Normal water pressure in the apartment. Norm of pressure of the water supply network
Many Russian citizens have faced and continue to face the lack of water at certain times of the day, and only a few guess that it depends on what the water pressure is at that moment in the water supply of the MKD (apartment building).
In order to understand the SNiPs, various Rules, as well as legal acts, it would be more correct to use the help of a specialist. It is better to contact a lawyer or an engineer friend whose work is related to this area.
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If you live, for example, in top floor five-story building, there may be difficulty with water supply at night. From about 0:00 to 5:00-6:00 there is no tap water in the apartment at all. And this situation is observed in many, if not all, cities of the country, which violates the right of citizens established by federal law to receive public services of proper quality. There are several ways to remedy the situation. They will be discussed in detail below.
What is the reason for the lack of water? It's simple - there is very low pressure in the water supply system. In accordance with the norms established by law, the water pressure in the cold water supply system must be from 0.03 MPa to 0.6 MPa or from 0.3 bar to 6 bar. As for the system hot water, then here the lower limit is the same, and the upper limit is slightly lower - 0.45 MPa or 4.5 bar.
Where to go in case of lack of water
Since ensuring normal water supply in the apartment and the house as a whole is the direct responsibility of the managing organization, the first thing to do is to go there and find out why the rules for the provision of public services are being violated. Indeed, in accordance with them, the absence of water for more than 8 hours a month is unacceptable. At the same time, you have the right to demand a recalculation for the days on which you received the service of inadequate quality.
Some apartment owners pay bills without management company, but directly to a resource-supplying organization (it can be called, for example, Gorvodokanal or something else). Then you need to go there, as they deliver water to the borders of your apartment building.
Briefly about the principles of water supply
The level of water pressure in the apartment directly depends on the water pressure in the central, which comes to the house, and that, in turn, depends on the level of water analysis in the network. The fact is that at a large water intake, from where water enters the city, industrial automatic (in most cases) pumps are installed that pump water from a network of wells that have water pressure limits. Automatic system The operation of the pump is as follows: it pumps water to a certain level and turns off. It turns on only when the pressure drops to the lower limit. When the water intake is high, the pumps run almost continuously.
Accordingly, with a low water intake, the pump will pump, turn off and not turn on until the citizens use up so much resource that the pressure reaches its lowest point. That is why water does not flow to the upper floors of houses in which their own pump is not installed.
Sometimes there are cases of unscrupulous management of the resource supplying organization. For example, the director of RSO "Gorvodokanal" Kozlov M.M. in order to save electricity, he ordered that at night 7 pumps be turned off, and pressure was reduced in 10. And in total there are 20 of them. It is no wonder that in such conditions the pressure is not enough even up to the second floor of an apartment building.
Litigation
Very often there are situations when you clearly stated in the application that the waters in MKD networks no at night, and employees come to their work time(which is logical - after all, the Labor Code does not oblige them to work at night). And during the day the pressure is within allowable rate. What to do in this case? There are two options:
- or contact an independent expert, who, of course, for a fee, will agree to measure pressure at night;
- or independently buy and install a pressure gauge in your apartment and from time to time make photo and video recording.
Most likely, these materials will even have to go to court. It all depends on the degree of sympathy of the employees of the organization you applied to, however, it should be borne in mind that the Gorvodokanal (or the same organization with a different name) is only responsible for the supply of such a resource as cold water. But hot water (and heating) is Gorteploseti (or another name - by analogy with Gorvodokanal).
Installing the pump directly in the house
The management company can offer a solution to the problem - install a booster pump on the whole house, entrance or on one riser, of course, for a fee. The decision to install can only be made by voting at a general meeting of tenants.
Here, too, there is a problem: on the lower floors, the water supply is all right, so they may not be willing to spend their cash upstairs neighbors.
But here you can agree among yourself: for example, everyone will agree, and pay for the installation pumping system there will be only those tenants in whose apartments cold water no.
