This product is of high quality. The basic concept of quality and signs of quality

Goods quality indicator

1. By the number of properties characterized, quality indicators are single and complex.
A single quality indicator characterizes one of the properties that make up product quality. It can refer to both a unit of production and one simple property. For example, the strength of the shoe sole, the acidity of the oil are single indicators of quality.
If the quality indicator characterizes several properties of the product, it is called complex. It can characterize together several simple properties or one complex property consisting of several simple ones.
If a complex quality indicator characterizes the entire set of properties by which quality is assessed, then such an indicator is called generalized.
A special case of a complex quality indicator is an integral indicator - this is an indicator of product quality, which is the ratio of the total beneficial effect from the operation or consumption of products to the total costs of its acquisition and operation or consumption.
The integral quality indicator is calculated by the formula
I \u003d E / (3C + 3E), (1)
where E is the total beneficial effect from the operation or consumption of products; Зс - total costs for the purchase of products; Ze - the total cost of operating products (maintenance, repairs and other current costs).
For example, the integral indicator of the quality of a motorcycle is characterized by the ratio of the mileage in kilometers for the service life before overhaul to the costs of development, manufacture, maintenance, repair and is expressed in kilometers of mileage per ruble of costs and the number of years.
2. Depending on the characterized properties, quality indicators are divided into:
. destination indicators;
. reliability indicators;
. ergonomic indicators;
. aesthetic indicators;
. safety indicators;
. environmental indicators;
. manufacturability indicators;
. transportability indicators;
. indicators of standardization and unification;
. patent and legal indicators;
. economic indicators.
Thus, indicators of transportability, standardization and unification, as well as patent-legal and economic indicators are not indicators of quality, but have a significant impact on consumer properties. For example, standard sizes household appliances contribute to the convenience of using and placing it in apartments.
3. According to the way of expression, quality indicators can be dimensional and dimensionless.
Dimensional indicators are expressed in various units. For example, heat resistance is expressed in natural units (in degrees), the capacity of dishes is in liters, the amount of heat is expressed in joules. Dimensional indicators include percentages and points that evaluate taste properties, aesthetic properties, and the like.
Relative quality indicators are considered dimensionless, which are defined as the ratio of the quality indicator of the evaluated product to the base indicator.
4. According to the method of determination, quality indicators are classified into indicators determined by organoleptic, measuring, registration, calculation, expert, sociological methods (Table 1).
Table 1. Goods quality control methods

Rice. 2. Possible results of comparison of actual and basic quality indicators
To make a final decision on the gradation of product quality, it is necessary to compare the actual and basic values ​​for the entire range of selected indicators.
A standard product is a product that meets the established requirements for all selected indicators. If at least one of the determined indicators reveals a discrepancy, the product cannot be assigned a standard gradation, but only a lower one - non-standard or defective.
A non-standard product is a product that does not meet the established requirements for one or a set of indicators, but this discrepancy is not critical (dangerous). For example, if the moisture content of bread is higher than the established norm, it is classified as non-standard.
Marriage is a product with identified removable or unrecoverable inconsistencies in one or a set of indicators.
Distinguish marriage disposable and irremovable. After elimination of inconsistencies, the gradation of the goods can be changed. If the elimination of marriage contributed to the improvement of all indicators to the established norm, the product is recognized as standard. For example, sorting a batch of fresh fruits and vegetables with the rejection of defective specimens leads to the formation of a new batch of standard products.
Sometimes the elimination of a discrepancy in one indicator causes a discrepancy in another indicator, although the new effect is less significant. For example, the removal of a small part of rotten tissues from apples (rejection) leads to the fact that the products will be similar to non-standard ones due to a discrepancy in shape and surface condition, as well as the presence of mechanical damage. Products with corrected nonconformities can be used, but for a different purpose. So, bread, deformed, contaminated, burnt, refers to a sanitary marriage and can be sent for industrial processing or for livestock feed.
Waste is a type of marriage with unrecoverable significant or critical defects. With significant inconsistencies with the established requirements, they are classified as liquid (for example, bones or the skin of smoked meats, the oxidized surface layer of fat in butter), and with critical ones - to illiquid ones (for example, goods with biodamage, rotten, damaged by rodents).
As a result of identifying compliance or non-compliance with the established requirements, all goods according to their intended use can be divided into three quality gradations.
The first gradation includes goods suitable for their intended use. This gradation is represented by standard goods that are subject to sale without any restrictions.
The second gradation is goods that are conditionally suitable for their intended use. Belonging to this gradation is determined by gradations of non-standard goods or marriage with removable defects. Conditionally suitable goods can be sold at reduced prices or sent for industrial processing or for livestock feed. When they are implemented, reliable information about the reasons for the decrease in quality should be brought to the consumer.
The third gradation is dangerous goods, unsuitable for their intended use. This gradation includes illiquid waste that is not subject to sale, as well as supply for industrial and feed purposes. They must be destroyed or disposed of in accordance with certain rules.
The wholesale and retail trade is dominated by consumer goods of the first gradation. Goods of the second and third gradation should be identified in a timely manner during the acceptance and current quality assessment and not be allowed for sale.
Standard products are divided into the following quality categories: varieties, quality and complexity classes, numbers and brands. Varieties are the most widespread.

