Open and closed DHW systems: differences, how to switch to a closed circuit. Evaluation of the strategic plan for the transition of heat supply systems to a closed scheme

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Thanks to the heat supply, houses and apartments are provided with heat, and, accordingly, it is comfortable to stay in them. Simultaneously with heating residential buildings, industrial facilities, public buildings receive hot water for domestic or industrial needs. Depending on the method of delivery of the coolant, today there are open and closed heat supply systems.

At the same time, schemes for arranging heat supply systems are:

• centralized - they serve entire residential areas or settlements;
• local - for heating one building or group of buildings.

Open heating systems

In an open system, water is constantly supplied from the heating plant and this compensates for its consumption even if it is completely disassembled. AT Soviet time Approximately 50% of heating networks functioned according to this principle, which was explained by efficiency and minimization of heating and hot water costs.

But an open heating system has a number of disadvantages. The purity of water in pipelines does not meet the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards. As the liquid moves through pipes of considerable length, it becomes a different color and acquires unpleasant odors. Often, when water samples are taken by employees of sanitary and epidemiological stations from such pipelines, harmful bacteria are found in it.

The desire to purify the liquid flowing through an open system leads to a decrease in the efficiency of heat supply. Even the most modern ways elimination of water pollution are not able to overcome this significant drawback. Since the networks are long, the costs increase, but the cleaning efficiency remains the same.

An open heat supply scheme operates on the basis of the laws of thermodynamics: hot water rises, due to which the output of the boiler creates high pressure, and at the entrance to the heat generator - a small vacuum. Further, the liquid is directed from the zone of high pressure to the zone of lower pressure and, as a result, natural circulation coolant.

Being in a heated state, water tends to increase in volume, therefore, for of this type heating system requires an open expansion tank, such as in the photo - this device is completely leaky and directly connects to the atmosphere. Therefore, such heat supply received the appropriate name - open water system heat supply.

In the open type, water is heated to 65 degrees and then supplied to the taps, from where it is supplied to consumers. Such a heat supply option allows the use of cheap mixers instead of expensive heat exchange equipment. Since the analysis of heated water is uneven, for this reason the supply lines to the final consumer are calculated taking into account the maximum consumption.

Closed heating systems

It is a closed heat supply system design in which the coolant circulating in the pipeline is used only for heating and water from the heating network is not taken for hot water supply.

AT closed version providing space heating, the heat supply is centrally regulated, and the amount of liquid in the system remains unchanged. The consumption of thermal energy depends on the temperature of the coolant circulating through the pipes and radiators.

In heating systems closed type are usually used heat points, in which hot water comes from a heat supplier, such as a CHP. Further, the temperature of the heat carrier is brought to the required parameters for heat supply and hot water supply and sent to consumers.

When a closed heat supply system is in operation, the heat supply scheme ensures high quality of hot water supply and energy-saving effect. Her main disadvantage- the complexity of water treatment due to the remoteness of one heat point from another.

Dependent and independent heating systems

Both open and closed heating systems can be connected in two ways - dependent and independent.

The quality of hot water service is highly influenced by the type of hot water supply scheme used in the heating system. The unconditional advantage of a closed DHW circuit.
An example of the effectiveness of the transfer of the open scheme existing in Yekaterinburg to a closed one can be the Komsomolsky district of the city of Yekaterinburg. About the pilot project for the transfer of the Komsomolsky microdistrict to a closed DHW scheme, the participants of the field meeting of the Energy Committee of the SOSPP, held on August 1 at the Akademichesky Management Company, were told Andrey Sudnitsyn, PTO representative of Sverdlovsk Heat Supply Company LLC:

"Cons" of an open heat supply scheme
- System district heating The city of Yekaterinburg combines 10 sources, 400 kilometers of main lines and 2,500 distribution networks. For almost 60 years, this system, in which open hot water supply circuits operate, has been operating. And I must say that the quality of water at heat sources, both hot and cold, meets the requirements of SanPiN. At a number of some sources, water from the city water pipeline is used, and at a number of others, water is prepared to feed the heating network, for the needs of hot water supply, and is brought to drinking quality standards.
The problematic issue of the open circuit is non-compliance with temperature parameters during the inter-heating period. The point is that at quality regulation heat supply to maintain sanitary standards at temperatures, in particular, in our conditions, starting from + 8 ° C, the water temperature is maintained constant and here the hot water supply schemes do not always meet the requirements that apply to them - lack of circulation, the presence of a significant number of dead ends zones.
Another bad moment- the consumer cannot independently regulate the quality of this service. The mode of operation of the heat supply system by hydraulics significantly depends on the time and volume of consumption. During "peak hours" there is an increased water intake, the hydraulics, of course, falls, and the dispatchers have to take the necessary measures.

