The drain dries up - the cause and solution of the problem. How to properly care for a tree so that it bears fruit for many years and does not hurt? Plum dries: what to do

Plum is considered one of the most stable and unpretentious, but it can also be attacked by a disease. The first messengers that something is wrong with the plant are yellow leaves that appeared at the height of summer. The reasons may be different, therefore, it is necessary to act in each case in a special way. In order not to make a mistake, read the information below.

Landing place

If the tree begins to change the color of the foliage and lose it from the top, then most likely the reason for this is close occurrence groundwater . Perhaps you took this factor into account when planting the plant, but when the plum tree reaches the age of five, it root system grows strongly deep into the soil. Therefore, if for a young tree the depth of groundwater was large, mature plant can easily reach them with roots. This problem can be solved by transplanting or draining the soil, or by forming a hill.

Another reason, similar in manifestation and character, is frequent site flooding spring floods or after prolonged rains. In this case, the tree needs to be transplanted to a hill.
A newly planted plum may begin to turn yellow leaves. Perhaps the reason for this is lack of lighting. On a sunny day, look carefully for shadows falling on the seedling from larger, closely growing plants or buildings. If the answer is yes, then immediately transplant the plum so that you do not have to cut down other trees later.

Lack of watering

Normally, with a lack of precipitation, an adult plum needs 6-8 buckets of water every ten days. A young tree, depending on its age, needs three to five buckets for ten days. If you pour less water or less frequently water, the tree may begin to turn yellow and dry out.

Freezing branches

Sudden temperature changes are detrimental to wood. If, with the advent of heat, you opened the plum root system early, then, most likely, when spring frosts she will freeze.

If the root system of the plant is affected, then it receives less nutrients and starts to die. If the root system is damaged, you need to regularly feed the tree with fertilizers and hope that it has enough strength to recover on its own.
Only branches can suffer from night ones - then they just need to be cut off.

So that the plum does not suffer from frost, it should be carefully prepared for the winter and do not remove the shelter ahead of time.

Did you know? In England, the plum is called the “royal fruit”, since Elizabeth II eats two plums every morning before breakfast, and then proceeds to the meal.

Nutrient deficiency

With a lack of nutrients, the foliage on the tree begins to turn yellow from below. Young shoots also suffer.

With a lack of soil nitrogen the foliage turns light green, then slowly turns yellow. At the same time, growths are weak, thin. The growth of the whole tree may stop. Conversely, if the soil is oversaturated with this element, then the plum grows quickly, covered with dark, bumpy foliage of large sizes. The period of flowering and fruiting comes with a significant delay.

If your site has sandy and sandy soils, then there may be a lack magnesium. The leaves are covered with yellow or red spots between the veins. Then the leaf begins to die from the edge, its twisting and wrinkling. The tree sheds its leaves early, the fruits begin to fall, even if they are still green.
If the plant lacks phosphorus, then its leaves acquire a bronze or purple hue, after which they may turn black and dry. The tree blooms sparsely and for a short time. The fruits are formed small and tasteless.

potash starvation leads to a violation of the water balance. In a diseased tree, the leaf twists up, acquires a yellow rim, then shades blue color, turns yellow, and eventually blackens.

In time established type fasting is corrected by introducing the missing element into the soil.

Diseases

Diseases and pests can also significantly change the appearance of a plant.

This fungal disease. Spores from the soil through the damaged root system enter the tree. Growing, the mycelium clogs the tubules in the trunk, through which the juice moves. As a result, the leaves are deprived of nutrition and, as a result, begin to die. They turn yellow, curl up and fall off.

At the first manifestations of the disease, the plum must be processed or - this is done before and after flowering. If the signs of the disease became noticeable only at the top, then the fungus, most likely, has already affected the entire plant, and it can only be cut down and burned. The land where the tree grew should be treated with disinfectants.

Did you know? In ancient times in the Czech Republic, a person who committed some kind of bad deed went to the priest to repent. He could forgive the sin, if only the one who asked would work it off. As a rule, the practice was to plant a plum near the road. Therefore, now in the Balkans, these trees grow along all roads.

Moniliosis

It is also a kind of fungal disease - it affects the plant through the pistils of the flower, then spreads to the foliage and young branches. The disease is activated when the temperature drops from -0.6-1.5 ° C and with strong cold winds.

If a blackening of the color is noticed, then treat the tree immediately, because if the flowers begin to fall off and the foliage darkens, then you will be left without a crop. Cut off affected branches and burn.

