How to build a house from cinder blocks. Construction of a turnkey cinder block house

A cinder block is a colloquial name for an artificial stone made in a special form by vibrocompression or concrete mortar casting. Wall blocks are an excellent alternative to brick, surpassing it in performance and significantly inferior in price. Their use makes it possible to simplify the technology of building construction, lighten the load on load-bearing structures and reduce construction time.

A bit about the history of the issue

Previously, blast-furnace slag, a by-product of the metallurgical industry, was used in the manufacture of blocks. Despite the popularity of the material, there was one significant drawback among consumers - industrial waste could not boast of environmental friendliness. Therefore, the finished blocks were kept outdoors for about a year and only then they were put into construction.

Today, thanks to the development of technology, cinder blocks meet all safety requirements and continue to attract both individual developers and large construction companies.

We build a house from cinder block

It is difficult to imagine low-rise construction without the use of cinder block. Private houses, cottages, garages and utility rooms made of this material are distinguished by the speed of construction and an attractive price. And making cinder blocks with your own hands at home reduces the cost of construction even more.

Types of blocks, their fillers and binders

Solid or hollow wall blocks are made by hand in any suitable shape and from almost any material at hand:

• expanded clay,
• rubble,
• sawdust,
• brick fragments,
• sand as a filler
• cement and gypsum as binders.

The composition of both cinder block and foam block is truly unique.

For the production of material, you will need special equipment - a vibrating table and molds for pouring blocks. You can also try to make the equipment yourself, following the advice and instructions of the masters.

What to look for when buying a cinder block

Before building a cinder block house, weigh all the pros and cons.

If you decide to build a cinder block house with your own hands, but do not want to engage in production, a few tips will help you not to make a mistake in choosing a material:

• When buying blocks, you need to pay attention to the manufacturer - a factory or a private trader (it is believed that the production technology is better maintained in the factory and better raw materials are used) and what kind of filler is in the blocks. The safest fillers for health are: shell rock, crushed stone, sawdust and expanded clay;
• Feel free to ask the seller about the characteristics of the material - the thermal conductivity, frost resistance, strength and density of the cinder block directly depend on the properties of the filler.

So, sand, pebbles or crushed stone are used in the production of solid blocks. They are characterized by high thermal conductivity, density and solid weight. Perlite and expanded clay, on the contrary, "lighten" the finished product and slightly reduce its thermal insulation properties;

• To check the strength of the finished product, you need to raise it by one and a half meters and release it. A few small chips - evidence of the strength of the block, cracks and breaks - are unacceptable.

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Features of construction from cinder blocks

Building a house from cinder blocks with your own hands is not much different from brickwork, but it takes less time, does not require special skills and abilities, however, it has a number of features:

• The cinder block is afraid of water, so building a house with your own hands from a cinder block should be started in dry weather and try to finish it before the rainy season;
• The "hydrophobia" of the building material dictates the need to build a high foundation and its good waterproofing;
• Experts recommend plastering the finished walls well on both sides (internal and external), while the layer of plaster can reach 2 cm.

Stages of building walls from blocks

• Tool preparation.

You will need: a hacksaw or a circular saw, a respirator (required when sawing), a building level, a mallet, a trowel, ordering and a plumb line, boards for collecting scaffolding.

• Preparatory work with the foundation.

As already mentioned, to build a cinder block house, you need a high and well-insulated foundation, preferably with a plinth.

• Wall laying.

To achieve the correct rectangle and subsequently even walls, the corners are first set. Four blocks are stacked at the top of the corners and aligned with a level. Next, a fishing line is pulled along which the walls will be laid out.

A mortar is applied to the foundation, and the first rows of blocks are laid. The first 3-4 rows need to be checked more often with a level, both in the vertical and horizontal planes - focusing on them, a flat surface of the walls is laid out.

The cement mortar is applied with a thickness of 1-1.5 cm, a thicker layer creates additional cold bridges and reduces the thermal insulation of the building as a whole. The blocks are tightly sequentially pressed against each other and tapped with a rubber mallet, excess mortar is removed with a trowel. Pros are advised to add red clay to it to improve the viscosity of the solution at the rate of 1/3 bucket of clay for 4 buckets of mortar.

