Providing heat to apartment buildings: centralized heating system. Panel heating systems What heating system in panel houses

Residents of Russia, especially its northern part, believe that if the walls are thin, then it will be cold in the house in winter. But then what can we say about houses with walls in which several rows of bricks or a multi-centimeter concrete block are laid? After all, it's still cold. And in panel houses, during the construction of buildings, special attention is paid to insulating materials, which, despite the small thickness of the walls, retain heat well in winter.

Not so long ago, panel houses came to the domestic construction market. The technology for creating such houses originates in countries such as Canada and the Scandinavian states. Agree, in Canada and Norway the climate is far from being hot. But people live in panel houses and do not think of building large-scale cottages for themselves, and heating in a panel house is not a problem for northerners. It's all about technology that can withstand frosts below minus 30 degrees. The fact is that between the two panels, the builders lay a special insulating material. It turns out such a “sandwich” that does not let the cold into the room, but at the same time the walls “breathe” freely.

Also, in the project of building a house, it is always taken into account which heating system is best to carry out. The main thing is not to trust crooks, but to turn to experienced craftsmen and engineers. The construction of a panel house and the installation of an acceptable and optimal heating system require high qualifications. Carrying out heating equipment in the house is a laborious process. It all depends on the requests of the owners and the total area of ​​the panel house.

There are several optimal and efficient ways to conduct heating in a panel house, namely: install convector, heat pump, water heating boilers.

Which heating method to choose?

Many prefer mobile heaters: oil radiators, convectors. Convectors operate on electricity, their convenience lies in mobility, but this requires large financial costs. Oil heaters are powered by mineral oil inside a steel casing. But the connection comes from the mains, and it is advisable to use them only as an additional coolant. Such heating in a panel house is too expensive.

A good way out is to purchase heat pumps with high technical performance. Energy saving reaches 30% compared to other types of boilers. But the high cost and long work to install the device make many people abandon this idea.

In the absence of supplied natural gas in the area, it is possible to install a water heating boiler for solid fuel (coal, wood, peat) or electric. Liquid fuel boilers are very beneficial, which burns for a long time, continuously releasing heat into the room.

If natural gas is supplied to the house - it’s not even worth thinking about - installing heating in a panel house only through a gas boiler. There are many advantages:

• cost savings,
• gas is much cheaper than electricity, firewood and coal,
• constancy of fuel supply,
• no soot and soot.

Water heating boilers occupy the first place in the list of heating systems. The operation of the boilers depends on the installed radiator coolant system. Now you can buy different types of radiators: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic.

Cast iron is becoming a thing of the past due to poor wear resistance and the severity of the metal. Aluminum and steel - light in weight, have maximum heat dissipation. But the first in a series of batteries are bimetallic radiators. They have maximum heat transfer and lightness, are resistant to any type of coolant, to chemical additives in fuel. The exterior finish of modern bimetallic radiators easily fits into any cozy room design.

A lot of apartment buildings with "in-wall" heating systems are scattered throughout the former union. They can be found both in Moscow and in Murmansk, St. Petersburg, Chelyabinsk, as well as in many cities of Belarus and Ukraine. But what is this "battery in the wall" - a whim or stupidity of Soviet architects? Or is it too early an innovation? And what to do with it today: change it or leave it as it is?

Reasons for the appearance of houses with intra-wall batteries

In the Brezhnev era, when such housing was being built, the main task of architects and builders was to provide the population with their own living space as quickly as possible. And the formation of a centralized heating system at the stage of pouring reinforced concrete structures was a completely logical step.

Plus, the batteries inside the walls are a really innovative and practical solution. With proper pipe laying and high-quality manufacture of reinforced concrete with good insulation, it is by no means the street air that is heated, as many believe, but the slabs themselves.

And according to technology, heat should be reflected inside the premises. As a result, much less energy is required for comfortable heating. And the air in the rooms is not as humid as with conventional wall-mounted radiators. Today, such a technological solution is increasingly being used in European countries precisely because of its economy and practicality.