We will switch to closed circuits by 2022
In 2010, the long-awaited 190-FZ "On Heat Supply" was released, and in 2011 - 416-FZ "On Water Supply, Sanitation". They finally put an end to the fate of systems open water supply for the needs of hot water supply with the following prescription: " From January 1, 2022, the use of centralized open heat supply systems (hot water supply) for the needs of hot water supply, carried out by selecting a coolant for the needs of hot water supply, is not allowed».
In pursuance of the laws, we no longer issue new conditions for connecting consumers under a closed scheme. All connections are coordinated only according to a closed scheme, and our goal is to resolve this issue by 2022. Already now it is necessary to include these moments in investment programs that need to be linked with all links of one chain: a water utility, a heat source, networks, other networks, management companies or homeowners. This is not an easy task. With the current hot water supply system, the hand is not always raised to divert funds for hot water supply to the detriment of the condition of the heat supply equipment, the deterioration of which is quite large. But I think this process will get off the ground.
In order to develop the technology for transferring existing systems with the organization of hot water supply according to an open circuit to a closed circuit in the conditions of the existing district heating system (DH), it was proposed to develop a pilot project for the “closure” of the DHW circuit in the local district heating zone.

The pilot project will be implemented in Komsomolskoye
The pilot project was born in the bowels of the structures of ZAO IES. For its implementation, we chose the Komsomolsky microdistrict. To date, there is no real documentation on which it is possible to start work on the implementation of the project. Business models for project implementation are being developed.
In the Komsomolsk district, a closed hot water supply scheme was originally designed. At one time, all the heat points there were designed and the equipment was installed for use in a closed hot water supply scheme. That is, the entire infrastructure was practically already there, and in order to start the implementation of the project, a thorough analysis of its condition is necessary. Another factor in choosing a microdistrict is proximity to a heat source - Novo-Sverdlovskaya CHPP is located nearby.
An important criterion for choosing a microdistrict is the possibility of replicating design solutions for typical objects in the city. The fact is that a significant number of technological schemes, which are used in other objects of the city. And if we test any solutions here, they will be much easier to replicate and apply in the future. It is also important that the operation of the housing stock of the Komsomolsky district is carried out by one management company. Practice shows that when there are many owners, it is much more difficult to do something.

Brief description of the microdistrict
In the Komsomolsk district, 159 buildings have a rather large load - 90 Gcal / hour. There is a whole range of social facilities here. In terms of service technology, thirteen district heating stations are reducing the temperature to the consumer temperature curve and 142 individual heating points are located in buildings where the temperature curve is already being adjusted to the consumer temperature curve supplied to the heating systems. Then there is a selection from one or another line of the system for the needs of hot water supply.

Not without problems and difficulties
Of course, we have encountered a number of problems. First of all, this is the absence of a legislatively prescribed mechanism for financing activities. Now we are doing a pilot project solely at the expense of our own money. And, most likely, the solution of this issue will be delayed, probably for 2-3 years.
The difficulty lies in the disunity of the balance sheet of the system. In this case, three links are involved here: the Sverdlovsk heat supply company, the municipal enterprise of heat networks MUE Ekaterinburgenergo and the owners of buildings. From the point of view of technology, the most difficult issue will be the placement of equipment for heating water in existing buildings. If this is solved in houses with a basement layout, then many buildings basements do not have and how to place this equipment is a big question, although, of course, there are technical solutions that will allow you to do this.
It will also be important to solve the problem of changing the balance tap water, and in addition, bringing required amount water from the water supply directly to the buildings. How will the water supply network cope with it? In the scheme of water supply and sewerage, which is practically developed, I hope everything is taken into account. An important point is that the tap water supplied to the existing hot water supply networks inside buildings is highly aerated and, in combination with the temperature, this will lead to significant corrosive wear of the building systems. It is necessary to resolve the issue in a comprehensive manner with the use of in-house systems made of corrosion-resistant materials. It can be plastic, metal-plastic, copper and other solutions. However, consumers, unfortunately, are not yet fully prepared for this.
In connection with the forthcoming change in the hydraulic regime, it is necessary to carry out the patching of heat networks. Since the under-return of water circulating in heat supply systems with an open circuit, it will be quite difficult to return the amount of water intake through the return pipe to the heat sources. In addition, the zones of action of heat sources will change, and the reconstruction of in-house systems will be carried out.

