Well drilling technology. Advantages and disadvantages

Drilling is the impact of special equipment on the soil layers, as a result of which a well is formed in the ground, through which valuable resources will be extracted. The process of drilling oil wells is carried out according to different directions works that depend on the location of the soil or rock formation: it can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

As a result of work, a cylindrical void is formed in the ground in the form of a straight shaft, or well. Its diameter may vary depending on the purpose, but it is always less than the length parameter. The beginning of the well is located on the soil surface. The walls are called the trunk, and the bottom of the well is called the bottom.

Key milestones

If medium and light equipment can be used for water wells, then only heavy equipment can be used for oil well drilling. The drilling process can only be carried out with the help of special equipment.

The process itself is divided into the following stages:

• Delivery of equipment to the site where the work will be done.
• The actual drilling of the mine. The process includes several works, one of which is the deepening of the shaft, which occurs with the help of regular flushing and further destruction of the rock.
• So that the wellbore is not destroyed and does not clog it, the rock layers are strengthened. For this purpose, a special column of interconnected pipes is laid in space. The place between the pipe and the rock is fixed cement mortar: this work is called plugging.
• The last work is development. The last layer of rock is opened on it, a bottomhole zone is formed, and the mine is perforated and fluid is drained.

Site preparation

To organize the process of drilling an oil well, it will also be necessary to carry out preparatory stage. If the development is carried out in the forest area, it is required, in addition to the preparation of the main documentation, to obtain consent to work in the forestry. The preparation of the site itself includes the following steps:

1. Cutting down trees in the area.
2. The division of the zone into separate parts of the earth.
3. Drawing up a work plan.
4. Establishment of a settlement to house the labor force.
5. Ground preparation for the drilling station.
6. Carrying out marking at the place of work.
7. Creation of foundations for the installation of tanks in a warehouse with combustible materials.
8. Arrangement of warehouses, delivery and debugging of equipment.

After that, it is necessary to start preparing equipment directly for drilling oil wells. This stage includes the following processes:

• Installation and testing of equipment.
• Wiring lines for power supply.
• Installation of bases and auxiliary elements for the tower.
• Installing the tower and lifting to the desired height.
• Debugging of all equipment.

When the oil drilling equipment is ready for operation, it is necessary to obtain a conclusion from a special commission that the equipment is in good condition and ready for work, and the personnel have sufficient knowledge in the field of safety rules in this kind of production. When checking, it is clarified whether the structure is correct lighting(they must have an explosion-resistant casing), whether lighting with a voltage of 12V is installed along the depth of the mine. Notes regarding the quality of work and safety must be taken into account in advance.

Prior to drilling a well, it is necessary to install a hole, bring in pipes to strengthen the drill shaft, a chisel, small special equipment for auxiliary work, casing pipes, instruments for measuring during drilling, provide water supply and resolve other issues.

The drilling site contains accommodation facilities for workers, Technical buildings, laboratory building for the analysis of soil samples and the results obtained, warehouses for inventory and small working tools, as well as funds for medical care and security features.

Features of drilling an oil well

After installation, the processes of re-equipment of the traveling system begin: in the course of these works, equipment is installed, and small mechanical means. Installation of the mast opens the process of drilling into the soil; the direction should not diverge from the axial center of the tower.

After the centering is completed, a well is created for the direction: this process means installing a pipe to strengthen the wellbore and pouring the initial part with cement. After setting the direction, the centering between the tower itself and the rotary axes is re-adjusted.

Pit drilling is carried out in the center of the shaft, and in the process, casing is made using pipes. When drilling a hole, a turbodrill is used; to adjust the rotation speed, it is necessary to hold it with a rope, which is fixed on the tower itself, and is physically held by the other part.

A couple of days before the launch of the drilling rig, when the preparatory stage has passed, a conference is held with the participation of members of the administration: technologists, geologists, engineers, drillers. The issues discussed at the conference include the following:

• The scheme of occurrence of layers in an oil field: a layer of clay, a layer of sandstone with water carriers, a layer of oil deposits.
• Design features of the well.
• The composition of the rock at the point of research and development.
• Accounting possible difficulties and complicating factors that may occur when drilling an oil well in a particular case.
• Consideration and analysis of the map of standards.
• Consideration of issues related to trouble-free wiring.

