Materials for waterproofing. The subtleties of the choice and use of materials for waterproofing, taking into account their qualitative characteristics

To increase the life of any structure, it is necessary to protect it from excessive external moisture. In addition, excess moisture in the indoor air negatively affects the condition of the building and reduces the comfort of the microclimate.

All kinds of waterproofing materials are called upon to solve these problems. It is protection against the penetration of external water that helps to protect the house from constant dampness and mold.

To prevent waterlogging of walls and foundations with water from the soil or through the action of precipitation, a variety of insulating materials are used, the scope of which directly depends on their properties.

The main types of waterproofing

Classification modern materials to protect against external and internal moisture is very extensive. The first main feature for dividing into classes is the method of application. According to it, two types of waterproofing are distinguished: surface and volumetric.

The first option involves processing only the surface, regardless of the form in which the waterproofing material is produced. The second option is used mainly for concretes and is intended to be introduced during the preparation of the mixture. These are water-repellent additives that can protect the structure from gradual waterlogging throughout the entire volume.

Constantly emerging new types of waterproofing have led to a gradual expansion of their classification. According to the mechanism of action, all surface materials are divided into:

• penetrating;
• covering.

If we consider the form of release, then the following options are distinguished:

• mastics;
• liquids, including emulsions;
• ready-to-use mixtures;
• films and membranes;
• rolled.

Modern waterproofing materials are very diverse and in their basis, providing all their properties. The four most common varieties are:

• bituminous;
• based on polymers;
• on a mineral binder component;
• based on inorganic and polymeric components.

The composition of all mixtures, regardless of the base, can vary significantly, which determines the scope of their application and the level of protection against moisture penetration.

Bitumen and polymer compositions additionally exhibit sealing properties, which significantly increases the efficiency of their use.

To understand which waterproofing materials are best used in a given situation, it is necessary to compare them and study the properties of each option in more detail.

Volumetric

This type of protection against waterlogging is used only in the production of concrete or mortar, so it does not raise the question of where to apply it and how to choose. Also in Soviet time A new method of modifying building materials based on Portland cement was developed, which consisted in the introduction of water-repellent additives based on organosilicon emulsions.

Its effectiveness remains controversial, because in addition to the positive effects in the form of water-repellent properties throughout the volume of concrete, there are also negative aspects. First of all, they include insufficient strength and a decrease in such an indicator of durability as frost resistance.

That is why organosilicon-based compositions are increasingly being used for surface application.

In comparison with the volumetric method, such an application is more efficient and does not affect the parameters of the main building material.

superficial

From the first attempts to protect houses from moisture penetration, this type of waterproofing remains one of the most popular and used. Modern waterproofing materials applied to the treated surface are very diverse.

Given such a wide range the question inevitably arises as to how to choose the most appropriate option.

Composites for impregnation

One of the most simple ways protection of the structure is the impregnation of its surface. Most often, in this case, polymer-based waterproofing materials are used.

Initially, natural and mineral oils were used, which perfectly repel water. But gradually they were replaced by more modern oligomeric compositions based on acrylic, epoxy, silicone and other macromolecular compounds.

In addition to the water-repellent effect, such compositions are able to additionally polymerize in the pores and defects of the base, penetrating deeply into the material, which increases the protection period and increases the durability of the entire structure.

Such composites are mainly used for processing concrete and brick surfaces with sufficient porosity. Pure polymer emulsions are rarely used for wood. In this case, hybrid composites on a bitumen-polymer and polymer-cement basis or special paints are used.

Coating compositions

The most unpretentious to use are bitumen-based mastics. Such waterproofing materials have excellent adhesion to any surface, are able to penetrate into any open pores and sinks. They are used for processing concrete, brick, wood, composite blocks.

Bitumen and its composites with various polymers, such as rubbers, additionally have a sealing property, which helps to use only one type of treatment when sealing seams and corner joints.

But unlike impregnations, such materials are not capable of deep penetration into the base, so they protect the material only on the surface.

As a result, if the waterproofing layer is broken, its effectiveness drops significantly. This area must be further processed to restore the integrity of the coating. For some structures, such as foundations, such repairs are often not possible.

In addition to bitumen, coatings often include compositions based on mineral binders in the form of ready-made mixtures. Such composites are applied to the surface of the base, but they cannot be called coatings in their pure form, because as a result of the hydration of the mineral components, crystals are formed that penetrate deeply into the body of the base, whether it be concrete, brick or wood. That is why over time a separate classification appeared for them.

The principle of operation of such compositions is based on additional crystallization of calcium hydrosilicates in the thickness of the base. Such composites can be produced in liquid and powder form for mixing with water, but their principle of operation remains unchanged.

Some options apply only to concrete or brick structures, because for full-fledged work they need external source calcium, which is the base. After application, silicate anions penetrate into the body of the structure to a depth of up to 30 cm and form new crystalline structures in the pores and capillaries, closing them for water penetration.

The shape of the resulting crystal also plays a special role, because silicates are formed in the form of directed needles or their clusters. In fact, neoplasm growth implies complete or partial closure of the capillary along the entire length, which significantly reduces the likelihood of water penetration and wetting of the crystals themselves and the pore walls.

Other varieties do not require external calcium, so they may well be used for wood, also strengthening the cellulose fibers and closing the pores with crystalline neoplasms that are insoluble in water. The main disadvantage of such materials is the uncontrolled growth of crystals that can partially destroy the structure of the base. Therefore, they are of little use for the lungs and cellular concrete low strength.

This type of protection against external moisture is in great demand when processing outer surface foundation and walls ground floors as well as flat roofs. Bitumen or its mixture with polymers is applied to a fiberglass web or non-woven polyester material. The binder is sprinkled on top with mineral aggregate or sand for hardening, and the substrate is protected with a film to prevent contamination.

Such waterproofing materials are able to withstand significant loads, they have high strength and durability. Variants with fiberglass backing are excellent for foundations due to their high dimensional stability.