It is most likely that when developing the project for “closing” the scheme, it seems to use the existing experience in creating the heat supply system of the Akademichesky district, where advanced solutions have been applied to date. Of course, amendments will be made to the specifics of the Komsomolsk region.
What results will be achieved?
In the course of optimizing the heat supply scheme of the Komsomolsky microdistrict, it is planned to achieve the following results:

Improving the quality of the provided DHW service
Simplification of the payment system for the DHW service
The ability of the consumer to manage the service
Organization of 100% accounting of supplied and consumed energy resources
Efficient use of thermal energy by consumers
Stable hydraulic mode heating networks
Reduction of corrosive wear of pipelines of heating networks

Large-scale complex work for the implementation of the pilot project. Almost all resource-supplying organizations of the city, management companies, building owners, and numerous contractors will be involved in this process. On the part of the authorities, this requires clear coordination of the actions of all participants in the pilot project within the framework of the existing authorities.

photo: from the archive of the magazine "Energy and Housing and Public Utilities of the Urals"

Specialists of the State Unitary Enterprise SO "Oblkommunenergo" warn their consumers about the upcoming cardinal changes in the legislation regulating heat supply. This was reported to UralPolit.Ru in the press service of the enterprise today, December 4th.

From January 1, 2013, amendments to the federal law of July 27, 2010 No. 190-FZ "On Heat Supply" will come into force. One of the most significant - addition to article 29 part 8:

8. From January 1, 2013 connection of objects capital construction consumers to centralized open heat supply systems (hot water supply) for the needs of hot water supply, carried out by selecting a coolant for the needs of hot
water supply is not allowed.

Besides: addition to article 29 part 9:

9. From January 1, 2022, the use of centralized open heat supply systems (hot water supply) for the needs of hot
water supply, carried out by taking the coolant for the needs of hot water supply, is not allowed.

An open hot water supply scheme assumes that residents take hot water for their needs from the heat supply system, and a closed DHW system assumes the presence of special equipment for heating cold water and supplying it to residents at home as hot. The heating system works autonomously in this case.

Open analysis of hot water from the heating system has become a big problem and a headache for power engineers throughout Russia - today at least 70% of residential buildings supply hot water in this way.

Experts warn that the task set is truly revolutionary, large-scale and brings with it many related problems that will also need to be solved, but this has not yet been indicated by the legislator.

We present expert opinion about this deputy CEO State Unitary Enterprise SO "Oblkommunenergo" Evgeny Volkov:

In accordance with the amendments and additions made to the federal law No. 190-FZ of July 27, 2010 "On heat supply" (introduced by federal law No. 417-FZ of December 7, 2011), approaches to the creation of hot water supply systems will radically change . If earlier both systems had the right to exist - open and closed, then from January 1, 2013, the connection of newly commissioned capital construction facilities to hot water supply systems will have to be carried out only according to a closed scheme. And from January 1, 2022, open heating systems should disappear as a species, at least the authors of the law believe. Let us briefly recall what the types of heat supply systems are. An open heat supply system is when the coolant is used both for heating purposes and for hot water supply purposes. That is, hot water in heating appliances and a tap in the kitchen, in the bathroom is one and the same. A closed heat supply system assumes that the coolant circulates through closed loop, consuming thermal energy only for heating. Hot water supply in this case is carried out by heating cold water with the same coolant, but through a heat exchanger. Let's try to compare the pros and cons of both systems and understand the idea behind the new legislation.