Documents and equipment: basic requirements

The process of drilling a well for oil can begin only after a number of documents have been issued. These include the following:

• Permission to start the operation of the drilling site.
• Map of standards.
• Journal of drilling fluids.
• Journal of Occupational Safety at Work.
• Accounting for the functioning of diesel engines.
• Watch log.

To the main mechanical equipment and consumables which are used in the process of drilling a well, include the following types:

• Cementing equipment, cement mortar itself.
• Safety equipment.
• Logging mechanisms.
• Technical water.
• Reagents for various purposes.
• Water for drinking.
• Pipes for casing and actual drilling.
• Helicopter pad.

Well types

In the process of drilling an oil well, a mine is formed in the rock, which is checked for the presence of oil or gas by perforating the wellbore, which stimulates the inflow of the desired substance from the productive area. After that, the drilling equipment is dismantled, the well is sealed with the start and end dates of drilling, and then the debris is removed, and the metal parts are recycled.

At the beginning of the process, the diameter of the trunk is up to 90 cm, and by the end it rarely reaches 16.5 cm. In the course of work, the construction of a well is done in several stages:

1. The deepening of the day of the well, for which drilling equipment is used: it crushes the rock.
2. Removal of debris from the mine.
3. Fixing the trunk with pipes and cement.
4. Works during which the obtained fault is investigated, productive locations of oil are revealed.
5. Descent of depth and its cementing.

Wells can vary in depth and are divided into the following varieties:

• Small (up to 1500 meters).
• Medium (up to 4500 meters).
• Deep (up to 6000 meters).
• Super deep (more than 6000 meters).

Drilling a well involves crushing an entire rock formation with a chisel. The resulting parts are removed by washing with a special solution; the depth of the mine becomes greater when the entire bottomhole area is destroyed.

Problems during oil drilling

During the drilling of wells, a number of technical problems can be encountered that will slow down or make work almost impossible. These include the following events:

• The destruction of the trunk, landslides.
• Departure into the soil of a liquid for washing (removal of parts of the rock).
• Emergency conditions equipment or mine.
• Drilling errors.

Most often, wall collapses occur due to the fact that the rock has an unstable structure. Signs of collapse are increased pressure, higher viscosity of the fluid that is used for flushing, and an increased number of rock pieces that come to the surface.

Fluid absorption most often occurs if the underlying formation completely takes the solution into itself. Its porous system or high absorbency contributes to this phenomenon.

In the process of drilling a well, a projectile that moves clockwise reaches the bottom hole and rises back. The drilling of the well reaches the bedrock formations, into which a tie-in takes place up to 1.5 meters. To prevent the well from being washed out, a pipe is immersed at the beginning, it also serves as a means of carrying the flushing solution directly into the gutter.

The drill string as well as the spindle can rotate with different speed and frequency; This figure depends on the types rocks it is required to punch what diameter of the crown will be formed. The speed is controlled by a regulator that regulates the level of load on the bit used for drilling. In the course of work, a required pressure, which turns out to be on the walls of the face and the cutters of the projectile itself.

Well drilling design

Before starting the process of creating an oil well, a project is drawn up in the form of a drawing, which indicates the following aspects:

• Properties of the discovered rocks (resistance to destruction, hardness, degree of water content).
• The depth of the well, the angle of its inclination.
• The diameter of the shaft at the end: this is important for determining the extent to which the hardness of the rocks influences it.
• Well drilling method.

The design of an oil well must begin with determining the depth, the final diameter of the mine itself, as well as the level of drilling and design features. Geological analysis allows you to resolve these issues, regardless of the type of well.

Drilling methods

The process of creating a well for oil production can be carried out in several ways:

• Shock-rope method.
• Work with the use of rotary mechanisms.
• Drilling a well using a downhole motor.
• Turbine drilling.
• Drilling a well using a screw motor.
• Drilling a well with an electric drill.

The first method is one of the most well-known and proven methods, and in this case the shaft is pierced by chisel strikes, which are produced at regular intervals. Impacts are made through the influence of the weight of the chisel and the weighted rod. The lifting of the equipment is due to the balancer of the drilling equipment.

