All about modern technologies for drilling wells for water. Do-it-yourself water well: technologies, nuances and methods of drilling in the country

Getting to the aquifers and finding water sources is not an easy task and technologically very time-consuming and costly. And yet, as they say, "the game is worth the candle", because they are not so actively subjected to human attacks and their indefatigable curiosity. Nature knows how to keep its secrets, from time to time yielding a piece of its treasures to man so that life on Earth can continue. Man, in turn, invents new technologies to receive earthly gifts.

Insofar as ground water lie at different depths, have their own water boundaries and outlines, in water well drilling technology have their own technological algorithms. Availability technical means, equipment, mechanical equipment, according to the developed project and agreed studies of rocks, soil composition, at the proposed drilling site, it assumes the start of work in compliance with the technology of drilling wells for water.

During drilling, the well is cased special pipes, which prevent the earth from collapsing and tightening the well itself from soil pressure. Upon completion of the drilling of the initial section, the first casing string is lowered - the conductor, in order to block weak, unstable rocks and upper aquifers. Pumped into the annulus cement mortar. The drilling of the well continues inside the casing pipes, but with a bit of a smaller diameter up to the design mark, after which the next casing string is lowered into the well. When drilling a well, Bottom part casing string is perforated and serves to improve well flow rate. The flow rate of a well is a technical indicator of the amount of water produced. After the opening of the aquifer, the water rises through the well and is established at the so-called static level.

Then, according to the technology of drilling wells for water, the installation of a pump, a riser pipe and, if necessary, the installation of a caisson takes place. The caisson is a metal container with a depth of 2 meters and a diameter of 1 meter and serves to prevent freezing of water in the riser pipe and connections. From the caisson, the pipe is led into the ground to a depth of approximately 1.80 meters (the average depth of soil freezing in Moscow and the Moscow region) and is brought to a house or object.

AquaAlliance specialists have tested the water well drilling technology in practice and confirmed it with reliability and workmanship. You can use the services of the company at any time of the year and at a convenient time for you. on our website, you can get clarifications and answers to questions in the section or on this issue.

The human need for drinking water exists as long as civilization itself exists. We have not yet learned another way to extract water, except from the earth, and even then the extraction technology drinking water far from perfect. However, there is no other way out if you need to ensure uninterrupted water supply at home. Not everywhere there is an opportunity to connect to centralized water supply so wells have to be drilled.

What are water wells

The geological conditions of each area dictate certain conditions, in accordance with which the choice of the type of well takes place. The choice of well type is influenced by:

• resource and source depth;
• source development cost;
• water quality.

Modern water well drilling technologies can provide excellent results showing good quality water and high productivity of the deposit. Consider the basic, basic principles of well development and their types.

In fact, these are two ways that allow you to get water with small means. Now we will consider drilling methods of the third type, artesian. However, any of the methods described below may be suitable for a shallower well.

Based on the name, well drilling is carried out with a special tool called an auger. The tool destroys the soil with rotational movements, and the crushed rock is fed upward by an auger, at the end of which there is a drill. With pliable soil, drilling in this way is done quite quickly. The drilling speed is approximately 40-45 meters per shift. Auger drilling is the most economical type of water well drilling, but this technology also has its drawbacks.

Firstly, drilling is possible only on soft or medium soils due to the fact that the drill cannot cope with hard and rocky soil. Second, drilling sandy soils the auger method does not make sense, since the soil has time to crumble before the pipe is installed. Therefore, in such cases, other drilling methods are used.

The essence of the method is the use of a hollow rod, at the end of which a burner is fixed. The shattered soil rises mechanical method, but by washing out, and for this a special solution is used. The solution is a mixture of clay and water, and after use, the entire mass is sent to the sludge trap.

Clay in the composition of the solution is needed in order to strengthen the walls of the well, so the use of this method is quite possible on sandy soils. The mechanism itself has quite compact dimensions. This can be used if it is necessary to drill a well directly in the basement of a residential building. The depth of development by this method can reach 300 meters, which is quite suitable for drilling. artesian wells.

Shock-rope method of drilling wells for water

For viscous soils, the percussion rope drilling method is most applicable. Despite the tricky name, it involves a sharp descent into the mine metal glass, which, as it deepens, is filled with soil, after which the glass is raised to the surface using a system of ropes, cleaned, then thrown again. The process of drilling in this way does not require any equipment at all, but is physically exhausting and takes quite a long time.

Manual well drilling

This is what distinguishes professional drillers from ordinary developers. There is also a technique for manual drilling shock-rope or auger method, which can be rented. But at self-development wells, the developer is not always aware of the scope of work and its complexity, so still pay a certain amount to the drillers.