Products with backing polyester fabric more elastic, so they are often used for flat or pitched roofs with a small angle. They are easily laid out on the surface and are perfectly amenable to processing.

The main disadvantage of roll products is the difficulty of using on vertical structures. Significant weight and fragility of the material significantly reduce the scope of its application.

Films and membranes

Film materials for waterproofing are most often used in the organization of internal and external thermal insulation, as well as in roofing. They protect the insulation from waterlogging, and also contribute to the natural removal of moisture from the indoor air.

Now exists huge selection similar products that differ throughput. Some versions of the films additionally serve as protection against the weathering of materials, and also ensure the removal of condensate from under the roofing material.

Manufacturers of all types of waterproofing give detailed description its properties and uses.

A variety of materials and mechanisms of their action allows you to find the best option for solving specific task, whether it is protecting the load-bearing elements of the building or creating a comfortable microclimate.

The answer to the question, what is waterproofing, is quite simple. Waterproofing is a set of measures necessary to ensure the protection of structures from moisture. Waterproofing materials are materials that are used to provide waterproofing protection buildings, structures and structures. In addition to protection against the action of water, they protect against the influence of chemically active liquids (acids, solvents, alkalis, oil products).

Modern waterproofing guarantees water tightness various designs and increases their service life. There are currently many developed effective means waterproofing, for example, waterproofing cord, seamless waterproofing with liquid rubber, butyl rubber waterproofing, vapor waterproofing films.

The main areas of use for waterproofing materials include:

• ensuring water tightness of underground and ground structures;
• hydro, - and wind protection of roofs and floors, foundations and cellars;
• waterproofing of industrial and construction facilities;
• ensuring water tightness of hydraulic engineering facilities;
• hydroprotection of reservoirs, dams, pools.

Now the most popular polymembrane film roll materials for waterproofing. The waterproofing membrane is highly resistant to aggressive liquids, it is characterized by elasticity, strength and durability. However, there are other waterproofing materials, each of which has its own advantages.

Requirements for materials for waterproofing

To select suitable waterproofing materials, it is necessary to take into account their performance properties. The material must provide reliable protection of structures in various environmental conditions.

Waterproofing materials must meet certain requirements, which include:

• Weather resistance, that is, the ability to protect the structure from the action of various atmospheric phenomena (for example, wind protection).
• Biological stability or the ability to resist the action of microorganisms: bacteria and fungi.
• Water resistance is the main parameter of waterproofing, which characterizes the ability of the material not to let water through.
• Water resistance - the ability to maintain properties even with prolonged exposure to water.
• Durability - the preservation of qualities for a certain period of time, taking into account the action of various aggressive factors. External waterproofing must be durable.
• Vapor permeability is a property that allows water vapor to pass through the waterproofing layer, which is important for walls and roofs.
• Resistant to temperature extremes. Waterproofing materials must retain their qualities at large temperature differences, which is extremely important for external waterproofing to be more reliable (as well as wind protection).
• Damage resistance. Hydroprotection should ensure the preservation of structural integrity under high mechanical loads.
• Chemical resistance. The material must retain its properties when exposed to aggressive liquids.

Due to the fact that different environmental factors act on different structural elements, the choice of waterproofing material should be carried out taking into account its properties.

Classification of materials for waterproofing

Waterproofing materials can be classified, for which a number of features are used.

According to the principle of action, such groups can be distinguished as:

• ( , );
• (one of the types -).

By appointment, the following waterproofing materials are considered:

• sealing (for example, a waterproofing cord);
• anticorrosive;
• antifiltration.

According to the type of base material, waterproofing can be:

• mineral;
• asphalt;
• metal;
• plastic.

The physical state and appearance allows us to divide waterproofing materials into:

• mastic (coated bituminous, polyurethane, acrylic waterproofing);
• powder;
• roll and sheet;
• polymembrane, film (for example, butyl rubber waterproofing).

To understand which material is suitable for waterproofing a particular structure, it is worth considering in more detail the main types of waterproofing materials.

Mastic waterproofing

Polymer waterproofing mastic is a viscoplastic mass, which is obtained by mixing substances with astringent properties with a finely dispersed base and adhesive additives. Mastic for waterproofing almost does not differ in properties from adhesives, but belongs to a separate class of materials due to its high viscosity and content of fillers.

Acrylic waterproofing mastic not only connects structural elements to each other, but also covers their surface with a thick layer, which protects them from environmental factors. Liquid mastic (acrylic waterproofing) allows you to fill cracks and holes to ensure the tightness of the joints and uniformity of the surface. Coating waterproofing of the floor is often used.

Mastic waterproofing composition is also used as coating insulation, as a means of gluing elements to a wall or floor, and for gluing rolled insulating materials. The coating waterproofing device is relatively simple. Coating waterproofing can be used to create a vapor-permeable film on the surface, which allows it to be used when processing internal structural elements.

Coating waterproofing "Novokout" is used for the purpose of waterproofing pools, bridges, garages. Polyurethane-based mastic is also suitable for anti-corrosion treatment of steel structures. Polyurethane waterproofing provides a uniform, waterproof and seamless surface. Therefore, polyurethane mastic is so popular.

Waterproofing with polyurethane foam is reliable and easy to perform. Polyurethane is the main material that self-leveling waterproofing uses. One-component transparent waterproofing is used for both waterproofing and corrosion prevention.

Two-component waterproofing also includes polyurethane. With its help, you can get an elastic coating and reliable protection against liquid penetration. Two-component waterproofing is used even at negative temperatures, as it does not lose its ability to polymerize under such conditions.

To prepare the working mixture, two components are used, which are included in the delivery. Two-component materials, when mixed, form a complex, with the help of which an elastic waterproofing is realized.

Some of the products that elastic waterproofing provides include a liquid elasticizer and a powder component. Elastic waterproofing is primarily used to protect concrete structures. Elastic waterproofing also prevents mechanical damage to the surface. Also, elastic waterproofing is used to protect metal structures.

