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Minimum consumption of hot water. We calculate hot water supply

Hot water supply is called the supply of water from elevated temperature through a centralized pipeline and internal engineering structures to private and multi-apartment buildings (including non-residential premises and co-ownership premises). This article is devoted to the calculation of hot water supply.

In this article you will learn:

How is the calculation of hot water.
What formula is used to calculate the standard for hot water supply.
How to recalculate hot water supply for general house needs.
Why control quality hot water.

Calculation of the hot water supply system

The calculation of the hot water supply system is based on the calculation of heat for this type of water supply. The point is that the average temperature cold water is 10 °C, however, at the outlet this figure is much lower, which creates discomfort when using water for the consumer from the mixer (60 °C). Based on this, when calculating the temperature, it is recommended to increase it to 50 ° C.

The algorithm for calculating the average heat consumption for hot water extraction looks like this:

qm = m* t* c *∆t, kW*h,

where m is water consumption, l/h; t is the operating time, h; ∆t is the temperature difference; c is the specific heat capacity, kW x h/(l x °C).

Calculation of the standard for hot water supply

The rate of water supply (cubic meters per month for 1 person) is determined as follows:

N = Sum (Q x n) x (4.5 + 0.07 + L) x 10 where

Q - water consumption by 1 water-folding mechanism for 1 operation; n - the number of operations for using 1 water-folding device for i - 7 days; L is the number of floors in an apartment building or residential building.

Consumption rates and average water temperature per operation

The indicator of hot water supply (cubic meters per month per 1 person) is calculated as follows:

Calculation of payment for hot water supply: 2 options

Calculation No. 1 - Calculation in the residential area, a hot water consumption meter is installed.

If an individual metering device for hot water supply is installed in the apartment, the calculation of the amount of payment for hot water supply will be made according to formula No. 1, as the product of the amount of hot water consumed in the apartment according to indications individual device accounting and tariff for hot water supply established for the region and service provider:

Formula #1

P i \u003d V i p x T cr

V i p - volume(quantity) of hot water supply consumed during the billing period in a residential or non-residential premises, determined according to the readings of an individual or common (apartment) meter;

T kr - tariff(price) for hot water supply, established in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation.

DHW calculation example

Based on meter readings, in January 2017. 4 m3 of hot water was used.

The cost of 1 m3 of hot water in this region, taking into account the services of an intermediary, is 90 rubles. 00 kop.

Having such data, it is possible to calculate hot water supply for this particular case:

4 x 90.00 = RUB 360.00

Calculation No. 2 - a hot water consumption meter is not installed in the living room.

For such cases, formula No. 4 is used, which takes into account data on hot water consumption rates in the region, the number of people living in the apartment and the cost of hot water supply, taking into account the region and supplier.

Formula #4

P i = n i x N j x T cr

the number of citizens permanently and/or temporarily residing in the apartment;
the norm established for hot water supply for the region;
tariff set for hot water supply for the region and service provider.

DHW calculation example

If we take as a basis that three people live in the room, the rate of hot water consumption in this region is 3.5 m 3 / person, and the tariff for hot water supply is 90 rubles. 00 kop. for 1 m 3, then calculate the amount of payment for the use hot water at this location, you can:

3 x 3.5 x 90.00 = 945.00 rubles.

Calculation of hot water supply for general house needs

May 06, 2011 The Government of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 354 on a new procedure for calculating the amount of payment for utilities. According to this document, apartment residents must pay not only for hot water consumed by them at home, but also for hot water supply, which serves general house needs. These changes caused dissatisfaction among citizens and, first of all, because it was not clear what kind of surpluses water is coming speech and what it is spent on in such significant volumes.

Below is the calculation of payment for hot water supply for general house purposes.

Calculation No. 1 - calculation of the DHW of a house on which a hot water consumption meter is not installed.

The calculation of the amount to pay for the consumed hot water for general house purposes is carried out according to the formulas No. 10, 15, which allow you to determine the amount of hot water consumed and the amount of the required payment, respectively.

Formula #10

P i one \u003d V i one x T cr

V i od- the amount of hot water that was used for general house purposes in an apartment building and falls on a residential or non-residential premises for the billing period;
T cr- the cost of hot water supply according to the laws of the Russian Federation.

Formula #15

V i one.5 \u003d N one x S o and x (S i / S about)

N one- the rate of consumption of hot water supplied for the billing period and spent for general house purposes in an apartment building;
Si- the total area of residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building;
S about- the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building;
S oi- the total area of common premises in an apartment building.

Calculation Sample

The rate of hot water consumption for general house purposes in the region is 0.3 m 3 per 1 m 2. The total area of premises under common house management is 400 m 2. The total area of all residential premises of a given apartment building equal to 4,000 m 2. The total area of one apartment is 45 m2. In this region, payment for hot water is set at 90 rubles. 00 kop. for 1 m 3. Using these data, we get the following calculations:

0.3 x 400 x 45 / 4000 = 1.35 cubic meters 1.35 x 90 = 121.50 rubles

Calculation No. 2 - calculation of the DHW of a house on which a hot water consumption meter is installed

To calculate the payment for the consumption of hot water, formulas No. 10, 12 are used, which allow you to determine the volume of hot water and the amount of payment, respectively.

Formula #12

Calculation Sample

The amount of hot water that was consumed according to the common house meter is 2,000 m 3. The amount of hot water consumed in all residential premises according to the readings of individual meters is 1,200 m 3. The amount of hot water consumed in those apartments where there are no individual meters is 500 m 3. The total area of apartments in the house is 4,000 m2. The area of one apartment is 45 m 2.

The cost of 1 m 3 of hot water in the region under consideration, taking into account the interests of the service provider, is 90 rubles. 00 kop.

Based on the above data, the calculation of payment for hot water supply for general house purposes is as follows:

(2,000 - 1,200 - 500) x 45/4000 = 3.375 cubic meters 3.375 x 90.00 = 303.75 rubles

Summarizing the presented examples of calculations, it should be said that in the absence of a collective meter, the volume of hot water for common house needs will be determined by the area of \u200b\u200bpremises in common house ownership and the tariff for hot water supply.

It is important to know that if extra cubic meters of hot water are found, a common house meter will allow you to understand the causes of this phenomenon. If there is no such meter, then it is not possible to find the cause of the surplus and influence the amount of payment for the general house consumption of hot water.

Calculation of the load of hot water supply

The calculation of the load of hot water supply is required to be made when:

reduction of calculated thermal loads;
reduction of heating costs;
coordination of changes in the composition of heat-consuming installations (change in the number heating appliances or disassembly ventilation system). This happens if the type of ventilation is changed in the room or a thermal curtain is installed;
the need to confirm that the new heat load and heat consumption are in line with the design norms;
planning your own heating system;
planning individual node heat supply;
if necessary, correct distribution of heat load between sub-subscribers;
connection to the common heating main of new facilities (single and/or complex structures);
signing a new contract with a heat supplier;
the need to specify thermal loads in non-residential premises for individual institutions;
repayment by organizations of the cost of services by calculation (in cases where it is impossible to install a meter);
unreasonable increase in the consumption of heat energy by the supplier company or management company.

As for the rights of consumers in the field of calculating thermal energy for hot water supply, they are fixed:

in all standard contracts concluded regarding the supply of heat and energy resources;
in the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2009 No. No. 610 “On approval of the rules for establishing and changing (revising) thermal loads”.

According to this document, the re-consideration of contractual indicators should be preceded by the creation of a technical report, which will reflect the calculation of heat loads, as well as arguments for the need to adjust or reduce the heat load on a particular object.

In addition, the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2009 No. No. 610 allows adjustments to be made to the calculation of heat for hot water supply, heating and ventilation in the following cases:

during the overhaul;
when restoring internal engineering structures aimed at reducing waste of energy resources;
when strengthening the thermal insulation of a particular object;
when carrying out other procedures aimed at saving energy resources.

Before starting the review of thermal loads for buildings in operation and connection to common system new objects required:

collect all available information about the object;
implement audit the power system of the facility;
to carry out the calculation of thermal loads for hot water supply, heating and ventilation based on the results of the check;
write a technical report;
discuss the report with the supplier of heat and power resources;
make adjustments to the existing one or sign a new contract with the energy supplier company.