Installing a pump in an apartment
Another way to get water in your home is to install a booster pump in your apartment (with low pressure) or a small pumping station with a hydraulic accumulator (in the absence of water at all). This method, perhaps, has only one drawback: the purchase and installation of the system, as well as changing the water network, will be your own business.
Other causes of low water pressure
It is believed that there are several more reasons due to which there may be low pressure in the water supply system of an apartment or a private house:
- the coarse filter is clogged;
- clogged drain;
- the riser or the outlet from it is clogged.
Therefore, before installing a water pump, it is better to check whether the above three cases in the water supply network are to blame.
Considering that most cases of organizing water supply in a house or apartment involve the use of plastic pipes, the causes of problems in the system can be either salt deposits or increased water pressure in the water supply system. Both problems can stimulate the failure of the entire structure.
The technical passport, which is necessary when purchasing pipes, must have information on the recommended pressure in the system, which the purchased products are guaranteed to withstand.
Water pressure - features
When performing work on the installation of a water supply system or entrusting this work to professionals, you should make sure that the company is experienced by first knowing the rating of this organization and customer reviews.
An indicator of paramount importance is the value of the working pressure in the pipeline. This parameter depends on several indicators, including the material from which the pipes are made, the type of pipeline.
In a particular section of the system, the pressure may have a deviation from the average. When monitoring the work performed, attention should be paid to the compliance of the working pressure with the requirements.
Planning independent work on the organization of water supply in the house should be accompanied by familiarization with all the requirements for such systems. Properly performed installation will ensure that these conditions are met at the proper level.
Expansion tanks and accumulators
As a rule, the arrangement of a suburban area or a private house provides for the presence of other water systems, in addition to water supply.
These include a fire extinguishing system and hot water supply, as well as a wastewater filtration system. Possibly and the device of watering of the territory and system of heating.
Water supply, fire extinguishing and filtration systems provide for a hydraulic accumulator. Other systems must be equipped with expansion tanks. Besides, necessary measure is the installation of expansion tanks at the stage of taking hot water from the tank heating system. Such measures will create fluid compensation in the event of a water hammer.
The task of the expansion tank when organizing the supply of hot water is to protect the heater from high pressure. Hydraulic accumulators are used to form a reserve of fluid in the fire safety system.
The water supply of houses, as a rule, provides for the pressure in the tank, which ensures the transport of water for 60m. This lift provides a pressure of 6 bar.
An expansion tank is used to ensure a safe level of pressure in the heating system. This is due to the constant increase in the volume of water with a change in temperature that occurs as a result of its movement through the system. Compensation of this pressure is necessary to prevent destruction or damage to the pipeline.
It is recommended to apply closed tanks only. This type of device will make the system more manageable than with the participation of the tank. open type, allowing the evaporation of the liquid and the operation of the system at low pressure.
Besides, closed design saves pipes from corrosion. Another advantage of a closed tank is the possibility of its installation in the place where it is convenient for the consumer, and not only in the upper part of the system.
Hydraulic accumulators are necessary to form a reserve of water with the possibility of its launch into the water supply system. By analogy with expansion tanks, they have open and closed forms.
The negative features characteristic of compensation products are valid for hydraulic accumulators. The main function of this unit is to prevent water hammer, which can cause irreparable damage to the system.
Causes of water hammer
- power failure of the pump motor associated with emergency situations;
- abrupt opening and closing of valves at water intake points.
Such actions lead to a significant increase in the load that is not characteristic of this system, which it may not endure. Places for fluid intake are recommended to be equipped with tanks with a capacity of 0.2 liters.
The membrane cylinder located in the tank is filled with air space. The flow of liquid into the device stimulates a decrease in the volume of air in the balloon and an increase in pressure inside. When the pressure increases, a relay is activated that reacts to a change in the pressure itself and turns off the pump.
Further intake of liquid from the tank stimulates the normalization of pressure and the relay gives a signal to start the pump. A decrease in pressure inside the system, which may occur due to depressurization of the structure, will also cause the compressor to turn off.
Based on an understanding of the principle of operation of a hydraulic accumulator, it is clear that the correct choice of its volume affects the number of operations of the membrane relay, and hence its service life.