With an open system, the entire coolant undergoes mandatory water treatment at a heat source - a boiler house or a CHP. Cold water, before becoming a heat carrier, as a rule, requires a decrease in hardness in order to avoid scale formation when it is heated in boilers. In the absence of water treatment, hard water can disable an entire boiler room in a matter of months. Therefore, on any heat source, great attention is paid to the observance of the water-chemical regime. Reagents are spent on water treatment ( salt or sulfuric acid), electricity for water supply, routine maintenance of filters, funds are spent on the current operation and repair of equipment. With a closed scheme, all this will not happen, but who said that cold water for heating in the heat exchanger do not need to cook?

After all, if water has increased hardness, then when it is heated in the heat exchanger, intensive formation of hard-to-remove scale will also occur. That is, the solution to the problem of water treatment during the transition from an open to a closed circuit will move from generating facilities to consumers. But this will no longer be a single enlarged complex, but many small installations that will also need to be serviced, incurring the costs of reagents and maintenance personnel. At the same time, it is appropriate to recall the well-known rule - when a single whole is divided into several segments, the amount of costs increases. There is another factor - the level of maintenance of systems and equipment. It is impossible to compare the level of a plumber tightening nuts in the apartments of tenants, and complex system engineering support at large energy enterprises. It is unlikely that organizations serving internal systems buildings, will be able to ensure the proper level of operation of energy equipment (water treatment system, heat exchangers, automation to maintain the required water parameters).

The disadvantage of an open circuit is the so-called overheating. This means that during relatively warm periods, when the outdoor air temperature is close to zero or above zero, the heat supply company is forced to maintain the minimum temperature of the heat carrier at a level of at least 60 degrees, as required by SanPiN in terms of hot water quality requirements. But for heating systems, such temperatures are not required during warm periods. For example, at zero degrees outdoor temperature the coolant temperature indicator is 52 degrees. At plus 5 outside, the coolant temperature should already be 45 degrees, and at plus eight - 41 degrees.

The literature on the adjustment of heat supply systems mentions the so-called "cutoff" temperature graph according to the terms of the GVS. I.e minimum temperature coolant is taken 60 degrees, and in warm periods heating season(usually September, October, April, May) consumers receive much more heating than it would be required by the standard. It should be noted that the requirements for hot water temperature for closed systems are somewhat softer: the required minimum temperature is 55 degrees. As a consequence, there is fuel savings compared to an open system, though. this is a relative circumstance - many heat supply organizations, looking at open windows in warm weather, already actually withstand temperatures in the region of 55-57 degrees.

A clear disadvantage of a closed system is the need to replace water supply networks. To date, the wear and tear of these networks is quite large, and many sections have undergone sanitation over the past 5-6 years ( polyethylene pipes), i.e. their diameter has decreased. The question arises before the water utilities - when switching to a closed system, it is necessary to increase throughput water networks almost twice. Given the above circumstances, an impressive volume of pipelines will have to be changed. But water tariffs are among the lowest and do not replace even the normative number of networks.

One of the options for a closed system is the supply of hot water from heat sources through a separate circuit (in federal law No. 190-FZ of July 27, 2010 "On heat supply", oddly enough, only the concept of "open heat supply system" is formulated. Nothing is said about a closed system, however, in some technical regulatory documents, the term "closed system" is explained precisely from the point of view of installation heat exchangers at consumers. Therefore, whether the idea of ​​the author of these lines will have the right to exist is not yet clear). Nevertheless, to solve this problem, it is necessary to install again or select from among the existing boilers on a heat source, which will heat water only for DHW needs. There is no need to "fence the garden" in the form of water treatment systems and heat exchangers for consumers, change water networks. But there is new problem: almost all heating network it will be necessary to shift anew to create dedicated hot water pipelines. For example, if now the heating network consists of two pipes (supply and return), then with a separate circuit, two more pipes must be added. In addition, it will be necessary to change the design of the network channels, since during their construction, as a rule, no one assumes an increase in the number of “threads” of pipelines, and where two pipes have already been laid in the tray, two more will obviously not fit. In a word - global replacement all heating networks. By the way, why not? The problem of wear and tear of networks is known, the loss of thermal energy exceeds all conceivable and unthinkable limits - it will be very useful to kill not even two, but three or four birds with one stone with one shot. But the money for such modernization is unlikely to be found in the tariffs heat supply organizations. And even the normative percentage of network replacement (4% per year) does not solve the problem within the prescribed period - until 2022. It takes at least 25 years, and then with the most favorable combination of circumstances and with the help of the state budget.