In the Soviet years, the technology of laying batteries inside the walls was quite common and covered many regions. Such houses were built from series 91, 121, 1-515, 464, 1605 and many others. Each research institute sought to "improve" the design. And in some, only a riser was laid inside the plates, in others, the entire heating system was completely. In some projects, pipes in the walls of the facade, while others, on the contrary, were laid exclusively in interior rooms.

Battery in the wall: how to get rid of it and is it worth it?

The main problem with such batteries is the inability to close them when it gets hot. Plus, the houses are aging and the pipes in them, of course, too. An outburst can happen at any moment. And if in a building with “open” heating pipes they can be replaced with new ones without tangible problems. Then with the "immured" will have to work hard.

Moreover, in most cases, the first step will be to order a project for the reconstruction of the heating system, and go through a lot of approvals. Design and estimate documentation can also be done on the side, and you will have to go to the housing office for approvals. It is best to entrust the work to them.

Battery replacement options

1. Batteries with pipes are built into the facade walls.

Most likely, any work in this case will be strictly prohibited. After all, the design of the building includes heat from these pipes along the facade. And any individual changes are simply unacceptable. The only solution would be to order a rework of the heating system throughout the house with insulation of the outer walls. It will be necessary to break through the ceilings, equip the risers and only then connect new radiators to them.

1. Piping in inner slabs.

There are serious restrictions on load-bearing walls. As a rule, batteries were embedded in them. And any demolitions or penetrations are not allowed. The only thing that can be done is to find “mortgages” in the corners of the plates. These are such pockets in concrete, where the slabs and heating risers were connected to each other. These places are easy to find by tapping. After connecting the pipes, the voids were filled with a solution that sounded very different from factory concrete. Then the coil in the wall is tightly closed and a new radiator with a bypass is inserted.

1. The batteries are inside, but outside there are riser outlets.

In some series of houses, although the batteries are in the walls, the bends of the pipes are visible in the corners of the rooms. Everything is much simpler here. Getting close to them and crashing into the system will not be difficult. In addition, you do not have to make a project and go through lengthy approvals.

Whatever the situation, you need to clearly understand that the battery embedded in the wall is in fact the common riser of the entire entrance. And any changes on it affect the quality of heating for all neighbors from above and below. Whatever is done, you can not block the riser or narrow it.

Only a specialist can accurately determine the series of a house and the configuration of pipes inside the panels. It will be necessary to raise documents of Soviet projects. It will be possible to find on your own only by touch approximately where such a battery is laid.

All this work will cost a lot of money. And problems with heat can be completely different.

Before “taking out” the batteries from the walls, you should contact the house management company and demand to identify the reasons for the lack of heat in the rooms. It is possible that an air lock has simply formed in the embedded pipes or there are shortcomings in the sealing of the seams. Or, from time to time, the insulation inside the panels simply decayed. In many cases, they will fix problems without altering the heating system or will be forced to install an external battery for free.

A city apartment is a hearth of comfort and coziness, a place to live, which many of our compatriots choose for themselves. Indeed, in a modern apartment building there is everything that a person needs for a normal life, from hot water supply to centralized heating and sewerage.

It should be noted that the heating system plays a huge role in ensuring a comfortable atmosphere in the apartment. At present, the scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building has some design differences from an autonomous one, and it is they who guarantee effective heating of an apartment even in the most severe frosts.

The heating system of an apartment building: features

The instruction for the heating scheme of any modern high-rise building requires mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, heating in an apartment should provide a temperature in the range of 20-22C, and humidity - 30-45%.

Advice. In older houses, such parameters may not be achieved.
In this case, it is important to first competently perform the thermal insulation of all cracks, replace the radiators, and only then contact the heat supply company.

The achievement of such indicators of temperature and humidity is achieved due to the special design of the system, the use of only high-quality equipment. Even at the stage of designing a heating scheme for multi-storey buildings, qualified heat engineers carefully calculate all the subtleties of its work, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes, both on the first and on the last floor of the building.