Video: fight against stone fruit moniliosis

Important! If signs of moniliosis were found on one plant, treat all the trees in the garden, as the fungus spreads with wind, rain, and insects.

Another one - usually affects foliage and shoots, sometimes occurs on fruits. Signs of the disease are small red-brown spots, which gradually increase in size and cover the entire surface of the leaf. It begins to bend like a boat, and pinkish fungal spores are visible inside it. Gradually, the leaf dies and falls off. If the disease has seriously affected the plum, then the spores of the fungus are also visible in the cracks of the bark.
Copper sulfate and Bordeaux liquid can help with misfortune. Both the tree and the land around it are processed.

Chlorosis

With this ailment, at the height of summer, the leaves at the top of the plum become pale yellow, then turn white and fall off. Gradually, the disease spreads to the bottom of the crown. This happens for several reasons:

• alkaline soil (made a lot of lime or manure);
• carbonate soil;
• lack of iron salts;
• freezing of the root system;
• oxygen starvation of the roots due to soil jamming.

On the initial stage plum diseases can be treated with 2% or "Antichlorosin". To feed the plant, use Hylat.

Video: more about plant chlorosis

plum aphid

When attacked by microscopic foliage of the tree turns yellow and curls. The aphid spreads with great speed, and it is not so easy to destroy it due to the fact that it settles on back side leaf and deforms its edges, so drops of poison when spraying do not reach the target.

Damaged branches need to be cut and burned, then treat the plant with an infusion of, or a soap-mustard solution. BUT in early spring should be processed

The plum is a stone fruit found in every garden.

At proper care, the tree brings a large number of delicious and juicy fruits, which can be marinated, make jam, cook compotes and make excellent tinctures.

The tree has a wide variety of varieties that take root well in different climatic conditions.

Plum fruits are a storehouse of useful substances, among which are: calcium, phosphorus, mineral salts, proteins, carbohydrates, chromium, iodine, zinc, copper, as well as a large amount of vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, PP, E).

During cultivation, the plum loves space, so that neighboring crowns do not close, so this point is important to consider when planting. Special attention it is worth paying fertilizers, they must be applied strictly in the amount indicated in the instructions, otherwise the tree can be seriously harmed. It is important to select pollinating varieties, so the tree will not only bloom well, but also bring a bountiful harvest.

Plum dries up: why

There are many reasons why plums dry up. Among the main ones, it is worth mentioning improper care throughout the year and climate change. Do not forget about diseases and pests that bring unpleasant consequences to the plant. However, if the tree is treated in time and the pests are destroyed, then it will continue to grow well and bear fruit abundantly.

Plum dries up: what to do - weather reasons

Strange as it may seem, but stone fruit trees are very sensitive to watering. If the drinking regime is violated, then this can lead to drying of the plum and poor fruiting. The plant needs high-quality watering, especially during flowering and ovary formation.

Plum does not tolerate severe frosts very well, since it appeared on the territory of our country much later than the others. fruit trees. The plant has not yet fully adapted to climatic features. Cold has a bad effect on the condition of the whole plant, which leads to drying. To avoid an unpleasant situation, it is worth choosing frost-resistant varieties. Unfortunately, even choosing right sort, you can not completely insure the tree from freezing. Such unpleasant consequences can be avoided if the plant is properly cared for throughout the year. Throughout the year, the plum needs some care:

November - December, it is necessary to thoroughly trample the snow around the tree so that the mice do not penetrate the seedling. It is necessary to shake off snow from the branches of the plant to prevent the branches from breaking off;

January, if the winter is practically snowless, then the available amounts of snow must be raked up to the tree trunk and thoroughly trampled down. Such actions will protect the roots and trunk from freezing;

February, the snow must be removed from the tree trunk and the winter harness removed. The plum trunk must be whitewashed with limestone mortar (for 10 liters of water, 3 kg of lime and 2 kg of clay are needed), such manipulations will help the tree to transfer temperature changes;

March, in the middle of the month, you need to start cutting the plum;

April, it is necessary to dig grooves to drain the melt water, so a lot of moisture will not penetrate to the root of the tree. The soil around the trees must be dug up, and scattered around nitrogen fertilizers, they will provide excellent growth, development and flowering. To save the plant from possible spring frosts, it is worth preparing smoke heaps in advance that will warm the tree;

May, if the temperature is about +1 °C, then it is necessary to set fire to the smoke heaps. It is better to finish smoking 1-2 hours after sunrise. After which it is desirable to water the tree warm water and spray the crown. IN hot weather plum needs abundant watering (about 6 buckets for 1 tree). Before flowering, the plant needs mineral and organic fertilizers;

June - July, it is necessary to water and feed the plant. organic fertilizers you need to dilute 1:10 and pour 5 buckets of solution under the tree. Urea must be diluted with 10 liters of water 1 tablespoon of fertilizer and pour 5 buckets under the tree;

August - September, the tree needs to be fed, so fertilizer will nourish the tree with all beneficial substances which will prevent freezing and subsequent drying. In autumn, the tree must be watered abundantly (about 7 buckets), this will help it to winter;

October, the trunk must be cleaned of various damages and whitewashed with lime, just like in February.

