Fire safety requirements for buildings. What are the types of fire protection structures? Fire resistance of buildings, structures and fire compartments

Fire barriers.

According to STB 11.0.03-95 "Passive fire protection. Terms and definitions"

fire barrier means - an internal enclosing structure made of non-combustible materials with a rated fire resistance limit, designed to limit the spread of fire in a horizontal direction.

Fireproof partitions are a kind of fireproof walls and are widely used in both industrial and civil construction.

Fireproof partitions are used to isolate explosive and fire hazardous technological processes in industrial buildings; various functional processes and places of storage of material assets representing a certain fire hazard; for successful evacuation of people from buildings and localization of fires within a separate room or fire section.

Partitions of the 1st type must have a fire resistance of at least 0.75 hours, of the 2nd type - 0.25 hours

With the aim of fire warning processes associated with the release of explosive gas, vapor and dust-air mixtures (rooms of categories A, B, C1-C3) in buildings for various purposes are separated by fireproof gas-tight partitions of the 1st type from all other rooms and volumes of the building I-VII degree of fire resistance (evacuation corridors, places with a mass stay of people, rooms with electrical equipment of normal design, technological processes with categories D, and D for fire hazard).

To limit the development of fires and reduce losses from them, the norms provide for the division of basements by area by fire partitions of the 1st type, the allocation of storage facilities in buildings for various purposes, the division of container warehouses with oil products into separate premises, based on the amount of stored substances, the separation of built-in premises, when fire walls are not required.

Fire safety standards for the design of buildings and structures also provide for partitions of the 1st type in the enclosing structures of elevator shafts, elevator engine rooms, channels, shafts and niches for laying communications

Fire partitions are made of piece elements (with and without a frame) and frame-panel. The actual fire resistance limit of prefabricated partitions is determined by the lowest fire resistance limit of one of the partition elements. At the same time, attention is paid to the sealing of the joints between the panels and the sealing of the joints of partitions with other structures. As a rule, these joints are sealed with mineral-fiber gaskets, followed by putty with cement mortar 20 mm thick.

General requirements for fire barriers.

1. Fire partitions must have a fire hazard class K0 Fire partitions in rooms with suspended ceilings must separate the spaces above them

Transformed fire partitions.

Currently, there is a trend towards the design of multi-purpose public buildings in which premises can be transformed for use for another purpose within a few hours.

When designing transformed structures, special attention is paid to their fire resistance and gas tightness, since the safety of spectators and firefighters, the possible size of a fire and damage from it depend on these indicators. There are requirements for transformable walls, as well as for fireproof partitions.

Fireproof ceilings.

fire protection is understood - Enclosing structure made of non-combustible materials with a rated fire resistance limit, preventing the spread of fire in the vertical direction.

According to SNB 2.02.01-98 - four types: 1st type - REI 150, 2nd type - REI 60, 3rd type - REI 45, 4th type - REI 15.

They are designed to limit the spread of fire through the floors of a building for a time equal to the required fire resistance limit. Fireproof ceilings without gaps are adjacent to the outer walls of non-combustible materials. In buildings with external walls that spread fire or with glazing located at floor level, they intersect these walls and glazing.

Fireproof ceilings, as a rule, are provided without openings. If necessary, openings are protected by fire hatches and valves of the appropriate type.

The most widespread are fire-prevention floors of the 2nd and 3rd types for insulation of basements, basements and attics, respectively, in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance. Fire-prevention interfloor ceilings are also provided as horizontal enclosing structures of premises, partitions or walls of which are at least 45 minutes.

Type 1 fire floors are arranged in warehouse and industrial buildings above the first floor, when the area of ​​​​fire compartments on the first floor is taken according to the norm for one-story buildings. Given that fire ceilings and type 1 walls have the same required fire resistance limits, fire wall structures can be installed directly on the frame elements of a type 1 fire ceiling.

The tambour locks and evacuation corridors must have fireproof ceilings with a fire resistance rating of at least 45 minutes.

Protection of openings in fire barriers. Fire doors, gates, windows, hatches.

Classification

3.1.1 Doors, gates and hatches are classified according to the following main features:

Fire resistance limit;

Designs and materials for their manufacture;

The number of paintings;

Ways of opening;

The presence of glazing (for gates - the presence of a gate);

Type of finish.

3.1.2 According to the fire resistance limit (in minutes), doors, gates and hatches are divided into three types in accordance with SNB 2.02.01:

1 type - with a fire resistance limit of EI 60;

2 types - with a fire resistance limit of EI 30;

3 types - with a fire resistance limit of EI 15.