Hydraulic calculation of hot water supply

The main goal of the hydraulic calculation of hot water supply is the calculation of the dimensions (in particular, the diameter) of the pipes through which water is supplied, and the costs of pressure. The starting value for the implementation of such calculations is considered to be the second flow rate, taking into account the value of the residual circulation:

qh, сir = qh (1 + kсir), l/s,

in this case, kсir is the residual circulation index.

To calculate this parameter, it is required to divide the second flow by the circulation inside the hot water supply system. The formula will look like this:

kсir = f(qh/qсir).

In this situation, the conditions are such that kсir ≠ 0 only in the very first parts of the pipeline, despite the fact that qh/qсir is greater than two. In all other cases kсir will be equal to 0. An important point is that the hydraulic calculation is made before the circulation calculation. This fact implies that the specialist is forced to put forward a hypothesis about the parameters of the qh / qсir ratio (for residential buildings, qh / qсir is usually greater than 2.0) and argue it.

The calculation of the size of the cost of pressure in the water risers, united by an annular jumper into sectional nodes, is made on the basis of the estimated water flow with an index of 0.7. For the estimated flow rate in the annular sections, it is customary to take the highest second flow rate for one of the devices that is subject to maintenance as the lowest threshold.

As for the speed of movement of water in the hot water pipeline, it should not exceed three meters per second. But at the same time, it has been proven that the speed of water, exceeding one and a half meters per second, is the cause of noise.

In order to calculate the diameter of the riser when the resistance does not match, it is customary to take the estimated flow and pressure at the very base of the riser as a basis. If the resistance indicators are identical, the diameter of the extreme riser is taken as a single value.

To carry out a competent hydraulic calculation of any direction, it is required to have an idea about the basic laws of hydrodynamics (among other things, the Darcy-Weisbach equation). But you need to be prepared that each area will impose its own specifics on the implementation of the hydraulic calculation (for example, the calculation in the field of hot water supply is very typical, which eliminates the need to calculate the pressure costs separately).

There is an algorithm for calculating pressure losses in sections of the hot water supply system:

Н = i×l(1 + kl), mm,

where i - specific linear head loss, mm/m; l is the length of the section; kl is an index that takes into account pressure losses in local resistances.

Indicators i are taken from the relevant directories.

Do not forget that there are cases when hard water from the pipeline is heated for hot water supply. This situation is fraught with the appearance of growths inside the pipes (the so-called hardness salts). In this situation, a nomogram is used to calculate the index i.

Available and required pressure in DHW systems in the drawdown mode

The pressure guaranteed at the inlet and used, if necessary, to supply water for the purposes of hot water supply is called available. Another type of pressure - required, is characterized by the fact that it serves to pass the resistance of the hydraulics when water is supplied to the most remote (remotely and in height) device.

If we take as an example closed system hot water supply, then the available pressure will be the pressure of the cold water supply at the junction with the hot pipeline. And to calculate the required pressure, the following formula is used:

Nreb \u003d Npod + Nsch + Nvn + Ng + Nsv,

where Нpod - pressure loss in the supply pipelines in the drawdown mode; Нсч - pressure loss in the water meter (water meter); Hvp - pressure loss in the water heater; Hg - the difference between the geodetic indicators of the highest located device and the junction of the hot water supply system with cold water supply; Hsv - free pressure on the device ("on the spout").

For open system supply of heat resources, which involves parsing directly from the heating main, the pressure in the return water supply of the heating main at the hot water supply system connection point will be available. The calculation of the required pressure (in the absence of a water heater) will be carried out as follows:

Nreb \u003d Npod + Nsch + Ng + Hsv,

where Hg is determined from the specific place of connection to the heating main. In hot water supply systems operating on the principle of gravity under the influence of the water column in accumulating vessels, the available pressure is taken directly from the geodetic difference between the indicators of the water level in such a vessel and the device located as high as possible. The calculation of the required pressure for this situation looks like this:

Nreb \u003d Npod + Hsv

Recalculation and calculation of hot water supply

Article 542 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the quality of the energy resources provided must meet the criteria fixed by the law of the Russian Federation, as well as the clauses of the contract for the supply of energy resources. Article 538 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation prescribes that the above rules be applied to relations arising from the supply of energy resources, since no other procedure is provided for by law.

The temperature of hot water in the water intake units is regulated by clause 2.4 of SanPiN 2.1.4.2496-09 " Hygiene requirements to ensuring the safety of hot water supply systems”, approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated April 07, 2009 No. No. 20. According to this document, t at the outlet should not go beyond 60 - 75 °C. The prescriptions of SanPin must be strictly observed by those legal entities who, by occupation, are associated with the implementation and establishment of the work of the hot water supply line.

Subparagraph “B” of paragraph 17 of the Rules for Concluding Contracts for the Supply of Energy Resources indicates the importance in this area of such an indicator as the quality of the resources provided, which should ensure the maintenance of common house property at the proper level. Public services must be provided to citizens in full compliance with the Rules for the provision of public services and the conditions for connecting apartment buildings and connecting them common networks engineering and technical support to centralized networks engineering and technical support (clause 20 of the Rules for Concluding Contracts for the Supply of Energy Resources).

According to clause 5, annex 1 to the Rules for the provision of public services, the quality of public services in the field of hot water supply must meet the following criteria: ensure compliance temperature regime in the water intake unit in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation on technical regulation and the provisions of SanPin.

The responsibilities of the repair and construction organization, which is responsible for the supply of water, include ensuring its quality and the desired temperature (in the range from 60 to 75 ° C), although the law of the Russian Federation does not give strict instructions on this issue. The supplier company is responsible for ensuring that the coolant reaches the citizens in the proper quality. If the water temperature indicator turns out to be less than the lower limit established by the regulations (Resolution of the AS WSO dated October 12, 2015 No. F04-24751 / 2015 in case No. A45-19993 / 2014), citizens have the right to file a claim with the court, which will oblige the defendant (company - energy supplier) to correct the violations.

Clause 5, annex 1 to the Rules for the provision of public services allows you to allow deviations from the temperature indicators established by law. So, the deviation from the accepted temperature at night from 00 h. 00 min. until 05:00 can be 5°C; in the afternoon from 05 h. 00 min. until 00 h. 00 min. - 3°C. Despite the existence of such reservations, such a provision is not considered the norm. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 31, 2013 No. No. AKPI13-394 states that such deviations are indicators of the provision of services of inadequate quality.

In order for the hot water temperature to be 60 ° C at the water intake points, it must be an order of magnitude higher at the entrance to the house. However, as already mentioned, there are no legislative regulations regarding this particular indicator, therefore, in the case of going to court, we can only talk about the fact that the repair and construction company must ensure that the water temperature at the entrance to the house is not less than 60 ° C.

When can the MKD manager apply for the recalculation of the cost of hot water

Paragraph 2 of Article 542 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation gives citizens the right to refuse to pay for energy resources of inappropriate quality. But the supplier company is also allowed to demand from citizens in this case compensation for energy losses.

There are also legislative regulations regarding changing the procedure for paying for consumed energy resources if they were of inadequate quality or were supplied with interruptions exceeding the allowable period (subparagraph “e” of paragraph 22 of the Rules for Concluding Resource Supply Contracts). Regulate the procedure for recalculating payment Rules for the provision of utility services.

The current legislation of the Russian Federation recognizes the unconditional advantage of the system for monitoring consumed resources by installing meters in the border area between the area of responsibility of the supplier company and the property of citizens. If a meter is installed on the house and there were no complaints about its operation, then the indicators of this device can be considered proof of delivery is not enough quality water. The repair and construction organization must provide evidence refuting this information, otherwise the payment for the resources expended must be recalculated (decisions of the AS UO dated January 11, 2017 No. F09-10932 / 16 in case No. A60-59444 / 2015).

This provision is also confirmed by subparagraph “B” of paragraph 111 of the Rules for the provision of public services, which determines the date and time of the start of the provision of low-quality services in accordance with the date and time fixed by the devices intended for this (for example, OPU, IPU, etc.). Moreover, the presence of a meter and its readings eliminates the procedure for confirming the fact of providing services of inadequate quality in accordance with the requirements of section X of the Rules for the provision of public services (decisions of the AS PO dated January 16, 2017 No. F06-15316 / 2016 in case No. A12-4577 / 2016).