State Unitary Enterprise SO "Oblkommunenergo" is a backbone enterprise of the region's communal power industry, which carries out a comprehensive modernization of the housing and communal services of the Sverdlovsk region. Covering all areas of utility business (power grid business, heat supply, water disposal and water supply), Oblkommunenergo systematically solves the issues of development of the energy complex and engineering infrastructure 40 municipalities of the Sverdlovsk region.

© Editorial office "UralPolit.Ru"

Heat supply is the supply of heat to residential, public and industrial buildings and structures to provide both domestic (heating, ventilation, hot water) and technological needs of consumers.

Heat supply is local and centralized. The district heating system serves residential or industrial areas, while the local heating system serves one or more buildings. In Russia highest value acquired district heating.

Depending on the method of connecting the hot water supply system to the heat supply system, the latter is divided into open and closed.

Open heating systems

Open heat supply systems are characterized by the fact that hot water for the needs of the consumer is drawn directly from the heating network, and it can be either full or partial. The hot water remaining in the system continues to be used for heating or ventilation.

The water consumption in the heating network with this method is compensated by the additional amount of water that is supplied to the heating network. Advantage open system heat supply lies in its economic benefits. During Soviet period almost 50% of all heat supply systems were open.

At the same time, one cannot discount the fact that such a heat supply system also has a number of significant drawbacks. First of all, this is a low sanitary and hygienic quality of water. Heating appliances and pipeline networks give the water a specific smell and color, various impurities appear, as well as bacteria. To purify water in an open system, they are usually used various methods, but their use reduces the economic effect.

An open heat supply system can be dependent on the method of connection to heat networks, i.e. connected via elevators and pumps, or connected via independent scheme through heat exchangers. Let's dwell on this in more detail.

Dependent heating systems

Dependent heat supply systems are such systems in which the coolant through the pipeline enters immediately into the consumer's heating system. There are no intermediate heat exchangers, heating points and hydraulic isolation. Undoubtedly, such a connection scheme is understandable and structurally simple. It is easy to maintain and requires no additional equipment, For example, circulation pumps, automatic appliances regulation and control, heat exchangers, etc. Most often, this system attracts with its, at first glance, efficiency.

However, she has significant disadvantage, namely, the inability to adjust the heat supply at the beginning and end of the heating season, when there is an excess of heat. This not only affects the comfort of the consumer, but also leads to heat loss, which reduces its initial apparent efficiency.

When energy saving issues become relevant, methods are being developed and actively implemented for the transition of a dependent heat supply system to an independent one, this allows saving heat by about 10-40% per year.

Independent heating systems

Independent heat supply systems are systems in which the heating equipment of consumers is hydraulically isolated from the heat producer, and additional heat exchangers of central heating points are used to supply heat to consumers.

An independent heating system has a number of undeniable advantages. This is:

• the ability to control the amount of heat delivered to the consumer by regulating the secondary heat carrier;
• its higher reliability;
• energy-saving effect, with such a system, heat savings are 10-40%;
• it becomes possible to improve the operational and technical qualities of the coolant, which significantly increases the protection of boiler plants from pollution.

Thanks to these advantages, independent systems heat supply began to be actively used in major cities, where the heating networks are quite long and there is a large spread of thermal loads.

Currently, reconstruction technologies have been developed and are being successfully implemented. dependent systems into independents. Despite the significant investment, this eventually gives its effect. Naturally, an independent open system is more expensive, but it significantly improves water quality compared to a dependent one.

Closed heating systems

Closed heat supply systems are systems in which the water circulating in the pipeline is used only as a heat carrier and is not taken from the heat system for the needs of providing hot water. With this scheme, the system is completely closed from the environment.

Of course, coolant leaks are also possible with such a system, however, they are very small and easily eliminated, and water losses are automatically replenished without problems using the make-up regulator.