STB 1394-2003

3.1.3 According to the design and materials for their manufacture, doors, gates and hatches are divided into:

Metal, with a frame structure box, with continuous filling of the voids of the box and canvases with non-combustible heat-insulating material;

Wooden, fire-retardant wood, with panels of panel construction;

Wooden, with a continuous lining of the box and canvases with non-combustible materials;

Combined, with a metal box of a frame structure and wooden sheets of a panel structure made of fire-retardant wood or lined with non-combustible materials;

From polyvinylchloride profiles, frame construction, with continuous filling of the voids of boxes and sheets with non-combustible heat-insulating material.

3.1.4 According to the number of canvases, doors, gates and hatches are divided into:

Doors: single-leaf, double-leaf and multi-leaf, including those with leafs of different widths;

Gates: single-leaf, double-leaf or multi-leaf deaf or with a gate;

Hatches: single or double.

3.1.5 According to the methods of opening doors, gates and hatches are divided into:

a) doors, gates and hatches:

Swing, opened by turning the canvas around the vertical extreme axis in one direction;

Retractable, opened by shifting (rolling back) the canvas in one direction;

Sliding, opened by shifting the canvases in opposite directions;

b) gate:

Suspended, with rotation around the upper extreme axis;

Swivel, with rotation around the middle axis;

Louvred lifting-reeling, with vertical movement and reeling of hinged sheets of cloth;

Telescopic, with vertical movement of telescopic sections and folding them into a bag in the upper part of the opening.

3.1.6 In the direction of opening, hinged doors, gates and hatches can be right - with opening of the leaf counterclockwise and left - with opening of the leaf clockwise.

3.1.7 According to the presence of glazing, doors and gates are divided into deaf and partially glazed.

Partially glazed include doors and gates with a glazing area of ​​not more than 25% of the leaf area.

3.1.8 According to the type of finish, doors, gates and hatches are made with a paint and varnish coating, including powder paints, or with decorative polymer film or sheet coatings.

3.1.9 The surfaces of assembly units and parts of doors, gates and hatches are divided into front and non-front.

Non-facial surfaces include:

The surfaces of the boxes adjacent to the walls when installing products in openings;

Top and bottom edges of canvases;

folds under glass;

Surfaces of layouts, flashings, skins adjacent to other parts.

The remaining surfaces of assembly units and parts are referred to as facial.

One of the types of fire barriers that are necessary to limit the spread of fire hazards in buildings and structures are fire barriers. Fire partitions are vertical barriers to the spread of fire in buildings and structures within one floor.

Application area

In accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documents on fire safety, fire partitions are provided in the following cases:

• for common corridors, halls, foyers, lobbies and galleries in public and administrative buildings with a height of more than 28 meters;
• for vestibule locks;
• to separate the volume of a multi-light space from adjacent rooms and corridors in buildings of functional fire hazard classes F1.1, F1.2 and F2-F4, for example, to accommodate open stairs, escalators, atriums, etc .;
• for separation of left-luggage offices and command and control centers in airport buildings;
• for dividing hospital buildings into sections depending on the number of storeys and with a normalized area;
• for the placement of sleeping quarters intended for families with children in the buildings of rest houses, campsites, motels, boarding houses, sanatoriums, recreation and tourism institutions (with the exception of hotels);
• to separate corridors with a length of more than 60 meters in a section of a shorter length;
• to provide smoke protection on smoke-free staircases of type H2;
• for the organization of safe evacuation through stairwells of type L1 in industrial, warehouse and agricultural buildings of categories D and D;
• for separating vestibules with stairs of the 2nd type from corridors and other rooms;
• for the organization of safe evacuation through stairwells, which are intended for evacuation, both from above-ground floors and from the basement or basement floor;
• for dividing corridors into sections no longer than 42 meters in the ward buildings of medical institutions;
• for separating corridors connecting staircases in three-story buildings of preschool institutions;
• to organize safe evacuation through one staircase of buildings of classes F1.2, F3 and F 4.3;
• for separating escape routes in buildings with a height of 28 meters or more of classes F1.2, F2, F3 and F4;
• in corridor-type multi-apartment residential buildings to divide corridors into sections less than 30 meters long;
• for separating transverse passages from shelving structures in class F5.2 buildings;
• for the installation of stairs connecting the basement or basement floors with the first floors of buildings of functional fire hazard classes (except for buildings F1.3 over 5 floors);
• for the allocation of catering units, as well as parts of buildings, groups of premises, or individual premises for production, storage and technical purposes (laundries, ironing, workshops, storerooms, switchboards, etc.) in buildings of class F1.1 and F 1.2;
• for the arrangement of public built-in and built-in-attached premises in the basement, basement, first, second (in large, largest and super-large cities and in the third) floors of multi-apartment residential buildings;
• for division into sections of buildings of multi-apartment residential buildings, as well as the installation of inter-apartment walls and partitions;
• for dividing technical, basement floors and attics into sections with an area of ​​​​not more than 500 m 2 in non-sectional multi-apartment residential buildings;
• when arranging solid fuel pantries in the basement or first floors in residential buildings with stove heating;
• to allocate a waste collection chamber in the buildings of multi-apartment residential buildings, as well as office buildings;
• to allocate premises for industrial and technical purposes (premises for technological maintenance of the demonstration complex, workshops, restoration, kitchens, switchboards, etc.), storage facilities (pantries for combustible goods and goods in combustible packaging, book depositories, etc.) at cultural facilities - entertainment purpose;
• when arranging premises for stage lighting in auditoriums;
• when arranging projection rooms in annexes, designed to be equipped with film projectors with incandescent lamps, in buildings of cultural and entertainment facilities of IV and V degrees of fire resistance
• when arranging an orchestra pit in the buildings of cultural and entertainment institutions;
• for dividing into sections with an area of ​​​​not more than 600 m 2, storages and book depositories of libraries;
• to allocate premises (with the exception of premises of categories B4 and D) for production, storage and technical purposes (kitchens, bakeries, pre-cooking, cutting, pantries of combustible goods and goods in combustible packaging, etc.), including from the hall for visitors with an area 250 m 2 and more in buildings of classes F3.1 and F3.2;
• for the allocation of premises (with the exception of premises of categories B4 and D) for production purposes (laboratories, premises for the preparation of medicines, workshops, etc.), as well as storage facilities (storerooms of medicines and medicinal materials, stockrooms, combustible goods and goods in combustible packaging etc.) and technical premises at objects of classes F3.4, F3.5, F3.6;
• to allocate a complex of premises built-in baths (saunas) built into buildings for other purposes;
• for the allocation of premises (with the exception of premises of categories B4 and D) for production and storage purposes, technical premises (laboratory premises, rooms for labor training, workshops, pantries of combustible materials and materials in combustible packaging, book depositories of libraries, server rooms, switchboards, etc. ) at objects of classes 4.1, F4.2, F4.3;
• for separating administrative outbuildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance from industrial buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance;
• for separating inserts and build-ins from industrial premises of categories B1-B4, D and D in industrial and warehouse buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance of classes C0 and C1, III degrees of fire resistance of class C0;
• when arranging premises of categories A and B with a total area of ​​​​not more than 300 m 2 In one-story buildings of the IV degree of fire resistance, fire hazard class C2;
• to separate premises of different categories A, B, B1, B2, V3 from one another, as well as these premises from premises of categories B4, D and D and corridors, in industrial buildings;
• in industrial buildings for dividing basements with rooms of categories B1-B3 into parts with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bnot more than 3000 m 2 each, as well as for separating these rooms from corridors;
• in storage buildings and areas under sheds for storing oil products in containers, for dividing into compartments (rooms) and also for separating these rooms from other rooms;
• for separating the premises of valve assemblies from the premises for pumps in oil and oil products warehouses;
• to separate the premises of product pumping and storage facilities for storing oil products in containers and tanks of the supply warehouse from other premises;
• in cable basements and cable floors of basements, in case of their protection with volumetric fire extinguishing means, for division into compartments with a volume of not more than 3000 m 3;
• for the installation of exit chambers from intershop cable tunnels of production facilities;
• in tunnels intended for laying oil pipelines, to divide them into compartments no longer than 150 meters;
• in cable tunnels for division into compartments no more than 150 meters long, and with oil-filled cables - no more than 120 meters;
• at the junction of pedestrian galleries to transfer hubs in the facilities of production facilities;
• in places where closed cable and combined galleries meet, as well as in places where they adjoin industrial premises, structures and buildings;
• for the arrangement of premises of gas distribution substations;
• at the junction of galleries and flyovers to buildings and premises of categories A, B and C, transshipment units of timber warehouses;
• for separating the premises of built-in and roof boiler rooms from adjacent premises and the attic;
• for separating boiler houses built into buildings from industrial premises;
• for separating the over-bunker fuel supply galleries of boiler rooms from boiler rooms;
• for arranging exits from built-in and attached boiler rooms through common staircases;
• in single-apartment residential buildings, including blocked ones, to allocate parking spaces;
• when placing premises for car servicing (maintenance and maintenance posts, diagnostics and adjustment work, washing, etc.) as part of the parking lot for their separation;
• in underground car parks, for separating car storage rooms from car park maintenance rooms, including service rooms for duty and maintenance personnel, fire fighting and water supply pumps, transformer substations (only with dry transformers), storerooms for customers' luggage, rooms for the disabled ;
• for the installation of separate boxes in the buildings of elevated car parks for cars of the closed type I and II degrees of fire resistance;
• in buildings of refrigerators of I-II degrees of fire resistance of class C0, to separate the premises of machine and hardware rooms of ammonia refrigeration plants from other premises;
• to separate the built-in industrial, administrative and amenity premises from other premises of refrigerator buildings;
• to separate the premises of control units of water and foam fire extinguishing installations from the premises protected by them;
• to separate the premises of pumping stations, water and foam fire extinguishing installations from other premises;
• for separating the premises of fire extinguishing stations of gas fire extinguishing installations from other premises;
• in buildings of children's institutions, dormitories and catering establishments with stove heating for the installation of partitions within the retreat;
• to separate rooms intended for ventilation equipment from other rooms;
• to separate the premises of fire pumping units and hydropneumatic tanks for internal fire water supply from other premises of the building;
• enclosing structures of elevator shafts located outside the stairwells and the premises of the engine rooms of elevators;
• to separate central and local heating points built into buildings and structures from other premises;