For a water supply system with three points of water distribution, a hydraulic accumulator with a volume of 24 liters is acceptable, and a larger number of points assumes a capacity of 50 liters. Sometimes a large number of devices require an individual calculation of the tank capacity.
Pressure in the water supply system
The pressure maintained in the cylinder by membranes is designed to ensure the delivery of water to the highest point of the water supply system of the room.
For example, to raise water to a height of 10 meters, the system must be provided with a pressure of 1 bar. The pump is started by a pressure exceeding the minimum by 0.2 bar. In this example it will be 1.2 bar.
Delivery of water to the highest point of the structure provides for a pressure of 0.5 bar above the minimum. Given the example data, it will be 1.5 bar.
The calculation of the maximum pressure value is a rather laborious process. This indicator depends on the characteristics and parameters of the pump itself, the resistance of the system, and possible changes in the voltage in the network.
Given the complexity of such a calculation, systems do not industrial use take the value of the maximum pressure obtained by adding the results of the pressure required to start the pump and the indicator required to deliver water to the highest point in the system. For this example this will be the value equal to the sum 1.2 bar and 1.5 bar, i.e. 2.7 bar.
Based on the value of the maximum pressure, you need to choose the pump itself. It is recommended that the head of this product be 30% greater than the maximum water head.
The performance of the system elements should be checked at least once a year. First of all, such a check is aimed at detecting leaks.
Having eliminated them, you should check the pressure on the lower accumulator, which should correspond to the minimum value. Pressure deviations in the direction of decrease by more than 10% must be eliminated with a compressor.
The pressure in the water supply system is the most important characteristic, the correct choice of which determines the comfort of using it and the duration of operation of various hydraulic, plumbing and household appliances.
The logic of choosing the optimal pressure in the water supply system at home
Immediately, we note that the water pressure should be as low as possible, allowing plumbing fixtures (faucets, shower) and household appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, boilers of the heating system) to function normally. For example, for sanitary ware, dishwashers and washing machines the minimum allowable excess pressure is 0.5 atm., that is, the system must have at least 1.5 atm. If you have independent heating, then the pressure must be increased to 2 atm. And if a hydromassage device (without its own pump), then up to 4 atm. For normal irrigation, 3 atm is enough. Then you should add another 0.5 atm., So that plumbing fixtures and Appliances did not work at minimum pressure.
Be sure to consider the location of points of consumption of water. A height difference of 10 m between the diaphragm accumulator (the area of maximum pressure in the system) and the point of water consumption adds one atmosphere to the system. In other words, if you have a two-story private house, in which the accumulator is located in the caisson at a mark of minus 2 m, and the shower in the bathroom on the second floor (the highest point of water consumption) at a mark of + 6 m, then the pressure in the water supply system of your house should be 1.5 + 0.5 + 0.8 = 2.8 atm. This is the optimum water pressure in your home.
It is not worth increasing the pressure beyond what is necessary. First, it will require more energy to maintain it. And secondly, the elements of the hydraulic system will wear out faster.
Setting the upper and lower pressure values in the diaphragm accumulator
Having defined required pressure in the hydraulic system, it is necessary to set the accumulator pressure switch. There are two pressure values - the pressure to turn on the well pump and the pressure to turn it off. The cut-in pressure is equal to the optimum system pressure plus 10%. That is, in our example, it is 2.8 + 0.1x2.8 ≈ 3 atm. Ten percent is given to ensure that the pressure in the system is guaranteed not to fall below the permissible level. The cut-off pressure is equal to the turn-on pressure plus 1 - 1.2 atm. Of course, the greater the difference between these pressures, the less often it will turn on borehole pump(and, consequently) his resource of work will be greater. But on the other hand, a large difference leads to an uncomfortable change in water pressure and an increase in the likelihood of water hammer.Causes of a drop in water pressure in the water supply system
The pressure in the system creates a downhole pump. Therefore, problems with it can automatically lead to a decrease in pressure. It can be:
- Voltage drop in the network - it is necessary to install a voltage stabilizer.