Work with rotary equipment is based on the rotation of the mechanism with the help of a rotor, which is placed on the wellhead through the drilling pipes, which act as a shaft. Drilling of small wells is carried out by participating in the process of the spindle motor. The rotary drive is connected to a cardan and a winch: such a device allows you to control the speed at which the shafts rotate.

Turbine drilling is performed by transmitting torque to the string from the motor. The same method allows you to transfer the energy of hydraulics. With this method, only one channel of energy supply at the bottomhole level functions.

A turbodrill is a special mechanism that converts hydraulic energy in solution pressure into mechanical energy, which provides rotation.

The process of drilling an oil well consists of lowering and raising the string into the mine, as well as holding it in the air. A column is a prefabricated structure made of pipes that are connected to each other by means of special locks. The main task is to transfer various types energy to the bit. Thus, a movement is carried out, leading to the deepening and development of the well.

Before ordering water well drilling, we recommend that each homeowner familiarize himself with the basic technologies and methods of drilling. What is it for? Indeed, in any company there are consultants who will explain how one technology for drilling water wells differs from another. First of all, it is necessary for you personally. The autonomous water supply system is made on long years and should all this time be a source of comfort, not anxiety. Even basic knowledge in the field of drilling will allow you to competently communicate with contractors. A more accurate understanding of the complexity of the task and how to solve it will allow not only to choose best method drilling and well completion, but also to optimize costs.

Private Well Drilling Methods

Water well drilling technology has various options implementation. Among them there are both already outdated and low efficiency, as well as modern ones, using the latest achievements of science, requiring expensive and sophisticated equipment. The organization of autonomous water supply solves a very specific range of tasks, which allowed private drillers and drilling companies to choose the best methods. For creating individual wells Three main drilling methods are used for water:

• shock-rope

• auger

• rotary

Percussion drilling

The drilling process occurs with flushing with drilling mud. The solution performs several functions at once: it cools and lubricates the drilling tool, strengthens the walls of the well, and brings cuttings to the surface. Sludge is a mixture of drilling fluid with broken rock particles. The cuttings settle in a pit dug near the drilling site and the mud is returned to the well.

There are two types of flushing during drilling. Direct flushing - drilling fluid is fed through the drill rods and exits the wellbore, carrying cuttings to the surface. Backwash - once in the well, the solution is taken from the bottom point and brought to the surface through the drill string. Backwashing makes it possible to better open the aquifer, but it is more expensive, as it requires sophisticated equipment.

What is the best drilling technology?

It is unlikely that you will be able to choose a drilling method based on some personal or financial preferences. The determining factor will be the type of aquifer on which they are going to drill, the characteristics of the rock and the design of the well. The auger is only suitable for drilling in soft rocks without stones and boulders to a relatively shallow depth, therefore it is mainly used when creating sand wells. Rotary drilling is universal, hard rocks go to great depths with a cone bit without problems - this is the only option when drilling into limestone. Percussion drilling too time consuming, low tech and almost never used.

Be careful when choosing a drilling company. With poor-quality drilling and casing (especially deep artesian), the quality of the water will deteriorate, the life of the well will be reduced, and the cost of repairing and restoring the working capacity of the water supply source will be disproportionately high.

Can you drill a well yourself?

In certain situations, the homeowner thinks about the possibility of making water well independently, hoping to win on several points at once - drilling, casing, etc. Basically, of course, everyone wants to save money. The main thing is that the “savings” do not affect the quality of water and the time spent on an amateur well. It is quite possible that you will be able to do the so-called abyssinian well, or well-needle. In this case, a narrow casing pipe with a sharp nozzle is simply hammered shallow into the ground to the nearest aquifer (no deeper than 8 m). Drilling with a small-sized auger rig allows you to make a deeper well with a larger diameter. Such installations are equipped with either an electric or gasoline engine.

But drilling is half the battle, it is required to well casing the well. It often happens that after passing part of the trunk, the homeowner is forced to turn to specialists so that they finish drilling or completely case the well. Of course, in such a situation, the customer acquires some experience as a driller, but this experience is insufficient for independent work and worth a large number wasted money, time and effort. If the task is to make high-quality year-round water supply based on a well in a cottage, we recommend that you immediately contact a professional drilling company.

Water, as the source of human life and all living things around, is a necessary attribute of any suburban area and at home. When there is no way to lay a water pipe, indispensable solution for many owners, the creation of a well or well is considered.