In cases where the relevant measuring instruments not installed on the building, to confirm the fact of the provision of poor-quality services, you will need to collect a number of documents, as well as follow the procedure specified in section X of the Rules for the provision of public services:

fix the citizen's signal to the emergency dispatch service (paragraphs 105, 106, subparagraph "b" of paragraph 111);
agree with the citizen on the timing of verification of the information provided about the violation, notify the repair and construction organization that the service it provides will be checked if the supplier does not know the reasons for the violation (clause 108);
check at the consumer's signal, all data obtained in the course of it must be recorded in writing according to certain form(p. 109). The audit is intended to confirm a violation in the quality of the service provided (the act of measuring the temperature at the point of analysis in the living room) and to find out its causes (the act of measuring the temperature at the entrance to the house).

Summary tables and calculations compiled unilaterally by the Criminal Code, in the absence of acts of quality control of public services, will not be accepted by the court as evidence (Resolution of the AC of the Central Organ of October 20, 2016 No. F10-2735 / 2016 in case No. A14-6593 / 2015).

Please note that the regulations do not connect the establishment of the fact of supply of a low-quality resource with the fact that the utility service provider recalculates the fee for the low-quality service to the owners of the premises (Resolution of the AS ZSO dated September 19, 2016 No. F04-3939/2016 in case No. A03-12727/2015), although such a condition can be included in the resource supply agreement on the basis of an agreement between the parties, and then it must be observed.

How is hot water calculated?

Subparagraph "D" of paragraph 22 of the Rules for Concluding Contracts for the Supply of Resources says that the recalculation of the cost of a poor-quality service is carried out in accordance with the Rules for the provision of public services. This is confirmed by the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. AKPI13-394, which states that if there are no additional documents that fix the procedure for recalculation, a representative of citizens living in an apartment building can claim a reduction in fees for the provision of services in violation of their quality in accordance with the requirements of SanPin. Moreover, the recalculation should be carried out in the same way as the recalculation for direct consumers (decrees of the AS of the Central Organ of February 29, 2016 No. F10-5264 / 2015 in case No. A09-1717 / 2015).

Paragraph 101 of the Rules for the provision of public services prescribes to reduce the payment for hot water supply for the billing period by the total amount of payment for the entire period of provision of low-quality services in the cases specified in the documents (see Appendices 1 and 2 of the Rules for the provision of public services).

You can determine the total cost of services with a violation of quality by multiplying the cost of the service for the entire billing period (Appendix 2 of the Rules for the provision of public services) by the ratio of the duration of the provision of low-quality services within this period to the total duration of the provision of public services for the billing period.

The following values are used to calculate utility bills for hot water supply:

Pi - the amount of payment for the provided utility service for the billing period (according to Appendix 2 to the Rules for the provision of utility services);

Δ - the total amount of payment for all days of the provision of low-quality services (or the amount by which the payment should be reduced for the billing period);

t - the duration of the provision of low-quality services within one billing period.

The duration of the billing period is determined by the entire duration of the supply of energy resources in accordance with the principles of the constancy and non-stop of this process. Based on the previously described rules for calculating payment (paragraph 2 of clause 101 of the Rules for the provision of utility services), the following formula can be drawn up (assuming that the month consists of 31 days):

Δ = Рi x t / 31 days

Reduction of payment for violation of the temperature regime occurs according to following principle: payment is reduced by 0.1% for every 3°C that is different from the norm (Appendix 2 to the Rules for the provision of utilities) and for each hour in the aggregate throughout the entire billing period in accordance with Section IX of the Rules for the provision of utilities. If the temperature of hot water drops below 40 °C, then each hour of the provision of the service in this way in the aggregate for the entire billing period is paid at the rate of payment for the use of cold water.

The calculations are based on the following parameters:

the amount of payment for the relevant service for the billing period, within which failures in the organization of hot water supply were recorded (Pi1);
the amount by which the payment for the service is reduced (in %) varies depending on fluctuations in water temperature: - 0.1% for every 3 °C;
the duration of the provision of services with quality violations in the aggregate for the entire billing period, expressed in hours, (t1) and taking into account the rule of section IX of the already mentioned rules.

Based on all the above information, the calculation of the amount of the fee reduction is carried out according to following algorithm:

Δ = Рi1 x % x t1

The provision of paragraph 5 of Appendix 1 to the Rules for the Provision of Public Services makes it possible to apply exactly this formula, despite the prescriptions of paragraph 101 of the same Rules.

Unfortunately, in the definitions given earlier there are rough edges that cause numerous disputes and even lead to the filing of claims. Basically, the misunderstanding is related to two values, the first of which (Pi1) helps to determine the size of the reduction in pay. According to paragraph 5 of App. 1 to the Rules for the provision of public services, this payment is characterized as payment for the billing period within which temperature violations were made. However, it is worth considering in more detail the concept of the billing period and outline its scope.

Paragraph 37 of the Rules for the provision of public services speaks of the billing period as a period of time equal to one calendar month. This is confirmed by calculations in the Letter of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation dated June 04, 2007. No. 10611-YuT/07. It is known that in private clarifications the Ministry of Construction is also of the opinion that a monthly fee should be taken into account in the calculation.

It should be noted that the definitions current Rules provision of communal services coincide in meaning with the wording that has already ceased to have its meaning in the form of performance criteria in the part under consideration (paragraph 5 of Appendix 1).

Paragraph 101 of the Rules for the Provision of Utility Services states that payment for services for a billing period equal to a month is subject to a reduction by the total amount of payment for each period for the provision of services with violations equal to one day. Thus, it is necessary to calculate the cost of providing low-quality services for 1 day.

The decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. AKPI13-394 decides that clause 5 of Appendix 1 to the Rules for the Provision of Public Services fixes such a change in the rules for paying for public services of insufficient quality, in which it is impossible not to pay at all for the supplied water with a violation of quality. If we take the value of the payment for the month as the value of the Pi1 parameter, then even in the case of short and non-serious violations, the amount of the reduction in payment will very quickly approach this indicator, and the citizen will have to be exempted from paying for the hot water supply service for the month in question. Based on this thesis, often judges reject the claims of managers apartment buildings who provided calculations of the amount of payment, taking into account the amount of payment per month.

So, the Decree of the AC VBO of October 14, 2016 No. No. F01-3504/2016 in case No. A39-6742/2014 says that the developed system of payment for the period of poor-quality implementation of the water supply service, in which the degree of reduction in the amount of payment for the supply of hot water is considered cumulatively for the billing month, implies the possibility of not paying a spent low-quality resource, however, this is wrong. If we take the case in which the temperature of the water supplied to consumers was below the norm by 18 ° C continuously for 9 days, then according to such a calculation system, the payment for hot water per month will be 00 rubles. 00 kop. Having studied in more detail paragraph 101 of the Rules for the provision of public services, one can understand that the settlement period for the provision of a service with a violation of quality should be considered 1 day, which is confirmed by the opinion of many representatives of the panel of judges (see the decisions of AS ZSO dated October 25, 2016 No. F04-4511 / 2016 in the case No. А45-26014/2015, AS UO dated 31.03.2017 No. Ф09-1379/17 in case No. А60-14516/2016, dated 06.02.2017 No. Ф09-11636/16 in case No. А71-4808/2015).

However, in some cases, the judges take the other side and recognize the legitimacy of calculating the amount of payment with a billing period of one month (see, for example, the Decree of the AC ZSO dated 15.06.2016 No. F04-2184 / 2016 in case No. A03-21553 / 2014).

As a possible way out, managers of an apartment building can request from the Ministry of Construction documentary evidence of an objective procedure for calculating a reduction in payment for hot water supply of inadequate quality, which can be used in court as an evidence base. However, the court has the right not to accept this document as evidence, justifying its position by the fact that the proposed documents do not have the status of normative acts.

In the case when the amount of payment for one day is taken as the basis and a meter is installed on the house, it is more correct to make calculations based on the actual amount of water used per day, which was recorded by the device. If there is no counter, then the calculations are carried out using a formula that requires dividing the total amount of the resource accounted for and delivered to the house by the number of days in the month.