Latex waterproofing is often combined with bitumen. The bitumen-latex mixture is prepared in a mixer and applied to vertical, horizontal and inclined surfaces.

Penetrating waterproofing

A feature of penetrating waterproofing materials is considered to be their waterproofing of concrete structures and the possibility of using them to ensure the insulation of basements. The waterproofing material can penetrate into the concrete through capillary tracts and pores against the action of hydrostatic pressure. This type of work is called “cut-off waterproofing”.

When the penetrating materials interact with concrete, specific crystalline structures are formed, which give the structure a greater density. Shut-off waterproofing provides water tightness, but does not create obstacles for air movement.

Thanks to the treatment of concrete structures with penetrating materials (diffusion hydroprotection), they acquire the following properties:

• water resistance;
• resistance to aggressive media;
• great strength;
• frost resistance;
• resistance to mechanical damage.

Penetrating waterproofing is suitable for waterproofing structures such as concrete tanks, sewerage systems, wells, foundations, vaults, basements, car parks. Polymer-cement waterproofing also has a penetrating effect. It is used for the purpose of processing joints, seams and cavities.

Injection waterproofing is considered a relatively new type of insulation, but has already shown its effectiveness. Injection of walls is carried out using cement compositions, acrylic gels, polyurethane resin.

Paint waterproofing

Paint waterproofing involves the use of various paints, emulsions, varnishes to protect the surface from moisture. Painting waterproofing is applied pneumatically and airless, as well as manually. When choosing a tool, the material of the surface to be protected is taken into account.

Powder waterproofing

Powder materials for waterproofing consist of cement components, synthetic resins, plasticizers and curing agents. They are supplied in the form of a dry mix and must be diluted with water immediately before work is carried out.

easy to apply and does not require the use of specific equipment for this purpose. One example of a quality powder waterproofing material is "Lamposilex".

This powder includes binder additives and strong cement. When they dissolve, a waterproofing solution is formed. Plaster waterproofing is used to seal leaks with high pressure.

Thanks to the use of powder, it is possible:

• stop water leaks in underground structures, tunnels, foundations;
• sealing seams and joints, holes and cracks;
• restoration of the plaster layer on the ceiling vaults and on the walls in rooms with high humidity.

This material is also called “waterproofing plaster”, because it restores the structure of walls and ceilings in various rooms.

Waterproofing plaster is used quite widely, especially where there is high humidity, and it is required not only to restore structures, but also to prevent the adverse effects of water on them. In these situations waterproofing plaster- the most correct decision.

Roll materials

Roll waterproofing is also called slab or sheet. Previously, this type of waterproofing materials was the most popular. The most affordable materials with which rolled waterproofing is made are roofing felt, roofing material and glass roofing material. They are used for waterproofing floors, roofs and foundations.

As a basis for the manufacture of this type of waterproofing, fiberglass or cardboard impregnated with bitumen is used. Also, basalt chips are added to the composition.

A more modern rolled waterproofing material is a waterproofing membrane, which has several layers and provides water resistance and thermal insulation. Membrane waterproofing is quite convenient and easy to implement. Quite often, a membrane is used to waterproof the foundation.

Rolls are stacked in several ways:

• Ordinary flooring for another building material.
• Built-up waterproofing, which is produced by the action of a gas burner on a roll. Fused waterproofing is a fire hazard, therefore, when using it, it is necessary to comply with fire safety standards. Fused waterproofing is not produced so often. You have to be careful when melting.
• Roll gluing using mastics or adhesives.

Film materials

The advantages of film waterproofing materials are: durability, elasticity, strength, high resistance to aggressive substances. Polymer materials often used in anti-filtration installations.

Polymer waterproofing provides excellent water resistance and belongs to modern roll subspecies. Polymers are used as the main materials for it: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride.

PVC waterproofing is considered one of the most promising.

Polymer waterproofing is used for such purposes as roof insulation and creating concrete screed. With the help of PVC membranes, the best polymer waterproofing procedure is performed. The polymer film is laid either by gluing or by laying. Universal waterproofing film is easy to use.

Some membranes are supplied with a layer of adhesive, i.e. a self-adhesive material is created. Self-adhesive waterproofing is convenient to use. provides reliable protection of structures from moisture, so the self-adhesive tape has found wide application.

Such polymer waterproofing, as a thorn-like membrane, implements the functions of both hydroprotection and protection against mechanical damage. Spiked film is used to protect walls, floors and foundations.

Polyurea waterproofing

Polyurea waterproofing is one of the most modern ways providing protection against liquid penetration of a wide range of designs. Polyurea can be applied in many ways, but polyurea spray waterproofing is considered the most effective. Polyurea waterproofing can be used in high humidity and low temperature conditions.

Video

Thus, the choice of waterproofing material is quite difficult. To select a waterproofing coating, it is necessary to determine the intended purpose and the required set of material properties.

At all times, the construction of houses was considered a rather troublesome and costly affair. The construction of any building has always required a large consumption of materials, significant labor and time. All this ultimately, even with current technologies, results in considerable financial costs. In addition, because of its complexity, building a house, in many ways resembling an exact science, does not forgive even the slightest miscalculations at all. Therefore, during construction, it turns out to be so important to take care of every little thing, not to mention choosing the right waterproofing materials in advance, which will provide the house with reliable and long-term protection from the far from creative effects of moisture.

How waterproofing materials are applied

Since all elements of buildings are under the constant influence of moisture, it becomes necessary to carry out waterproofing works at every stage of construction. Thus, it is necessary to separately deal with waterproofing of both the roof and walls, and the foundation, together with underground (basement) premises. Moreover, due to the uniqueness of the location and, accordingly, the action of various natural factors, the underground and surface parts of the building require the use of waterproofing materials with different properties and characteristics. For example, wall surfaces that are in direct contact with the ground are exposed to more moisture, but at the same time they are affected by much smaller temperature differences.

And the walls of the house and the roof, which are above the surface of the earth, although they are influenced by significant temperature fluctuations, are exposed to much less moisture.