Product range

1 PRODUCT QUALITY

1.1 WHAT IS PRODUCT QUALITY

1.2 PRODUCT QUALITY COMBINED WITH MANAGEMENT QUALITY

1.3 ISO STANDARDS

1.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS THE BASIS OF A NEW STAGE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION OF THE 21ST CENTURY

1.5 LONGER AT THE FIRST STAGE MEANS LONGER FOREVER

2 HOW TO INCREASE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY?

LITERATURE

1 PRODUCT QUALITY

1.1 WHAT IS PRODUCT QUALITY

Product quality is a set of properties that determine its suitability for consumption, its ability to satisfy its purpose. Each thing, product, type of product has its own special properties that characterize their quality. For the machine, high productivity, processing accuracy are important; for a car - carrying capacity, speed, fuel consumption; for fabric - density, shrinkage, crease resistance; for shoes - its strength, elasticity of the skin, comfort of the last, fashion, etc.

Improving the quality of products is tantamount to increasing the volume of output without building new factories, without increasing the cost of raw materials and materials. Only by improving the quality, reliability and durability of products, it is possible to increase the national income of the country by many billions of rubles.

To manage the quality of products, you need to be able to evaluate it. General criteria for assessing quality are contained in standards (see Standard, standardization). The standard establishes and regulates the most advanced quality indicators for any type of product. Among them are technical (power, productivity, reliability, durability, etc.) and economic, reflecting material, labor or cash costs. The quality of a product is formed at all stages of its creation: it is laid during scientific research, during design and construction, is provided during direct production, depends on the quality of raw materials and materials, on the technological process, on the means and methods of control and testing, transportation, storage, operation and repair.

In modern production, not a single plant manufactures all the materials, parts and assemblies it needs, from which its product is completed. He receives a significant part of them from other enterprises. For example, factories producing cars receive a good half of their parts from other enterprises. Therefore, the problem of quality is not a matter of one enterprise or even a separate industry. It is an intersectoral, national problem. To solve it, it is necessary to harmonize the quality requirements of many enterprises. For this purpose, state certification of product quality has been introduced in our country. After a thorough check of the production conditions at a particular enterprise and evaluation of its products, the best types of products are awarded the State Quality Mark. The quality of certified products must correspond to the highest level modern technology achieved in the USSR and abroad must meet the needs National economy and the population of the country, to give savings. By purchasing a thing with the Quality Mark, the consumer can be sure that it is really of a high class, that its quality, reliability and durability are guaranteed by the state. For the manufacturer, such certification of products also brings benefits. After all, products with the Quality Mark are easier to sell, therefore, it is easier for the enterprise to fulfill the state plan and get more profit.

The most important goal of any organization at present is to achieve such a level of competitiveness that allows not only to feel confident in the market, but also to look to the future with optimism. Competitiveness today implies not only the quality, reliability and attractive price of products, but also the attitude towards the organization on the part of society and the staff of the organization itself.

The State Quality Mark is awarded to consumer goods for a period of up to 2 years, the rest of the products - up to 3 years.

1.2 PRODUCT QUALITY COMBINED WITH MANAGEMENT QUALITY

In the field of quality management implementation, one constantly has to deal with the initial misunderstanding of the essence of this direction, which is rapidly developing in the West in the last quarter of this century.