As you can see, this is not a complete list of places where fire barriers should be installed. Requirements for the placement of fire partitions are also established by numerous departmental norms and rules for the design of various facilities.

Types

There are only two types of fire partitions, respectively the first and second type. The difference in them lies in the difference in the minimum fire resistance limit that they must provide, namely:

1st type- correspond to the fire resistance limit EI 45 (45 minutes before loss of integrity (E) and (or) before loss of heat-insulating ability due to an increase in temperature on the unheated surface of the structure to limit values ​​(I));

2nd type- correspond to the fire resistance limit EI 15 (15 minutes before the loss of integrity (E) and (or) before the loss of heat-insulating ability due to the temperature rise on the unheated surface of the structure to the limit values ​​(I)).

Testing of fire partitions is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 30247.1-94 “Building structures. Test methods for fire resistance. Bearing and enclosing structures.

Some manufacturers produce fire barriers with fire resistance levels higher than the required values ​​​​- EI 60, EI 90 and EI 120, but in any case, these structures will be type 1 partitions.

For fireproof partitions with a glazing area of ​​more than 25%, an additional indicator is used - the achievement of the limiting value of the heat flux density (W). In this case, the marking will look like - (EIW). Testing of fire barrier structures is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 53308-2009 “Building structures. Translucent enclosing structures and filling openings. Test method for fire resistance.

The fire resistance limit of building structures, including fire partitions, is set in time (in minutes) from the start of the fire test under standard temperature conditions until the onset of one or several consecutive fire resistance limit states normalized for a given structure, taking into account the functional purpose of the structure. It follows from this that the design and materials of fire barriers must be tested before being used.

materials

In addition to non-combustible building materials such as bricks, various blocks of concrete or gypsum, stone, fire barriers can also be made from other materials. Fireproof partitions can be made of materials such as wood, aluminum, drywall, fire-resistant glass. In any case, when choosing materials for fire partitions, it is necessary to remember the minimum fire hazard class of building structures that can be used in a building, depending on the structural fire hazard class of the building. For example, for a building of structural fire hazard class C0, it is unacceptable to use partitions of the class of building structures K1, made of wood with a material class of KM1 after fire retardant treatment.

Most often in construction for the device of fire-prevention partitions brick is used. Brick partitions are made with a thickness of 120 mm (half a brick) and 65 mm (a quarter of a brick). For strength and stability, fireproof partitions of type 1 made of brick are reinforced with reinforcing meshes every 5-6 rows of masonry. With a brick partition thickness of 65 mm, the fire resistance limit will be EI 45, and with a thickness of 120 mm - EI 150.

Concrete partitions are extremely rare. They are carried out mainly in an industrial way with reinforcement in the form of reinforcing meshes and are delivered to construction sites already ready for installation. The fire resistance limit of fireproof partitions made of heavy concrete at a thickness of 60 mm is EI 45. For partitions made of lightweight concrete, a thickness of 45 mm is sufficient to achieve the same fire resistance limit. Partitions made of cellular concrete with a thickness of 75 mm have a fire resistance rating of EI 150.

Fireproof partitions made of fire-resistant drywall (GKLO) are popular due to their relatively low cost. The construction of drywall has as a core reinforcing glass fibers reinforced with clay, which includes about 20% (of the total mass) of crystallized water. This explains the long-term resistance to fire and the preservation of the strength of GKLO in the event of a fire, which, according to the fire-technical classification, is a characteristic of the fire resistance limit. For profiles, aluminum and wooden frames are most often used, less often steel. A single metal frame filled with a non-combustible mineral plate with a density of 40 kg / m 3, a thickness of 50 mm and sheathing with one layer of GKL on both sides provides a fire resistance limit of EI 45, but even when GKLO is used in such a design instead of GKL, the fire resistance limit of the partition will be EI 60.

