the minimum air temperature in the apartment is +12 ºС;
• Maximum 8 hours. If the temperature drops to +10 to +12 ºС;
• No more than 4 hours if the thermometer shows +8 ºС and below.

All downtime periods are indicated in total for a month. If residents notice an excess of these values, they should file a complaint with the responsible organization. Familiarize with optimal temperature indicators in the apartment in winter can be in.

Heating battery temperature standards

Heating system apartment building- the result of the work of engineering. It is a complex mechanism consisting of many elements.

Therefore, it is so important to follow the rules for the installation and operation of heating radiators in each apartment. Otherwise, the heat will be distributed unevenly, which will lead to the fact that it will be warm in one apartment, and cold in the next one.

An important point is also . In order to avoid such situations and came up with appropriate allowed values(standards).

Permissible minimum battery temperature

Like any other indicator, important for normal vital activity person ( , etc.) battery temperature during the heating season must have admissible minimum.

However, the minimum temperature of batteries in apartments by law and regulations not spelled out. This means that the indicator must be kept allowable temperature air in the apartment (+18 to +25 degrees).

Obviously, which is unacceptable for low battery temperatures, achieve normal air temperature throughout the apartment impossible.

What should be the maximum value?

Unlike the minimum, the maximum value is precisely indicated in SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". This document defines the standards established for the in-house elements of the heating system:

• The maximum allowable battery temperature in the apartment is considered to be 95 ° C at two-pipe system heating;
• At single pipe system heating temperature maximum is 115 ° C;
• The recommended temperature is between 85°C and 90°C. This is because 100°C is the boiling point of water. When this indicator is reached, special measures are applied to prevent boiling;

Note: although the temperature maximum is 115°C, battery operation in this mode is not recommended. They break quickly if they work with such an increased load.

How to measure battery temperature?

If you suspect that the batteries are heating poorly, you can measure their temperature. There are several ways to measure battery temperature, namely:

• Ordinary thermometer. In this case, 1-2°C should be added to the measured surface of the heater;
• Using an infrared thermometer;
• An alcohol thermometer measures the temperature of the battery by tightly wrapping it around it. For measurement accuracy, it is necessary to cover the thermometer with a heat-insulating material.

It is important: the device that measures the temperature of the batteries must have a quality certificate. The measurement range should be from 5 to 40 degrees C - this greatly minimizes the measurement error. Permissible error is not more than 0.1 gr.S of measurement.

If the battery temperature substantially does not reach recommended values ​​should be written application in management company for the measurement. Commission in the presence of the tenant of the apartment will make control measurement of fluid circulating in the battery and establish mismatch.

Note: before measuring the temperature of the batteries, measure the temperature of the hot water from the tap. These indicators are interconnected with each other. If the thermometer readings are in the range from 60 to 75 ° C - this is considered the norm, if below - a deviation from it.

What to do if there is no heating?

If it was not possible to wait for heating, it's time to move on to decisive action. First, you need to understand the reason for what is happening. If it turns out that everything is to blame for a breakdown in the heating system of the house, it must be fixed. If the supply company is to blame for the delay in heating, it must be proved that the apartment is cold.

To do this, together with a representative of the operating company, it is necessary to measure the temperature in each room. If it is lower, it is important to record the readings.

Based on the results of measurements, the service company is obliged to take measures, correct the situation and recalculate the heating fee in periods of non-compliance. If there are no actions on the part of the responsible company, it can be held administratively liable for violating the rules of public services for the population.

The minimum allowable air temperature in a living room in winter is +18 °C. As soon as an underestimated value of this indicator is fixed, the organization supplying heat is obliged to reduce the payment for it by 0.15% for each hour of violations.

If the recalculation did not motivate the responsible organization to correct errors, a collective complaint of the residents of the house about the violation should be drawn up. temperature regime. It will become the basis for going to court. For violations, the organization supplying heat can be severely fined.

Thus, the temperature of the batteries in the apartment during the heating season must comply with the requirements of SNiP.

Residents of apartments can independently measure the temperature of the batteries to clarify whether the standards are being observed. Knowledge of all permitted norms, boundaries and dates associated with the onset of the heating season gives possibility protect their rights in case of their violation.

About heating standards in apartments says the following video:

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In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

• In a residential area +18°C;
• AT corner room+20°C;
• In the kitchen +18°C;
• In the bathroom +25°C;
• In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
• In the elevator +5°C;
• In the basement +4°C;
• In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period of the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, it would be useful to know that hot water should be from +50°C to +70°C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), the maximum coolant temperature in these heating systems is:

• two-pipe heating system - up to 95 ° С;
• single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is diagonal connection when hot water is coming from above, and the return line - from below the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above on the same side.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heater

The most important is the most comfortable temperature for human existence+37°C.

S*h*41:42,

• where S is the area of ​​the room;
• h is the height of the room;
• 41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
• 42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and can cause burns if touched. In addition, at high temperature radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it, which will then be inhaled by people, may begin.

Using low temperature heating The appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator made of this material is from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, subject to negative impact other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat dissipation from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of aluminum and steel batteries - bimetal radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From the school physics course, we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down, and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.