The main advantage is the constant supply of water, which does not depend on the preventive maintenance of utilities.

Consider the technology of drilling wells for water. There are several nuances that must be taken into account in the process of construction work. As a result of an error, the water in the well will be unusable.

Varieties of borehole structures

You can create a permanent water supply on the site using one of the types of structures:

• arrangement of an ordinary well or an Abyssinian;
• drilling a well in sand or limestone;
• creation of an artesian well.

Among the advantages of the well, ease of construction and economic benefits are distinguished. In the created container, there are always about 2 cubic meters soft water. The disadvantages of the design are considered to be possible pollution, drying out of water and siltation of the container without constant cleaning. To avoid this, an Abyssinian well up to 12 meters deep is being dug, which is capable of providing water for a long time. Vacation home clean water.

A sand well can be deep from 15 to 30 meters and can last up to 15 years. But it, like a well, can silt up.

An artesian well helps to extract water, which is located in layers of porous limestone. The design is considered durable and capable of providing big amount clean water up to 60 years. To get the liquid, it is necessary to use a special drilling machine, but it may not always have access to the site. In addition, the procedure is considered very costly.

Water well drilling technology

Water well drilling technology can be carried out in three ways, which differ in cost and the type of equipment required:

1. auger;
2. shock-rope;
3. rotary.

When drilling wells for water, process technology is extremely important in determining the cost of work, the amount of time spent and the type of equipment.

Auger drilling

The screw version is simple and low-cost. It is often used for drilling shallow reservoirs.

Auger drilling shown

The equipment is the Archimedes screw. With its help, during drilling, the soil is extracted to the surface. This is how structures about 10 meters deep are formed.

In this way main problem the appearance of a large boulder, which cannot be bypassed, may arise. Then you need to start arranging the structure elsewhere. Therefore, this method is only suitable for soft soils. Despite the simplicity of the process, it is important to follow all the steps and protect the well from Wastewater. This manual drilling technology is very common among private professionals who have a propeller equipped with an electric motor.

Percussion drilling

Percussion drilling is many hours, but it is enough quality process well creation.

The equipment is a special heavy projectile, which is mounted on a tower. The part quickly sinks to the ground and destroys it. The tower resembles a tripod, which you can build yourself. , the resulting broken rock is removed.

Equipment can be constructed with your own hands using a piece of pipe. Using this drilling option, you can get a structure that will last a long time.

In addition, this method does not use water and a solution, which allows you to accurately find water deposits. This method of drilling is subject to any soil, only the process takes a lot of time.

Due to the complexity of the process, the cost of the service increases. To date this way not very popular among homeowners.

The essence of the rotary method

Rotary drilling process

The rotary method is considered effective, but costly. A well is created using a drill string that is able to pass through any rocks. This option is one of the most popular today.

With the help of drilling fluid, which is poured into the well, the soil is washed out. The resulting liquid is taken out by the pump. During drilling, it is necessary to isolate surface aquifers from entering clean waters.

Using the rotary method, wells of almost any depth are created.

Consider the step-by-step process of drilling wells

To fully understand the process, it is better to disassemble several types of well drilling.

During the manual method, a winch, drill and casing should be used. The winch must be mounted above the site of the future well. Its height should be more than the length of the drill by 1.5 meters.

At the site of the well, a small depression is dug with a shovel. The drill is placed in the recess, the first turns are made clockwise.

Tip: The use of water makes drilling easier.

In the process of drilling for one person, it may be difficult. Better to work in pairs. Every 0.5 m, the drill rises and is cleaned from the ground. When the equipment is completely immersed in the soil, its height is increased with the help of an additional knee.

While drilling, it is advisable to try to lift a large amount of soil in order to reduce the working time. For soft ground, it is necessary to install casing pipes so that the sand does not sprinkle, but ground water didn't get dirty. Parts are stacked on top of each other and secured with brackets.

The attachment point is hidden with stainless steel strips. Drilling is carried out to the water-resistant layer, which follows after the aquifer. At first, the water will be dirty and you will need a pump to pump it out. After pumping out a few liters, a clear liquid appears.

The very first pipe that is lowered into the well must have a fine mesh. It will serve as a filter. On the surface, the pipe is closed with a caisson, which protects the structure from contamination. If the water is located at great depths, rotary drilling is indispensable.