- Incorrect connection of the phases to the three-phase electric motor of the pump, which will cause the rotation of its rotor in the opposite direction - re-switch the connection.
- Wear of the working element of the pump - wheel or screw - replace the working element or the entire pump.
- Sand or dirt entering the pump - clean the pump and well.
In addition, the pressure drop in the water supply system of a private house may be due to malfunctions in the system itself:
- Clogged pipes, filter and other hydraulic elements - flush or change them.
- Violation of the tightness of the system - find a leak and fix it.
- Air pressure drop in membrane accumulator due to a malfunction of the air nipple or a violation of the tightness of the membrane - eliminate the malfunction.
Plumbing is a communication system in the form complex structures pipes and taps designed to supply water to consumers. To determine the efficiency of the system, the concept of "water pressure" in the water supply system is used. The correct operation of plumbing fixtures and the comfortable performance of hygiene measures directly depend on this indicator.
The result in the system is insufficient pressure, which causes a lot of inconvenience to residents on upper floors apartment buildings. This phenomenon makes it difficult for dishwashers and washing machines to work, or it is completely impossible to use a massage shower and a jacuzzi.
However, there are several ways to deal with this complicating factor. If the reason low head does not lie in the usual clogging of pipes, the water pressure in the water supply can be adjusted by installing devices that provide the most comfortable pressure for life.
What is considered the norm in the plumbing
To measure the pressure of a liquid in a pipeline, units are used that differ slightly in their values. Despite minor discrepancies, the indicators are equal to one to one.
1 bar is equal to 0.0197 atmospheres and 10.19 meters of water.
Pumping equipment that supplies water to a height of 30 m develops a pressure of 3 bar (3 atmospheres) at the outlet. If for pumping water submersible pump from a well or well with a depth of 10 m, 1 bar is required, then the remaining 2 bars ensure the rise of liquid to the water intake points.
Pressure in the city and private pipeline
In order to optimize the water pressure in the city water supply, the delivery of liquid from the well should not be taken into account. Water is supplied from centralized network. However, the owners country cottages with an autonomous water supply, you need to take into account the level of the source, or rather the depth at which it will be installed pump equipment in a mine well. When water passes through a pipeline, it overcomes some resistance, which should also be taken into account when calculating the required pressure.
According to the regulations and GOST, the pressure in urban systems should be 4 atmospheres. However, users of the water supply network connected to centralized stations will not be given accurate information about the water pressure in the water supply. This value can fluctuate in the range of 2.5-7.5 atmospheres.
What to consider when choosing plumbing
An increase in water pressure in the water supply system to more than 7 atmospheres has a destructive effect on sensitive plumbing fixtures, connecting elements in the pipeline and ceramic valves. Residents of city apartments are advised to purchase equipment for plumbing with a maximum margin of safety. This will help to avoid repair work provoked by sharp pressure surges in the future.
All installed faucets, faucets, pumps must withstand the pressure of water in the water supply at 6-7 atmospheres. It should be noted that during the annual seasonal check, the pressure can reach 10 atmospheres.
The optimal pressure value for the normal operation of household appliances
The minimum water pressure in the water supply system of 2 atmospheres is sufficient to perform the following tasks:
- taking a shower;
- washing;
- washing kitchen utensils;
- other hygiene needs;
- normal operation of the washing machine.
A pressure of 4 atmospheres allows you to expand the range of tasks, which include taking a massage shower and a jacuzzi, watering a personal plot with green spaces.
In country houses, the pressure must be sufficient for the simultaneous consumption of water by several water intake points. In order not to overshadow the life of family members, the water supply must be equivalent in all plumbing units and be at least 1.5 atmospheres.