Analyzing this phenomenon, we can conclude that it is based on the following facts:

Mental perception of the word "quality";

Poor familiarity with modern technologies market-oriented management;

Lack of systematic strategic planning or underestimation of the importance and profitability of investing in programs related to improving management efficiency.

Often, in trainings for the training of business leaders, they are asked to complete one task: "Give your definition of the quality that the company should demonstrate in the market, and tell me who is responsible for quality in your company."

The vast majority of answers come down to the definition: "Quality is the degree of fulfillment of the technical conditions and customer requirements for the company's products, and the responsibility for quality rests with the control services."

This is a typical response of a leader who works in the state planned-distributive economic system.

However, in a market economy, starting from the 70s, everything has become different. There are so many goods that the question of whether the product meets the given characteristics has ceased to be decisive. The market simply began to discard goods that did not meet the specified parameters when sold or in operation. The market began to demand something more than product quality.

This "something" has become, first of all, the need for a systematic risk assessment when concluding procurement contracts, the need to obtain guarantees that the purchased or supplied product or service will certainly have the specified characteristics, be presented on time and will be paid on time.

The market has found a criterion that confirms these guarantees - this is a stable production, provided with an appropriate level of management efficiency.

Thus, a new definition of quality has appeared, enshrined in Western standards. (ISO 8402).

As you can see, product quality is only an integral part of the new definition, it is no longer a defining element for the market, as it is taken for granted, without which the conversation about selling becomes pointless.

So, the market demanded the development and implementation effective management enterprise.

1.3 SERIES STANDARDS ISO

This led to the emergence in 1987 of the international standards of the series ISO 9000, determined the minimum requirements for the stability of enterprise management, i.e., at least the presence of a formalized management system that reduces the risks of the customer, which can be demonstrated in the main areas of the enterprise.

In accordance with the new philosophy of quality, the standards covered almost all areas of the enterprise, excluding only financial and economic management, the requirements for which are planned to be introduced in the new version of the 2000 standards.

The most complete standard ISO 9001 includes 20 controls, covering, for example, such areas of the enterprise as:

Contract activities;

Design;

Documentation management;

Production process management;

Procurement;

Metrology;

Personnel training;

Corrective and preventive actions;

Control and testing, etc.

As a matter of fact, ISO 9000 demanded the smallest thing - to conduct an inventory of existing information flows, formalize them within reasonable limits and enable customers to make sure that the minimum requirements for enterprise manageability and stability are met.

The market needed a business card from the manufacturer, confirming the existence of minimum guarantees in relation to the existing risks.

All the largest and most reputable Western audit companies, such as, for example, TUV(Germany) or BUREAU VERITAS(England), in response to this, were accredited to conduct audits and issue certificates confirming the compliance of quality systems with the requirements of international standards ISO9000.

1.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS THE BASIS OF A NEW STAGE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Since the recognition of international standards ISO 9000 in Europe, a real boom began in the formalization and refinement of their management systems to obtain business card market entry. By the beginning of 1997, more than 110,000 European enterprises and several dozen in Russia had been certified.

The new approach has received a new development.

Firstly, it was found that the formalization and inventory of management processes reveals the imperfection of the flow of information flows, the absence of separate links, and reveals unnecessary management links. Management functions become transparent, responsibility and status are clearly defined at all levels of management.

The process of building a quality system turned out to be not so simple and required total training and the involvement of consultants who are simultaneously forced to train managers in problem solving methodology and team work methods, process description (process maps), internal audit.

Second, the standards ISO 9000 have become a powerful tool for the Western market in the competition with the products of developing countries and our products.

Often, when buying this or that product, we focus on the properties declared by the manufacturer, but do not get what we want, and at the same time, there is nothing to blame the manufacturer for. But what is product quality in general terms? And How general concept applies to each individual product or service? To understand this issue, it is worth determining what a product is and what the quality of a product is, by what criteria the quality of products / services is determined.

Definition of concepts

Determining the meaning of the word "quality", one cannot bypass the concept of "products", they are directly related. In simple terms, products are everything that an enterprise produces, if we are talking about production, as well as work performed on an order or services rendered.

• commercial products;
• finished products;
• sold products.

