Ways to eliminate blockages in pipes. Pipeline cleaning

The invention relates to the field of cleaning heat power equipment and pipelines, and can also be used for drilling drains and wells in the ground. The method consists in the fact that jets are formed in the liquid flow, in which cavitation is developed, the deposits are affected by the jets, which are removed from the pipe being cleaned by the liquid flow, an annular cavitation belt is created by rotating the cavitator at a speed of 100-1200 rpm, and the amount of supplied liquid is synchronized depending on the rotation speed of the cavitator and the cleaning speed. The device for implementing the method contains a liquid supply system and a cavitator with a rotation drive. The cavitator is made in the form of a hollow shaft, at the end of which a hydraulic resistance is installed, made in the form of a triangular plate. The hollow shaft is installed with the chamber and communicates with the liquid supply system, while an impeller is installed on the hollow shaft in the chamber. EFFECT: invention provides cleaning of pipelines completely clogged with deposits, increasing the speed and efficiency of cleaning, and also allows drilling holes and wells in the ground. 2 s. and 3 z.p. f-ly, 2 ill.

The invention relates to heat and power systems and can be used to clean pipelines, wells, tanks, hot water and steam boilers, cooling systems refrigeration units and compressors, calenders, boilers, etc. A known cleaning method by creating an electro-hydraulic shock in a liquid (AS USSR 414005, IPC B 08 B 9/04 dated 03.01.72). The disadvantage of this method is that this method is not suitable for cleaning completely clogged pipelines. A known method of cleaning the internal cavities of the equipment from deposits by removing deposits with high-speed jets of liquid, for example, US patent, class. 252-8.55, 3522984, publ. 08/11/1970 The disadvantage of this method is that it is unsuitable for cleaning pipelines clogged with deposits with a hardness of more than 4 points on the Mohs scale. A known method of cleaning pipelines from deposits by dispersing the striker with a stream of liquid or gas, for example, US patent class. 252-8.55, 3549532, publ. December 22, 1970 The disadvantage of this method is that it is not suitable for cleaning long pipelines. large sizes. A device for cleaning pipelines is known, including a fluid supply system and a cleaning device (AS USSR 995910, B 08 B 9/04, 1979). A device for cleaning pipelines is known, including an electric generator, a cable and a head with electrodes (AS USSR 476907, IPC B 08 B 3/10, dated 24.10.73). The disadvantage of this device is that it is not suitable for cleaning long pipelines of large diameter. A device for cleaning pipelines is known, containing a pump, a hose, a head (US patent class 166-42, 32888217, publ. 29.11.1966). The disadvantage of this device is that it is not suitable for cleaning wells. A hydraulic punch is known, containing a pump, a striker, a striker drive mechanism, a hose (US patent 3514250, class 21-2.5, publ. 05/26/1970). Also known is a method and device according to.with. USSR 1420299, F 16 L 58/02, 1984. The method consists in the fact that liquid is supplied through the hose with a pump and jets are formed with a head to destroy deposits. The device consists of a pump, a hose and a head. The disadvantage of this method and device is that they cannot be used to clean pipelines completely clogged with deposits. Also known is a commercially available pneumohydraulic installation and a tool for cleaning the internal surfaces of pipes of heat exchangers, condensers, refrigerators and boilers from carbonate and silt deposits, manufactured by the Alloys scientific and production enterprise ("Pneumohydraulic installation" Krot-5 ", description of the installation and technical characteristics" , Belgorod, 1999). This installation contains a pneumohydraulic drive, a tip, a nipple, a power shaft, a holder, a connecting tube, a jacket, a tip. The disadvantages of this installation are high power, significant weight, large dimensions, high price, low productivity, inconvenience in operation, difficulty in operation. In addition, solid barium deposits are not removed by this installation. The closest analogue for the method is the cleaning method inner surface pipelines from deposits according to (AS USSR 1729623, class B 08 B 9/04, 1992). The method consists in that in the pipe being cleaned, a cavitator moving along it forms liquid jets, in which cavitation is developed, these jets destroy deposits and take them out of the pipeline being cleaned by the liquid flow. The disadvantages of this method are:

The impossibility of using this method in heat engineering installations. The closest analogue for the device is a device for cleaning pipelines from deposits according to the above copyright certificate. This device contains a fluid supply system and a cavitator. The disadvantages of this device are:

The impossibility of cleaning completely clogged pipes;

Inability to clean pipes of small diameter;

The impossibility of using this device for cleaning heating installations. The technical result of the group of inventions is to provide the possibility of cleaning pipelines completely clogged with deposits, increasing the speed and efficiency of cleaning, as well as providing the possibility of drilling holes and wells in the ground. This result is achieved by the fact that in the method of cleaning pipelines from deposits, including the formation of liquid jets, the development of cavitation in the formed jets, the impact of jets on deposits and the removal of destroyed deposits from the pipeline by a liquid flow, an annular cavitation belt is created by rotating the cavitator at a speed equal to 100-1200 rpm, while the amount of liquid supplied is synchronized depending on the speed of rotation of the cavitator and the speed of cleaning. The liquid flow is fed into the cleaning zone at a pressure of 0.05-100 MPa. The formation of liquid jets in the cleaning zone using a rotating cavitator makes it possible to create an annular cavitation belt, which increases the cavitation number by five orders of magnitude, and therefore speeds up the cleaning process. The pressure range of the supplied water, equal to 0.05-100 MPa, determines optimal conditions cleaning, since at a pressure less than 0.05 MPa, the cavitation effect is not observed, and at a pressure of more than 100 MPa, the annular gap is blocked by cavitations and a further increase in liquid pressure does not lead to an increase in the cavitation number. The cavitator rotation speed range, equal to 100-1200 rpm, also determines the optimal cleaning conditions, since at a cavitator rotation speed of less than 100 rpm, low-frequency resonances of the cleaned pipelines do not occur, which significantly accelerates the destruction of deposits, and with an increase in the rotation speed, more than 1200 rpm, a vortex screen appears, which prevents the occurrence of cavitation in the pores and cracks of deposits, which sharply reduces the rate of destruction of deposits. The technical result is also achieved by the fact that the device for cleaning pipelines from deposits, containing a liquid supply system and a cavitator, is equipped with a rotation drive. The cavitator is made in the form of a hollow shaft with a hydraulic resistance installed at its end in the form of a triangular plate, and the hollow shaft is installed with the chamber and communicates with the liquid supply system, while an impeller is installed on the hollow shaft in the chamber. The hollow shaft can be made of separate tubes interconnected. The entrance and exit of the hollow shaft from the chamber is sealed with seals. Notches or protrusions are made on the outer surface of the hollow shaft to spin the liquid. The use of a rotating cavitator makes it possible to obtain an annular layer of cavitation that destroys deposits along the entire length of the cavitator, and not only in the bottomhole zone, which significantly increases the speed of pipeline cleaning. The implementation of the cavitator in the form of a hollow shaft and the installation of hydraulic resistance at its end makes it possible to increase the specific pressure on deposits in the bottomhole zone and helps to create a wave rotating cavitation field, which contributes to an increase in the cleaning rate. Execution of hydraulic resistance in the form of a triangular plate, the thickness of which is less than the inner diameter of the hollow shaft, and the width is greater than the outer diameter of the hollow shaft, allows you to increase the centrifugal force of the high-speed flow due to the effect of the cavitator eccentricity on it and the creation of variable cavities filled with liquid in the bottomhole zone, from which there is a periodic displacement of water, which increases the specific pressure of the high-speed fluid flow by 6 orders of magnitude. Installing a hollow shaft in the chamber allows you to increase the water pressure in the bottomhole zone, and also reduces the load on the drive. The execution of a hollow shaft from separate tubes allows you to create a wave annular rotating cavitation field. Installing seals at the inlet and outlet of the hollow shaft from the chamber allows you to increase the water pressure. Installing the impeller on the hollow shaft in the chamber allows you to synchronize the amount of water supplied to the bottomhole zone depending on the rotation of the hollow shaft and cleaning speed, which improves the quality of cleaning. The execution of notches or protrusions on the outer surface of the hollow shaft makes it possible to increase the speed of the rotating annular cavitation field, which accelerates the cleaning speed and improves its quality. In FIG. 1 shows a device for cleaning pipelines from deposits, figure 2 - view A of figure 1