The heat supply in a closed heat supply system is regulated in a centralized way, while the amount of heat carrier, i.e. water remains unchanged in the system. The heat consumption in the system depends on the temperature of the circulating coolant.

As a rule, in closed heat supply systems, the capabilities of heat points are used. A heat carrier is supplied to them from a heat energy supplier, for example, a CHPP, and its temperature is regulated to the required value for the needs of heating and hot water supply by district central heating points, which distribute it to consumers.

Advantages and disadvantages of a closed heating system

The advantages of a closed heating system are high quality hot water supply. In addition, it gives an energy-saving effect.

Its, practically, the only drawback is the complexity of water treatment due to the remoteness of heat points from each other.

1. Formulation of the problem according to the considered method (technology) of increasing energy efficiency; forecast of overspending of energy resources, or a description of other possible consequences nationwide while maintaining the status quo

In most cities of the Russian Federation today, hot water supply to consumers is carried out according to an open scheme.

The existence of such a scheme has the following disadvantages:
- increased costs heat for heating and hot water supply;
- high unit costs fuel and electricity for heat production;
- increased costs for the operation of boiler houses and heating networks;
- high-quality heat supply to consumers is not ensured due to big losses heat and the amount of damage on heating networks;
- increased costs for chemical water treatment.

2. Availability of methods, methods, technologies, etc. to solve the given problem

It is necessary to transfer the systems of transport and distribution of thermal energy to work according to a closed scheme with the construction of new and reconstruction of existing heating points in accordance with SP 41-101-95, the reconstruction of heat consumption systems in houses.

3. A brief description of the proposed method, its novelty and awareness of it, the availability of development programs; result in mass implementation nationwide

With a closed heat supply scheme, the preparation of hot water takes place in heating points, which receive purified cold water and a coolant. In the heat exchanger, cold water, passing along the heat carrier tubes, heats up. Thus, there is no mixing of cold water into the coolant and hot water in such a system is heated cold water going to the consumer. The spent coolant (its temperature drops at the outlet of the heat exchanger) is added to the new coolant and this “technical” water is coming for heating according to a dependent or independent scheme.

The transition to a closed scheme for connecting DHW systems will ensure:
- reduction of heat consumption for heating and hot water supply due to transfer to qualitative and quantitative regulation of the heat carrier temperature in accordance with the temperature schedule;
- reduction of internal corrosion of pipelines (for the northern regions of the country) and salt deposits (for regions located to the south);
- reduction in the rate of wear of equipment of thermal stations and boiler houses;
- a fundamental improvement in the quality of heat supply to consumers, the disappearance of "overheating" during positive outdoor temperatures during the heating season;
- reduction of volumes of work on chemical water treatment of make-up water and, accordingly, costs;
- reduction of accident rate of heat supply systems.

4. Forecast of the effectiveness of the method in the future, taking into account:
- rising prices for energy resources;
- the growth of the welfare of the population;
- introduction of new environmental requirements;
- other factors.

As a result, after abandoning the heat supply scheme open for hot water supply and switching to a closed scheme, it will be possible to use the saved thermal power stations and boiler houses for heat supply of newly connected consumers.

5. List of groups of subscribers and objects where this technology can be used with maximum efficiency; the need for additional research to expand the list

The maximum efficiency from the implementation of this measure will be observed in cities with intensive development. The construction of new microdistricts, coupled with the organization of their heat supply according to a closed scheme, is most expedient within the framework of the relevant city programs.

6. State the reasons why the proposed energy efficient technologies not applied on a mass scale; outline an action plan to remove existing barriers

Currently most of heating systems in the capital (JSC "Moscow United Energy Company" and JSC "Moscow Heat Network Company") operates precisely according to a closed scheme.

The situation is different in the regions. Since Soviet times, there has been a policy of limiting financial resources for the construction and maintenance of housing and communal facilities. Side effects of this policy were the creation of large centralized systems heat supply and the introduction of an open scheme in many cities.

7. Availability of technical and other restrictions on the application of the method on various objects; in the absence of information on possible limitations, it is necessary to determine them by testing

Inappropriate commissioning of closed DHW schemes in cities with tap water characterized by low salinity and high corrosive activity requiring deaeration, as, for example, in St. Petersburg.