Clause 5 of Appendix 1 to the Rules for the Provision of Public Services prescribes a reduction in the amount of payment for hot water by 0.1% for every 3 ° C of violation of the norm. The following criteria are also introduced here: a deviation from temperature standards 5°C at night and 3°C during the day. Thus, the exact interpretation of this regulation implies that the payment for consumed hot water should not be reduced if its temperature at night did not fall over 55 °C and below 57 °C during the day. However, if the temperature continues to fall from the already reduced levels, then for every subsequent 3°C (i.e. up to 54 °C), the payment will be reduced by 0.1% every hour (at 51°C - 0.2%, etc.). d.). This approach also found support among representatives of the arbitration (decisions of the AC UA dated March 31, 2017 No. F09-1379 / 17 in case No. A60-14516 / 2016, the Arbitration Court of the Far East of May 24, 2016 No. F03-976 / 2016 in case No. A24-1520 / 2015).

But Decision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation No. AKPI13-394 says that the establishment in paragraph 5 of Appendix 1 to the Rules for the provision of public services tolerances from the temperature regime prescribed by SanPiN 2.1.4.2496-09, in fact, means making adjustments to the sanitary and epidemiological standards governing the level of hot water quality, aimed at observing anti-epidemic measures. Such a situation is in conflict with the already mentioned legislative norms and requires the recognition of this norm as invalid in this context. Thus, we return to the fact that any deviation from the prescribed norms will be equated to violations of the quality of the service. The discussed criteria continue to apply in terms of the conditions and procedure for changing the amount of payment. Based on this, it can be concluded that a percentage of 0.1% reduction in payment for the use of hot water of inadequate quality should be charged for any violation of the temperature regime (starting from 57°C during the day and 55°C at night). In accordance with the documentary base, this approach looks more correct. He also finds support in the judiciary.

Guided by these considerations, the managers of multi-apartment buildings should support their position with a calculation that promises great benefits, and build their line on the fact that no deviations from temperature standards can be allowed.

There is also a nuance related to whether it is possible to calculate the exact amount of the reduction in payment if the deviation from the norm does not coincide with the “step” prescribed in the regulations. There is a point of view that recommends calculating the reduction in tenths of the payment if the temperature drops by less than 3°C. An example can be given when the water temperature during the daytime dropped to 55°C. In this case, it is possible to calculate that the percentage of the reduction in the payment for the service will be 0.167% (5/3 x 0.1%). However, the question arises as to the legitimacy of such calculations. Paragraph 5 of Appendix 1 to the Rules for the Provision of Public Services does not allow us to say that this the right decision. We remember that for every 3°C the payment decreases by 0.1%, this allows us to deduce a certain pattern.

It is this method of carrying out the calculation that is given in the Letter of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 10611-YuT / 07. A Resolution of the AS UO dated October 28, 2016 No. No. F09-9955/16 in case No. A71-5017/2015 emphasizes that the calculation of the Criminal Code is incorrect, because takes tenths of a degree into account.

Expert opinion

Why control the quality of hot water

A.N. Sokolova,

tax lawyer

The reality is that direct consumers of hot water supply (ordinary citizens, schools, kindergartens and other organizations) cannot from a technical point of view using necessary equipment control the quality of hot water, determine its characteristics such as color, turbidity, the amount of iron contained in water, and other substances, etc. Also, not everyone can seek legal advice. All this implies that producers and suppliers of heat and energy resources must approach their duties with full responsibility.

A similar position is also manifested in the implementation of strict control over the quality of services provided, in the prompt elimination of identified violations and the implementation of the correct calculation of citizens for the services provided in this case. Such a result can be achieved if all parties to the process of providing the population and other subjects with heat energy direct their efforts to control the quality of the services provided. It is important that the organizations responsible for the provision of energy resources in the matter of payment for services be guided by the letter of the law and do not insist on payments for cases of quality violations. Their actions should be based on the following regulations:

paragraph 2 of Art. 542 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - for organizations engaged in the supply of energy resources;
Rules for the provision of public services - for management companies.

If these standards are not adhered to, it will be very difficult to get the supplier companies to take proper measures to eliminate possible violations in the process of supplying energy resources. Violations of the rules for the provision of services in this area and the implementation of an incorrect calculation of the population for the low-quality resources provided do not allow optimizing the state of affairs in this area in many settlements.

In the near future, residents will begin to pay for hot water according to a new principle: separately for the water itself and separately for heating it.
So far, enterprises and organizations are already using the new rules, but the old accounting remains for residents. Due to communal confusion, housing and communal services refuse to pay heat power companies. Fontanka understood the complexities of a two-component tariff.

Before

Until 2014, the population and business structures paid for hot water as follows. For the calculation, it was necessary to know only the consumed number of cubic meters. It was multiplied by the tariff and by the figure artificially deduced by officials - 0.06 Gcal. It is this amount of thermal energy, according to their calculations, that is necessary to heat one cubic meter of water. As Irina Bugoslavskaya, Deputy Chairman of the Tariffs Committee, told Fontanka, the indicator “0.06 Gcal” was derived based on the following data: the temperature of the hot water provided should be 60-75 degrees, the cold temperature, which is used to prepare hot water, should be 15 degrees in winter, 5 degrees in summer. According to Bugoslavskaya, the committee officials made several thousand measurements, taking information from metering devices - the artificially deduced figure was confirmed.

In connection with the use of this method of payment, there was a problem associated with risers and heated towel rails connected to the hot water system. They heat the air, that is, they consume Gcal. From October to April, this thermal energy is added to heating, but this cannot be done in summer. For a year now, a system has been operating in St. Petersburg, according to which payment for heat supply can be charged only during the heating season. As a result, unaccounted for heat is generated.

Solution

In May 2013, federal officials came up with a way out of the situation of unaccounted heating with heated towel rails and risers. To this end, it was decided to introduce a two-component tariff. Its essence lies in the separate payment for cold water and its heating - thermal energy.

There are two types of heating system. One implies that the pipe with hot water departs from the one intended for heating, the other implies that for hot water water is taken from the cold water supply system and heated.

If hot water is taken from the same pipe as heating, then payment for it will be calculated taking into account the costs associated with chemical treatment, staff salaries, equipment maintenance. If cold water is taken for heating by the State Unitary Enterprise Vodokanal of St. Petersburg, then the payment for it is taken according to the tariff - now it is a little more than 20 rubles.

The tariff for heating is calculated based on how much resources were spent on the production of thermal energy.

Confused dwellers

Since January 1, 2014, a two-component tariff has been introduced for consumers who do not belong to the "population" group, that is, for organizations and enterprises. In order for the townspeople to be able to pay according to the new principle, it is necessary to amend the regulations. Pay by new system prohibit the provision of public services. Since residents are still paying under the old scheme, housing organizations serving homes with non-residential premises have a new headache.

The calculation of payment for hot water supply consists of two parts, or components, each of which is allocated in a separate line in the receipt - DHW and DHW heating. This is due to the fact that in the houses of Akademichesky water preparation is carried out directly by the management company in individual heating points of each house. In the process of preparing hot water, two types of communal resources are used - cold water and thermal energy.

The first component, the so-called

DHW supply- this is directly the volume of water that passed through the hot water supply meter and was consumed indoors in a month. Or, if the readings were not taken, or the meter turned out to be faulty or the verification period expired - the volume of water determined by calculation according to the average or standard for the number of prescribed .. The procedure for calculating the volume of DHW supply is exactly the same as for To calculate the cost of this service, the tariff for cold water is applied, since in this case it is cold water that is purchased from the supplier.

The second component

DHW heating- this is the amount of thermal energy that was spent on heating the volume of cold water provided to the apartment to a hot temperature. This amount is determined based on the readings of the general house heat energy meter.

In general, the amount of payment for hot water supply is calculated according to the following formula:

P i gv \u003d Vi gv × T xv+ (V v cr × Vi gv/ ∑ Vi gv × T v kr)

Vi Guards- the volume of hot water consumed during the billing period (month) in an apartment or non-residential premises

T xv- cold water tariff

V v cr- the amount of thermal energy used for the billing period for heating cold water at independent production hot water management company

∑ Vi gv- the total volume of hot water consumed during the billing period in all rooms of the house

T v cr- tariff for thermal energy

Calculation example:

Suppose the consumption of hot water in an apartment for a month was 7 m 3. Hot water consumption in the whole house - 465 m 3. The amount of thermal energy spent on heating DHW according to a common house metering device - 33.5 Gcal

7 m 3 * 33.3 rubles. + (33.5 Gcal * 7 m 3 / 465 m 3 * 1331.1 rubles) \u003d 233.1 + 671.3 \u003d 904.4 rubles,

Of which:

RUB 233.1 - payment for actual water consumption (DHW line in the receipt)

671.3 - payment for thermal energy spent on heating water to the required temperature (DHW heating line in the receipt)

In this example, 0.072 gigacalories of thermal energy were spent to heat one cube of hot water.