The proposed device includes a drive 1 connected to a hollow shaft 2, which can be made of separate tubes (not shown). A chamber 4 with seals 5 is installed on the hollow shaft 2, inside which a wheel 6 (impeller) is installed on the shaft 2 for pumping liquid, which divides the chamber 4 into cavities 7.8. The cavity 7 is connected through the hole 9 with the cavity 10 of the shaft 2. The cavity 8 is connected with the fluid supply system 11. At the end of the hollow shaft 2, a hydraulic resistance 12 is installed, which is made of a triangular shape, and the thickness B is less than the inner diameter of the hollow shaft 2, and the width C is greater than the outer diameter of the hollow shaft 2. Notches or protrusions 13 are made on the hollow shaft 2. The method is carried out in the following way. Hydraulic resistance 12 is introduced into the cleaned pipeline. The system 11 supplies water to the chamber 4, which through the holes 9, the cavity 10 enters the bottomhole zone. Water pressure is 0.05-100 MPa. At this moment, the drive 1 begins to rotate the hollow shaft 2 at a speed of 100-1200 rpm. Hydraulic resistance 12 begins to rotate the water in the bottomhole zone. As a result, jets of water are formed that act on the deposits. Crushed sediment particles are mixed with water. This mixture of water and deposits begins to flow out through the annular gap formed by the wall of the cleaned pipeline and the rotating hollow shaft 2. Due to the rotation of the shaft 2, the water in the annular gap is twisted. In this flow, cavitations begin to develop, which destroy deposits on the wall of the pipeline being cleaned. Water carries sediment out of it. In addition to cavitation, sediments are affected by the impact force of sediment particles that rotate with water. Hydroabrasive cleaning takes place. In addition, particles of deposits are removed from the wall of the pipeline being cleaned due to its wave vibration, which occurs due to the rotational vibration of the hollow shaft. Due to the fact that the moduli of elasticity of the pipeline material and deposits are different, forces arise that tear off the deposits from the wall of the pipeline being cleaned. Example. Boiler pipes with a diameter of 14 mm and a length of 6 m were cleaned, which were completely clogged with carbonate deposits. Cleaning was performed by the device shown in the drawing. During cleaning, water was supplied through the hollow rotating shaft at a pressure of 0.05-100 MPa, and the shaft was rotated at a speed of 100-1200 rpm. During cleaning, the modes of water supply pressure and the speed of rotation of the hollow shaft were changed from lower to upper limits. When passing the lower and upper limits, the speed of cleaning the shaft is 2-3 times lower than in the modes lying in the stated ranges of fluid pressure and rotation of the hollow shaft. The cleaning speed at the stated parameters of water pressure and rotation of the hollow shaft was 3-8 m/min. The use of a group of inventions makes it possible to clean small-diameter pipelines from solid deposits. In addition, this device can be used to form holes in the ground, including rocks.

CLAIM

1. A method for cleaning pipelines from deposits, including the formation of liquid jets, the development of cavitation in the formed jets, the impact of jets on deposits, the removal of destroyed deposits from the pipeline by a liquid flow, characterized in that an annular cavitation belt is created by rotating the cavitator at a speed equal to 100-1200 rpm, while the amount of liquid supplied is synchronized depending on the speed of rotation of the cavitator and the speed of cleaning. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the liquid flow is supplied under a pressure of 0.05-100 MPa. 3. A device for cleaning pipelines from deposits, containing a fluid supply system and a cavitator, characterized in that the cavitator is equipped with a rotation drive and is made in the form of a hollow shaft with a hydraulic resistance installed at its end in the form of a triangular plate, and the hollow shaft is installed with a chamber and communicated with the liquid supply system, while an impeller is installed on the hollow shaft in the chamber. 4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the hollow shaft is made of separate tubes connected to each other. 5. The device according to any one of paragraphs. 3 and 4, characterized in that notches or protrusions are made on the outer surface of the hollow shaft to spin the liquid.