Note! If you have already thought about how to build a house with your own hands from a cinder block, do not forget to take into account the construction of scaffolding in your plans. Even one-story low buildings of their wall blocks are erected from scaffolding, because ladders are unstable, they need to be constantly moved, and a bucket of mortar and building material should be kept in a canopy. All this cannot but affect the quality of the masonry.

• Completion of construction.

After the structure is completely dry, either the construction of the second floor or the roof begins. If your house is supposed to be two-story, then the top row of blocks should be reinforced with an iron belt. When constructing a roof, it is desirable to use wood for floors and rafters.

How to build a house from cinder blocks?

To build a house from cinder blocks, it is not necessary to contact professional builders, you can study the cinder block construction technique and do everything yourself. First, develop a project, calculate how much material you need, and you can get to work.

Advantages and disadvantages

Before you start creating a project and building a house, you need to learn about the pros and cons of cinder block buildings.

Advantages of cinder block houses:

1. Saving money. This material is much cheaper than brick and wood, especially if you produce it yourself.
2. A cinder block house does not require a massive foundation.
3. The material does not impose special requirements for storage and transportation.
4. The construction is reliable and does not differ in quality from houses built from other materials.

But there is also two major drawbacks:

1. The material is afraid of water, so you can build a house only in dry weather, and then plaster the walls well.
2. To ensure the required level of sound and heat insulation, it is necessary to choose materials responsibly. If this stage of construction is not performed correctly, moisture will penetrate into the cinder block.

The foundation for the house of cinder blocks

The main requirements for the foundation: it should be high to protect the house from moisture, which the cinder block is so afraid of, and well insulated. If the house is one-story and without reinforced concrete floors, then the foundation does not have to be made superstrong.

For building a foundation for a cinder block house you will need: crushed stone, cement, gravel, rebar, sand, concrete mixer, cinder blocks, opata, level, hydro and vapor barrier material.

This process is carried out in several stages:

1. Dig a trench and make a bed of sand and gravel about 50 cm high.
2. Install the formwork and make a reinforced frame.
3. Prepare a concrete solution: mix 3 parts of sand and gravel and 1 part of cement. Fill them with the prepared structure.

The construction of the basement, if provided, can be started after 7 days, and the construction of walls can only be done after complete drying (approximately 1 month).

Walling

First, the corners are set so that the walls are perfectly even. One cinder block is placed in each corner, then it is leveled with a building level. Pull the twine along which you will lay out the walls. Prepare before starting work:

• a mallet to knock out cinder blocks;
• a trowel for removing excess mortar at the seams;
• plasticizer (this material is added to the solution to increase its strength and ductility);
• circular saw or hacksaw for sawing cinder blocks;
• orders, plumb lines and spatulas.

The cinder block is laid in one of the traditional ways:

• tychkovy (in one stone);
• spoon (in half a stone);
• one and a half stones;
• two stones.

Important to remember that the laying of cinder blocks can only be done at temperatures above 15 degrees. After the preparatory work, build the first row of blocks. The height of the seam should not be more than 1.5 cm, otherwise this will lead to a deterioration in thermal insulation properties. Do not fill voids in cinder blocks with cement!

When erecting the first three rows, check the wall as often as possible with a level, it must be strictly vertical. Cinder blocks are stacked with an offset of ½ block.

To avoid cracks and make the structure stronger, builders advise using reinforcement. To do this, you need fittings and electric cutters or wall chasers. With the help of electromills, recesses are made in cinder blocks, reinforcement is inserted into them and cement mortar is poured. This procedure is repeated in every fourth row.

Video of building a house from cinder blocks, masonry.

When the walls are erected, you can start building the roof. This process cannot be postponed for a long time, so as not to expose the cinder blocks to the detrimental effects of precipitation. The same applies to external and internal finishing works.

How to insulate a house?

In order to be comfortable in the house in cold weather, you need take care of building insulation And. Experts say that it is better to insulate the building from the outside, as this guarantees 70% of the effect, sometimes internal insulation is not even required.

Before internal insulation, a vapor barrier layer is mounted on the walls and ceiling of the building, after which mineral wool or expanded polystyrene can be used. Vapor barrier is not required for exterior walls.