When carrying out waterproofing work, it is necessary not only to take into account the scope of materials, but also to take into account their own properties, among which it is worth paying special attention to such a characteristic as air permeability. Despite the fact that modern waterproofing materials do not pass water, nevertheless, they can pass air freely, or pass air partially or not pass it at all. It is clear that waterproofing materials that provide complete tightness are suitable for insulating the underground parts of the house. But the use of "non-breathing" materials for sealing ground walls can block the flow of fresh "oxygen" and seriously disrupt the natural circulation of air in the house. In addition, when carrying out insulation work, it should be remembered that different materials, creating waterproof layers, differ in the degree of water resistance, strength, frost resistance, fire safety, toxicity and durability.

Classification of waterproofing materials

Waterproofing materials are usually divided into classes according to the field of application, physical state, active waterproofing components and application methods. As already mentioned, in addition to waterproofing materials for roofs, walls and basements, there are more specific materials for insulating reservoirs, pools and underground structures that are in direct contact with water. Also, materials that provide waterproofing are divided by area of ​​​​application: those that are used for internal works, and those that are used to waterproof the house from the outside.

According to their physical state, waterproofing materials are usually divided into mastic, powder, roll, film, membrane.

If divided by base, then these will be bitumen, mineral, bitumen-polymer and polymer waterproofing materials.

And, finally, according to the application methods, all waterproofing materials are divided into painting, plastering, gluing, cast, filling, impregnating, injection or penetrating and mounted.

Any materials, whether traditional cardboard sheets of roofing material or modern membranes (polymeric waterproofing materials), have their own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, to do right choice, you need to know all the pros and cons that various waterproofing materials have.

The main types of waterproofing materials

Rolls are a material that has become widespread in buildings of the old layout, but even despite the appearance of more effective technologies isolation, and today is in stable demand. Traditionally, rolls have a cardboard base impregnated with waterproofing materials (roofing material, glass roofing material, hydroisol, brizol, hydrobutyl).

They are distinguished by the exacting quality of the processing of the pasted surfaces (leveling, drying, priming), the laboriousness of general work, complete sealing (the walls will not "breathe"), low cost, fragility and frost resistance. Although it should be noted that due to the active use of new materials (fiberglass, various polymers), modern waterproofing rolls are devoid of a significant part of the shortcomings of rolls of the Soviet era.

Roll waterproofing is used mainly on roofs, sometimes on floors. In general, this type of material "loves" horizontal surfaces.

Mastics - adhesive plastic compositions based on organic binders and dispersion fillers.

The most famous are cold and hot mastics based on petroleum bitumen, used for roof waterproofing. In addition to dusty and fibrous fillers, they may contain crumbs from old recycled rubber (bitumen-rubber mastics), which significantly improves the water-repellent and tensile properties of waterproofing mastics. To the number modern varieties mastics based on petroleum bitumen, polypropylene and low molecular weight polyethylene, which have increased elasticity, heat resistance and the effect of "self-healing" tightness, can be attributed.

Mastics are intended mainly for sealing interpanel seams and joints in prefabricated buildings. Often used in conjunction with gap seals expansion joints.

Powders - mixtures based on cement, synthetic resins and various additives (plasticizers, hardeners), sold in dry form and mixed directly at the work site.

Along with the usual cement-sand mixtures and asphalt concrete, they have high waterproofing properties, and are also easy to prepare and apply on areas of any size. Due to the ultra-fast curing, waterproofing powders are able to densely fill all joints, seams and cracks. The disadvantages of such waterproofing materials include their inelasticity, which forces them to abandon their use in buildings subject to vibrations and strong shrinkage loads.

Powders (or rather, coating waterproofing) are used indoors, on balconies, loggias, on horizontal or vertical surfaces. Be careful: the mixture "lives" for 20-30 minutes, then you can not work with it.

Water repellents (water repellent liquids) are mixtures based on silicones, compounds of silicic acid esters and organic solvents, which, unlike "ordinary" external waterproofing materials, are "absorbed" by concrete surfaces.

The substances included in water repellents are insoluble, and therefore, after filling the natural pores (cracks, cavities) of concrete, the treated areas begin to repel water. Since, in fact, water repellents rather do not fill the internal cavities, but only cover their surface, despite their water resistance, they retain the ability to freely pass air. With a lot of advantages of hydrophobic liquids - this is both a good protection against moisture, and the absence of the need to change the appearance of the treated surfaces, as well as their ease and ease of application - they are not without their own disadvantages. Firstly, after 1-3 years (water-based water repellents) and 6-10 years (solvent-based), the waterproofing layer loses its water-repellent properties as a result of washing out of the "active substances". Secondly, due to the effect of gravity, it is more effective to use water repellents for vertical rather than horizontal surfaces. And, thirdly, water repellents are quite expensive, and besides, because of the synthetic components, they can be unsafe for health.

Water repellents (water repellent liquids) are a penetrating waterproofing: it is good for walls (external and internal), foundations, basements.

Films are a practical and lightweight material for waterproofing the roof and walls of a house. Basically, they are divided into the following three groups: polyethylene films, polypropylene films and membranes. The first are of two types (perforated and non-perforated) and are usually installed in one layer with the obligatory fastening with a special fabric or reinforcing mesh.

The latter are characterized by increased strength and good resistance to ultraviolet radiation. The so-called PVC membranes or waterproofing membranes deserve special attention.

They are two-layer films based on polyvinyl chloride, separated (to increase strength) by a reinforcing mesh. Compared to bituminous waterproofing materials, membranes are more resistant to mechanical, thermal and chemical influences. They are much more flexible, easier to install, easier to repair, and besides, they have an average service life of at least 20 - 30 years. What, in fact, in combination with affordable prices, and made this material one of the most popular for waterproofing the roof of houses.

The films go mainly on the floor or under the floor. Often, an additional layer of coating waterproofing is applied along with the film.