Proper care is the key to a good wintering and the health of the whole tree. Following such simple rules you can protect the plum from frost and other weather conditions. So the plum will not dry out, but rather will bring good harvest.

Plum dries up: what to do - pests and diseases

The yield of plums directly depends on the "health of the tree." Gardeners need to have a good knowledge of plant diseases and, if necessary, take urgent action.

1. Spotting perforated- This is a fungal disease that affects leaves, flowers and bark. It is most active in the spring when it rains. Brown spots appear on the plant, surrounded by a darker border. Holes appear on the leaves over time, and the fruits stop growing in the affected areas and the disease penetrates to the very bone.

To prevent plum disease, it is necessary to prune the tree annually, not allowing it to thicken. In autumn, fallen leaves should be removed, and the soil around it should be dug up. Affected branches should be cut and burned, and the wounds healed. If the disease has not receded, then the tree must be sprayed with Bordon liquid (1%) or copper oxychloride (30 g per 10 liters of water). This should be done 2 weeks after flowering.

2. Gommoz- a disease that manifests itself in the form of a brownish thick resin. It is quite common on brush fruit trees. Resin appears in places that have been damaged by frost or sunburned. Usually the affected plum branches dry up. The disease appears due to adverse conditions, and it can also develop due to a large number nitrogen and soil moisture.

The drain must be properly and timely looked after, as well as prevent mechanical damage. The resulting wounds must be immediately cleaned and disinfected (petralatum). If the branches are significantly affected, they are best cut and destroyed. The affected bark must be cleaned and rubbed horse sorrel, then grease with garden pitch.

3. Rust- This is a fungal disease that initially affects the leaves. Red spots appear on the outer side of the leaf, which increase in size. sick tree weakens, begins to shed leaves prematurely and is subject to freezing, which leads to drying.

Fallen leaves must be destroyed in a timely manner. Before flowering, the tree must be sprayed with copper chloride (40 g per 5 liters of water, 3 liters of solution are needed per tree). At the end of the harvest, the plum must be treated with Bordon liquid.

It is worth paying attention to the pests that infect the tree and this can lead to the drying of the plum.

1. Goldentail- it's a butterfly white color, its size is about 5 cm. During the swelling of the buds, the insect harms the leaves and buds of the tree. By the end of May, the caterpillar pupates and a butterfly appears, which lives in the bark, and on reverse side leaves she lays eggs. To destroy the pest, it is necessary to treat the plum with karbofos even before flowering.

2. ringed silkworm- This is a night butterfly, about 4 cm in size, its wings are grayish in color. In spring, the insect eats leaves and buds. Control measures: before flowering, the tree must be sprayed with tinctures of wormwood, chamomile or tobacco. If folk methods doesn't work, you should try chemicals(Entobacterin, Dendrobacillin).

The plum dries up: what to do - if the reasons are not established

It may happen that it will not be possible to eliminate the causes of the drying of the plum.

The gardener could not save the tree from freezing or could not cure the disease and overcome the pest. Leave the plum alone.

Perhaps next year a new shoot will start from some preserved bud. If this does not happen, and the plum is completely dry, it is recommended to uproot the tree. A young seedling can be planted in its place only after three years.

Plum often suffers from low temperatures in winter. The most annoying thing is that the flower buds are damaged first, and only then the growth buds and branches. Therefore, if the tree did not bloom in the spring, there is only one reason - the winter turned out to be too harsh for the plum tree.

PROTECT YOUR ROOTS YOUNGER

Worst of all, when the roots freeze. This happens especially often with non-hardy varieties. If the branches can withstand temperatures down to -40 ° C, then the roots suffer already at -16 ° C.

Only snow can save the roots. But if too much of it falls out, there is a risk of the bark at the root collar aging out. If the bark breaks around the ring, then the tree dies. If it only partially covers the root neck - also nothing good - the tree withers and may die. The risk of neck warming is especially great if the mulch is laid out close to the root neck or when the tree is planted in a deep place.