Fire water supply
Water pressure can be high or low. high pressure is designed to extinguish large industrial, commercial and public buildings. Build a water supply system with a pressure of 2.5 l / s per suburban area doesn't make sense. Owners of cottages should be aware that minimum value The water pressure in the fire water supply must be at least 1.5 l / s.
in the plumbing
Measurement of water pressure in the water supply system is carried out using a manometer. Before installing the device, it is necessary to turn off cold or hot water, depending on which water pressure force is to be measured. The place in the system for mounting the device should be convenient and easily accessible. Next, you need a metal pipe 5 cm long. Using a die, you need to make an external thread on the pipe so that it fits the pressure gauge as accurately as possible. In order to cut a hole of the desired diameter in the pipe and attach a prepared pipe section to it, you can use a welding machine.
The pressure gauge is mounted on metal pipe with a wrench. To solve the problem of leakage at the joints, there are special sealing materials. After the installation of the device is completed, you can begin to check the pressure in the water supply. To do this, it is necessary to restore the water supply and record the readings on the pressure gauge.
How to lower the water pressure in the plumbing
A special reducer is used to stabilize and lower the water pressure. It protects not only the water supply itself from water hammer, but also household appliances connected to it. The small device is located in a sealed metal case. The pressure regulator has two threaded pipes located at the inlet and outlet. In some cases, a third pipe for mounting a pressure gauge and a screw for adjusting the water pressure can be placed on it.
The gearbox works on the principle of equalizing the forces of the diaphragm and the tuning spring. If the tap in the water supply is opened, the outlet pressure in the device decreases, as a result of which the pressure on the diaphragm also decreases. This increases the force of the spring. It opens the hole until the outlet pressure in the water pipe reaches a certain value. or its jumps do not affect the opening and closing of the valve.
Ways to increase the water pressure in the water supply
Most often with a problem reduced pressure water in the system collide:
- apartment owners in high-rise buildings located on the upper floors;
- owners of suburban areas in summer period when the water flow increases significantly.
Before proceeding with the installation of equipment that provides an increase in water pressure in the water supply, residents of city apartments should find out the cause of the problem. Weak pressure may be due to clogging of the pipeline with small objects or lime deposits. As a result, the diameter of the pipes is reduced, and water enters in a smaller volume. Only a complete replacement of all pipes will solve such a problem.
If the reason low pressure lies in another, you can stabilize the water supply in the following ways:
- installation circulation pump, which increases pressure by suction more water from pipes;
- installation pumping station with hydraulic accumulator;
- autonomous water supply network.
Choice correct option depends on several factors:
- water supply is carried out regularly, but the pressure is insufficient for normal life and work household appliances- the circulation pump will help to increase the pressure;
- water does not reach the upper floors of the house - a pumping station is suitable.
Classification of circulation pumps
There are several operating modes of pumps:
- Manual - the operation of the equipment is carried out in a continuous mode. However, in order to avoid overheating or failure, the pump should be turned off in time.
- Automatic - equipped with a flow sensor. When the water is turned off, the pump is automatically activated, making it more economical and durable.
By functionality, pumps are divided into classes:
- universal - installation is possible for hot and cold water supply;
- for cold or hot water only.
The advantages of pumping equipment are low cost and compact dimensions. However, it is worth remembering that pumps increase pressure by 30%. Their installation justifies itself if the water pressure in the water supply, the norms of which are at least 1.5 atmospheres, is equivalent at all water intake points.
Self-priming pump stations
The water pressure in the water supply can be increased by installing a pumping station. As a rule, it consists of the following elements:
- centrifugal pump to increase water pressure;
- hydraulic accumulator for 1-3 cubic meters;
- pressure switch - controls the entire system.
With a normal water supply, the device will not activate. If there is water pressure in the water supply, the norms of which are very different from those set, the pump will automatically turn on. Usually the accumulator is filled at night, with a higher pressure in the system. The larger the capacity for the accumulation of liquid, the less often the device will turn on and the longer its service life. This system maintains a pressure level of 3-4 atmospheres.
Before installing the pumping station, remember that this equipment requires a large installation space. The tank is subject to regular cleaning (at least 1 time within 2 days). You can mount the accumulator on the roof, in the basement or in the ground.
Features of non-centralized water pipes
The specificity of autonomous water pipelines is the need to raise water from wells or shaft wells, as well as to ensure good pressure at all water intake points of the house and remote points on personal plot. The operation of a decentralized water supply network depends not only on the pressure of water, but also on its flow.