AT the value showing how many gigacalories it took to heat 1 cubic meter of water in the billing period is called coefficient DHW heating

The heating coefficient varies from month to month and largely depends on the following parameters:

Cold water supply temperature. AT different time year the temperature of cold water is from +2 to +20 degrees. Accordingly, in order to heat the water to the required temperature, you will have to spend a different amount of thermal energy.

The total volume of water consumed per month in all areas of the house. This value is largely influenced by the number of apartments that have passed their testimony in the current month, recalculations and, in general, the discipline of residents taking their testimony.

The cost of thermal energy for the circulation of hot water. The circulation of water in the pipes occurs continuously, including during the hours of minimum drawdown. That is, for example, at night, hot water is practically not used by residents, but thermal energy is still spent on heating water to maintain the required temperature of hot water in heated towel rails and at the inputs to apartments. This indicator is especially high in new, sparsely populated houses and stabilizes with an increase in the number of inhabitants.

Average values of DHW heating coefficients for each block are given in the section "Tariffs and calculated coefficients"

With the advent of cold weather, many Russians are concerned about the question of how to pay for utilities. For example, to how to calculate hot water and how often you should pay for these services. To answer all these questions, you first need to clarify whether a water meter is installed in this dwelling. If the counter is installed, then the calculation is made according to a certain scheme.

The first thing to do is to look at the receipt for utility services, which came last month. In this document, you should find a column that indicates the amount of water consumed over the past month, we need figures with indicators at the end of the last reporting period.

The first thing to do is to look at the receipt for utility services, which came last month

After these indications are written out, they should be entered in a new document. In this case, we are talking about a receipt for payment of utility bills for the next reporting period. As you can see, the answers to the questions, how to calculate the cost of hot water by the meter, how to determine its consumption, are quite simple. It is necessary to timely and correctly take all the readings of the water meter.

By the way, many management companies themselves enter the above information into payment document. In this case, you do not have to look for data in old receipts. You also need to remember that in situations where the water meter has just been installed and these are the first readings, the previous ones will be zero.

The initial readings of some modern counters may not contain zeros, but some other numbers.

I would also like to clarify that the initial readings of some modern meters may not contain zeros, but some other numbers. In this case, in the receipt in the column where you need to indicate the previous readings, you need to leave these numbers.

The process of searching for previous meter readings is very important if you need to figure out how to calculate hot water from a meter. Without these data, it will not be possible to correctly calculate how many cubic meters of water were used in this reporting period.

So, before you start studying the question of how to calculate the cost of hot water, you should learn how to take readings from a water meter.

Designations on the counter

Almost all modern counters have a scale with a minimum of 8 digits. The first 5 of which are black, but the second 3 are red.

Important

It is important to understand that only the first 3 digits are displayed in the receipt, which are black. Because this is the data of cubic meters, and it is on them that the cost of water is calculated. But the data that is colored in red is liters. They do not need to be listed on invoices. Although these data make it possible to estimate how many liters of water a particular family consumes for a certain reporting period. Thus, you can understand whether it is worth saving on this benefit or whether the expense is within the normal range. And of course, you can determine how much water is spent on taking bath procedures, and how much on washing dishes, and so on.

It is important to understand that only the first 3 digits are displayed in the receipt, which are black

In order to correctly understand how to calculate the tariff for hot water, you should know on which day of the month the readings of this device are taken. Here, it must be remembered that water meter data must be taken at the end of each reporting period, after which they must be transferred to the appropriate authority. This can be done through phone call or over the Internet.

On a note! It should be remembered that the figures are always indicated at the beginning of the reporting period (that is, those that were removed last month) and at the end (these are those that are removed now).

This regulation is spelled out in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2011, its number 354.

How to correctly calculate the service?

It is no secret that the legislation of our country is constantly changing, in connection with which citizens begin to worry about the question of how to calculate hot water or any other utility costs.

If we talk specifically about water, then we should take into account the fact that the payment consists of certain components:

indicators of the water meter, which is located in the room and controls the flow of cold water;
indicators of the meter, which shows the consumption of hot water in this apartment;
indicators of the device, which calculates the consumption of cold water for all tenants;
data of the meter that controls the consumption by the residents of the house, it is installed in the basement of the house;
the share of a particular apartment in the total expenditure;
share, which corresponds to a particular apartment in this house.

The penultimate indicator is the most incomprehensible, although in fact everything is quite accessible. It is taken into account when determining the amount of the resource that was spent on everyone. It is also called "common house needs." This, by the way, also applies to the last indicator, it is calculated when general house needs are calculated.

Calculation of hot water consumption

As for the first two indicators, they are quite understandable. They depend on the residents themselves, because a person himself can choose for himself whether to save the consumption of a particular resource or not. But in other cases, it all depends on how often wet cleaning at the entrance of the house, from the number of riser leaks, and so on.

The worst thing about this settlement system is that almost all of the common house needs are fictitious. Indeed, in every house there are tenants who incorrectly indicate their individual indicators, or, for example, one person is registered in their apartment, but five live. Then the general house needs should have been calculated based on the fact that 3 people live in apartment No. 5, and not 1. In this case, everyone else would have to pay a little less. As you can see, the question of how to calculate hot water still needs careful study.

That is why our officials are still trying to figure out how to calculate the payment for hot water and what mechanism would be the most successful.

Does everyone have the same rates?

To save money, you should always screw on the tap, if in this moment no need to use water

To do this, just go to the site of the management company or just call there. Also, such information is contained on the receipt, which comes to each tenant.

After these data are found, the cost of spent cubic meters of the resource should be calculated. Further, it is quite simple to calculate the payment for hot water, this is done in the same way as in the case of all other resources. You should take the number of cubic meters spent and multiply by a specific tariff.

It should be noted that today there are many ways to save hot water consumption, thereby reducing your costs of paying for it. To do this, you can use special nozzles on the faucet, they will help not to spray water so much and control the power of pressure. You should also open the faucet valve not at full strength, so the jet will go under less pressure, but the water will not scatter in all directions. And of course, you should always screw on the tap, if at the moment it is not necessary to use water. For example, when a person brushes his teeth or washes his hair (while the head is being soaped or the toothbrush is being smeared, the water tap can be closed).

All these tips will help reduce the cost of paying for hot or cold water, thereby helping to correctly calculate the consumption of hot water.

The difference between hot and cold water calculations

Of course, in this formula, as in the one that takes into account the consumption of hot water, there are many flaws. Due to the fact that general house indicators are taken into account, it is difficult to control where the difference between the individual indicators of all residents and the data that was taken from the water meter installed on the house went. Perhaps everything really is, and all this water went to clean the entrance. But this is hardly believable. Of course, there are residents who deceive the state and give incorrect data, but there are also errors in the operation of the pipeline system itself (sewer pipes in most houses are old and can leak, so the water goes nowhere).

Hot water invoice

For a long time our government has been thinking about how to correctly calculate hot and cold water and how to improve the existing mechanism.

For example, in 2013, our authorities came to the conclusion that it is necessary to establish standard norms for general house needs and it is these data that should be taken into account when calculating the cost of one cubic meter water. This helped to somewhat restrain the zeal of our management companies and help the citizens of the country. You can find out these figures from the management company. But this applies only to those cases where the tenants have entered into an agreement with the management company. If we are talking about Vodokanal, then each settlement will have its own separate fixed minimum payment. And, let's say, an overpayment in this reporting period can cover expenses in the next one.

As you can see, there is a whole scheme that makes it clear how to calculate hot water heating or how to calculate how much to pay for cold water consumption.

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters total area in 2017:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 43.8285 rubles / sq.m.

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 14.6095 rubles / sq.m

October 0.0322 * 1211.33 rubles / Gcal = 39.0048 rubles / sq.m.

November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1211.33 rubles / Gcal = 44.3347 rubles / sq.m

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2017:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person per month * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 253.87 rubles / person

July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person per month * 1211.33 rubles / Gcal = 256.80 rubles / person

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply according to DHW meter in 2017:

January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 55.9233 rubles / cu. m.