Fireproof partitions are quite rare in construction practice. To use wood as a material for fire partitions, it is necessary to treat it with special fire retardants (flame retardants) to change the property of wood to ignite and burn. At the same time, it must be remembered that such structures are not durable, since over time, depending on the warranty period for the operation of the flame retardant, it is necessary to re-treat the wood. Agree that this is not very convenient. The scope of wooden fire partitions is extremely small and is mainly associated with the aesthetic qualities of wood, which are used in interior design.

Relatively new are the designs of fire partitions, which use fire-resistant glass as sheets, while the frame of such partitions is made of wood, aluminum, steel. A big plus is the light transmission capacity of such partitions.

Device Requirements

There are no special fire safety requirements for the installation of fire partitions, it is enough to remember the following:

1. Fire partitions in rooms with false ceilings should divide the space above them.
2. The places of interface of fire partitions with other enclosing structures of a building, structure, fire compartment must have a fire resistance limit of at least the fire resistance limit of the mating barriers.
3. The fire partition should not have holes and gaps, including at the places where they intersect with various engineering and technological communications, to ensure the required fire resistance and smoke and gas tightness.
4. The filling of openings in fire partitions must have the appropriate fire protection filling: fire doors, gates, hatches, valves, screens, curtains, windows, curtains, etc.

3.12. Fireproof ceilings must adjoin external walls made of non-combustible materials, without gaps. Fire ceilings in buildings with external walls that spread fire, or with glazing located at the level of the ceiling, must cross these walls and glazing.

3.13. It is allowed, in the cases provided for in SNiP Part 2, to divide buildings into fire compartments instead of fire walls, provide fire zones of the 1st type.

The fire zone of the 1st type is made in the form of an insert that separates the building along the entire width (length) and height. The insert is a part of the building formed by type 2 fire walls that separate the insert from the fire compartments. The width of the zone must be at least 12 m.

In rooms located within the fire zone, it is not allowed to use or store combustible gases, liquids and materials, as well as provide for processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts.

It is allowed to use a heater made of slow-burning materials and a roof made of combustible materials in covering the fire zone, taking into account the requirements of clause 3.6.

In the fire walls of the zone, openings are allowed provided that they are filled in accordance with clause 3.17.

3.14*. Excluded.

3.15. Structural solutions for fire zones in buildings should be taken according to SNiP 2.09.03-85.

3.16. Fire walls and zones must retain their functions in the event of a one-sided collapse of structures adjacent to them.

3.17. It is allowed to provide openings in fire barriers provided that they are filled with fire doors, windows, gates, hatches and valves or when tambour locks are installed in them. The total area of ​​openings in fire barriers, with the exception of elevator shaft fencing, should not exceed 25% of their area. Fire doors and gates in fire barriers must have seals in the porches and devices for self-closing. Fire windows must be non-opening.

3.18. Doors of tambours-locks from the side of rooms in which combustible gases, liquids and materials are not used and stored, and there are no processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts, are allowed to be made of combustible materials with a thickness of at least 4 cm and without voids.

In vestibules-locks, air overpressure should be provided in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-86.

3.19. Fire walls, zones, as well as type 1 fire ceilings are not allowed to be crossed by channels, shafts and pipelines for transporting combustible gas and dust-air mixtures, combustible liquids, substances and materials.

3.20. At the intersection of fire walls, fire zones, as well as type 1 fire ceilings with channels, shafts and pipelines (with the exception of water supply, sewage, steam and water heating pipelines) for transporting media other than those specified in clause 3.19, automatic devices that prevent the spread of combustion products through channels, shafts and pipelines in case of fire.

3.21. The enclosing structures of elevator shafts, elevator engine rooms, channels, shafts and niches for laying communications must comply with the requirements for type 1 fire partitions and type 3 floors.

If it is not possible to install fire doors in the fences of elevator shafts, vestibules or halls with type 1 fire partitions and type 3 ceilings should be provided.

3.22. When designing the intersections of fire barriers with air ducts, one should be guided by the instructions of SNiP 2.04.05 -86.

4. EVACUATION OF PEOPLE FROM PREMISES AND BUILDINGS

4.1. Escape routes must ensure the safe evacuation of all people in the premises of buildings through evacuation exits.

4.2. Exits are evacuation if they lead from the premises:

a) the first floor outside directly or through the corridor, vestibule, stairwell;

b) any floor, except for the first, to the corridor leading to the stairwell, or directly to the stairwell (including through the hall). At the same time, staircases should have access to the outside directly or through the vestibule, separated from the adjacent corridors by partitions with doors;

c) to an adjacent room on the same floor, provided with exits specified in subparagraphs "a" and "b", with the exception of cases specified in SNiP Part 2.