One of the main features of a modern centralized heating system of a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. Such a coolant comes directly from the CHP, has a temperature of about 130-150C, and a pressure of 6-10 atm. Steam generation in the system is excluded due to high pressure - it also helps to distill water even to the highest point of the house.

The return temperature, which is also assumed by the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, is about 60-70C. In winter and summer, the temperature readings of water may differ - the values ​​\u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

Elevator node - a feature of the heating system of a high-rise building

As mentioned earlier, the coolant in the heating system of any multi-storey building has a temperature of about 130C. Of course, there are no such hot batteries in any apartment and simply cannot be. The thing is that the supply line, through which hot water flows, is connected to the return line by a special jumper - an elevator assembly.

The heating scheme in an apartment building with an elevator unit has some features, since the unit itself performs certain functions.

• The coolant, which has a high temperature, enters this device, which plays the role of a certain injector-doser. Immediately after this, the main heat exchange process occurs;

• Superheated water under high pressure passes through the elevator nozzle and injects the coolant from the return. At the same time, water from the return pipeline also enters the heating system for recirculation;
• As a result of such processes, it is possible to achieve mixing of the coolant, bringing its temperature to a certain level, which will be able to provide efficient heating of apartments throughout the building.

Such a scheme is the most efficient and productive, it allows you to achieve the best living conditions, both on the first and on the last floor of a high-rise building.

Design features of the heating scheme of a multi-storey building: elements, components, main units

If you move along the thermal system from the elevator unit, you can also see all kinds of valves. The role of such details is also great, because they provide heating control, both for individual entrances and for the whole house. As a rule, such valves can be adjusted manually. Of course, only specialists of the relevant state services are engaged in this, and if any need arises.

In more modern houses with a large number of floors, in addition to, in fact, thermal valves, various collectors, heat meters and other equipment, up to automation, can also be located. Naturally, such a technique makes it possible to achieve more productive heating, efficient distribution of the coolant over all floors, up to the very last ones.

Schemes for piping in a multi-storey building

Usually, in most high-rise buildings, both old and new, with upper or lower wiring. It should be noted that depending on the design of the building and other parameters (up to the region where the building was built), the location of the supply and return may vary.

Depending on the design of the building, the coolant in the risers of the heating circuit can move in different ways - from top to bottom or vice versa. Also, in some houses universal risers are installed, they are designed to alternately supply hot water up and, accordingly, cold water down.

Radiators in heating a multi-storey building: main types

As you can see in many photos and videos, a wide variety of types of heating batteries are used in multi-storey buildings. This is due to the fact that the system is universal, has a relatively optimal ratio of temperature and water pressure.

Among the most basic types of radiators are:

1. Cast iron batteries. The traditional type, which today can be found even in the newest high-rise buildings. They are distinguished by low cost and simplicity - you can even install them yourself;
2. Steel heaters. A more modern version, characterized by high quality, reliability and beautiful appearance.
   A practical option in which you can effectively use the elements to adjust the temperature of the heating in the room;

Advice. It is steel batteries that perfectly combine price-quality parameters, and therefore their heating specialists recommend installing them in high-rise buildings.

1. Aluminum and. The price of such radiators, of course, is somewhat higher than that of steel or cast iron. But the performance is just amazing.
   Good heat transfer, stylish appearance and light weight are just a few of the qualities that non-ferrous batteries have.

Conclusion

If we consider such characteristics of heating batteries for multi-storey building systems as the number of sections and dimensions of products, then they directly depend on the process and rate of cooling of the coolant. As a rule, the choice of parameters of heaters is made by means of a special calculation.

It is important to remember that if it becomes necessary to replace the heaters in the apartment with new ones, it is important not to disrupt the performance and performance of the entire system as a whole. Also, you can not throw out the jumpers in the pipelines, otherwise the service company will still require them to be restored, and this is fraught with unnecessary financial and labor costs.

In general, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings (not only residential, but also administrative and industrial) are productive and efficient in operation. But at the same time, if we consider old buildings, then heating in them does not even require a complete replacement, but rather modernization. In apartments, for example, you can install new batteries, pipes and modern equipment for automation.