Water well drilling technology is shown in detail in the video below.

Each type of drilling differs in cost and type of equipment. Therefore, before starting work, it is necessary to determine the depth of the water, determine the size of the budget, and you can proceed to construction work. If the depth of the water does not exceed 10 meters, you can make a well yourself.

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The human need for drinking water exists as long as civilization itself exists. We have not yet learned another way to extract water, except from the earth, and even then the extraction technology drinking water far from perfect. However, there is no other way out if you need to ensure uninterrupted water supply at home. Not everywhere there is an opportunity to connect to centralized water supply so wells have to be drilled.

What are water wells

The geological conditions of each area dictate certain conditions, in accordance with which the choice of the type of well takes place. The choice of well type is influenced by:

• resource and source depth;
• source development cost;
• water quality.

Modern water well drilling technologies can provide excellent results showing good quality water and high productivity of the deposit. Consider the basic, basic principles of well development and their types.

In fact, these are two ways that allow you to get water with small means. Now we will consider drilling methods of the third type, artesian. However, any of the methods described below may be suitable for a shallower well.

Based on the name, well drilling is carried out with a special tool called an auger. The tool destroys the soil with rotational movements, and the crushed rock is fed upward by an auger, at the end of which there is a drill. With pliable soil, drilling in this way is done quite quickly. The drilling speed is approximately 40-45 meters per shift. Auger drilling is the most economical type of water well drilling, but this technology also has its drawbacks.

Firstly, drilling is possible only on soft or medium soils due to the fact that the drill cannot cope with hard and rocky soil. Second, drilling sandy soils the auger method does not make sense, since the soil has time to crumble before the pipe is installed. Therefore, in such cases, other drilling methods are used.

The essence of the method is the use of a hollow rod, at the end of which a burner is fixed. The shattered soil rises mechanical method, but by washing out, and for this a special solution is used. The solution is a mixture of clay and water, and after use, the entire mass is sent to the sludge trap.

Clay in the composition of the solution is needed in order to strengthen the walls of the well, so the use of this method is quite possible on sandy soils. The mechanism itself has quite compact dimensions. This can be used if it is necessary to drill a well directly in the basement of a residential building. The depth of development by this method can reach 300 meters, which is quite suitable for drilling artesian wells.

Shock-rope method of drilling wells for water

For viscous soils, the percussion rope drilling method is most applicable. Despite the tricky name, it involves a sharp descent into the mine metal glass, which, as it deepens, is filled with soil, after which the glass is raised to the surface using a system of ropes, cleaned, then thrown again. The process of drilling in this way does not require any equipment at all, but is physically exhausting and takes quite a long time.

Manual well drilling

This is what distinguishes professional drillers from ordinary developers. There is also a technique for manual drilling shock-rope or auger method, which can be rented. But at self-development wells, the developer is not always aware of the scope of work and its complexity, so still pay a certain amount to the drillers.

Water well drilling price

Well drilling prices, of course, depend on many factors, the main of which is the composition of the soil. So, on limestone soils, drilling can cost from 1.5 to 2 thousand rubles per meter of penetration, and on sandy soils it will cost from 2.5 thousand per meter. Artesian wells always cost a little more, and the price of drilling will be about 2.8 thousand rubles per meter.

You can save on drilling, there are several ways to do this. As a rule, all drilling work is carried out in the warm season, when drilling crews are scheduled every day. If you plan to drill in winter time you can save up to 20% of your money. It is also necessary to proceed from the principle of reasonable sufficiency - if there is no need for a high-performance well, then the technology of drilling water wells of a smaller diameter or depth can be much cheaper.

Nevertheless, if there is no self-confidence, it is better to entrust drilling to professionals. This will ensure that you get clean water. all year round without any restrictions.

An undeveloped land plot without any communications was purchased. There is a power line and a gas pipeline nearby, but there is no central water supply. There is a question about individual water supply. Without a constant supply of water, it will not be possible to create comfortable conditions for living, caring for plantings and engaging subsidiary farm. To obtain clean drinking water, you need to know which about well drilling technology water will do for your area.

We will introduce you to several technologies that differ in the equipment used, the method of destruction and extraction of rocks, so that you can have an idea of ​​how long it will take to pass the hole, how it will be done and what installation.