When arranging emergency exits from two stairwells through a common lobby, one of them, in addition to the entrance to the lobby, must have an exit directly to the outside.

It is allowed to provide exits to the outside through vestibules.

4.3*. From buildings, from each floor and from the premises, at least two emergency exits should be provided, with the exception of cases specified in SNiP Part 2.

Evacuation exits should be located dispersed. Minimum distance l between the most remote from one another evacuation exits from the premises should be determined by the formula

where P

4.4. From a room with an area of ​​​​up to 300 m 2, located in the basement or basement floor, it is allowed to provide one emergency exit if the number of permanent residents in it does not exceed 5 people. With the number of people from 6 to 15, it is allowed to provide a second exit through a hatch with dimensions of at least 0.6? 0.8 m with a vertical ladder or through a window with dimensions of at least 0.75? 1.5 m with exit device.

4.5*. Exits from basements and basement floors should be provided directly to the outside, with the exception of cases specified in SNiP Part 2.

4.6. The clear width of escape routes must be at least 1 m, doors - at least 0.8 m.

With doors opening from rooms to common corridors, the width of the evacuation route along the corridor should be taken as the width of the corridor, reduced:

half the width of the door leaf - with a one-sided arrangement of doors;

to the width of the door leaf - with a double-sided arrangement of doors.

The height of the passage on the evacuation routes must be at least 2 m.

The permissible length of escape routes should be taken according to SNiP Part 2.

4.7. In the floor on the escape routes, height differences of less than 45 cm and protrusions are not allowed, with the exception of thresholds in doorways. In places of height difference, stairs with at least three steps or ramps with a slope of not more than 1: 6 should be provided.

4.8. In common corridors, it is not allowed to provide built-in cabinets, with the exception of cabinets for communications and fire hydrants.

table 2

Fire barriers

3.3.Checking the conformity of escape routes

Evacuation is understood as the process of organized independent movement of people out of the premises in which there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous fire factors. Evacuation should also be considered non-independent movement of people belonging to low-mobility groups of the population, carried out by service personnel. Evacuation is carried out along the evacuation routes through evacuation exits.

The tasks are to ensure the timely and unhindered evacuation of people from the premises before the critical value of at least one of the types of general physical conditions occurs.

The task is solved by standardized, constructive and space-planning solutions aimed at isolating sources of smoke, creating conditions for the unhindered movement of people during evacuation, limiting the use of combustible finishing materials on evacuation routes.

The main indicator of the effectiveness of a solution that ensures the safety of people is the time it takes for people to leave the premises or the building as a whole without damage to their health ( t nb, min.) The safety condition for people is considered fulfilled if :

where t R– actual time of evacuation of people, min., t nb– required evacuation time, min.

Compliance with this condition is checked (“Calculation of the evacuation time”) of the course project using the calculation.

In addition, during the examination of evacuation routes, compliance with the following safety conditions in the project is checked:

where
- respectively, the actual and required number of emergency exits.

where
- actual and required width of emergency exits.

where
- respectively, the actual and required total width of the evacuation exits.

- respectively, the actual and required length of evacuation routes.

Evacuation routes within the premises - ways to ensure the safe evacuation of people through the evacuation exits from the given premises, without taking into account the fire extinguishing and smoke protection equipment used in it.

Table 3

Escape routes

APPENDIX

REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE BARRIERS

U.1 Fire barriers include fire walls, partitions, ceilings, zones. tambours-locks, doors, windows, hatches, valves.

The scope of fire barriers is established in SNiP 2.01.02 Part 2 [I]. U.2 Types of fire barriers and their minimum fire resistance should be taken from Table U.1. Fire walls, partitions, ceilings, structures of fire zones and tambours-locks, as well as filling of light openings in fire barriers must be made of non-combustible materials.

Table V.1

It is allowed in fire doors and hatches of the first and second types to use wood protected on all sides by non-combustible materials with a thickness of at least 4 mm or subjected to deep impregnation with flame retardants or other fire retardant treatment to ensure its compliance with the requirements for slow-burning materials.

It is allowed to use partitions made of plasterboard sheets with a frame made of non-combustible materials as fireproof ones, with a fire resistance limit of at least 1.25 hours for partitions of the first type and 0.75 hours for partitions of the second type. The junctions of these partitions with other structures must have a fire resistance of at least 1.25 and 0.75 hours, respectively.