BURN ON THE DRAIN IS NOT A PLACE

The winter troubles for trees do not end there. On the trunks on the south side, sunburn can form due to strong differences in day and night temperatures. As a result, the bark on the trees bursts and dies. In unfavorable winters, there can be especially many such cracks, and in the spring, gum flows out of stone fruits.

You can determine if the plum is frozen or not with the help of a pruner. They cut branches and, if wood orange color, which means that the plum suffered from frost. The foliage on such trees blooms unfriendly, does not reach normal size, and the trees often die by mid-summer.

Frostbite Prevention

To reduce the risk of freezing plum trees, prolonged growth of branches in autumn should be avoided, and exhaustion should not be allowed in fruit-bearing trees. bountiful harvest. For the sake of this, part of the ovaries is shaken after flowering.

If the second half of the summer is dry, regular watering should be carried out, since even mild winters are dangerous for plums on dry soil.

WITH WATER - CAUTION

With normal watering, the bark suffers less from burns, and the frost resistance of the buds increases.

Only without fanaticism.For plums, waterlogging is no less harmful than a complete lack of water. And so that the roots do not freeze out in winter, lay out mulch around the periphery of the crown. At the same time, bypass the root neck so that the tree does not rot.

To prevent the root neck from freezing, trample the snow near the trunk. At the same time, this will make it difficult for mice to access the bark of the tree. In the fall, the irrigation borders are destroyed so that the water in the bowls does not stagnate with melting snow.

WHITEWASHING IS VERY NEEDED

For prevention sunburn trunks and forks of skeletal branches are whitewashed with lime with the addition of clay and copper sulfate. Early in the spring, whitewashing is repeated.If cracks (frost cracks) still appear, tightly tie the trunk with burlap.

CORA TREATMENT

If the bark is damaged large area, in the spring they clean the wound with a knife to healthy wood. Then washed with 2-3% iron vitriol and covered with garden pitch. Large wounds are covered with clay.

Frost-damaged plum trees can be restored by pruning. To more accurately determine the damage zone, wait for the buds to open. If only the tops of the branches are frozen, cut them back to healthy tissue.

CUTTING AFFECTED BRANCHES

If the wood of the skeletal branches is damaged, shorten each of the branches to the place where it began active growth shoots. In severely damaged trees, it is important to keep all healthy branches.

Start pruning trees after a harsh winter in April. First, remove the obviously frozen parts of the plants, and in the summer, when plum branches that have not recovered from damage are visible, continue pruning. Branches that have not recovered usually have small or withering leaves, but the trees still bloom. Don't expect these flowers to bear fruit. The sooner you remove dead branches, the more hope to save the tree.

Early spring watering helps to restore the crown after freezing, followed by maintaining normal soil moisture, as well as root and foliar top dressing urea solution or complex fertilizer low concentration (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water).

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Often summer residents cut down a tree when aphids start up, leaves wither or branches dry up. Fruit trees and shrubs need care, and if there is no proper care, they die, infecting nearby plants with diseases.

It is not always clear why the process of drying the leaves began, the tree shed all the leaves or completely withered. You need to figure out what to do when the plum dries.

Causes

Not only people feed on plum fruits, but also various microorganisms that are not so easy to detect.

The plum tree suffers from three types of infections:

• bacteria;
• mushrooms;
• viruses.

Non-infectious causes of wilting:

Basically, infection occurs from disturbed ecology and abandoned areas near:

• Gum flow - translucent "tears" flow down from the damage and freeze, so the plum heals itself, sealing the wounds. But this weakens the tree, increases the risk of contracting serious diseases. Damage to the tree is treated with garden pitch or blue vitriol. With a heavy lesion, diseased branches are cut off.

• Damping - damage to the bark in the root zone when the snow is in in large numbers falls on the unfrozen ground. Compacting the snow, stamping it at the trunk, you can prevent damping. Someone is raking snow from the trunk so that the soil freezes. Then the snow is shoveled back.
• Violation of the water balance occurs due to the drying of the earth or excessive wetting of the soil and roots. Stagnation of water or drought contributes to the death of the root. In the dry season, it should be watered abundantly: normally 10 liters per 1 sq.m of the entire crown area. Excess water must be removed. You can do this with grooves.
• Plum trees frozen in winter dry out rapidly in spring. Nothing to help here. Choose next time frost-resistant variety And right place for landing.
• Infection of wood, weakened by frost or disturbed water supply, first leads to the drying of individual branches, and then the entire plant. The water supply must be adjusted and arrangements made for next winter if most of the tree survives.
• Gardeners rarely meet with water rats, but rodents do a lot of harm: in winter they eat the bark of young plums, in summer - the roots. Against rodents in the fall, the plum trunk is tightly tied spruce branches needles down and in the thaw they trample down the snow near the trunk so that the rats cannot reach it.
• From insect pests should be sprayed with chemicals. It is important to spray correctly so that the fruits do not accumulate harmful elements - before flowering, immediately after flowering or before fruit ripening, and, if necessary, even after leaf fall. Insecticides perfectly cure insect pests: "karbofos" or "phosphamide", which must be treated before and after flowering, as well as in early August, when pests lay larvae. In case of damage by sapwood and leafworm, eating away passages in the tree, the preparations are powerless - you will have to cut and burn the branches.