Introduction

1. Methods for cleaning the internal cavity of pipelines

1.1 Cleaning technology

1.2 Flushing

1.3 Purging

2. Chamber for launching and receiving cleaning devices

3. Equipment for cleaning the cavity of pipelines

4. Control of the movement of pigs through the pipeline

5. Detection systems for cleaning devices "Impulse" and "Pole"

List of used Internet resources

Introduction

During operation, there is a gradual decrease in the throughput of pipelines due to: the accumulation of paraffin deposits, an increase in the roughness of the pipe walls as a result of their internal corrosion and the accumulation of corrosion products and mechanical impurities, as well as the accumulation of water in low places of pipelines, and in high points air pockets pipelines. A decrease in throughput leads to a sharp decrease in the efficiency of pipelines, a significant increase in the cost of pumping an oily liquid. The accumulation of deposits in the product pipelines, in addition, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the pumped products due to contamination with mechanical impurities.

In order to maintain the throughput and prevent the accumulation of water and internal deposits, as well as to prepare the oil pipeline section for in-line inspection and retesting, the internal cavity of the main oil pipeline should be cleaned by passing cleaning devices.

There are the following types of cleaning:

periodical- to remove paraffin deposits, accumulations of water and gas in order to maintain the design capacity of oil pipelines and prevent the development of internal corrosion of pipelines;

target– to remove sealant residues after repair work on the linear part of the main oil pipelines;

prediagnostic- to ensure the necessary degree of cleaning of the internal cavity of the oil pipeline in accordance with the technical characteristics of inline inspection devices.

Cleaning is carried out in accordance with the instructions developed and approved by the chief engineer of the operating organization for each section of the main oil pipelines.

Periodic and pre-diagnostic cleaning of the pipeline is carried out by passing at least two cleaning devices in accordance with the Regulations on cleaning the internal cavity of oil trunk pipelines. The time between the start of a cleaning device with closed bypass openings on it and a cleaning device with open bypass openings must not exceed 24 hours.

Targeted cleaning may be carried out by passing one cleaning device with closed bypass openings.

The planning of work on cleaning the oil pipeline is carried out by forming annual and, on its basis, monthly work plans, taking into account:

periodic cleaning requirements;

annual plan for in-line diagnostics;

the need for targeted cleaning after repair work in accordance with the pipeline shutdown plan.

If there are reserve lines of underwater crossings through rivers and swamps, loopings and bypass lines at oil pipeline sections, they are first planned to be cleaned, and then the site itself is cleaned. Loopings, reserve lines and jumpers between parallel pipelines must be disconnected from the main pipeline for the period of passage of cleaning devices, gauges and diagnostic devices.

To restore the quality of oil (the content of salts, mechanical impurities, water, etc.), which deteriorates during the refining process, measures are being developed to correct the quality of substandard oil. Measures should include the allocation of free reservoirs for localization of substandard oil, the organization of additional oil quality control, compounding and other work to bring the oil quality to established norms. Cleaning of oil pipelines should be carried out by cleaning devices that have a full set of permits and operational documentation, including:

certificate of compliance with state standards;

permission of Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia for use;

conclusion on explosion safety;

• form;

  manual;

  installation instructions;

  spare parts list;

  statement of operational documents.

Cleaning devices are recommended to be equipped with explosion-proof low-frequency transmitters, which, together with ground-based portable detectors, make it possible to control the passage of cleaning pigs along the oil pipeline section and detect places where they can stop (get stuck).

The frequency of cleaning is determined individually for each oil pipeline, depending on the features of its operation and the properties of the product being pumped, but at least once a quarter.

With a decrease in throughput in the oil pipeline in the intervals between periodic cleanings by 2% or more, it is necessary to carry out extraordinary cleanings.

To free the internal cavity of the oil pipeline from water, operating at reduced modes, it is recommended to pump oil once a week according to the “through tanks” scheme at a speed of more than 1.5 m/s for at least 2 hours.

When cleaning, the following documentation is drawn up:

the act of readiness of the cleaning scraper to pass;

an act of readiness of the route for the passage of a cleaning scraper;

the act of receiving a cleaning scraper.

pipeline cavity cleaning

1. Methods for cleaning the internal cavity of pipelines

Pipeline cavity cleaning is performed by one of the following methods:

Flushing with skipping cleaning pistons or separator pistons;

Purging with the passage of cleaning pistons, and, if necessary, separator pistons;

Purging without skipping the cleaning pistons.