So what is quality? Definition of the term according to economic theory or political economy is denoted as the utility of products (goods, services) or consumer utility. But in this case, it turns out that some of the items have no qualities or are useless from the point of view of consumer preferences. As an example, we can cite medicines that do not help all consumers in a row, which means that for some people they do not have usefulness and, therefore, are of poor quality. But this is a false conclusion. The concept of quality lies in the plane of the properties inherent in the product that meet the needs.

In other words, the question of what product quality is can be answered as follows: it is the sum of the properties, qualities, and characteristics of goods produced to meet existing needs. Characteristics and properties of products may vary depending on demand.

Quality standards

In the age of advertising, it is difficult to determine by appearance how useful a product will be. The technologies of presenting goods to the consumer are multilayered and often deceptive, because a sandwich in a bun with an appetizing crust that can lie for five years without changing its taste and appearance, is unlikely to be useful, but it remains a quality product. In order to decide on this issue and not get into a mess, a manufacturer that respects itself and its consumers is guided by standards and refers to them to confirm the quality of the goods produced.

State regulation

Normative base Russian Federation consists of types of standards:

• GOST R, interstate standard;
• OST, industry standard;
• STP, enterprise standard;
• regional standard.

Based on regulatory standards, the company manufactures products taking into account the requirements for indicators and properties, which determine the final quality of the product. Product properties - an integral part quality characteristics. Product properties are divided into simple and complex. The simple ones include what can be described by one characteristic, for example, the fat content of sour cream or milk. Complex properties are characterized by a set of features, as an example - the nutritional or energy value of food.

Quality indicators

Qualitative characteristics have a well-defined expression in physical, quantitative measurements. Usually they are written on the packaging, for example, a nail of a certain brand must be of the appropriate length, expressed in millimeters, have a certain brand of metal or alloy, and a certain amount of units per pack. The quality of fruit juice is determined by the amount of sugar, the proportion of natural juice and pulp in the final product in the appropriate proportion, expressed as a percentage. Also, quality indicators include external characteristics: color, shape, and so on.

Metrology

To understand what quality is and what it should be for each individual product, the specialized organizations called upon to certify use the evaluation method adopted throughout the world. At the first stage, the type of product, its class and group are determined. The next step is the selection of indicators for specific products, as well as the selection of a basic sample with the appropriate characteristics. At the last stage, numerical, physical indicators of quality assessment applicable to the evaluated product are determined. Based on the given reference qualities, the conformity of the new product is assessed, after which it is assigned a quality class.

Values ​​of quality indicators

Indicators help determine what the quality of a product or service is. They exist in several categories:

• Regulated. Installed and evaluated in accordance with regulatory documents.
• Rated. Regulated deviations in the quality of goods / products within the framework of regulatory documents. For example, the amount of cereal in a pack should be 1000 grams, and the nominal amount may vary within ± 20 grams of a dry product. Ratings are given in reference literature on standardization, drawings, specifications, and so on.
• Optimal. Goods/product quality indicators at which the maximum consumer effect is achieved from the application, operation, and so on.
• Limit. These are the highest or lowest quality indicators allowed by the regulations.
• Permissible. An indicator used for goods / products whose qualitative characteristics are measured by limits, i.e., a quality scale.

Factors that shape quality

The end consumer strives to get only the best and therefore wants to know what quality is. The importance of factors influencing the formation of qualitative characteristics cannot be overestimated, they are the basis for the release marketable products. Formative indicators of quality include:

• Raw material. There are two types of raw materials: main and auxiliary. In the production of bakery products, flour is the main raw material. Depending on it, bread is produced wheat, rye or mixed type. Auxiliary raw materials are additives: flavor enhancers, stabilizers, and so on.
• Materials. Also divided into main and auxiliary. The main ones are the materials received for further processing. A sheet of metal of a certain thickness and grade, through appropriate processing, becomes a pipe or profiled sheet. Auxiliary materials serve for product finishing. For example, processing a profiled sheet with a polymer composition for greater safety or galvanizing it.
• Manufacturing process. Formation of the qualities of the final product through the successive passage of all production cycles: preparatory, shaping, processing. For example, the production of a car tire begins in the preparation shop rubber compound, further receipt of the semi-finished product to the workshop of autoclaves that form the tire, from where it enters the final processing workshop and then to the warehouse finished products.