U.3 The fire resistance limit of fire doors and gates should be determined in accordance with GOST 30247.2, and fire windows, hatches and valves in accordance with GOST 30247.0 and GOST 30247.1. At the same time, the fire resistance limit states for windows are characterized only by collapse and loss of density, and for fire doors of elevator shafts - only by the heat-insulating ability and loss of density of the door leaf.

U.4 In fire walls of the first and second types, fire doors, gates, windows and dampers of the first and second types, respectively, should be provided.

In fire partitions of the first type, fire doors, gates, windows and valves of the second type should be provided, and in fire partitions of the second type - fire doors and windows of the third type.

In fire ceilings of the first type, fire hatches and dampers of the first type should be used, and in fire ceilings of the second and third types, fire hatches and dampers of the second type should be used.

U.5 Fire walls must rest on foundations or foundation beams, be erected to the entire height of the building, cross all structures and floors.

Fire walls may be installed directly on the frame structure of a building or structure made of non-combustible materials. In this case, the fire resistance limit of the frame, together with its filling and attachment points, must be at least the required fire resistance limit of the corresponding type of fire wall.

U.6 Fire walls must rise above the roof: not less than 60 cm, if at least one of the elements of the attic or non-attic covering, with the exception of the roof, is made of combustible materials; not less than 30 cm, if the elements of the attic or non-attic covering, with the exception of the roof, are made of slow-burning materials.

Fire walls may not rise above the roof if all elements of the attic or non-attic covering, with the exception of the roof, are made of non-combustible materials.

U.7 Fire walls in buildings with external walls made using combustible or slow-burning materials must cross these walls and protrude beyond the outer plane of the wall by at least 30 cm.

When installing external walls made of non-combustible materials with strip glazing, fire walls must separate the glazing. In this case, it is allowed that the fire wall does not protrude beyond the outer plane of the wall.

U.8 When dividing a building into fire compartments, a wall of a higher and wider compartment must be fireproof. It is allowed to place windows, doors and gates with non-standardized fire resistance limits in the outer part of the fire wall at a distance above the roof of the adjacent compartment of at least 8 m vertically and at least 4 m from the walls horizontally.

U.9 In fire walls, it is allowed to arrange ventilation and smoke ducts so that in their places the fire resistance limit of the fire wall on each side of the duct is at least 2.5 hours.

Y. 10 Fire partitions in rooms with suspended ceilings should divide the space above them.

U.11 When placing fire walls or fire partitions in places where one part of the building adjoins another at an angle, it is necessary that the horizontal distance between the nearest edges of openings located in the outer walls be at least 4 m, and sections of walls, cornices and roof overhangs , adjacent to the fire wall or partition at an angle, over a length of at least 4 m, were made of non-combustible materials. If the distance between these openings is less than 4 m, they must be filled with fire doors or windows of the second type.

Y. 12 Fireproof ceilings must adjoin external walls made of non-combustible materials, without gaps. Fire ceilings in buildings with external walls that spread fire, or with glazing located at the level of the ceiling, must cross these walls and glazing.

U. 13 It is allowed in the cases provided for in SNiP 2.01.02 part 2, to divide the building into fire compartments, instead of fire walls, provide fire zones of the first type.

The fire zone of the first type is made in the form of an insert that separates the building along the entire width (length) and height. The insert is a part of the building formed by fire walls of the second type, which separate the insert from the fire compartments. The width of the zone must be at least 12 m.

U.14 In rooms located within the fire zone, it is not allowed to use or store combustible gases, liquids and materials, as well as provide for processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts.

It is allowed to use insulation made of slow-burning materials and roofing made of combustible materials in the coating of the fire zone, taking into account the requirements of U.6.

In the fire walls of the zone, openings are allowed provided that they are filled in accordance with U. 17.

U. 15 Structural solutions for fire zones in buildings should be taken according to SNiP 2.09.03.

U. 16 Fire walls and zones must retain their functions in the event of a one-sided collapse of structures adjacent to them.

U. 17 It is allowed to provide openings in fire barriers provided that they are filled with fire doors, windows, gates, hatches and valves or when tambour locks are installed in them. The total area of ​​openings in fire barriers, with the exception of elevator shaft fencing, should not exceed 25% of their area. Fire doors and gates in fire barriers must have seals in the porches and devices for self-closing. Fire windows must be non-opening.

U. 18 Doors of vestibules-locks from the side of rooms in which combustible gases, liquids and materials are not used and stored, and there are no processes associated with the formation of combustible dusts, are allowed to be made of combustible materials with a thickness of at least 4 cm and without voids. In vestibules-locks, air overpressure should be provided in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05 [З].

U. 19 Fire walls, zones, as well as fire ceilings of the first type are not allowed to be crossed by channels, shafts and pipelines for transporting combustible gas and dust-air mixtures, combustible liquids, substances and materials.