If you want to save on insulation, then use foam. This is the cheapest material, in the future it is plastered and painted. You can also buy polystyrene foam, which has a low level of water absorption, so you do not need to install a vapor barrier layer.

Wall insulation with foam plastic and decorative work is carried out in 5 stages:

1. The walls are plastered.
2. The foam is attached.
3. Reinforced mesh is being installed.
4. Work is underway to level and finish the walls.
5. The building is being painted.

For painting, it is better to choose acrylic or silicone plaster. And if you are not limited in finances, then for insulation it is better to purchase polyurethane foam - a modern material that is applied to walls by pouring or spraying. The result is a coating without seams, it does not allow cold air and moisture to pass through.

How to calculate the number of cinder blocks per house?

If you are building a house from cinder blocks, then you first need to calculate the amount of material. Those who produce the building material themselves can make the missing amount at any time, it is only important to remember that the blocks will take time to become strong.

To calculate the number of cinder blocks, you need to know the thickness of the wall. It may differ depending on the climatic conditions of the region where the house is being built. In the middle lane, a thickness of 20-40 cm is enough, and in order for the house to keep warm in harsh winters, the size must be at least 60 cm.

When calculating remember basic construction terms: half a stone (20 cm), a stone (40 cm), one and a half stones (60 cm), two stones (80 cm).

We will carry out calculations according to the most common parameters that are used in the construction of a house from cinder blocks. For example, you need to build a building 9x7, the height of the walls is 3 meters. The area of ​​one cinder block is 0.08 m (0.4x0.2).

The first thing to do is to calculate the number of blocks per 1 meter of wall. For this, 1 / 0.08 sq.m., it turns out 12.5 pieces. The wall will be built from two rows, so 12.5x2 = 25 cinder blocks. Now let's calculate the area of ​​the house: (9+9+7+7)x3=96 sq.m. 9 and 7 are the length of the walls, and 3 is the height. For each square meter, 25 cinder blocks are needed, which means that for the construction of the whole house: 25x96 = 2400 pieces.

Openings are not taken into account in the calculations, but this is not necessary. Cinder block is a fragile material, so you need to take it with a margin.

The price of building a house

How much does it cost to build a cinder block house? You can build a house from cinder blocks with your own hands, but do not forget about the development of the project. You can do it yourself or leave it to the professionals. The main thing is to take into account the climatic conditions and features of the soil, the stability of the building.

The average cost of one cinder block is 35 rubles. For a 9x7 house, you will need 2400 pieces, that is, this material will cost 84 thousand rubles. But this is only the erection of walls, also do not forget about the construction of the foundation, the construction of the roof, sound and heat insulation, and finishing work.

Is it worth building?

Many of them are satisfied with the construction process, because the house can be built during the holidays. Save on the material itself and the mortar, which takes half as much as on brickwork. Houses made of this material look original, warm in winter and cool in summer.

cinder block houses- These are reliable and durable structures. For their construction, it will not take much time and financial expenses, especially if you produce cinder blocks yourself. But in order for the building to serve for a long time, and to live comfortably in it, you need to choose the right materials for insulation and decoration.

Invented at the beginning of the 20th century, cinder blocks have firmly entered modern construction as the most versatile, budgetary and unpretentious wall material. The cinder block is used for the construction of load-bearing walls of houses with a height of no more than 3 floors, the installation of partitions, the laying of a strip or column foundation under garages, kiosks, change houses, for the construction of underground and ground office premises, and the arrangement of attics in multi-storey buildings.

Before starting to draw up a project for a cinder block house, it is necessary to take into account the properties, advantages and disadvantages of this material:

1. Cinder blocks are made by vibrating compacting a mixture of M500 cement with water and filler in special forms. The most typical list of fillers is granulated slag and granite/gravel screenings. This technology provides the maximum reduction in the cost and consumption of the binder without a large loss of strength. Cinder block is the cheapest type of wall stone.

2. The compressive strength of the cinder block is consistent with brick - M50 - M100, solid blocks - up to M150. The material is absolutely not subject to shrinkage and gains strength over time. But the fragility and low tensile strength does not allow the use of cinder blocks in the construction of walls with significant transverse loads.