Screw

This type of drilling is the most affordable and in a simple way extraction of clean water from underground rock layers. The screw (auger), rotating, bites into the ground. Auger technology is limited by the ability to drill in soft and dry soils. If the hole height is less than 10 m, the drilling fluid is not used. However, in quicksand and rocks, it is impossible to drill a well with an auger.

During drilling, the rock is destroyed in the bottomhole by an auger and transported to the wellhead. This drilling technology is used with a well diameter from 6 cm to 80 cm and a depth of up to 50 m. Sometimes work can be carried out at a depth of up to 100 m. During the lifting of the drill, the walls of the well are well fixed. To prevent shedding of the walls, the casing pipe is immediately immersed behind the auger.

Advantages:

• Installation mobility.
• Simple organization of drilling operations.

Disadvantages:

• Drilling depth limitation.
• Cannot be used for drilling in rocks, viscous clays, loose sands, quicksand.

Rotary

Rotary drilling technology for water wells - the continuous rotational movement of the bit, working as a destructive tool, and the use of mud to wash out the rock from the wellbore. Self-propelled rigs are used for drilling using this technology. Rotary drilling can break rock with a properly calculated load and drill collars. To wash out the soil from the wellbore, a mud pump constantly feeds a solution into the drill pipe.

Backwashing can be used by introducing slurry into the annulus. In this case, the destroyed rock is washed out through the pipe, which makes it possible to get the aquifer faster and better.

The price of rotary drilling is slightly higher than the price auger drilling, but it will take less time to extract drinking water.

Advantages of the rotary method:

• High penetration rate.
• Reducing the cost of work by saving casing pipes.

Disadvantages:

• It is practically impossible to take samples of the aquifer without well casing and preliminary descent.
• The need to insulate the circulation system in cold weather.
• The use of a large amount of clay and water, which pollutes the limestone layers.

Note! The greater the depth of the aquifer, the cleaner the water will flow to your site.

Shock-rope

The passage of shafts by the shock-rope method is the longest, laborious and oldest method of drilling, but at the same time remains one of the most quality technologies well construction. The rock is destroyed by the impact of a heavy projectile, sharply lowered from a height. After each blow, the crushed rock is taken out of the bailer.

The installation consists of a glass, a winch, a cable, a block or a tripod of a driving bailer. A glass is a pipe pointed at one end. Using a winch, the glass is raised above the face and sharply lowered. Falling, it crashes into a layer of rock and gains inside it a small amount of. In order to overcome the resistance of the soil layer as best as possible and penetrate it, a special shock rod is used. When the barbell hits the end of the glass, it is filled with rock.

The bailer works the same way. For hard rock layers, a drill bit is used that can crush or crush the rock.

Advantages of the shock-rope method:

• There is no need to use a mud solution to wash out the rock from the well.
• The driller will learn about the opening of the aquifer almost immediately.
• The duration of the well operation.

Disadvantages:

• High price level.
• High labor intensity of the process.
• The need to block all quicksand and aquifers with a casing pipe.

Manual

With limited space, the most effective and practical option well drilling is considered manual drilling. Used for work hand drill, adapter rods, tools for cleaning the drill and handles. The diameter of the drill can be from 10 cm to 30 cm. Manual water well drilling technology is usually used for a hole depth of 10 m. To continue drilling further, you need to apply a lot of physical effort.

Note! If the development of the well is provided with a winch, a block and a suspension device, the depth of the wellbore will increase significantly. At manual way two people can drill a 10 m hole in two working days.

Advantages of the method:

• Low price level.
• Repair work is carried out easily and quickly.
• Use of small equipment.
• Do not use heavy equipment that can cause damage to the plot.
• Ability to drill wells in hard-to-reach places.
• Easy and fast organization of work.
• Drilling is carried out in a short time.

Disadvantages:

• Inability to reach deep aquifers with small-sized equipment.
• In the surface layers, there may not always be water suitable for drinking.
• Drilling can only be carried out in soils of medium hardness and soft rocks.

You have familiarized yourself with the basic technologies for drilling water wells and now you can choose what is most suitable for your site. If you only need process water, it is best to apply manual drilling technology. For deeper wells, it is better to use one of the first three technologies presented.