Quality retention factors

Products / goods reach the consumer in attractive, which is an important quality feature. For any person in the definition of what quality is, the obligatory preservation of the appearance and all characteristics of the product from the production workshop to the store shelf is laid down.

Product safety is determined by the following factors:

• Package. It is designed not only to be bright, to have the appropriate marking, but also to keep the goods intact and undamaged during logistical transportation. For example, washing machines are additionally equipped with transport bolts for the safe delivery of the device to the final installation site.
• Storage. Any warehouse space where the product is kept before it reaches the final consumer, should be suitably equipped. This is done in order to preserve the quality of products, properties and characteristics inherent in the product.
• Pre-sale preparation. It is carried out for sorting goods in order to reject obsolete products that have lost their presentation or quality. At this stage, the product can be made more attractive by additional polishing, lamination, steaming, and so on, in accordance with the type of product.
• Implementation. The final stage in the production of quality products is the transfer of goods to the buyer in accordance with his requests and needs.
• Service. After-sales service, delivery, installation or advice on the use of goods. Nowadays, quality service is as important as the product itself. Increasingly, after-sales service determines consumer preferences in favor of purchasing goods of one category, but with varying degrees of service in favor of the manufacturer that provides more additional services.

Consumer demand and quality

The market economy dictates its own rules of the game. Often the demand for a product forces the manufacturer to produce products of not the best quality, thereby damaging its image and undermining the credibility of the product. In this case, it is preferable during the period of excitement not to succumb to the temptation of both sides of the interaction: the consumer does not rush to choose and purchase, it is better to find out the quality of the product (the definition of this indicator is the starting point in preferences), and the manufacturer does not chase short-term profits, but release a product with high quality indicators.

A risk factor for lack of demand may be working conditions. For example, production activities are carried out on fully automated, partially automated equipment, using machines and mechanisms, or manually. Obviously, the quality of products depends on this. In the first case, there will be fewer deviations from the standards than in the others. This means that the risk of being out of demand due to low product quality is more likely where there is no automation, where the production conditions of buildings, equipment, etc. are outdated. conditions.

The effectiveness of methods to stimulate the achievement of high performance in the whole enterprise, the development of the creative initiative of employees, the increase in the interest of each employee in improving the results of his work and the team as a whole depend on the selected forms of remuneration. Therefore, the USSR Law On a State Enterprise (Association) states that an enterprise is obliged to use wages as the most important means of stimulating the growth of its productivity, accelerating scientific and technological progress, improving product quality and increasing production efficiency. At the same time, the enterprise has the right to independently determine the forms and systems of remuneration, introduce various forms of additional payments within the savings of the wage fund, establish official salaries, and determine bonus systems.

These parameters are considered in detail in order to show that, ultimately, the productivity and quality of products depend on the reasonable, expedient, proactive, skillful work of each employee of the enterprise. And in order to achieve such behavior of an employee, it is necessary to create an appropriate structure of the management system, apply appropriate methods of management, planning, accounting, control, etc.

Within the limits of the requirements for products (building, structure, product, etc.) recorded in the documents that determine the normative level of quality, different solutions come out from under the hands of designers with different technical and economic indicators, varying degrees of satisfaction of social needs, etc. Solutions have a different quality, which depends on the skill, qualifications of the performers and the conditions in which the projects are developed.

Certification, as mentioned above, is distinguished from conformity assessment procedures by the fact that it is performed by a third party that is independent of manufacturers (suppliers) and consumers, which guarantees the objectivity of its results. Therefore, in conditions when competition in the market has moved from the price sphere to the sphere of product quality, certification has become an indispensable part of an effectively functioning market economy.

An important factor on which the profit of the enterprise depends is the level of selling prices for products. Let us assume that the company is faced with the choice of a price option for a new product, which a competitor sells at a price of 250 thousand rubles. To conquer the sales market, you need to provide either a higher quality product, or sell it for more low prices. Fixed costs associated with the production and marketing of this product amount to 2,400 million rubles, variables - 80 thousand rubles. per unit.

The problem of increasing reliability as the main quality parameter is ideally solved on the condition that the reliability period of the product, in this case the main pipeline, is equal to the durability period, and the reliability and durability of its individual structural elements are also equal. Reliability main pipelines is formed in the process of design and construction and depends on the reliability and durability of the applied building materials, structures, construction technology and organization of technological control over all major operations, from design to pipeline strength testing before putting it into operation. Compliance with the technical conditions for the operation of pipelines also has a significant impact on its reliability and durability.