Waterproofing is designed to protect individual elements buildings and structures from the effects of precipitation, ground and surface water. The use of modern waterproofing systems can significantly increase the service life of building materials and improve the reliability of structures. On the contrary, the lack of waterproofing protection or its poor performance entails the destruction of the protective layer of concrete, corrosion of reinforcement and metal structures, damage to insulation, the appearance of leaks, blockages, mold indoors and other adverse consequences.

Requirements for waterproofing systems

The type and characteristics of waterproofing are selected individually for specific building structures and their operating conditions. As a rule, foundations, walls (including walls of buried structures), roofs, floors, ceilings, bowls of reservoirs and pools are subject to protection. Depending on the functional purpose of structures, waterproofing systems may be subject to combinations of the following requirements:

• in fact, water resistance is the main parameter applicable to all types of materials;
• resistance to prolonged exposure to water - required to protect structures immersed in water, erected in flooded soils, during the construction of pool bowls, and so on;
• resistance to atmospheric influences (including rain, snow, ultraviolet radiation) - is required to protect building envelopes (for example, when installing a soft roof);
• vapor permeability is another parameter that is important when waterproofing roofs and wall fences;
• strength and resistance to mechanical stress - properties that ensure the reliability and integrity of protection;
• resistance to chemical aggression is an important function that materials used to protect foundations and underground structures must have;
• resistance to temperature fluctuations, frost resistance - a requirement for waterproofing, which performs the functions of the outer layer of the roof.

Types of waterproofing systems, their advantages and disadvantages

Waterproofing systems featured on modern market are divided into the following groups.

Coating (painting) waterproofing represents liquid materials hot and cold application method, which, when solidified, acquire waterproof properties. This type includes bitumen, bitumen-mineral, bitumen-polymer, rubber-bitumen mastics, waterproof paints and varnishes. Coating is a traditional method of waterproofing foundations and buried reinforced concrete structures. The minimum number of layers required for protection is two.

• Advantages: low cost, ease of application, elasticity.
• Disadvantages: flammability, toxicity, low strength, short service life.

Glued or built-up waterproofing is a thin bituminous, polymeric or composite coating of a roll type (elastic sheet materials are also used). Widely used in structures flat roofs. The traditional and most accessible materials include bituminous roofing material, roofing felt. To modern and efficient - reinforced membranes PVC, TPO, EPDM and others.

• The advantages of modern membranes are high strength, no need for additional protection from damage, wide operating temperature range, installation in one layer, can be used as a top layer of a roof or as the bottom layer of inversion roofing systems. Durability and maintainability.
• Disadvantages - relatively high cost in comparison with roofing material, poor resistance to chemically aggressive substances.

Waterproofing plaster coatings are mainly used for surface protection of reinforced concrete structures. Coatings based on polymer shotcrete, hot and cold asphalt, and colloidal cement mortars are common. Used for waterproofing foundations, floors, walls of recessed parts industrial buildings and facilities (eg. pumping stations), tunnels, underground parking lots, etc.

• Advantages: high strength, resistance to low temperatures, the possibility of applying by mechanized method, including - on a reinforcing mesh, chemical resistance, Fire safety, durability.
• Disadvantages - high cost, the need for special equipment.

Penetrating waterproofing- one of the most powerful and progressive ways to protect reinforced concrete structures by filling the pores with special hydroactive solutions, which form insoluble crystals upon contact with moisture. Can be performed both by surface application on inside walls, and by injection.

• Advantages: in addition to waterproofing properties, it increases the strength and durability of concrete structures, does not require repair during operation, the possibility of applying the composition to the surface from the side opposite to the action of water (for example, on the inner surface of basement walls), resistance to water pressure, manufacturability and ease of work .
• Disadvantages: one of the most expensive waterproofing methods, as a result of which it is used to a limited extent.

In a separate group can also be distinguished solutions for waterproofing expansion and expansion joints, junctions, pipeline penetrations etc. This category includes a wide range of manufacturers of construction chemicals, sealants, foams, sealants, waterstops.

Overview of manufacturers of waterproofing systems on the Russian market

Among the many domestic and foreign manufacturers the most popular are the following.

TechnoNIKOL - a domestic company, a manufacturer of many types of waterproofing systems, including mastics, primers, rolled-on materials, polymer membranes;

Tegola Group - a well-known Italian company, one of the legislators of standards for modern waterproof solutions. The company supplies rolled materials of welded and glued type (bituminous, polymeric, profiled membranes, geosynthetics, self-adhesive tapes for sealing joints);

GermPromStroy - Russian company, developer of complex technical solutions based on liquid rubber GPSpraykote for waterproofing foundations, roof structures, basements, ponds and pools, floors in baths, bathrooms, sealing expansion joints;

Huntsman Polyurethanes - the Russian department of the international concern, which produces high-performance elastomeric waterproofing of the sprayed type. Distinctive feature material - high elasticity, durability and stability. It is used both for the repair of old rolled waterproofing carpets, and as the main waterproofing of concrete, metal and wooden structures;

Renolit is an international group of companies producing a wide range of composite membranes and polymer films. In the assortment of the company - ready-made technical solutions for waterproofing all types of roofs, pools, reservoirs and underground structures;

CT TRON - Russian manufacturer of coating, plastering and penetrating materials for the protection of concrete and reinforced concrete structures from the effects of water and moisture;

Sika - the largest international concern, manufacturer of construction chemicals. In the product range of the concern - Various types mineral coating waterproofing compositions, cement mortars, bituminous polymer coatings, sealing tapes, sealants for sealing joints and cutting off capillary moisture;

CS HYDRO - a domestic company that supplies the market with liquid-type waterproofing materials, cement-based mortars with hydroactive additives, penetrating compounds for external application and injection, waterstops, intumescent cords, and others;

mapei - Italian manufacturer protective coatings for concrete based on bitumen and polymer compositions (polyurethane, epoxy), injection and penetrating solutions. The company also offers water-repellent concrete admixtures, waterproof adhesive compositions for tiles;

Hydrotex - a popular domestic manufacturer of dry waterproofing mixtures under the trademark of the same name. The range of the company includes solutions of water-stopping, repair type, hydraulic seals, water-repellent additives in concrete, soil compositions;

Ceresit - the world-famous trademark of Henkel Bautechnic, under which a wide range of dry building mixtures and chemistry. Ceresit waterproofing solutions include coating mastics and resins, ready-mixed cement-based waterproof plasters, adhesives and penetrating mortars;

Penetron - manufacturer of the same name waterproofing dry mixes of penetrating action. It is used to improve water resistance, strength, frost resistance of monolithic and prefabricated structures made of reinforced concrete. Enhances the resistance of concrete to the effects of chemically aggressive environments, sea water.