Cleaning of the cavity of the linear part and loopings of oil pipelines, gas pipelines and oil product pipelines should, as a rule, be carried out by blowing with air with the passage of a ruff-separator.

1.1 Cleaning technology

Flushing or purging is carried out in one of the following ways:

With the passage of a cleaning or separating device;

Without skipping the cleaning or separating device.

Flushing and purging with the passage of cleaning or separating devices should be carried out on pipelines with a diameter of 219 mm or more.

Rinsing and purging without skipping cleaning or separating devices is allowed to be carried out:

On pipelines with a diameter of less than 219 mm;

On pipelines of any diameter in the presence of steeply curved inserts with a radius of less than five pipeline diameters or with a length of the cleaned section of less than one kilometer.

Cleaning the cavity of underwater crossings of pipelines with a diameter of 219 mm or more, laid with the help of underwater technical means, is carried out:

Flushing with the passage of the separator piston during filling with water for the first stage of the hydraulic test;

By blowing through with a piston or by pulling in a cleaning device before performing the first stage of the pneumatic test.

flushing

Flushing is subjected to pipelines of any purpose, the test of which is provided for in the project by a hydraulic method.

The passage of a cleaning or separating device through the pipeline is carried out under the pressure of the liquid pumped for hydraulic testing.

In front of the cleaning or separating device for wetting and washing out contaminants, water is poured in a volume of 10-15% of the volume of the cavity of the cleaned pipeline.

A schematic diagram of the production of works during washing with the omission of a cleaning or separating device is shown on rice. one.

Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the production of works when flushing pipelines:

a - preparation of the site for flushing; b - water supply in front of the separator piston; in - the passage of the piston-separator in the water flow; d - preparation of the site for testing; 1 - area to be cleaned; 2 and 7 - bypass pipes with taps; 3 - piston separator; 4 - collector; 5 - filling units; 6 - inlet pipe; 8-line fittings; 9 - drain pipe.

The passage of a cleaning or separating device in the liquid flow ensures the removal of not only contaminants from the pipeline, but also air, which eliminates the need to install air vent valves (except for valves provided for by the project for operation), increases the reliability of leak detection using pressure gauges.

Flushing is considered completed when the cleaning or separating device leaves the pipeline intact.

When washing without skipping a cleaning or separating device, the quality of cleaning is ensured by a high-speed flow of liquid.

A schematic diagram of flushing without skipping cleaning and separating devices is shown on rice. 2.

The flow rate of the liquid during flushing without skipping the cleaning and separating devices should be at least 5 km/h.

The length of sections of pipelines with a diameter of more than 219 mm, washed without the passage of cleaning or separating devices, is established taking into account the hydraulic pressure losses in the pipeline and the available pressure of pumping equipment.

Flushing without passing a cleaning or separating device is considered complete when a stream of uncontaminated liquid exits the drain pipe.

Fig.2. Schematic diagram of flushing without skipping cleaning or separating devices:

a - preparation of the site for flushing; b - water supply; c - preparation of the site for testing; 1 - area to be cleaned; 2 - inlet pipe; 3 - crane; 4 - filling units; 5-line fittings; 6 - drain pipe.

The presence of sewerage in the house, autonomous or centralized, always implies the risk of getting an unpleasant situation when sewer drains do not go away, worse than that overflowing from the toilet onto the floor. It is not always possible to cope with this on your own and you have to call emergency services.

Waiting for emergency services can be long, and spilling sewage is an unpleasant sight. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to independently clean the sewer pipes.

First of all, you need to understand what is the cause of the blockage. It could be:

• A foreign object can accidentally get into the sewer pipe, which blocks the path of sewage.
• accumulated body fat on the walls of the sewer pipe, which reduced its clearance.
• Settling of solid particles in pipes that have already acquired the hardness of stone.
• Household waste of a large fraction.

To eliminate the cause of blockage, several methods are used:

• Usage special means, which are on sale both in liquid form (Mole, etc.), and in loose form that help dissolve some types of blockages.
• Mechanical method, which involves the removal of objects or household residues manually.
• Hydrodynamic cleaning.

There are quite a lot of special liquids and powders being advertised today that help fight blockages. sewer pipes. Regardless of the manufacturer of the product, they all have the same principle of action.

The blockage is removed by dissolving organic and inorganic household residues with active substances.