It is not difficult to deal with non-infectious causes of plum drying, you just need to eliminate the shortcomings.

Infectious diseases

If you do not pay attention to the modifications of the leaves and fruits of the plum, then other plants will become infected, and soon you can be left without a garden.

Virus

All stone fruits fall ill with smallpox (sharka): cherry plum, apricot, cherry, etc. At first, the leaves are affected: light rings and stripes form on them, which turn yellow and dry out. Then the fruits become infected: they change color, become covered with light depressed rings, similar to pockmarks - hence the name. There may be stripes. The fruits are deformed, turn brown, fall off early, transparent gum appears on the "pockmarks". It carries an infection from other aphid plants, or maybe the virus was already in the purchased seedling or got through an untreated tool.

Chlorotic spotting (annular or mosaic) begins with the leaves, only in the center of the resulting pattern a hole forms, dead tissue disappears. The leaves become smaller, narrower, become stiff, with wrinkles. It is transmitted in the same ways as smallpox, infection through pollen is possible.

Viral diseases of the plum, as well as the fungal "Milky Shine" and the bacterial "Witch's Broom", cannot be cured with the drug. The plum will have to be uprooted and destroyed.

However, it is necessary to take preventive measures to protect neighboring and future trees: in the spring, before the buds appear, it is necessary to spray the trees with Bordeaux liquid 3% (300 g per 10 liters of water) and repeat the procedure after flowering with the same preparation, but only 1%.

Fungus

Mushrooms are widely distributed in dense plantings and in humid climates, but an outbreak can occur even in northern regions due to rainy summers:

Cytosporosis (drying infectious) leads to complete drying of the plum. The tree is affected through damage to the bark, which leads to the death of tissues. You can see small black tubercles under the dead bark - spores of the fungus. It is necessary to spray the tree with Bordeaux liquid 3% (300 g to 10 l of water) or fungicides.

Klyasterosporiosis (perforated spotting) affects not only the leaves, but also all the aerial parts of the tree: reddish spots appear on the leaves, turning into holes, then the leaves dry up. The shoots and bark are also covered with red spots, gum is visible at the lesions. The buds darken and fall off, also with flowers and fruits. The spores of the fungus are quickly spread by insects, tools or wind. For treatment, Bordeaux solution 1% (100 g to 10 l of water) or copper oxychloride (40 g to 5 l of water), as well as the drug "topsin M" are sprayed. Many treat the soil and trees before flowering with suitable fungicides.

Moniliosis ( gray rot) are compared with a burn, because the consequences are similar. Affected branches shrink with lightning speed, but flowers, fruits and leaves do not fall off. The disease is easy to recognize by rotting fruits that deteriorate right on the branch. Spores easily endure the winter and in the spring "attack" the surviving crops with renewed vigor. Bordeaux liquid 1% or copper oxychloride will help in the fight.

Pockets (handbags) are formed as a result of infection with fruit spores: plums of an unusual elongated shape in the form of sacs with almost no stones. The fruits do not ripen, do not grow, and soon dry out and fall off. Sprayed with Bordeaux liquid 3% (300 g to 10 l of water) or fungicides.

Fruits and leaves are affected by coccomycosis: they are distinguished by red-violet, and sometimes even brown spots, which soon cover the entire plum. The fruits grow irregular shape and are not edible. Leaves in a short time become yellow or brown, after which the tree discards them. Treated with copper sulphate or Bordeaux solution 1%.

Milky shine is distinguished by the silvery color of the leaves and air bubbles in them, then the leaves dry out. Brown spots are visible on the trunk and branches, then the plum bark darkens and begins to fall off in strips. There are cases of infection through vaccinations. It is unrealistic to save a tree; in this case, it should only be uprooted and burned. Treat the soil with a Bordeaux solution or copper-containing preparations, biofungicides.