Water well drilling price

Well drilling prices, of course, depend on many factors, the main of which is the composition of the soil. So, on limestone soils, drilling can cost from 1.5 to 2 thousand rubles per meter of penetration, and on sandy soils it will cost from 2.5 thousand per meter. Artesian wells always cost a little more, and the drilling price will be about 2.8 thousand rubles per meter.

You can save on drilling, there are several ways to do this. As a rule, all drilling work is carried out in the warm season, when drilling crews are scheduled every day. If you plan to drill in winter time you can save up to 20% of your money. It is also necessary to proceed from the principle of reasonable sufficiency - if there is no need for a high-performance well, then the technology of drilling water wells of a smaller diameter or depth can be much cheaper.

Nevertheless, if there is no self-confidence, it is better to entrust drilling to professionals. This will ensure that you will be able to use clean water all year round without any restrictions.

Drilling artesian wells for water, as a rule, is produced in a rotational way, when the rock cutting tool (cone bit) rotates due to the torque transmitted by the drill rods from the rotator, which in turn is driven by the engine of the drilling rig. AT recent times for these purposes, URB 2A-2 drilling rigs based on ZIL 131 and URAL were most widely used. Both a sustainer engine and a separate deck engine can be used as a drilling rig engine.

Flush drilling

At flushed the destroyed rock is washed to the surface with the help of a liquid. The fluid is pumped through the drill pipes directly to the bottomhole by means of a pump. Having passed through the pipes down to the bit, this liquid washes out the destroyed rock and lifts it along the well to the surface, where this liquid flows by gravity into the sump. From the sump through the hose, this liquid is again pumped into the pipes and through the pipes to the bottom, thereby circulating this liquid.

When drilling into unstable rocks, mud is used as a drilling fluid. If the well section starts with clay layers, mud is naturally formed. If it is impossible to form a clay solution naturally clay solution is kneaded from special clay (bentonite), it is possible to add a small amount cement. The clay solution also performs another important function - due to hydrostatic pressure keeps the walls of the well from collapsing. The clay solution holds the well walls well during the passage of clay and sand layers. When passing through hard rock, such as limestone, water is used as the flushing solution.

By the type of slurry being washed out, the drilling foreman sees which rocks are currently destroying the bit and records this in the drill log.

When the tool reaches the limestone, the well is cased with pipes and flushed. Limestone is a natural reservoir of water, which fills the pores, cavities and cracks, thus forming a huge system of cracks. Next, the limestone is drilled with a bit of a smaller diameter using pure water as a flushing fluid. If clay layers or sand lenses are encountered, the drilling foreman decides to block these sections of the wellbore with a casing pipe of a smaller diameter.

There are also solid limestones, sometimes silicified, in which, for obvious reasons, there are no cracks and, as a result, water. But sooner or later, the tool reaches the desired limestone layers.

When the absorption of the washing liquid begins, its quantity is replenished with the help of imported water, which is brought by water carriers. According to the degree of absorption of the drilling fluid, the drilling foreman determines the expected flow rate of the well, that is, its productivity. When this absorption reaches the required values, the drilling foreman beats the water level in the well and, if necessary, cases the limestone hole with a casing pipe of a smaller diameter.

When pumping a well, the dynamic water level in the well is determined and the debit of the well is calculated.

After all this, you have a hydraulic structure ready for operation on your site.

Now it remains to equip the well with a caisson, mount water supply equipment and enjoy your own water intake to the fullest.

A well for water production is a rather complex structure. Many today are interested in drilling wells for water: process technology, tools and equipment for performing work. The quality of water from a well or well depends on their design. The service life depends on the quality of the work performed.

How to drill a water well

Before drilling a well for water, it is necessary to choose a place for it. This should be a piece of land with an approximate size of 4x12 m. If the house has not yet been built, then it is better to choose a place in the future basement. If the house has already been built, then it is better to drill closer to the foundation. To the place of work, it is necessary to ensure the passage of the drilling rig and the water carrier. At a distance of approximately 2 m from the location of the drill, there should be no electrical wires. Such measures are required general rules drilling wells under water.

There are several drilling methods. But for any of them, the following operations must be performed:

• rock grinding;
• excavation of crushed earth outside;
• strengthening of the walls of the well.

How is rock crushing done? This is done with the help of special rock cutting devices. It can be explosive energy, electrical or thermal. But all these types are used quite rarely. Much more often they use others: augers, glasses, hand drills.

The soil is taken out in the following ways:

• hydraulic;
• mechanical;
• pneumatic;
• combined.

The hydraulic method is carried out with water, a solution of clay or other technical fluid. Mechanical - with the use of special drills, screws, bailers. With the pneumatic method, the crushed rock is removed with a strong jet compressed air. At combined method use several of these methods.

The technology recommends fastening the walls of the well to water with metal casing pipes. Most often, these are seamless pipes on a threaded or welded joint. Occasionally, other options are also used. But it is not recommended to use stainless steel(very expensive!) and galvanized metal.