The efficiency of pumping equipment should correspond as much as possible to the planned volume and flow rate of the shaft well. For calculation, it is better to take indicators of water consumption in the summer, when they reach their maximum value.
Many residents associate the plumbing system with a series of pipes located in the walls and faucets, turning which water flows. And also most people have no idea about all the complexities of the communication network.
Working pressure in the water supply system is one of the main indicators effective work plumbing. All plumbing fixtures can only function properly with stable water pressure.
Weak pressure presenting itself as slowly flowing water from the crane indicates low pressure in the communication network. In particular, this factor worries the citizens who own apartments on the upper floors and residents country houses.
Weak pressure stops the washing and dishwashers, showers and bathtubs. This article will address questions about pressure standards, the maximum and minimum allowable indicators.
Normal performance
The unit of measurement for pressure in water supply pipes in an apartment and in a private house is 1 bar, which is equal to 1.0197 atmospheres. This indicator fully corresponds to the mass of a water column 10 m high.
The communication network requires an operating pressure of 4 bar, which in turn corresponds to the weight of a 40 m high water column.
This indicator will provide water to consumers of all floors, including the top ones. But it should be noted that the stability of the indicator is extremely rare. Moreover, a pressure of 4 bar is not so common. A typical plumbing system implies a pressure in the range of 2.5–7.5 bar.
Strong pressure and a correspondingly increased pressure indicator lead to malfunctions in the water supply, moreover, some plumbing fixtures are damaged at 6.5 bar.
And even more pressure is not at all able to withstand 10 atmospheres by force only for welded joints and fittings for industrial use, which differ in conical threads. Just as high and low pressure leads to malfunctions and failures in the plumbing system.
Some plumbing equipment starts working at a certain indicator, for example, a jacuzzi will only function at 4 bar. shower and washing machine require a pressure of 1.5 bar.
In view of these features, 4 bars is considered a normal indicator. This border has minimal risks of damage to pipe connections and assemblies, and it is enough for the operation of various plumbing fixtures. 
Pressure for autonomous type plumbing system
An autonomous water supply system functions in a completely different way and the standard generally accepted norms are not of particular importance here.
In this water supply system, you can set any pressure indicator, starting from the minimum allowable, at which water flows almost by gravity (1-6 bar). In the case of autonomous water supply, everything is decided by the owner.
Minimum allowable pressure for country house- 1.5 bar. It allows you to at least turn on two plumbing devices at the same time. The maximum allowable indicator depends on the characteristics of the water source and the performance of pumping equipment.
But most often, residents of country houses are concerned about the problem weak pressure, therefore, many are interested in ways to increase pressure in the plumbing system. 
Ways to increase
It is possible to increase the pressure in autonomous water supply in a technical way: using a storage tank or pumping equipment. These methods have their advantages and disadvantages.
Pump equipment
This method is suitable for apartments with central system water supply and for country cottages, suburban areas with autonomous water supply. Additional pumping equipment is used only if the main device does not meet the necessary requirements.
This is possible with a distant location of the well or insufficient power of the device for supplying water to the second floor. An additional pump is installed at the entrance to the home wiring.
The device must have a water pressure sensor that starts it at a normal rate and turns it off when there is no consumer. Most commonly used vibration pump, which is characterized by low sensitivity to high air content. 
Storage tank station
This method works on a completely different principle: pumping equipment pumps water into storage capacity, which operates at a stable pressure of 1.5−2 atmospheres. And this means that the liquid is pumped until the moment when required indicator, then the pump is switched off.
The water supply system in this case consumes water under the strict control of the pressure reducer, the parameters of which are set beforehand before operation. The pump in such a system is suitable, both vibrational and centrifugal.
To pressurize the accumulator, an internal or external ejector is used, which creates a vacuum in the pipeline. This method is not used in apartments due to noisy operation and some design features.
Working pressure in water supply - important indicator on which the functioning of most devices depends. But there are methods to increase it, which are applicable in urban and rural areas.
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