Curly is visible in the shape of the leaves: they are corrugated, curled, turn yellow or redden. Then a plaque appears, the leaf dries out and falls off. The fruits are deformed or not tied. The spores of the fungus do not withstand frost, and most often the disease rages for only one season.

Plum rust is characterized by the appearance of the corresponding color spots on the leaves, which darken by autumn and become like small pads. “Zineb”, copper-containing preparations, is excellent.

The sooty fungus affects the plum leaf - it seems to be covered with soot, it turns black, but this is just a coating that can be easily wiped off or washed off. Therefore, it is easiest to get rid of this disease. A soap-copper solution is sprayed (150 g of grated household soap mixed with 5 g of copper sulfate to 10 liters of water), copper oxychloride and 1% Bordeaux solution.

With verticillium, individual branches dry out, but the whole tree may die: from below, the leaves turn yellow and crumble, and from above they usually remain healthy green, like bast and bark. Most often young plums get sick. The main reason is a soil imperfect fungus of the genus Verticillium.

They effectively fight many fungal BIOpreparations: "phytodoctor", "phytosporin" and many other less toxic standard chemicals.

Bacterium

Bacterial spots on plum leaves appear as small roundness and lines. Further, the process of drying occurs and the spots turn yellow along the border. The fruits are also covered with convex dark spots with a white border and a scaly surface. The tree quickly turns black and dries out.

The "witch's broom" is distinguished by overgrown thin branches that appear as a result of infection of the tree with the smallest microorganisms. These twigs are barren, but they take a huge share of nutrition. The leaves below on such branches are covered with bloom.

For bacterial burns and diseases, the plum is sprayed with 1% copper sulphate (100 g to 10 l of water), 5% azofoska fungicides and antibiotics. The procedure is carried out in late spring and early July, during the flowering period, 3 times per season, observing an interval of 4–6 days.

Prevention methods

To prevent diseases, timely protection and prevention of all garden trees and shrubs from different kind diseases, especially bacterial and fungal.

Prevention must be carried out correctly:

• cut the branches in time in moderation, and process the cuts with garden pitch;
• prevent damage to the bark;
• do not leave affected fruits;
• do not thicken with new planting crops;
• buy seedlings from trusted suppliers;
• disinfect garden tools before each treatment;
• timely spray with insecticides;
• regularly inspect the trees for the manifestation of diseases and, having found signs of infection, immediately cut and burn the branches;
• whiten the trunk and branches in autumn;
• harvest carefully, avoiding damage to the fruit;
• dig grooves, preventing waterlogging of the site;
• regularly sow green manure, especially mustard, which mushrooms do not like.

Before using any preparation, it is better to check its safety for leaves on individual branches. Fungicides are effective, but rather weak, and strong concentrations are prohibited for use due to toxicity.

Plot with fruit stone fruit trees should be well ventilated and illuminated by the sun, which heats and dries the tree.

Only through hard work can you get a healthy and tasty harvest as a result!

Perforated spotting (clasterosporiasis) of plums.

A widespread fungal disease of plums (apricots, peaches, cherries, and other stone fruits) affects leaves, buds, twigs, and flowers. Pale brown round spots up to 6 mm appear on the leaves. in diameter, framed by a reddish border. Within one to two weeks, the spots crumble, and perforation forms. With a strong infection, plum leaves begin to dry out and fall off. When the fungus infects the fruits, they develop depressed growing purple spots. As the spots grow, they become Brown color and take a convex shape. Gum flows out of swollen spots. With late infection, the spots remain flat. The pulp in the places of formation of spots dries up to the bone. The shoots are also first covered with rounded, and later with elongated spots, which crack and gum flows out of them. Kidneys infected with the fungus die and turn black. Affected plum flowers crumble. Conidiospores overwinter in wounds, on leaves. In spring, when the temperature reaches 4-6˚C, the fungus emerges on the surface of the bark and spreads to the leaves with the help of rain, wind, and insects. When infected with a fungus, the plum weakens, its yield decreases.

Control measures: timely removal and destruction of affected shoots and plum branches; destruction of foliage; avoid thickening; spraying immediately after flowering and two weeks after the first treatment with one of the following preparations: 1% Bordeaux liquid, copper oxychloride (30-40 g per 10 liters of water), topsin-M 70% w.p. (0.1%).

Gum disease (gommosis) plums.