3. During solidification, the material acquires a noticeable porosity - this facilitates laying work, reduces the requirements for the foundation, reduces thermal conductivity, and increases sound insulation properties.

4. It is absolutely not necessary to involve professional builders for laying the cinder block. The volume, duration, complexity of laying and measuring operations are 3-4 times lower than when building a brick wall.

5. The cinder block does not enter into chemical reactions with the atmosphere, does not burn, rodents and insects do not settle in it. The guaranteed service life of a cinder block with the right choice of material is 15 years for non-plastered walls, 50 for double-sided protection, 100 or more if periodic plaster restoration is carried out.

6. The main disadvantage is high hygroscopicity and low frost resistance class (F15 - F50). Wherever there is no way to protect the cinder block walls of the house from prolonged contact with water, they quickly lose all insulating qualities and crack after freezing. Therefore, bilateral plastering is almost mandatory and external insulation of the cinder block is desirable. It is unacceptable to use this material in walls that are subject to periodic flooding.

7. The cinder block construction plan must be strictly tied to the weather seasons, the optimal time for laying is the end of spring - the beginning of autumn. When leaving for the night or weekend, the stacked blocks protect from possible rain. Before winter, it is necessary to have time to mount the roof on cinder block houses.

8. A cinder block, especially a hollow one, greatly reduces strength under the influence of chasing with impact tools, and when you try to gouge a through round hole, an entire segment can collapse. It is necessary to think over in advance the scheme for laying engineering systems and make careful cuts with a grinder.

9. The presence of metallurgy waste in the composition makes the material non-environmental. Harmful substances released in small quantities disappear within a year after production, therefore it is recommended not to populate and not to plaster the walls until the end of the first winter after the construction of the box.

Overview of layouts

1. The project of house 1 is a real one-story mansion 15x10 with a total area of ​​220 m2 with a high spacious attic. A significant part of the first floor is occupied by a garage and office space, on the opposite side there is an exit to a large terrace. In the living room and kitchen located next to each other with an area of ​​​​23 m2, two dozen guests can be received at once. For convenience, there is a bathroom.

Going out to the second floor, we find ourselves in a spacious hall with a large viewing window in the entire wall. The project of the floor provides for the presence of two children's rooms of 12 m2 and a bedroom of 22 m2. There are also 2 bathrooms and an office. The entrance to each room is located in the central hall. 1 nursery and office have adjoining balconies.

2. House project 2 - the best-priced version of a 10x10 house with an attic only above the residential part of the 1st floor, with a total area of ​​120 m2. The project provides for a garage of 20 m2, a small hall, 1 bathroom for the whole house, a living room of 22 m2 with a corner staircase, a stove and access to the terrace. The kitchen is quite small, only 12 m2. On the second floor there is a bathroom and 2 rather small bedrooms - 17 and 9 m2. This area is clearly not enough for a large family.

3. House project 3 - the best for a large family, but does not have a garage. This is a real two-story house 10x10 with an area of ​​180 m2, with many rooms in which family members can find privacy if necessary. On the ground floor there is a bathroom, a boiler room, a small kitchen, a separate free-use room, a spacious entrance hall of 11 m2, and a living room of 18 m2. The project of the 2nd floor includes 3 bedrooms 12, 12 and 19 m2, and 2 spacious bathrooms. One of the bathrooms can only be accessed through the master bedroom.

How to calculate the cost?

The cost of building a house from cinder block will include:

1. Designing a detailed scheme of the house, taking into account engineering systems. The order of the project will cost at least 25,000 rubles.

2. Excavation to a depth of 0.5-1 m under the house - about 400 rubles per m3.

3. Reinforcement and pouring of a tape monolithic foundation, 0.5 m wide for a wall of 40 cm - about 8,000 rubles per 1 m3 only for materials and their delivery.

4. Backfilling the underground with crushed stone and sand - about 600 per 1 m3, including delivery. At this stage, you can include a basement in the project.

5. To order a complete arrangement of a turnkey strip foundation will cost approximately 17,000 rubles / m3 of concrete work.