July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 1211.33 rubles / Gcal = 56.5691 rubles / cu. m

2016

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2016:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 42.8429 rubles / sq.m.

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 14.2810 rubles / sq.m

October 0.0322 * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 38.5595 rubles / sq.m.

November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 43.8285 rubles / sq.m

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2016:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person per month * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 248.16 rubles / person

July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person per month * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 253.87 rubles / person

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply according to the DHW meter in 2016:

January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 54.6656 rubles / cubic meter m

July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 1197.50 rubles / Gcal = 55.9233 rubles / cu. m

2015

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2015:

Heating consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 36.2523 rubles / sq.m

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 12.0841 rubles / sq.m

October 0.0322 * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 37.6924 rubles / sq.m.

November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 42.8429 rubles / sq.m

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2015:

DHW consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of DHW service per 1 person

An example of calculating the cost of a hot water service for 1 person with a complete improvement of the apartment (floors from 1 to 10, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathroom 1500-1700 mm long with a shower) in the absence of hot water meters:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person per month * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 209.986 rubles / person

July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person per month * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 248.1608 rubles / person

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply according to the DHW meter in 2015:

Normative consumption of thermal energy for heating 1 cu. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of service for heating 1 cu. m

January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 46.2564 rubles / cu. m

July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 1170.57 rubles / Gcal = 54.6656 rubles / cubic meter m

year 2014

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2014:

Heating consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 34.2001 rubles / sq.m

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 11.4000 rubles / sq.m

October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 31.8941 rubles / sq. m

November - December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 36.2523 rubles / sq.m

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2014:

DHW consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of DHW service per 1 person

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person per month * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 198.0991 rubles / person

July - December 0.2120 Gcal / per 1 person. per month * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 209.986 rubles / person

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply according to the DHW meter in 2014:

Normative consumption of thermal energy for heating 1 cu. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of service for heating 1 cu. m

January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 43.6378 rubles / cubic meter m

July - December 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 46.2564 rubles / cu. m

year 2013

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2013:

Heating consumption standard

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 31.1477 rubles / sq.m
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 10.3826 rubles / sq.m
October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 30.0886 rubles / sq. m
November - December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 34.2001 rubles / sq.m

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2013:

DHW consumption standard

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person per month * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 180.4184 rubles / person
July - December 0.2120 Gcal / per 1 person. per month * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 198.0991 rubles / person

Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply according to the DHW meter in 2013:

Normative consumption of thermal energy for heating 1 cu. m of water

January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 39.7431 rubles / cubic meter m
July - December 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 43.6378 rubles / cubic meter m

year 2012

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2012:

Heating consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy (supplied by MUP ChKTS or OOO Mechel-Energo) = Cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 747.48 rubles / Gcal = 27.3578 rubles / sq. m
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 747.48 rubles / Gcal = 9.1193 rubles / sq. m
October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 27.4032 rubles / sq. m
November - December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 31.1477 rubles / sq. m

Calculation of the cost of hot water services per person in 2012:

DHW consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy (supplied by MUP ChKTS or Mechel-Energo LLC) = cost of DHW service per person

January - June 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person per month * 747.48 rubles / Gcal = 158.47 rubles / person
July - August 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person per month * 792.47 rubles / Gcal = 168.00 rubles / person
September - December 0.2120 Gcal/per 1 person per month * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 180.42 rubles / person

Calculation of the cost of hot water services according to the DHW meter in 2012:

Normative consumption of thermal energy for heating 1 cu. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy (supplied by MUP "CHKTS" or LLC "Mechel-Energo") = cost of service for heating 1 cubic meter. m

January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 747.48 rubles / Gcal = 34.9073 rubles / cu. m
July - August 0.0467 Gcal / cub. m * 792.47 rubles / Gcal = 37.0083 rubles / cubic meter m
September – December 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 851.03 rubles / Gcal = 39.7431 rubles / cubic meter m

Example 1 Calculate the hot water supply system of a five-story two-section residential building. The network is designed on the basis of the building plan given in Appendix. 12. Design scheme network is shown in fig. 2.1 (similar to the scheme of the cold water supply network).

Superheated water from the heating system with parameters t n = 120 °С and t k = 70 °С is used as a heat carrier.

Data on cold water supply are taken from example 1, given in paragraph 1.7.

The hot water supply system is centralized with hot water preparation in a high-speed water heater with variable capacity using a heat carrier from the heating network.

The scheme of the hot water supply network is adopted dead-end with lower wiring highways (as well as a cold water supply network).

Since the consumption of hot water is uneven, the network is adopted with circulation in the main and risers.

Estimated costs of hot water and heat are determined. Hot water consumption in network sections is determined by formula (2.1). Since the system serves the same consumers, the value P h is found by formula (2.3).

Here, the value and are taken according to adj. 3 [1].

The value is determined by the formula (2.7)

The value adopted according to adj. 3 [1].

The maximum hourly consumption of hot water is determined by the formula (2.5)

The value is determined according to Table 2 app. 4 [1].

The average hourly consumption of hot water is determined by the formula (2.8)

, m 3 / h

The maximum hourly heat consumption is determined by the formula (2.11)

Rice. 2.1. Calculation scheme of the hot water supply network

Table 2.3

An example of calculating a hot water supply network in the drawdown mode.

Settlement area	Length of account, m	Number of devices, N	Probability of device operation, Р t	N*P	α	Consumption of one device, q t 0 l/s	Estimated flow rate, q t l/s	Diameter, d mm	Speed, V m/s	Specific head loss, mm/pm	Loss of pressure in the area, mm	Notes

1-2	1,50		0,016	0,016	0,205	0,09	0,09		0,78
2-3	0,55		0,016	0,032	0,241	0,2	0,24		2,08
3-4	0,80		0,016	0,048	0,270	0,2	0,27		2,35
4-5	3,30		0,016	0,048	0,270	0,2	0,27		1,13
5-6	2,80		0,016	0,096	0,338	0,2	0,34		1,42
6-7	2,80		0,016	0,144	0,393	0,2	0,39		1,63
7-8	2,80		0,016	0,192	0,441	0,2	0,44		1,84
8-9	4,00		0,016	0,240	0,485	0,2	0,49		1,17
9-10	10,00		0,016	0,800	0,948	0,2	0,95		1,2
10-water	13,00		0,016	1,920	1,402	0,2	1,40		1,34
water-sch	7,00		0,013	2,106	1,479	0,3	2,22		2,1
input	10,00		0,013	2,106	1,479	0,3	2,22		1,05

11-12	3,30		0,016	0,096	0,338	0,2	0,34		0,91
12-13	2,80		0,016	0,192	0,441	0,2	0,44		1,19
13-14	2,80		0,016	0,288	0,524	0,2	0,52		1,44
14-15	2,80		0,016	0,384	0,598	0,2	0,60		1,65
15-9	4,00		0,016	0,480	0,665	0,2	0,67		1,84

Heating surface heating tubes water heater is determined by the formula (2.13). The calculated temperature difference is determined by formula (2.14). We take the parameters of the coolant t n \u003d 120 ° С, t to= 70 °С, heated water parameters t h=60 C and tc\u003d 5 C.

°C

App. 8 [2] we accept a high-speed water heater N 11 VTI - MosEnergo with a heating surface of one section of 5.89 m. The required number of sections is determined by the formula (2.16)

sections

Section length 2000 mm, body outer diameter 219 mm, number of tubes 64.

The calculation of the hot water supply system in the drawdown mode is made in tabular form (Table 2.3).

The head loss in sections of the hot water supply network was determined by the formula (2.19). Value Kl 0.2 was taken - for distribution pipelines and 0.1 - for water risers without heated towel rails. (It is accepted to connect heated towel rails to the heating network.)

The total pressure loss on the line 1-inlet is 21125 mm or 21.1 m. riser. Since the pressure loss in sections 4 - 8 turned out to be greater than in sections 11 - 15, the riser St TZ-1 was taken as the calculated one.

The required pressure at the entrance to the building for the operation of the hot water supply system is determined by the formula (2.20)

Here, the pressure loss in the water heater is determined by the formula (2.17)

The calculation of the hot water supply system in the circulation mode is made in tabular form (Table 2.4). The design scheme of the network is shown in fig. 2.1.