Allowances and bonuses are introduced to stimulate a conscientious attitude to work, improve product quality and production efficiency. The differences between allowances and bonuses are that allowances are paid in the same amount every month for a set period, while bonuses can be irregular, and their amount varies significantly depending on the results achieved. Thus, additional payments and compensations reflect those production and social characteristics of labor that do not objectively depend on the employee. Allowances and bonuses reflect the results of his own achievements.

For a number of types of equipment, the situation with the range and quality of products is so disorganized that the possibility of their successful solution by the forces of enterprises turns out to be unrealistic. Many of the large enterprises are assembly plants, so their successful functioning depends on the necessary progress in the functioning of many enterprises supplying components.

Given that this direction of optimizing product quality to a large extent depends on the level of marketing

Entrepreneurship is a special innovative style of economic behavior of a leader, which is based on the creative search for new opportunities, the ability to attract and use resources from a wide variety of sources in a competitive environment. In the practice of entrepreneurial activity, certain rules have developed on how best to act in a given situation in order to start and win in business. First of all, it is necessary to set clear and achievable goals, to produce what the consumer needs. The components of success are high quality products, excellent service, reliable and high-quality marketing. The commercial success of a company depends on the rate of return on investment through the sale of goods (services), for this you should systematically study the market in order to know what similar products are available and who sells them, through what channels and laws the sale is carried out, what are the conditions for after-sales services.

First of all, we note that in the manufacture of products, the content of the project is reproduced. And this means that with a high quality of the project, this quality can be reproduced in products made on its basis. Well, if the project is of poor quality, then the consumer will receive low-quality products in quantities directly proportional to the production volumes of these products, or it will be difficult to organize production on the basis of such a project, which will increase the cost of new products. Ultimately, the degree of customer satisfaction, the level of production efficiency, and the effectiveness of the application or use of products depend on the quality of the project.

In the second case, things are more complicated. The discrepancy is most often negative, that is, the actual quality is worse than the specified one. The question arises what to do. The answer to it primarily depends on the characteristics of the product, the degree of deviation from the specified level, technical, economic and organizational capabilities to eliminate deviations. If the degree of deviation is significant and the products cannot be sold, one of the typical tasks of quality management arises - the development and implementation of measures to eliminate the deviation, the search and elimination of the cause that caused such a deviation, i.e. we are talking about making a decision about making changes to the production process in order to avoid such deviations in the future. At this moment, many actions are determined in the mechanism of product quality management, as well as the fate of the product itself. Block 9 is included in the work.

It is no accident that this chapter finds its place after the chapter on staff training. Initially, it was assumed that it would be the last in the monograph both in terms of the time of writing and in terms of the universal coverage of all quality activities. However, in the process of work, the inextricable connection between the problems of spirituality and morality and the professional training and education of people who work today and will work in the future in production, trade, and in any other areas related to the quality of products and services was clearly revealed. It is on them that the degree of satisfaction of people's needs ultimately depends.

It is important for every manager, regardless of his specialization, to be able to understand the issues of quality control, to know the goals and practice of quality control. The sales director is interested in the quality of products because it affects their sale. The finance director, in turn, understands that the position of the company in the money market largely depends on the reputation of the quality of its products. The administrator knows that ordinary workers under his supervision are not indifferent to the quality of products and are proud of the quality of products manufactured by their company. In production, quality control issues concern each worker and boss. The ability to ensure the release of products that meet quality standards is an indicator of the business qualities of the manager himself.

It has importance due to the fact that, adopted on July 12, 1979, by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Gossnab of the USSR was instructed to complete, mainly in 1980, together with the ministries of the USSR and the councils of ministers of the union republics, the transfer of production associations and enterprises to direct long-term economic ties. Their role in five-year planning will increase significantly. It is also important to analyze and find out how jobs, brigades, sites, workshops and other production units are directly provided with material resources. The quality and volume of production, the rhythm of production and, ultimately, the fulfillment of state plan targets largely depend on a well-organized supply.