6. Buying a cinder block. A typical size is 190x190x390 mm. Given a mortar thickness of 10 mm, it is very easy to calculate the material consumption per square meter - 12.5 blocks per 19 cm wall, and 25 blocks per 39 cm wall. The price is approximately 30-35 rubles apiece. The project must include a fight and marriage in the amount of 5-10%.

7. Purchase of cement and sand. The technological rate of consumption of the solution is 1 cubic meter per 4.5 m3 of the wall. For its manufacture, you will need 6 bags of M400 cement and 1.1 cubic meters of sand (1 to 4 volume ratio) with a total price of 1800 rubles.

8. The price of floors and roofs.

9. The most significant point of the project is the cost of heating, sewerage, water, electricity and gas supply systems.

10. Windows, doors, plaster, finishing, insulation.

Additionally, the project should take into account the following points:

• Concrete floors cannot be laid on the cinder block. If necessary, an armored belt is made of longitudinal beams.
• In the walls you need to lay reinforcement through the row. This will lead to costs in the amount of about 300 rubles per m3 of masonry.
• To further lighten, insulate and reduce the cost of the wall, you can use blocks with high voids (up to 40%). But they are more fragile and poorly suited for building a house above 2 floors.

The estimated price of a turnkey house is 20,000 - 24,000 rubles per 1 square meter, excluding the attic area. Although this option most often turns out to be more expensive than phased construction with the involvement of various contractors, it practically does not require the investment of one's own strength and nerves. In addition, there are nice bonuses like free design of unique houses.

Building a house with your own hands from a cinder block is considered a fairly convenient and quick way of building, but any fact has both positive and negative sides, this is what we will try to figure out. We will also think about how to make this building material at our site.

Cinder block house - choose the material

For small buildings, this material is considered the most convenient and practical. In addition, the cheapness of cinder blocks has long been known, this fact becomes even more noticeable if you produce building blocks right on your site. Further, the advantages of this material only continue to pour in, for example, you may not even be a professional bricklayer to successfully build a house from cinder block. With the right technology, you will also get a “warm” house, because the air cavities will become the best insulator.

But there are also disadvantages to such a material, for example, it is very afraid of water, so you will have to guess the weather and after construction, plaster the walls well, the craftsmen advise making a layer up to 2 cm on one side and the other. Also, this “fear” is reflected in the foundation, or rather, in its isolation and height. To prevent moisture from reaching the blocks, you need to make the foundation higher, and it is even better to provide a plinth, and then make a thorough waterproofing between it and the first row of the wall. It would be desirable to finish the construction before the rainy season, and even put a roof on so that dampness and moisture do not damage the material. Fortunately, speed is a plus for building from cinder blocks.

When buying blocks on the market, you should be able to evaluate their quality and safety. After all, any filler for cement in their manufacture can be taken, sometimes even combustion waste, for example, ash. Such blocks will not be good, it is better to focus on expanded clay, sawdust, crushed stone, brick chips. Feel free to check the strength of the purchased material. You need to drop it, without effort, just lift it a meter and a half and let it go. If it breaks, such a product is not suitable for you, even a crack is considered unacceptable. Only a few chips testify to the required strength.

How to put a cinder block and calculate its amount per house?

The amount of purchased material is considered in several stages, first you determine the parameters of your structure and the thickness of the walls, and then calculate the number of blocks, depending on the geometric parameters of the building elements. First of all, we decide what the walls will be in thickness, this will determine the type of masonry. If the most severe winter is not more than 20 ° C of frost, then 45 cm of the wall is enough, if the temperature drops below, then it is better to make a thickness of 60 cm or more.

Now we look at the parameters of purchased blocks or home-made ones and determine how to lay the cinder block, which will help us most conveniently achieve the planned wall width. These can be the following options: half a stone, one stone, one and a half and two stones. And then comes the most important part - the calculation of the purchased material. You need to calculate the perimeter and multiply by the expected wall thickness. So you get the area that the masonry edge should cover.

The website site masters have prepared a special calculator for you. You can easily calculate the required number of blocks.