Table 2.4.

Calculation of the hot water supply network in circulation mode

Settlement accounts	Account length	Circulation flow, l/s	Diameter, mm	Speed, m/s	Head loss, mm	Notes
for 1 running m.	at the account

water-4	13,00	0,28		0,27	6,24
4-3	10,00	0,19		0,24	4,30
3-2	4,00	0,10		0,24	10,00
2-1	11,20	0,10		0,42	45,98
1-2″	11,20	0,10		0,42	45,98
2″-3″	4,00	0,10		0,42	45,98
3″-4″	10,00	0,19		0,45	36,13
4″-inlet	13,00	0,28		0,35	13,88
					Total: 1340

The circulation flow in the sections was taken according to the formula (2.23), The diameters of the circulation pipes in the risers were taken to be the same as the diameters of the distribution pipes; in highways they were taken one size smaller.

The total pressure loss due to friction and local resistance in the network amounted to 1340 mm. Here it is necessary to take into account the pressure loss in the water heater when the circulation flow is skipped, which are determined by the formula (2.17)

M=7.9mm=8mm

Thus, the pressure loss in the calculated circulation ring will be

Opportunity is determined natural circulation. The natural circulation pressure is determined for a system with a lower wiring according to the formula (2.25)

13.2 (986.92 - 985.73) + 2(985.73 - 983.24) = 20.69 mm

The head loss in the circulation ring (1348 mm) significantly exceeds the natural circulation head (20.69 mm), so pump circulation is designed.

The performance of the circulation pump is determined by the formula (2.26)

The required pump head is determined by the formula (2.27)

App. XIII [3] we accept the pump K50-32-125 (K8/18b) with a nominal capacity of 2.5 l/s and a head of 11.4 m. min. From formula (7.1) [ 3 ], we determine that

l/s; m.

In this case, the power on the pump shaft will become

Here the quantities Q1, H 1 , N 1 correspond to the number of revolutions n 1=1480 rpm

3. DESIGN OF INTERNAL WATER DRAINAGE

The drainage system includes a complex of engineering devices inside the building for receiving Wastewater and their discharge outside the building into the street drainage network. It consists of the following main elements:

Sewage receivers - sanitary appliances;

Hydraulic locks (siphons);

branch lines;

Riser with exhaust pipes;

Issues.

A special place is occupied by the yard drainage network, which serves to divert wastewater from buildings to street collectors.

Water consumption for the needs of hot water supply should be determined according to the norms of hot water consumption, taking into account the likelihood of using water taps. Determine the load on DHW system on maximum flow hot water and take it into account when choosing a heat source. Hello dear friends! We are used to using hot water every day and can hardly imagine comfortable life if you can not take a warm bath or you have to wash dishes under a tap from which a cold trickle pours. Water at desired temperature and the right amount- this is what the owner of each private house dreams of. Today we will determine the estimated consumption of water and heat for the hot water supply of our house. You must understand that at this stage it is not particularly important for us where we get this heat. Perhaps we will take it into account when choosing the power of the heat supply source and will heat water for the needs of hot water supply in the boiler. Perhaps we will heat the water in a separate electric boiler or a gas column, and perhaps it will be brought to us.

Well, what if there are no technical capabilities to carry out the hot water system at home, then we will go to our own or village bath. Our parents mostly went to the city baths, and now a mobile Russian bath has called under your window. Of course, life does not stand still and the presence of a bathtub and a shower cabin in the house today is no longer a luxury, but a simple necessity. Therefore, we will provide a hot water system in the house. The amount of load on the hot water supply system at home and, ultimately, the choice of heat source power will depend on the correct calculation of hot water supply. So come to this calculation need to be very serious. Before choosing the scheme and equipment of the DHW system at home, we need to calculate the main parameter of any system - the maximum hot water consumption per hour of maximum water consumption (Q g.v max, kg / h).

Practically, with the help of a stopwatch and a measuring container, we determine the flow of hot water, l / min when filling the bath

Calculation of the hourly maximum consumption of hot water per hour of its maximum water consumption

To calculate this consumption, let's turn to the hot water consumption rates (according to chapter SNiP 2-34-76), see table 1.

Hot water consumption rates (according to the chapter SNiP 2-34-76)

Table 1

g i.s - average for the heating period, l / day;

g and - the highest water consumption, l / day;

g i.h - the highest water consumption, l / h.

Dear friends, I want to warn you against one common mistake. Many developers, and even young inexperienced designers, calculate the hourly maximum hot water consumption using the formula

G max =g and.h *U, kg/h

g i.h - hot water consumption rate, l / h, the highest water consumption, is taken according to table 1; U - the number of consumers of hot water, U = 4 people.

G max = 10 * 4 = 40 kg/h or 0.67 l/min

Q g.v max \u003d 40 * 1 * (55 - 5) \u003d 2000 kcal/h or 2.326 kW

Having calculated the water flow in this way and choosing the power of the heat source to heat this flow, you calmed down. But getting under the shower, you will be surprised to find that only 3 drops of water per second drip on your dirty and sweaty bald head. Neither washing your hands, nor rinsing the dishes, not to mention taking a bath, is out of the question. So what's the deal? And the mistake is that the maximum hourly water consumption for the day of the highest water consumption is not correctly determined. It turns out that all hot water consumption rates according to Table 1 should only be used to calculate the flow rate through individual devices and the probability of using their action. These rules are not applicable to determining costs based on the number of consumers, by multiplying the number of consumers by specific consumption! This is precisely the main mistake made by many calculators when determining the heat load on the DHW system.

If we need to determine the performance of heat generators (boilers) or heaters in the absence of hot water storage tanks for subscribers (our case), then the estimated load on the DHW system must be determined by the maximum hourly consumption of hot water (heat) per day of the highest water consumption according to the formula

Q g.v max =G max * c * (t g.sr -t x), kcal/h

G max - the maximum hourly consumption of hot water, kg / h. The maximum hourly consumption of hot water, G max, taking into account the likelihood of using water folding devices, should be determined by the formula

G max = 18 *g * K and * α h * 10 3, kg / h

g - hot water consumption rate, l / with water folding devices. In our case: for a washbasin g y \u003d 0.07 l / s; for washing g m = 0.14 l / s; for a shower g d \u003d 0.1 l / s; for a bath g in \u003d 0.2 l / s. Choose greater value, that is, g \u003d g in \u003d 0.2 l / s; K and - dimensionless coefficient of use of a water-folding device for 1 hour of the highest water consumption. For a bathtub with a characteristic (highest) flow rate of hot water g x \u003d 200 l / h, given coefficient will be equal to K and = 0.28; α h is a dimensionless value determined depending on the total number N of water-folding devices and the probability of using them Р h for 1 hour of the highest water consumption. In turn, the probability of using water folding devices can be determined by the formula

R h =g and.h *U / 3600 * K and *g*N

g i.h - hot water consumption rate per hour of the highest water consumption, l / h. It is taken according to table 1, g i.h = 10l / h; N is the total number of taps installed in the house, N = 4.

R h \u003d 10 * 4 / 3600 * 0.28 * 0.2 * 4 \u003d 0.0496. At R h< 0,1 и любом N по таблице (N * Р ч = 0,198) определяем α ч = 0,44

G max \u003d 18 * 0.2 * 0.28 * 0.44 * 10 3 \u003d 444 kg / h or 7.4 l / min.

Q g.v max \u003d 444 * 1 * (55 - 5) \u003d 22200 kcal / h or 25.8 kW

No, neither the desired temperature, nor the proper flow of hot water - discomfort

As you can see, dear friends, the consumption of water and, accordingly, heat has increased by about 10 times. In addition, the heat consumption for hot water supply (25.8 kW) is 2 times more than the total heat consumption for heating and ventilation of the house (11.85 + 1.46 = 13.31 kW). If this data is presented to the "Customer", then his hair will stand on end and he will demand that they explain to him - what's the matter? So let's help him. Tables 2 and 3 below will help us with this. Now let's turn to table 2 and calculate the hourly highest flow water when loading all water consumers at the same time. Adding all the typical flow rates, we get 530 l/h. As you can see, the total typical flow rate turned out to be more than the calculated one (444l/h) by 86 l/h. And this is not surprising, since the likelihood that all water folding devices will work at the same time is very small. We have and so the value of meeting the demand for hot water from the maximum is 84%. In reality, this value is even less - about 50%. Let's try to get a real value, for this we use table 3. Do not forget that hot water consumption rates are developed for consumers at t g.av = 55 ° C, but we will find costs from the table at t g.av = 40 ° C.