Comprehensive standardization began to be applied in our country in the early 1930s. However, the widespread development of theoretical and methodological foundations and the introduction of integrated standardization began after the adoption in 1965 of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 16 On improving standardization work in the country. first of all, solving the problem of intersectoral complex standardization of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, on which the quality, reliability and durability of finished products depend. Attention was drawn to the need, when drawing up current and future standardization plans, to analyze and take into account possible links in all existing and developing standards with the linkage of the deadlines for the implementation of work.

There are material (physical) and obsolescence of fixed assets. Material wear and tear occurs in the process of production and under the influence of natural forces. In the first case, wear is proportional to the amount of work and the degree of use of labor tools (for example, mechanical wear of parts and parts), and in the second it depends on natural conditions (for example, corrosion of metals, weathering of stone materials, rotting wood, etc.) . Moral depreciation of the means of labor occurs regardless of the material, it does not change any of the natural properties of the means of labor and is called technical. progress, . As you know, the value of fixed assets is measured not by the amount of socially necessary labor that was spent on their production, but by the amount that must be spent at the existing level of productive forces. Therefore, with the growth of labor productivity, the value of fixed assets decreases without changing their use value. Obsolescence of tools also occurs with the appearance of new, more advanced fixed assets. Their advantage over the old ones can be higher productivity, economical use of raw materials, improved product quality, reduced rejects, reduced waste, increased wear resistance, cheaper operation and repair, automation of control, etc. Widespread use in the production of cheaper and more productive machines, requiring less labor costs, means that the old machines are morally obsolete, depreciated. Only socially necessary depreciation is reimbursed through depreciation charges. Irrational exploitation of means of labor, leading to their premature wear, is not reflected in A.

Of practical interest is the experience of transferring the foundry of the Leningrad Machine-Building Association named after Karl Marx to self-supporting. The foundry was transferred to full cost accounting on the principle of the second model from January 1. 1988 The gross income of the workshop is calculated based on the cost of products accepted by the quality control department and delivered to the warehouse, i.e. products required level quality. From the gross income, the workshop pays for production assets and labor resources, then deductions are made to the association. As a result, the self-supporting income of the workshop is formed, from which, according to the standard, a social development fund is formed. The rest of the self-supporting income is a single payroll fund for shop workers. Note that before this, the estimated income is adjusted by the amount of fines for poor product quality, violation of the terms of delivery of products. In this model of shop cost accounting, the size of the unified wage fund directly depends on the final results of the work, the volume of products manufactured with lower production costs, established by the regulatory and technical documentation of quality. Of course, the procedure for distributing a unified wage fund according to the forms and systems of wages, taking into account the labor contribution of each worker of a shop, brigade, section, is of great importance.

Strict observance of technological and production discipline is necessary at enterprises of any industry. AT modern conditions production of products, as a rule, is divided into big number operations, and the quality of the finished product ultimately depends on the quality of each of them. For example, a complex, high-performance machine may turn out to be unusable or unreliable in operation due to the fact that some small detail was made in bad faith, with a deviation from the drawing.

In real economic activity business entities use three types of decisions: operational, regulating the current daily production and economic activities of enterprise units (these include operational production planning, regular relationships with suppliers and consumers, product quality control, etc.) periodic, related to decision-making in non-standard, but periodically recurring situations (pricing, hiring and firing, etc.) adaptive, regulating changes in the structure of the organization and production technology in response to changes in the external environment. However, in a market economy highest value have adaptive solutions aimed at finding new technological and organizational innovations. The latter is connected not only with the problem of survival, but also with economic growth. Organizational change should not be viewed as a single event, but as a process resulting from both internal and external influences. Paradoxically, it is a fact that the success of an enterprise depends on the ability of management to maintain stability in production and economic activities and at the same time be able to make changes. In order to be effective, as the Americans say,

Gigantism - in retail trade has another consequence - the reduction of some small producers. Giants prefer to have a depot with a small number of large ones. suppliers. Small producers cannot provide goods in the right packaging, organize electronic

The modern market economy imposes fundamentally different requirements on the quality of products. Product quality is one of the most important indicators of the enterprise. Improving the quality of products largely determines the survival and success of an enterprise in market conditions, the pace technical progress, introduction of innovations, growth of production efficiency, savings of all types of resources used in the enterprise.

It should be noted that the national economy also benefits from the production of high-quality products, since in this case the export potential and the income part of the country's balance of payments increase, the authority of the state in the world community increases.