8. The need for R&D and additional testing; themes and objectives of the work

The need for R&D and additional testing during the implementation of this measure is not required

9. Existing incentives, coercion, incentives for the implementation of the proposed method and the need to improve them

Existing measures to encourage and enforce implementation this method missing.
It is advisable to conduct energy audits of existing heat supply systems with the identification of all negative consequences use of open circuits. The result of such surveys are technically sound conclusions and recommendations for the transfer to a closed scheme.

10. The need to develop new or change existing laws and regulations

It is necessary to develop regulatory documentation for the implementation and operation of hot water supply systems in a closed scheme. Perhaps, it is necessary to adopt legal acts of a compulsory nature on the transfer to a closed heat supply scheme, first of all, when hot water is supplied to consumers according to an open scheme that does not meet sanitary and epidemiological standards.

11. Availability of decrees, rules, instructions, standards, requirements, prohibitive measures and other documents regulating the use of this method and mandatory for execution; the need to make changes to them or the need to change the very principles of the formation of these documents; presence of pre-existing normative documents, regulations and the need for their restoration

To date, there are no regulatory documents regulating the use of this measure.

12. Availability of implemented pilot projects, analysis of their real effectiveness, identified shortcomings and proposals for improving the technology, taking into account the accumulated experience

The following pilot projects can be mentioned as ongoing pilot projects for the conversion of an open heating system to a closed one.

JSC VNIPIenergoprom specialists have developed technical solutions for the translation existing system heat supply of the city of Zelenograd on a closed scheme.

Within the framework of the international program "Northern Dimension", on the basis of GOUTP "TEKOS", a project was developed for the reconstruction of the heat supply system of the Leninsky district of Murmansk with a transfer to a closed heat supply scheme.

Teploenergo's specialists have developed and are implementing a pilot project for the transfer of microdistrict No. 2 "Meshcherskoye Lake" to a closed hot water supply scheme as part of the relevant investment program.

13. The possibility of influencing other processes during the mass introduction of this technology (changes in the environmental situation, possible impact on people's health, increasing the reliability of power supply, changing daily or seasonal schedules for loading power equipment, changing economic indicators generation and transmission of energy, etc.)

With hot water supply to microdistricts, performed according to an open scheme, consumers are often supplied from the heating system with water that has unsatisfactory organoleptic and bacteriological indicators. As part of the implementation of the measure under consideration, hot water supplied through a closed scheme will have the quality of drinking water and will comply with sanitary rules and norms.

The introduction of closed DHW circuits is an energy-saving measure. As a result of the implementation of this measure, not only the consumption of energy resources (electricity, thermal energy and water), but also reduces emissions into the atmosphere and increases the reliability of the heat supply system.

14. Availability and sufficiency of production capacities in Russia and other countries for the mass implementation of the method

The implementation of the event under consideration on a massive scale is currently problematic, since it requires significant investment.

15. The need for special training of qualified personnel for the operation of the implemented technology and the development of production

The situation is aggravated by the shortage of qualified personnel due to the low level of wages and the lack of specialized training, which is urgently needed.

16. Suggested implementation methods:
1) commercial financing (with cost recovery);
2) competition for implementation investment projects developed as a result of work on energy planning for the development of a region, city, settlement;
3) budget financing for efficient energy-saving projects with long payback periods;
4) introduction of prohibitions and mandatory requirements for the use, supervision of their observance;
5) other offers.

To increase interest in the implementation of this type of measures, a consistent and methodical "break" in the psychology of customers, designers, installers and operating services is required, who still consider the most relevant implementation of outdated traditional heat supply schemes that do not need maintenance and adjustment.

It is also necessary to further create specialized organizations capable of taking on the entire chain of work from design and installation to commissioning and maintenance of modern heat supply systems. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out purposeful work to train specialists in the field of energy conservation.

Only the combination of these measures will lead in the future to a greater interest of city administrations in the implementation of energy-saving measures of this scale. It is obvious that the most appropriate is the implementation of these activities within the framework of strategic projects for the development of heat sources and heating networks and city programs for the modernization of the housing and communal complex with budgetary and commercial financing.

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