For small blockages, you need to pour liquid or pour powder into the drain hole, wait the necessary time in accordance with the instructions and rinse large quantity water.

This method helps to eliminate not only blockage, but is also recommended for its prevention.

It is necessary to clean the pipeline from accumulating fatty deposits and other wastewater impurities at least once every three months, which may cause blockages in the future.

But when buying a remedy for removing blockages and its prevention, pay attention to whether this remedy is dangerous for plastic pipes.

Mechanical way to remove blockages

To eliminate blockage mechanically, simple devices are used:

• plumbing plunger;
• plumbing cable;
• special mechanisms.

A plunger should be in every home. This is the first aid for suspected blockage.

The more often you use the plunger, the lower the risk of a major blockage.

The principle of the plunger is simple. Air is formed under the rubber membrane, which, when the plunger handle is pressed sharply, creates a water hammer and thus breaks the way for wastewater.

More than modern views plunger, which is hand pump with suction cup. This modern plunger is intended for cleaning or preventing sewer pipes, but is not suitable for cleaning water pipes.

Plumbing cable is available in several varieties and can be used for domestic use and professional:

• Small diameter (6 mm), 5 meters long, the cable is made of galvanized wire, which gives it the necessary flexibility, elasticity and strength. Due to its flexibility, such a cable can eliminate blockages in pipelines of complex configuration.
• Another type of cable with a diameter of 9 mm is spring, made of a hollow metal spiral and equipped with a rotary handle.
• The next two samples in the list of cables are more suitable for professional use. The diameters of these cables are 13.5 and 16 mm, respectively. The first of them has a length of 25 meters, the second - 60 meters.

The principle of operation of the plumbing cable is that one end of it is inserted into the drain hole of the toilet bowl or other plumbing device and pushed through to the blockage with a rotational movement.

As it moves, various dirt and debris are wound around the cable spiral, making it difficult for liquid sewage to flow. Having reached the place of blockage, the cable pushes it further along the pipe or, winding it around its spiral, helps to remove the cause of the blockage. By removing the cable from the drain hole, you can see the cause of the blockage and take measures to prevent such an unpleasant situation in the future.

Such cables not only remove sewer blockages, but also clean water pipes.

Existing mechanized devices for cleaning sewer and water pipes are used mainly by professionals. There are small tools that you can have in your home workshop. By appearance and the principle of operation, they resemble a conventional electric drill with special nozzles. Only the rotation is not done manually, but with the help of electricity.

Pipe pressure cleaning

As a prevention of pipes from blockages in sewer, heating and plumbing systems, the method of hydrodynamic pipe cleaning is often used. The principle of operation of this method is to supply water to the system under high pressure , as a result of which all the debris and dirt accumulated in the pipes are simply knocked out by a strong pressure of water.

Homemade "masters - homemade" adapted washing vacuum cleaners to supply water under pressure to a pipeline that needs to be cleaned. You can probably use other devices, such as a car washer, where water is also supplied under high pressure.

All methods are good, and you just have to choose the one that suits your situation.

But in order to prevent this most unpleasant situation, it is necessary to pay attention to some signs of an approaching blockage. It could be:

• Slow draining of water from the washbasin;
• The same slow flow of water drained from the toilet bowl into the sewer riser;
• Removal of water from a full bath takes more than 4-5 minutes;
• Insufficient water pressure in hot or cold water taps.

If at least one of the above signs appears, then you should take preventive measures for cleaning sewer and water pipes.

It is easier to do prevention than to call a plumber afterward or personally eliminate unpleasant smelling situations. Preventive work is cheaper and takes less time and nerves.

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Ways to eliminate blockages in pipes

Nowadays, pipe cleaning is the most important moment for efficient operation of utility systems. Pipes of all purposes must be attributed to them in the very first place. Because trouble-free condition and proper functioning are the key to success, as well as a comfortable existence for all residents of the building in operation. It is very important to get rid of a future problem in advance than to deal with existing complications later. And this can happen in the case of improper and untimely care for the pipes of the heating system.

Clogging is the main problem in the operation of the sewer network, which is why it is so important to clean the pipes on time.