A widespread disease that affects stone fruits. Appears on frozen or fungal diseased plum trees. Contributes to the appearance of the disease is highly moist and overly fertilized soil. A sign of the disease is the release of gum from the trunk and branches. The gum solidifies, forming transparent drops. different shapes. Gum treatment can lead to the death of the plum.

Control measures: good care behind the plum trees; increasing resistance to diseases and pests, wounds that appear for any reason should be immediately treated with a 1% solution of copper sulfate, or it is better to cover with garden pitch with petralatum. Destroy severely affected branches.

Plum coccomycosis.

A widespread fungal disease of plums (plums, cherry plums, almonds, blackthorns, apricots). Attacks leaves and fruits. Very small bright or pale red spots appear on the affected leaves. Merging they can capture most sheet. Most often, on the underside of the leaf, the spots are covered with white-pink pads (fungal spores). Affected plum leaves turn yellow and then fall off, or turn brown and dry out. Fruits stop development and dry up. The fungus overwinters in diseased, fallen leaves. With the beginning of plum flowering, the fungus throws out spores and, in the presence of moisture, they infect the leaves. Coccomycosis reduces the winter hardiness of the plum and can cause its death.

Control measures: destroy fallen leaves; dig up the soil in spring and autumn; spraying: the first during the isolation of green buds, the second - after flowering and the third - after harvesting with copper oxychloride (40 g per 10 liters of water) or 1% Bordeaux liquid.

Plum rust.

A widespread disease that affects cherries, apples, pears. It develops with particular force in July. Rounded, "rusty" spots appear on the upper side of the plum leaves, which gradually grow. Severely affected leaves fall prematurely. Infected trees weaken, their winter hardiness decreases. Cherries often do not bear fruit the next year.

Control measures: collection and destruction of fallen leaves. Before flowering and after the trees, spray with copper chloride (40 g per 5 liters of water, 3 liters per tree). After harvesting, treat with 1% Bordeaux mixture.

Moniliosis or monilial burn, gray fruit rot of plums.

Widespread fungal disease of plums. It affects flowers, ovaries, fruits and young branches, annual shoots stone fruits. It affects fruits that have mechanical damage, as well as in close contact of a sick fetus with a healthy one. Subsequently, the fruit rots, and small gray pads pour out on its surface. The fungus overwinters in dried fruits, on diseased branches. During the flowering of the plum, spores appear that fall into the flowers and the tree becomes ill. At the same time, the flowers, adjacent leaves and parts of the branches dry out. A heavily infested tree looks scorched. On the "burned" parts, small gray pads appear again (sporulation of the fungus). High humidity air contributes to the development of the disease, insects (in particular, goose) also contribute to its spread. Affected old branches secrete gum, the bark cracks on them, and sagging appears on it.

Control measures: in autumn and 20 days after flowering, cutting and destruction of affected shoots; autumn digging soils with incorporation of foliage; before and after flowering, spray with Hom (copper oxychloride 40g powder per 5l water; 4l solution per mature tree.). About 4 liters are spent on an adult tree. the resulting solution. Copper chloride can be replaced with 1% Bordeaux liquid.

Plum root cancer.

A widespread disease of plum and other fruit crops. The disease is caused by bacteria living in the soil. Penetrating into the plum roots through wounds and cracks, bacteria cause cell division. Therefore, growths appear on the roots and root collar of the plum. The infected plant stops growing, and the seedlings take root worse or die altogether. The disease is especially pronounced in drought, and a slightly alkaline or neutral environment also contributes to the development of the disease.

Control measures: grow seedlings in areas where crops affected by this disease have not been grown for a long time; when digging, the detected growths are removed from the seedlings, while the root system is disinfected in a 1% solution of copper sulfate (100 g per 10 liters of water) for 5 minutes. Severely affected seedlings are destroyed. garden tools treated in a solution of chloramine (0.5%) or formalin (100 ml of a 40% preparation per 5 liters of water).

Milky shine.

A widespread disease that affects all fruit crops. The result may be the death of the entire tree. In the leaves of trees affected by frost, air voids form. Therefore, the leaves become silvery-whitish. Gradually, the tissue of the leaves dies off and they dry out. The wood of branches and trunks becomes dark.

Control measures: increasing the winter hardiness of trees, autumn whitewashing of trunks and uterine branches, spring dressing, removal and destruction of branches and trees damaged by the disease.

Plum fungus.

Widespread, affects branches and trunks, stone fruit crops. Spores penetrate the bark through mechanical damage. The mycelium formed by spores destroys the wood. The tissue affected by spores turns yellow, dark stripes form along the edges. Fruiting bodies are hoof- or tiled, the surface becomes smooth, gray or black in color from velvety. Hollows form on the affected wood. After a few years, solid fruiting bodies form on the bark.