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Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution

higher professional education

"National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI"

Volgodonsk Engineering and Technology Institute - branch of NRNU MEPhI

Faculty of part-time and distance learning

Department of Construction Production

Specialty Industrial and civil construction

abstract

in the discipline "History of the industry and introduction to the specialty"

on the topic "Waterproofing materials"

Completed by student PG-12-ЗС1 Karavaeva A.V.

Head Ph.D., Associate Professor, Head. Department Zayarov Yu.V.

Volgodonsk 2012

Introduction

1.2 Types of waterproofing materials

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Characteristic features design and construction of industrial and civil structures at the present stage is the development of buried parts of structures located below the level of the daylight surface, the creation of underground passages connecting individual structures, as well as the use for development of land unsuitable for agricultural purposes, in most cases swampy. In this regard, the issues of creating a reliable waterproofing of structures are becoming increasingly important. /one/

Unprotected steel structures rust and after 10 - 12 years lose strength, and some elements are completely destroyed. Wooden structures in conditions high humidity destroyed by fungi in 2 - 3 years. Stone, concrete and reinforced concrete structures can also lose strength under the influence of water, especially aggressive.

Waterproofing - protection of parts of buildings and structures, structures, tanks, etc. from the penetration or impact of water or the prevention of its leakage, as well as means for these purposes - special structural elements or waterproof layers on the outer or inner surface parts of buildings and structures. Waterproofing can be a part or addition of a complex of drainage, anti-filtration and anti-corrosion measures. /2/

waterproofing material building structure

1. Waterproofing materials

1.1 Properties of waterproofing materials

Waterproofing materials differ from other building materials in their increased water resistance and water resistance during prolonged exposure to water, including mineralized water, and chemically aggressive aqueous solutions. /3/

For waterproofing materials and structures, a number of additional requirements depending on the type of structures they are intended to protect, and the estimated durability of these structures, terms overhauls and mode of operation of waterproofing.

To assess the properties of waterproofing materials and coatings in the technical literature, the following terminology is adopted (Table 1).

Table 1 - Characteristics of waterproofing materials and coatings

Characteristic Definition Density The ratio of the mass of a material to its volume in a dense body (excluding voids and pores) elongation The ratio of the residual elongation of the sample to its original length Impact strength The work spent on the impact fracture of the sample, referred to the area of ​​its cross section Crack resistance ratio The ratio of the width of the overlapped crack in concrete to the thickness of the coating without breaking the continuity of the coating 18-20° C Water permeability coefficient Amount of water passed through a material sample in one hour at constant pressure Soil filtration coefficient Travel speed (filtration) of liquid through the ground at a pressure gradient equal to one iPa Electrical resistance (ohmic) The ability of a material to resist the passage of direct current Electrical strength Electric field strength at which breakdown of a given material occurs Adhesion Resistance to tearing or shearing of a material deposited on an insulated surface external factors(temperature change, etc.) or as a result of processes occurring in the material (aging, vulcanization, polymerization, etc.)

Weather resistance, or weather resistance - the ability of a material long time retain their original properties and structure after the combined effects of weather factors (rain, light, air, radiation and temperature fluctuations). Weather resistance is expressed in terms of time (hour, day, month, year) or is estimated in points on a special scale.

Biological resistance - the ability of a material to resist aggressive biological factors (bacteria, microbes, fungi, insects, rodents, vegetation germination).

Durability - the ability of a material for a long time to resist the complex effects of atmospheric and other factors under operating conditions.

Vapor permeability coefficient - the amount of water vapor that penetrates through 1 m within 1 hour 2sample area with a thickness of 1 m at a difference in partial pressure of water vapor on one and the other side of the sample 133 Pa.

Frost resistance - the ability of a material in a state saturated with water to withstand repeated alternate freezing and thawing without significant signs of destruction and a significant decrease in strength. It is estimated by the number of cycles of alternate freezing and thawing.

Material aging is the process of change (deterioration) of material properties over time under the influence of natural or artificial factors.

Glass transition temperature - Maximum temperature at which the material becomes brittle.

Hiding power - the ability of a material (paint and varnish, dissolved, etc.) to give a continuous film on the surface to be painted with its minimum consumption. The unit of measurement of covering power is the consumption of material in grams per 1 m 2painted surface.

Chemical resistance - the ability of a material to resist aggressive environmental influences or chemical interaction with contact material (acids, alkalis, salts dissolved in water, gases, etc.). /2/

.2 Types of waterproofing materials

Waterproofing materials are classified:

)according to the method of application and operating conditions:

painting (silicate and cement paints, bitumen and bitumen-polymer emulsions, varnishes and enamels);

-coating (bituminous, tar and polymer mastics);

sealing (concrete and mortar based on mineral binders and organic binders);

plastering (colloidal cement adhesive, cement-sand mortars with sealing additives, mortars based on expanding cements, asphalt mortars);

pasting (roll, film and sheet materials);

impregnating (bitumen, tar, polymers);

injection (the same as impregnating, only applied under pressure);

filling (hydrophobic powders, clay);

2)by physical state and appearance - liquid, plastic-viscous, solid and elastic-viscous;

3)by type of binder - bitumen, tar, bitumen-polymer, polymer, rubber-bitumen, mineral. /4/

The most common waterproofing materials in construction are roofing materials such as roofing felt, roofing felt, as well as various mastics based on bitumen, tar, etc., used as coating waterproofing in the production of roofing. Many waterproofing materials (such as glassine, roofing material) are used as a vapor barrier.