What is the danger of such careless attitude? Due to the high hardness of water, they necessarily appear limescale, since calcium salts tend to precipitate when heated, which, of course, happens when they are fed through hot water. Low quality water can cause rust formation as well as silting inside the pipes. The same applies to sewer pipe systems: pollution, grease and sludge accumulate on the inner walls of the pipes, thereby reducing their diameter, which hinders correct operation systems. In order not to start the situation to an extreme degree, it is necessary to clean the pipes of the heating and sewer systems.

There are many ways in which pipes are cleaned.

Let's consider each method separately.

Mechanical method of removing blockage

The most popular pipe cleaning method nowadays is mechanical cleaning. The whole essence of this method lies in the fact that, in order to destroy the deposits and pollution that have appeared on the walls of the pipes, cleaning is carried out using special equipment: starting from the simplest, such as a cable and a plunger, and ending with a more complex one, which is used by specialists . This method of cleaning is necessary in cases of very heavy pollution or when there is a possibility of a foreign object. Pipe cleaning equipment using a mechanical method works on the principle of a drill, a rotating nozzle is installed that pushes and removes dirt from the pipe walls. Let us consider in more detail the methods of cleaning pipes with a plunger and a cable.

With a plunger, almost all blockages are cleared both in the sink and bathtub, and in the toilet bowl. This tool works positively in 2 directions: when lowered, there is a higher pressure on the blockage, as a result of which it collapses and is pushed down; when the plunger is lifted above the pollution, a vacuum is formed, which leads to the collapse of the blockage into fragments and the approach to the drain, where it can be easily reached.

The overflow hole of the bathtub or sink is clogged with a damp cloth, because when cleaning the blockage, the open drain hole will interfere with the increase in pressure from the plunger, as well as cleaning the blockage.

If cleaning the sewer pipes with a plunger failed, you can use a plumbing cable. It looks like a steel flexible spring with a spiral end, and with its help eliminate blockages that occur in the drain. The principle of using such a cable lies in engaging the blockage and pulling it out.

Usage process:

1. A bucket is placed under the sink, then the siphon is unscrewed and removed.
2. Next, clean the siphon. If it is clean, then the blockage is further down the pipe.
3. A cable is inserted into the pipe and pushed along it.
4. If the cable meets resistance, you need to turn it clockwise until it continues to move further.
5. When the cable enters to a great depth, it is slowly pulled out and cleaned from contamination.
6. Install the siphon in its original place and turn on the water to make sure that there is no more blockage.

Hydrodynamics - the professional way

A more professional method is hydrodynamic cleaning. It is performed using special equipment, the principle of which is based on cleaning by means of a jet of water supplied under high pressure. A large pressure of water simply rips off pollution. Not bad when this method cleaning is carried out in conjunction with a mechanical one - this is how the walls are washed and cleaned. To all this, the current mechanisms for hydrodynamic cleaning can not only change the pressure of the liquid depending on the degree of blockage, but also heat it up, which has a more productive effect on the result of clearing blockages. Cleaning pipes will help to cope with all problems.

Cleaning pipes with pneumohydropulse

And finally the newest technical way- cleaning with a pneumohydropulse installation. This apparatus creates a shock wave inside, which causes the formation of bursting bubbles, the seething of water, which affects the pollution, tearing them off the walls and thus cleaning them. These installations are most often used for general sewers, large-scale cleaning, in places of accumulation waste water. After cleaning with special suction pumps, the contaminants are sucked off into tanks, the capacity of which can reach 14,000 liters.

Cleaning of pipes for prevention should be carried out at least once a year, then emergencies can be avoided, which will greatly facilitate a comfortable existence.

Chemical way to remove blockage

The next method is chemical. Its principle is the complete dissolution of scale and other contaminants on the iron walls to liquid state and further flushing. With chemical exposure, disinfection is carried out along with cleaning. Through the action of chemistry, the fat dissolves and the blockage is eliminated. Let's take a closer look at a few methods.

1. Pour a glass into the drain hole baking soda and pour 3 cups of boiling water on top, which gives an alkaline mixture that dissolves the blockage. If necessary, repeat the procedure several times. This liquid has a deodorizing effect.
2. Half a glass of soda is poured into the drain, followed by the same volume of distilled vinegar. It is important to take into account that in pipe goes chemical reaction at which foam appears. The drain hole is usually plugged for a while, depending on the size of the blockage. Then pour into the drain l of boiling water. Deposits from the inner walls will be removed.
3. In case of intense contamination with fat formed in the drain, half a glass of soda and salt are poured, then a full kettle of boiling water is poured and left overnight.