U.20 At the intersection of fire walls, fire zones, as well as fire ceilings of the first type, channels, shafts and pipelines (with the exception of water supply, sewage, steam and water heating pipelines) for transporting media other than those specified in U. 19, it should be provided automatic devices that prevent the spread of combustion products through channels, shafts and pipelines in case of fire.

U.21 Enclosing structures of elevator shafts, elevator engine rooms, channels, shafts and niches for laying communications must comply with the requirements for fire partitions of the first type and floors of the third type.

If it is not possible to install fire doors in the fences of elevator shafts, vestibules or halls with fire partitions of the first type and floors of the third type should be provided.

APPENDIX F

REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE PROTECTION OF PROCESS EQUIPMENT FENCES

F.1 Fire protection is designed to increase the actual fire resistance of screens, mechanical protection devices for technological openings, cases, tanks, pipelines, whatnots, frames, electrical wiring, etc. This task is performed by constructive methods (plastering, using linings) and using heat shields made of lightweight compositions (coatings, intumescent paints and varnishes).

F.2 The choice of an adequate method of fire protection of structures, a specific fire retardant material or composition should be carried out taking into account design, operational, technological and technical and economic factors, the permissible probability of fire protection failures.

F.3 In the technical specifications for the use of fire-retardant coatings, the following characteristics should be established:

Type of protected structure and its location in space;

Required fire resistance limit of the protected element corresponding to the design accident;

The required service life of fire protection, taken equal to the service life of the equipment (before overhaul) or set by the customer, taking into account the specific operating conditions of the equipment;

Types of loads acting on the protected element (static, dynamic, seismic);

Temperature and humidity conditions of operation and work on fire protection, moisture and weather resistance of the fire retardant composition and material;

The degree of aggressiveness of the environment in relation to fire protection and the material of construction, as well as the degree of aggressiveness of the fire protection material in relation to the structure;

Permissible increase in the load on the structure due to the mass of fire protection;

Environmental and aesthetic requirements for fire protection.

The choice of the optimal composition of fire protection should be carried out taking into account the requirement for the economic efficiency of the fire safety system in accordance with GOST 12.1.004 (1.4) or from the condition of normalizing the limiting probability of the occurrence of developed fires, established by regulatory documents for the relevant technological processes.

F.4 For fire protection of technological equipment, intumescent coatings are effective, combining heat-absorbing and heat-insulating properties, the requirements for which are set out below.

F.4.1 Performance requirements

F.4.1.1 The coating must be developed and correspond to the temperature and humidity conditions of one of the options given in Table F. 1.

Table F.1

F.4.1.2 The physical and mechanical properties of the fire-retardant intumescent coating should ensure that its performance is maintained under exposure to:

Vibrations with vibration acceleration amplitude up to 30 m/s 2 in the frequency range from 0.5 to 100 Hz, mechanical shocks with a maximum pulse amplitude up to 150 m/s 2 (single exposure). The pulse shape is triangular. The pulse duration is from 5 to 10 ms. The pulse rise time is 1 ms.

F.4.1.3. The fire-retardant coating must ensure transportation in capping by all modes of transport without limiting speed and distance.

F.4.2 Technical requirements

F.4.2.1 The coating must provide the required fire resistance of the protected structures and the limits of fire spread over them in accordance with SNiP 2.01.02 and other regulatory documents.

F.4.2.2 The coating must meet the requirements given in Table F.2.

Table F.2

F.4.2.3 The coating must be fungus-resistant and fungicidal according to GOST 9.049 and GOST 9.050.

F.4.3 Warranty period

F.4.3.1 Guaranteed shelf life of the coating is at least 6 months (in components, in caps).

F.4.3.2 The guaranteed service life of the coating applied to the structure must be equal to the estimated service life of the equipment (before overhaul), but not less than 10 years.

The warranty period is confirmed by the method of accelerated climatic tests.

F.4.4 Method for checking the coefficient of swelling of a fire retardant coating

F.4.4.1 The swelling coefficient is determined by swelling a coating applied with a thickness of 1 mm on a metal plate measuring 100 x 100 mm.

F.4.4.2 Swelling of the coating is carried out in an oven with holding the sample at a temperature of 600° C for 5 min.

F.4.4.3 Swelling coefficient TO sun is defined as the ratio of the thickness of the expanded layer h to the original coating thickness h 0 :

TO sun = h/h 0 .

layer thickness measurementh 0 carried out with a caliper in three sections of the sample. The swelling coefficients are determined as the arithmetic mean of three measurements.

F.4.4.4 The requirements of the annex do not apply to special-purpose equipment: equipment for the production and storage of explosives, storage of combustible special-purpose products, civil defense protective structures, etc.