Bitumen and tar of various grades, as well as mastics based on them, are used for waterproofing and roofing. They are waterproof and weather resistant materials. When the temperature rises, they first soften, and then liquefy. As the temperature drops, they become more viscous and harden.

Natural bitumen in its pure form is rare. Oil bitumen is mainly used - materials of black or dark brown color, which are obtained in the process of oil refining. Solid, semi-solid and liquid bitumens are used in construction. /5/

Bituminous materials are available in one or two components, with synthetic or natural fillers, and some may have fibers added to increase tensile strength. The surface to be covered with bituminous materials must be dry and pre-primed. Liquid bituminous materials in the form of emulsions and suspensions are applied by spraying or brushing. Elastic mastics allow you to create sufficiently thick layers that seal cracks up to 3 mm in size. The low resistance of bituminous materials to mechanical stress must be increased by protecting them with screeds, polystyrene boards and technical fabrics. Bituminous materials should also be protected from direct sunlight. Typical waterproofing bitumens include Ceresit CP 41 and Polybit Polycoat.

In addition to traditional bituminous materials, modern bitumen-polymer materials with high values ​​are now widely used. specifications due to the elasticity and strength of the reinforcing base, as well as the properties of the bitumen-polymer binder. Bitumen-polymer materials include various emulsions and mastics, self-adhesive films, roll materials, and cast asphalt.

Bitumen-polymer suspensions are water emulsions of bitumen with mineral emulsifiers and synthetic latex. They are used for the protection and insulation of mineral surfaces, for the manufacture of asphalt mastics, which are mainly used as plaster waterproofing.

Bituminous-polymer mastics are paste-like compositions based on bitumen, with additives of polymers, rubbers and fillers that improve resistance to deformation, water resistance and durability of waterproofing. These mastics mainly protect underground structures as a coating waterproofing. These mastics are divided by the method of application into cold and hot, and by composition - into one - and two-component. Cold bituminous mastics are made by combining petroleum bitumen, filler, thinner (for example, white spirit, nefras or industrial oil) and plasticizers. Representatives of this variety of waterproofing materials are Ceresit BT 41, CP 42, CP 43 and BT 43, as well as Polybit Bituplus, Polybit Polyglow and Polybit Polyplus. /6/

Cold bituminous mastics consist of a mixture of petroleum bitumen, a solvent (solar oil, kerosene), a filler (asbestos) and an antiseptic. Due to the presence of solar oil, which can dissolve bitumen and seep into the rolled material, these mastics do not need to be heated, they stick together well and glue the roofing elements to the base.

Cold bituminous mastics are intended for the device of multilayer roofing, for hydro - and vapor barrier. The most common is mastic MBK-X-1. /5/

In the process of production of bitumen-polymer binder, the technology of modifying bitumen with a polymer is used, in this case the bitumen remains in a stable natural state and additionally acquires properties similar to those of the modifier polymer. The most widespread as bitumen modifiers are artificial rubber - styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS) and plastic - atactic polypropylene (APP). SBS in the composition of modified bitumen makes it more elastic and increases the brittleness temperature to minus 40 degrees. APP-modified bitumens have greater rigidity and heat resistance, they have a softening point of about 155 degrees. /6/

Coal tar is a black oily liquid with a pungent odor. It is obtained during the processing of coal and is used for the preparation of roofing mastics.

Coal tar pitch is obtained by distillation of coal tar. Depending on the content of anthracene oil, it can have a different melting point: the largest amount of anthracene oil is contained in soft coal tar pitch, which has a melting point of 45-50°C, the smallest is in hard pitch with a melting point of 75-90°C.

Roofing cardboard is impregnated with coal tar pitch mixed with oils in the manufacture of roofing material; it is also part of tar mastics.

Roll basic waterproofing materials are obtained by processing the base - roofing paper, asbestos paper, fiberglass - with bitumen and tar, as well as their mixtures. Baseless materials are produced in the form of panels of the required thickness as a result of rolling a mixture of binder (usually bitumen), filler and additives.

Tol is obtained by double impregnation of roofing paper not with bitumen, but with tar products. Coverless roofing felt (leather roofing) of the TK-350 and TG-350 grades without powder for roofing and vapor barrier, as well as waterproofing roofing roofing, intended for the installation of a roofing carpet and for waterproofing various building structures, is produced.

Glassine is obtained from roofing paper by impregnating it with petroleum bitumen. It does not have a cover layer on the surface and is used as a roof lining material for roofing material and for vapor barrier.

Glass roofing material and glass felt - a rolled material produced by applying a bituminous binder to glass fiber or glass felt on both sides of the material and covering one or two surfaces with a layer of coarse-grained, scaly fine-grained or powdered dressing. They are used as pasting waterproofing and for the upper and lower layers of the roofing carpet.

Asphalt reinforced mats are fiberglass impregnated on both sides with a layer of bitumen or waterproofing asphalt mastic. It is used as a gluing waterproofing and for sealing expansion joints.

Gidrostekloizol - a waterproofing roll material obtained from fiberglass or fiberglass, coated on both sides with a mixture of bitumen, ground talc, magnesite and plasticizer.

Hydroisol is made by impregnating asbestos or asbestos-cellulose cardboard with petroleum bitumen. It is used as a gluing waterproofing using hot mastics, for waterproofing a flat roof.

Folgoizol is a two-layer material consisting of thin aluminum foil and covered on the underside with a layer of bitumen-rubber composition. Folgoizol is a waterproof, durable, flexible, easy-to-cut material. Thanks to the top layer made of shiny aluminum foil, foil insulation has a high reflectivity, effectively protecting buildings in hot weather. sunny days from overheating. Folgoizol is used for roofing, vapor barrier and waterproofing, as well as for sealing panel joints.