Periodically, preventive cleaning of pipelines should be carried out to prevent the formation of blockages.

Lecture 5

Pipeline cleaning.

Oil pipelines, through which paraffinic and highly paraffinic oils are pumped, eventually reduce their throughput due to deposition on the inner surface of deposits, consisting mainly of paraffins and ceresins.

The process of paraffin precipitation is complex, depending on the physical and chemical properties of the oil being pumped, the speed and temperature regime of pumping, temperature changes environment and other factors.

Sediments also include oily and asphalt-resinous substances, neutral resins and asphaltenes, water, oxides, metal sulfides, sand and other mineral and organic substances. The ratio of components in the composition of deposits depends on the time of operation of the oil pipeline, the type of oil being pumped, the nature of the preparation of oil for transportation (dehydration, desalting) and other conditions.

The fight against deposits in pipeline transport is carried out in two directions:

1) by preventing the precipitation of paraffin and ceresins,

2) periodic cleaning of the inner surface of the pipeline.

Paraffin and ceresin deposition warnings

When solving the problem of preventing deposition of paraffin on the inner surface of pipes, the use of dispersant preparations has a significant effect. Substances such as oil-soluble calcium and aluminum sulfonates, synthetic fatty acids, high-molecular resinous substances, etc., are used as dispersant preparations.

The essence of this process lies in the fact that a dispersant with a high adsorption capacity is adsorbed in an oil solution on ceresin particles at the moment of their formation, while they have not yet merged into larger aggregates and form a strong polymolecular film surrounding each particle. Following film formation, each particle is surrounded by a solvate layer of oil hydrocarbons. As a result, the particles are reliably isolated from the environment and from one another, which prevents them from sticking together - a stable suspension is formed, from which ceresin will no longer be released.

AT recent times special additives to prevent wax deposits are being successfully tested.

Another possible method to prevent paraffin deposits is to coat the inner surface of the pipes with varnishes and enamels based on epoxy resins.

Cleaning the inner surface of the pipeline

In the practice of operating oil pipelines, the following methods are known for cleaning their inner surface from deposits: thermal, chemical and mechanical. These methods can be used separately and in combination with one another.

The thermal method of cleaning an oil pipeline consists in the fact that the pipeline is washed with a coolant - hot oil products or hot water with steam. This method is applicable only in sections of the pipeline of small length and small diameter.

The chemical method of cleaning oil pipelines from deposits consists in the use of cleaning solutions. The most effective solutions containing surfactants in their composition. These substances are different classes organic compounds, which, due to their special physicochemical properties, being present in the solution even in relatively small quantities, are able to change the properties of the surface and the interface of the phases of the system containing them. The effect of cleaning solutions is that they are adsorbed on the contaminated surface to a greater extent than paraffin and dirt particles, displacing the latter. To prevent the possibility of enlargement and secondary deposition on the pipe surface of particles separated from the surface, high-molecular dispersants are used. They form protective polymolecular films surrounding the particles, which ensures their removal along with the liquid.

The use of cleaning solutions gives a good result only with slight deposits of paraffin, with large deposits of paraffin, the effect of the washing solution is insufficient.

In addition, the use of cleaning solutions achieves the removal of only paraffin from the pipeline. Mechanical impurities (sand, clay, rust, etc.), as well as larger objects (stones, pieces of metal), remain in the pipeline and reduce its throughput.

In the practice of operation of main oil pipelines, mechanical way cleaning, based on the use of scrapers and elastic separators.

Cleaning of main oil pipelines from

asphalt-resin-paraffin substances (ARPV)

The requirements for the frequency, planning, technology, and organization of the cleaning of MN sites are established by regulation OR-75.180.00-KTN-018-10.

To maintain the throughput capacity of the oil pipeline and prepare the oil pipeline for in-line diagnostics, the inner surface of the pipeline is cleaned from asphalt, resin and paraffin substances (hereinafter - ASPV).