For example, you lay out a wall in two stones, the dimensions of which are 200x400 mm, that is, an area of ​​\u200b\u200b0.08 m 2. It is necessary to cover an area of ​​​​12 m (the perimeter of the house) * 0.4 m (wall thickness) \u003d 4.8 m 2. This means that in order to lay out the first row of blocks on the entire perimeter of the house, it will take 4.8 / 0.08 = 60 blocks. Next, estimate the height of one block, the expected height of the walls, and calculate the number of rows. For example, the height of the block is 20 cm, the height of the walls is expected to be 2.5 m, which means that the rows will need 250/20 = 12.5 (round 13). Therefore, in total, about 13 * 60 = 780 blocks will be needed.

This calculation was made roughly, without taking into account openings for windows and doors, but we will keep this figure as the main one in order to have a supply of stone in case of breaks, battles and other unforeseen situations during transportation and construction, besides, we will probably have to cut some blocks.

How to make cinder blocks with your own hands?

As we have already mentioned, you can make cinder blocks with your own hands. For manufacturing, you will need a special form for pouring, water, cement, filler (sand, crushed stone, slag, expanded clay, etc.) and some devices for creating a cavity in the stone, for example, bottles or special blanks. Forms can be made of wood or metal, and it is better if there are a lot of them, because the blocks will have to be dried right in them. The strength of cement is taken at your discretion, the design of your house is closer to you and you know about further loads on the walls, whether it be a roof or floors.

The solution is mixed, as for pouring, the proportions are approximately as follows: cement-sand-filler 1:3:5. All this is poured into a mold with exposed bottles or blanks in places where cavities are planned. After 5 hours, when the mixture sets a little, the blanks can be removed. Now the resulting form is left to set for 24 hours. Then the blocks are taken out of the molds, and new ones can be poured, and these are stacked to dry for 28 days, until the strength of concrete is acquired, only after that they can be used in building a house.

Building a house with your own hands from a cinder block - stages of work

The masonry of this stone is somewhat different from the usual brick, however, in some cases, we even win, so let's take a closer look at the process.

Building a house with your own hands from a cinder block - a step by step diagram

Step 1: Foundation preparation

We have already mentioned that the foundation needs to be high (up to 70 cm above the ground) and well insulated, but it is not necessary to make it super strong, of course, unless you have several floors or reinforced concrete floors. The first stage of your construction should look something like this: a formwork is installed on a high pillow of sand and gravel (about 50 cm), in which reinforcement is placed, and all this is poured with medium or high strength concrete. In a week, the foundation will set, and if you have a basement planned, it can already be done, and the walls can only be started directly after the concrete has completely cured, i.e. after 28 days. Under the base and above it must be high-quality waterproofing.

Step 2: Building the walls

First we set the corners, this guarantees smooth walls in the future. To do this, we put one cinder block from each wall in the corners, level the corner with a building level, and stretch the rope along the perimeter, along which we will lay out the future walls. It remains to take the solution and start laying. The first 3 rows will be the most important, they set the percentage of quality for the entire wall, so apply the level more often, both in the horizontal plane and in the vertical one. Some craftsmen add a plasticizer to the masonry mortar, thereby increasing the strength of the future structure and extending the life of the mortar until it solidifies, in order to knead new portions less often.

We do not recommend applying a thick layer of cement between cinder blocks, as you create additional channels for cold, because the working solution does not have such insulating qualities as cinder blocks, so a layer of up to 1.5 cm is enough. Do not fill the cavities in the blocks with cement, this will reduce the thermal insulation, they can then be covered with something warmer, such as slag. During laying, you will need a rubber mallet to tap the blocks and a trowel to remove excess mortar from the joints. By the way, you will have to build even a one-story building using scaffolding, it is extremely inconvenient to lay blocks from a stepladder, this can degrade the quality of the building.

Step 3: Completion of construction

After the laying of the walls and the complete drying of the elements, it is time for the next floor or roof. There is a question about the severity of the floors or beams of the truss system, if you use something heavier than wood, then the top row of cinder blocks must be reinforced with an iron belt. And again, we are not afraid to repeat ourselves, we should not hesitate with the construction of the roof, we must not allow the existence of open walls in the rainy season. Also, do not delay with the exterior and interior decoration, you can even additionally insulate the building from the inside and outside with a thin layer of mineral wool, for example. The main component of success in cinder block construction is to protect the building from the external environment as quickly as possible.