Stekloizol is fiberglass or fiberglass impregnated on both sides with bitumen-rubber mastic. Used as a roofing and waterproofing material.

Currently released a large number of roofing waterproofing materials, which are fiberglass, fiberglass or fiberglass impregnated with a bitumen-polymer composition. Unlike roofing material and roofing felt, they have greater durability and frost resistance.

Izol is a baseless roofing material, which is made from a mixture of petroleum bitumen and materials containing rubber, coal tar, mineral fillers, antiseptic. Izol is elastic, bioresistant, not moisture-intensive, twice as durable as roofing material. Izol is used to isolate pools, basements, to cover flat and flat roofs.

Polyethylene films are a rolled waterproofing material widely used in everyday life and construction practice.

Asphalt waterproofing slabs are obtained by coating fiberglass or metal mesh with a layer of hot waterproofing mastic or asphalt concrete mixture. Plates are produced reinforced and unreinforced for filling joints. Used as a waterproofing membrane.

Flat asbestos-cement sheets are made from a mixture of cement and asbestos. Asbestos fibers act as reinforcement and give the product strength. Asbestos-cement sheets are light, strong, durable, fire-resistant. Due to their water resistance, they are widely used as roofing and finishing materials. Flat sheets are produced pressed and unpressed.

Wavy asbestos-cement sheets are also made from a mixture of asbestos and cement, just like flat ones. Thanks to the wavy cross section sheets have greater rigidity and better resist bending loads. It should be noted that the use of building materials containing asbestos is not recommended for interior decoration. /5/

Metal waterproofing is made in the form of a continuous coating of steel sheets, butt-welded or overlapped, and the entire coating is anchored in the concrete of the main structure with corners or special anchors. Such coatings are very expensive and busy, so their use is allowed only after a comprehensive feasibility study.

For metal insulation, sheet or low-alloyed (stainless) steel is used, and the installation of waterproofing and welding of joints are carried out according to special rules to reduce temperature-shrinkage stresses, and the cavity behind the metal sheathing after welding is filled by injection with cement mortar.

Internal metal insulation is performed, as a rule, for protection interior spaces, tunnels and through passages with tearing off hydrostatic pressure and chemical aggressiveness of groundwater, when it is impossible to install waterproofing, working on tearing, from cold asphalt mastics, qPCR or epoxy paint.

Metal insulation is too expensive and responsible, therefore, during its implementation, ultrasonic flaw detection of all welds is carried out, and tests of finished coatings are also mandatory. /3/

AT recent times paint waterproofing has become widespread. Its advantage is that it can protect building structures with complex geometric shapes from moisture penetration. For painting waterproofing, perchlorovinyl paints, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, aqueous dispersions of thiokol, synthetic latexes are used. /5/

Paint waterproofing is performed by applying film-forming liquid or plastic materials by painting techniques: spraying and spraying using various paint spray mechanisms, brushes, brushes and spatulas. According to the composition of the starting materials, the following types of paint coatings are distinguished: based on organic binders and based on organo-mineral binders.

Bituminous paint coatings, to increase their strength and crack resistance, can be reinforced with glass materials or metal mesh. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between reinforced and non-reinforced paint coatings.

Plaster waterproofing differs from paint waterproofing in the following features: less mobility of compositions applied to the base, including, as a rule, larger fillers, greater coating thickness (6-50 mm) and methods of applying insulating compositions that are similar to methods of applying lime and cement building plasters

Plaster waterproofing is created on the basis of organic and inorganic binders. The plaster waterproofing on the basis of inorganic binders (cement-based) includes: shotcrete coatings applied using a cement gun; pneumoconcrete coatings applied using a mortar pump and a pneumatic nozzle, coatings from a colloidal cement mortar. All types of cement-sand plaster coatings may contain sealing additives that increase the water resistance and impermeability of coatings.

Impregnation and injection insulation, as a rule, are used as additional to surface insulation or in the elimination of water leaks through the building envelope in cases where repair and replacement waterproofing coating impossible or costly.

Impregnation waterproofing is based on filling pores, microcracks and other voids present in the body of a structural element with waterproof materials. The elements are impregnated in open baths or in autoclaves. Bitumens, coal tar pitches and petrolatum are used as impregnating materials.

The essence of injection waterproofing is the injection of sealing solutions into the body of concrete through specially drilled wells in order to make the structure or its element waterproof and durable. Injection methods for protecting structures and structures are divided into the following types: cementation, silicification and resinization.

Used for injection work the following materials: cement mortar, liquid glass with a solution of calcium chloride, as well as other electrolytes and synthetic resins (carbamide, etc.). /one/

Backfill waterproofing comes from blocking with crumpled clay and clay concrete, which were widely used earlier. At present, they are resorted to very rarely due to the large workload, the need to prepare highly plastic clays with a low water content and their subsequent dense laying. /3/

Conclusion

Waterproofing materials protect building structures from the adverse effects of an aggressive wet environment, most often under water pressure.

In this regard, the following properties are most important for building materials of this group:

waterproof,

-water resistance,

durability,

meeting the requirements for mechanical strength, deformability, chemical resistance.

Analyzing many waterproofing materials, we can conclude that today there is no one universal material for effective general use. In most cases, the most optimal will be the use of a complex of materials, where each material will perform its strictly defined function. In addition, the properties of similar materials from different manufacturers may differ significantly, and the result of their application will also differ.

Bibliography

1.Ed. Iskrina V.S. "Waterproofing of enclosing structures of industrial and civil structures. Reference manual." - Stroyizdat, 1975

2.Great Soviet encyclopedia, third edition. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1970-77 (electronic version - M.: Scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 2004.)

.S. N. Popchenko "Waterproofing of structures and buildings" - Leningrad Stroyizdat, Leningrad branch, 1981

.P.I. Yukhnevsky "Building materials and products". Tutorial- Minsk, UE "Technoprint", 2004

5."Vapour barrier and waterproofing materials"

."What are waterproofing materials"