This implies the need for constant, purposeful, painstaking work of commodity producers to improve the quality of products in comparison with analogues of competitors.

The concept of product quality is regulated in the Russian Federation by the state standard GOST 15467-79 "Product quality management. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions".

Quality is a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

Quality can only be relative, it is fixed for a specific period of time and changes with the advent of more advanced technology. If it is necessary to evaluate the quality of a product, then it is necessary to compare the totality of its properties with some kind of standard. The standard can be the best domestic or foreign samples, requirements fixed in standards or specifications. In this case, the term "quality level" is used.

However, any document or standard legitimizes a certain set of properties only for a certain period of time, and needs are constantly changing, so an enterprise, manufacturing products even in strict accordance with regulatory and technical documentation, runs the risk of producing them of poor quality, i.e. unsatisfactory for the consumer.

Thus, the main place in assessing the quality of products or services in a market economy is given to the consumer, and standards (including international ones) only consolidate and regulate the progressive experience gained in the field of quality.

A quantitative characteristic of the properties of products that make up its quality is called an indicator of product quality. Currently, the classification of the following ten groups of properties and, accordingly, indicators is recognized: purpose, reliability, manufacturability, standardization and unification, ergonomic, aesthetic, transportability, patent law, environmental, safety.

Purpose indicators characterize the main functional value of the beneficial effect from the operation of the product. For production and technical purposes, such an indicator can be its performance.

Reliability indicators characterize the properties of the object to keep in time within the established limits the values ​​of all parameters and required functions. The reliability of an object includes four indicators: non-failure operation, durability, maintainability and persistence. Depending on the purpose of the product and the conditions of its use, both all and some of these indicators can be used.

Reliability is the property of a product to continuously maintain performance for a certain period of time. Reliability is extremely important for some car mechanisms (brake system, steering). For aircraft reliability is the most basic indicator of quality.

Durability - the property of the product to maintain performance until destruction or other limiting state.

Maintainability is a property of a product, expressed in its suitability for maintenance and repair operations.

Persistence is the ability of an object to retain its properties under certain conditions. Preservability plays an important role in food production.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products. It is with the help of manufacturability that the mass production of products is ensured, the rational distribution of the costs of materials, means, labor and time during the technological preparation of production, manufacture and operation of products.

Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, unified and original components, as well as the level of unification compared to other products. All parts of the product are divided into standard, unified and original. The more standard and unified parts in the product, the better for both the manufacturer and its consumer.

Ergonomic indicators reflect the ease of use of the product by a person. The interaction of a person with a product is expressed through a complex of hygienic, anthropometric, physiological and psychological properties of a person. These may be the efforts required to drive a tractor, a car, the position of the steering wheel on a bicycle, lighting, temperature, humidity, dust, noise, vibration, radiation, etc.

Aesthetic indicators characterize the compositional perfection of the product. This is the rationality of the form, the combination of colors, the stability of the presentation of the product, style, etc.

Transportability indicators express the suitability of the product for transportation by various means of transport without violating its properties.

Patent-legal indicators characterize patent protection and patent purity of products and are an essential factor in determining competitiveness.

Environmental indicators reflect the degree of influence of harmful effects on environment that occur during storage, operation or consumption of products, for example, the content of harmful impurities, the likelihood of emissions of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and operation of products.

Safety indicators determine the degree of safety of operation and storage of products, i.e. ensure safety during installation, maintenance, repair, storage, transportation, consumption of products.

The combination of these indicators forms the quality of products. The product must be reliable, aesthetically pleasing to the eye, perform its functions well, i.e. meet the needs for which it is intended. But in addition to these indicators, the price of the product is also important. It is with the price that the question of economically rational quality is connected. The buyer, when purchasing a product, always compares whether the price of the product compensates for the set of properties that it possesses.

Under economically optimal quality is understood as the ratio of quality and costs, which can be represented by the following formula:

where Q is the quality of the product;

C - the cost of purchasing and operating the product.

It is not difficult to determine the denominator of the formula, since it includes the selling price of the product, the costs of operating, repairing and disposing of the product. It is more difficult to determine the numerator, i.e. quality, including a wide variety of indicators. A whole science is engaged in this - qualimetry, which has developed quite acceptable methods for quantifying product quality.

B. Gribov, V. Gryzinov