When drilling a well for water, flushing is often used. This is a method in which water is supplied to the well using pumps. She then, together with the crushed rock, rises and settles in a special sump. According to the settled rock, drillers determine the section of the site. The water then makes a new circle. The rising clay solution strengthens the walls and prevents them from collapsing.

The process of drilling a well involves its sequential casing with pipes. The drilling of wells for water is completed by pumping them, which is carried out until a completely transparent liquid flows.

Water drilling methods

The technology of drilling a well under water allows you to work in several ways:

• auger;
• rotary;
• shock-rope;
• manual.

Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Auger drilling is the most common and affordable way. The auger in the form of a screw enters the soil and loosens it. Only dry and soft ground can be drilled. Augers are completely unsuitable for quicksand. This tool destroys the rock and lifts it into the wellhead. Screws are available in diameters from 60 to 800 mm. They can be drilled to a depth of 60 m, sometimes up to 100 m. Auger drilling is impossible on rocky soils.

The rotary method is the continuous action of a tool called a rotor. It is constantly spinning. The rock is washed out with a clay solution. This method is relatively cheap and fast enough. But in cold weather, it requires insulation of the system through which water circulates. Drilling is carried out using machines:

• URB-2A2;
• MBU-2M;
• URB-2.5;
• URB-3AM.

URB-2A2 is capable of drilling soil up to a depth of 55 m, URB-2.5 - up to 300 m, and URB-3AM - up to 500 m.

The shock-rope method is the most labor-intensive. But it should not be forgotten, as it is of the highest quality. The rock is destroyed after hitting a heavy object. This is a specially shaped pointed glass made of steel pipe. It falls from a height, hits the ground, picks up the destroyed soil and rises. At the top, the glass is cleaned and thrown down again.

The drilling rig itself can be made by hand from pipes or from logs in the form of a triangular cone. This cone is equipped with a cable winch. The technology of drilling wells for water does not require the use of mud. But the installation of casing pipes must be carried out in a timely manner. Such an installation can drill a diameter of 10-30 cm. But the depth cannot exceed 10 m. For drilling, you can use the UKS-22M2, UGB-50, UGB-1VS installations.

The manual method is used quite often. With it, driven pipes or augers are used. The pipes are cut into pieces about 2-3 m long. At the ends they are cut external thread. A tip is welded onto the lower end of the pipe. It has the form of a cone, the diameter of which is 1 cm larger than the diameter of the pipe. Above the tip of 60-100 cm, the pipes are drilled through 5 cm with a drill with a diameter of 6 mm. It will be a kind of filter. As the pipe deepens, it lengthens with the help of couplings. But it's easier to do it the other way. You need to prepare for work:

• various drills;
• rods;
• casing pipes;
• winch;
• drilling rig.

If the well is not very deep, there is no need for a tower. The work process is quite simple. You need to dig a hole about 50 cm deep, install a drill and start rotating it. It's better to work together. Every 50 cm, the drill is taken out of the ground and cleaned. This method is cheaper than the others, but has limitations in depth.

Conclusion

The technology of drilling wells for water involves the destruction of rock, cleaning the shaft, strengthening the walls and the final equipment of the well with pipes, filters, pumps and drinking water taps. The process of drilling a well can be different. Deep pits are performed using rotary drilling technology. Often use auger drilling: its technology is quite simple and is used in personal areas. With a screw speed of 250 rpm, the whole process is quite fast.

With any well drilling technology, casing is used with special pipes to protect the walls from collapse and penetration. dirty water from the upper aquifers.

Shallow wells can be obtained percussion method. The manual method works well. Any drilling ends with the closing of the top of the aquifer with a special tip. Pass through it necessary wires, hoses and pipes for delivering water to the house.

If you are planning to equip your Vacation home autonomous water supply and acquire a well, then you need to familiarize yourself with the drilling technology. This will save a lot of time when looking for drillers and funds during the drilling process itself.

Types of drilling technologies

When installing a water supply system in a private house, as a rule, one of three drilling technologies is used:

• Rotary;
• screw;
• Shock-rope.

The difference between these technologies lies in the methods of destruction of the rock inside the well, as well as in the methods of extracting the soil to the surface. Naturally, depending on the technology, the set of necessary equipment also depends.

Why does the customer need to know these technologies? This will give an understanding of how the well will be drilled, what equipment will be used for this and how long it will take. In addition, the price of work, as well as the quality of the final result, depends on the type of technology.

In the photo - auger drilling

screw method

The cheapest and simple option is an auger drilling. So most of small-sized drilling rigs are based on this technology. It is based on the usual Archimedean screw (auger), with the help of which soil is extracted to the surface.