The minimum total consumption of hot water, with an average water temperature equal to tg.w = 40 ° C and the simultaneous operation of all water intake devices with a security of this flow rate of 84%, will be equal to G min \u003d [ (5 * 1.5) + (20 * 5) + (30 * 6) + (120 * 10)] * 0.84 \u003d 342.3 l / h (239.6 l / h at t g.v \u003d 55 ° C)

The maximum total consumption of hot water, with an average water temperature equal to 40 ° C and the simultaneous operation of all water intake devices with a security of this flow rate of 84%, will be equal to G max \u003d [ (15 * 3) + (30 * 5) + (90 * 6 ) + (200 * 15)] * 0.84 \u003d 869.4 l / h (608.6 l / h at t g.v \u003d 55 ° C)

The average consumption at t g.w. = 55 ° C will be equal to G medium = (G min + G max) / 2 = (239.6 + 608.6) / 2 = 424.1 l / h. So we got what we were looking for - 424.1 l / h instead of 444 l / h according to the calculation.

Hot water consumption rates for water-folding devices (chapter SNiP 2-34-76)

table 2

Hot water consumption rates for various water intake devices

Table 3

Fence point	Sink	Kitchen sink	Economical shower	Shower standard	Shower comfort.	Bath
DHW temperature, o C	35-40	55	40	40	40	40
Consumption time, min	1,5-3	5	6	6	6	10-15
Hot water consumption for household needs, l	5-15	20-30	30	50	90	120-200

Thus, when calculating hot water supply in without fail it is necessary to take into account such nuances: the number of residents; frequency of using the bathroom, shower; the number of bathrooms where hot water is used; technical characteristics of sanitary elements (for example, the volume of a bathroom); the expected temperature of the heated water, as well as the likelihood of using water taps at the same time. In the following posts, we will take a closer look at three common hot water systems. Depending on the method of heating water, these systems, for private country house, subdivided: DHW with storage water heater(boiler); DHW with instantaneous water heater; DHW with a double-circuit boiler.

What do you think I'm doing?!!!

The obtained values of water and heat consumption for DHW needs – G max \u003d 444 kg / h or 7.4 l / min and Q g.v max \u003d 22200 kcal / h or 25.8 kW we accept, with subsequent clarification, when choosing a heat source. Today we have completed the 4th point of our plan for the house - we have calculated the hourly maximum consumption of hot water for a private house. If you haven't joined yet, please join!

Sincerely, Gregory

The average hourly heat load of hot water supply of a consumer of thermal energy Q hm, Gcal / h, during the heating period is determined by the formula:

Qhm =/T(3.3)

a = 100 l / day - the rate of water consumption for hot water supply;

N =4 - the number of people;

T \u003d 24 h - the duration of the operation of the hot water supply system of the subscriber per day, h;

t c - temperature tap water during the heating season, °С; in the absence of reliable information, t c \u003d 5 ° С is accepted;

Q hm =100∙4∙(55-5)∙10 -6 /24=833.3∙10 -6 Gcal/h= 969 W

3.3 Total heat consumption and gas consumption

For design, a double-circuit boiler is selected. When calculating the gas consumption, it is taken into account that the boiler for heating and DHW operates separately, that is, when the DHW circuit is turned on, the heating circuit is turned off. So the total heat consumption will be equal to the maximum consumption. In this case, the maximum heat consumption for heating.

1. ∑Q = Q omax = 6109 kcal/h

2. Determine the gas flow rate by the formula:

V =∑Q /(η ∙Q n r), (3.4)

where Q n p \u003d 34 MJ / m 3 \u003d 8126 kcal / m 3 - lower calorific value of gas;

η – boiler efficiency;

V \u003d 6109 / (0.91 / 8126) \u003d 0.83 m 3 / h

For the cottage choose

1. Double-circuit boiler AOGV-8, thermal power Q=8 kW, gas consumption V=0.8 m 3 /h, nominal inlet pressure of natural gas Рnom=1274-1764 Pa;

2. Gas stove, 4 burners, GP 400 MS-2p, gas consumption V = 1.25 m 3

Total gas consumption for 1 house:

Vg =N∙(Vpg ∙Ko + V2-boiler ∙ K cat), (3.5)

where Ko = 0.7 is the simultaneity factor for the gas stove, taken according to the table, depending on the number of apartments;

K cat \u003d 1 - coefficient of simultaneity for the boiler according to table 5;

N is the number of houses.

Vg \u003d 1.25 ∙ 1 + 0.8 ∙ 0.85 \u003d 1.93 m 3 / h

For 67 houses:

Vg \u003d 67 ∙ (1.25 ∙ 0.2179 + 0.8 ∙ 0.85) \u003d 63.08 m 3 / h

3.4 Estimated thermal loads of the school

Calculation of heating loads

Estimated hourly heating load separate building determined by aggregated indicators:

Q o =η∙α∙V∙q 0 ∙(t p -t o)∙(1+K i.r.)∙10 -6 (3.6)

where  is a correction factor that takes into account the difference in the calculated outdoor temperature for heating design t o from t o \u003d -30 ° С, at which the corresponding value is determined, is taken according to Appendix 3, α \u003d 0.94;

V is the volume of the building according to the external measurement, V = 2361 m 3;

q o - specific heating characteristic of the building at t o \u003d -30 °, accepted q o \u003d 0.523 W / (m 3 ∙◦С)

t p - design air temperature in a heated building, we take 16 ° C

t o - estimated outdoor air temperature for heating design (t o \u003d -34 ° C)

η- boiler efficiency;

K i.r - the calculated coefficient of infiltration due to thermal and wind pressure, i.e. the ratio of heat losses from a building with infiltration and heat transfer through external fences at an outside air temperature calculated for heating design. Calculated according to the formula:

K and.r \u003d 10 -2 ∙ 1/2 (3.7)

where g is the free fall acceleration, m/s 2 ;

L is the free height of the building, taken equal to 5 m;

ω - calculated wind speed for the given area during the heating season, ω=3m/s

K and.r \u003d 10 -2 ∙ 1/2 \u003d 0.044

Q o \u003d 0.91 ∙ 0.94 ∙ 2361 ∙ (16 + 34) ∙ (1 + 0.044) ∙ 0.39 ∙ 10 -6 = 49622.647 ∙ 10 -6 W.

Calculation of ventilation loads

In the absence of a project for a ventilated building, the calculated heat consumption for ventilation, W [kcal / h], is determined by the formula for integrated calculations:

Q in \u003d V n ∙q v ∙ (t i - t o), (3.8)

where V n - the volume of the building according to the external measurement, m 3;

q v - specific ventilation characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 · ° С) [kcal / (h · m 3 · ° С)], is taken according to the calculation; in the absence of data on the table. 6 for public buildings;

t j , is the average temperature of the internal air of the ventilated premises of the building, 16 °С;

t o, - design outdoor air temperature for heating design, -34 ° С,

Q in \u003d 2361 ∙ 0.09 (16 + 34) \u003d 10624.5

where M is the estimated number of consumers;

a is the rate of water consumption for hot water supply at a temperature

t g \u003d 55 0 C per person per day, kg / (day × person);

b - consumption of hot water with a temperature of t g = 55 0 С, kg (l) for public buildings, related to one resident of the area; in the absence of more accurate data, it is recommended to take b = 25 kg per day per person, kg / (day × person);

c p cf \u003d 4.19 kJ / (kg × K) - specific heat capacity of water at its average temperature t cf \u003d (t g -t x) / 2;

t x - temperature of cold water during the heating period (in the absence of data, it is assumed to be 5 0 С);

n c - estimated duration of heat supply to hot water supply, s / day; with round-the-clock supply n c =24×3600=86400 s;

coefficient 1.2 takes into account hot water drying out in subscriber hot water supply systems.

Q DHW \u003d 1.2 ∙ 300 ∙ (5 + 25) ∙ (55-5) ∙ 4.19 / 86400 \u003d 26187.5 W

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Calculation of the hourly maximum consumption of hot water per hour of its maximum water consumption

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