To make it easier to imagine this method, you should remember how fishermen drill a hole in the ice. In this way, you can drill wells with a depth not exceeding 10 meters.

A feature of this method is the possibility of making a hole only in relatively dry and soft soils. If there are hard rocks or quicksand at depth, then perform further work screw method is not possible.

I must say that the technology of drilling wells under water with an auger is usually used by private "drillers" who have small installations. As a rule, it is not difficult to find organizations that provide such services.

Note!
To perform a well, it is not enough just to drill a hole in the ground.
It is also necessary to protect the aquifer well from perched water, as required by the instructions.
Therefore, despite the fact that the process itself is not difficult, the qualifications of the performers are very important.

rotary method

The technology of drilling a well under water in a rotary way, today, is the most common. To make a hole in the ground in this way, a drill pipe is used, inside of which there is a rotating shaft with a chisel at the end.

The load on the tip is transferred by a hydraulic installation. This method attractive in that it allows drilling to almost any depth, regardless of the type of rock.

The soil is washed out by constantly flushing the well with drilling mud.

The solution can be supplied in two ways:

• The pump inside the drill pipe, in this case, the soil with the solution goes by gravity into the annulus.
• By gravity into the annulus, while the solution with the rock is pumped out of the drill pipe forcibly.

I must say that the second method, which is called backwashing, is better to open the aquifer, so that the well will have a greater debit. However, this method is more laborious and requires more sophisticated equipment, and, accordingly, is much more expensive.

Therefore, the choice of technology depends, in this case, on your budget and required amount water. As a rule, if it is necessary to provide water to one household, then drilling with direct flushing is quite sufficient.

Now consider this technology step by step:

• First of all, a chisel of large diameter is deepened into the ground.
• The bit is then rotated by the impact of the rotor, which is driven by the motor.
• Weighted pipes are installed between the drill pipes and the bit, which add additional load.
• During operation, the soil is removed by the pressure of the fluid from the mud pump.
• Having completed the drilling of the first section of the soil, a casing pipe is inserted into the well so that the upper layers of the soil do not fall inside the well.
• For stability, the space between the soil and the first casing is filled with mortar.
• Drilling then continues with a smaller bit, after which a narrower casing is inserted.

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Shock-rope method

This water well drilling technology is the oldest, slowest and most labor intensive. However, the quality of such work is the highest. Its essence lies in the fact that the rock is destroyed by crushing with a powerful heavy projectile, which first rises to a certain height, after which it drops sharply.

As a result, the projectile destroys the ground with its weight, which is multiplied by the free fall coefficient. The destroyed rock is removed from the trunk with the help of a bailer. If the ground is soft, then, as a rule, the bailer and chisel are combined into one projectile.

The main advantage of such drilling is that it does not require the use of drilling fluid or water. Thanks to this, it is possible to open the aquifer more accurately and thereby ensure the longest possible life of the well and the maximum possible debit. As a rule, wells made in this way serve more than 50 years.

The main disadvantage of this technology, for the customer, is high price services. In addition to the fact that this method is laborious in itself, in the process of work it becomes necessary to isolate all the upstream aquifers. In other words, how many aquifers and quicksands are in the well, so much casing pipes must be used, and these are additional costs for material and work of specialists.

Which technology to prioritize

In reality, the choice of the customer is not so much, especially if the conditions on the site do not allow the use of an auger. The shock-contact method is almost completely ousted from the market rotary drilling, which is likely to be used.

However, it is necessary to take an interest in technology at least in order to determine the adequacy of the cost of services. If the soil conditions are suitable and the aquifer is not deep, then it is much more profitable to use the auger method.

Is it possible to drill a well yourself

It is quite possible to punch a well with your own hands, the only question is how much time and effort it will take you, and also how well it will be possible to isolate the trunk from the upper aquifers.

Often, developers underestimate the complexity of the work, as a result of which either “water from a puddle” is obtained from a great depth, or specialists finish the work. At the same time, drillers have to pay almost the full cost, as if they were doing the work from scratch.

Therefore, before deciding on self-fulfillment work, you need:

• To study drilling technology in detail;
• Understand what equipment you need expendable materials;
• Make sure that your area can be drilled with a small-sized drilling rig.

Small-sized installations are of two types:

• Screw type - as a rule, these installations are self-made.
• Shock-rope type - installations can have Electrical engine or power unit internal combustion. This is important if there is no electricity on the site.

Advice!
Less demanding on the ground and simpler is the installation for drilling with the shock-rope method.
With its help, you can drill a well in almost any soil.

Conclusion

All existing well drilling technologies are fundamentally different from each other, however, if professionals are involved in the work, then each of them allows you to achieve desired result. At the same time, one or another technology should be preferred in accordance with one's own financial capabilities, soil conditions and the depth of the aquifer.

For more information on this topic, see the video in this article.