Control measures: protection of trees from damage; healing wounds; destruction of infected trees; removal of fruiting bodies before spores disperse (June - August), wounds after collecting fruiting bodies are treated with a 3% solution of copper sulfate and covered with garden pitch; hollows are cleaned of rot, filled with fine gravel and poured with a solution of cement and sand (1: 4).

plum pests

Hawthorn.

Damages fruit, pome and stone fruits, bird cherry, hawthorn. The butterfly is large, the wingspan is up to 7 cm. It has veiny white wings. Flies during the day, near water (rivers, puddles) and on flowering plants. A mature caterpillar reaches a length of 45 mm., The body is covered with dense soft hairs. Three black and two yellowish-brown longitudinal stripes run along the back. Bottom and sides gray color. The pupa is angular, reaches a length of 2 cm, yellowish-gray, covered with black spots. Caterpillars hibernate in nests of dried plum leaves. In early spring, overwintered caterpillars eat swollen plum buds, gnawing them out. Approximately one to two weeks after flowering, the caterpillars pupate on plum branches and fences. And in mid-July, butterflies appear. Butterflies lay their eggs on the upper side of plum leaves (up to 150 pieces in each clutch). The caterpillars that emerge from the eggs eat the upper side of the leaves. After three to four weeks, the caterpillars create winter nests.

Control measures: removal of winter nests from trees and destruction of caterpillars. Collection and destruction of eggs. They are sprayed in late April - early May, at the time the caterpillars leave their winter nests and in summer - at the end of their hatching from eggs, with Ambush, Corsair, Aktellik preparations at a concentration of 0.1%.

Goldentail.

Damages fruit trees. White butterfly with a wingspan of up to 5 cm, dense hairs at the end of the abdomen yellow color. Mature caterpillars reach a length of 3 - 3.5 cm, dark in color with red warts, and white spots. The body is also covered with tufts of brownish hairs. A disturbed caterpillar secretes a poisonous liquid, which, when it gets on human skin, causes itching. For wintering, caterpillars make nests from dry leaves. During the swelling of the buds, the caterpillars come out of the nests and cause damage to the buds, as well as to the plum leaves. At the end of May, the caterpillars pupate. They arrange their cocoons in the foliage, on the bark, plum branches. Butterflies appear after about two weeks. Goldentail is a nocturnal butterfly. After the release of the butterfly, they begin to lay eggs. On the underside of the leaves, on the branches, the females lay their eggs, placing them in groups of about 300 eggs. Butterfly ovipositions are covered with hairs from the abdomen. After two to three weeks, greenish caterpillars appear, feeding on the pulp from the upper side of the leaves. Caterpillars make nests from damaged leaves with the help of a web, where they endure the winter.

Control measures: destruction of winter nests; before flowering, treat the plum with 0.3% karbofos.

Cherry shoot moth.

It harms stone fruits (cherry, sweet cherry, plum, apple, pear). Brown butterfly with a wingspan of 10 - 12 mm. The eggs are green with black dots. The adult caterpillar is greenish in color, 8 mm long. The pupa is yellow, about 5 mm in size. Caterpillars endure winter in the testicular phase. Which are located near the kidneys, in the cracks of the bark. In the spring, the caterpillars that appear gnaw out the contents of the swollen buds, which then dry out. Then the caterpillars move into buds or rosettes of blossoming plum leaves. They can make moves in young shoots. At the end of flowering, they descend into the upper layer of the soil, where they then pupate. In July, butterflies appear, laying eggs.

Control measures: loosening and digging of the soil; early spring spraying with nitrafen (200-300g). During the period of bud swelling, spraying with 10% karbofos (with a consumption rate of 75 g for cherries, 75-90 g for 10 liters of water for pears).

Cherry slimy sawfly.

Widespread pest (cherry, sweet cherry, quince, hawthorn, pear, plum). The adult sawfly is black, shiny, reaches a length of 7 mm. (wingspan up to 12mm.). Larvae (comma-shaped, green, covered with black mucus, up to 10 mm long) hibernate in the soil: in areas with a warm climate at a depth of up to 5 cm, with a cold one - 15 cm. late spring larval pupation occurs. And in June - July there is a flight of sawflies. Females lay eggs (oval green, 0.5 mm long) on ​​the underside of the leaf. By placing an oviposition in its tissue. The larvae feed on the pulp from the upper side of the leaf. The veins, as well as the skin of the underside of the leaf, remain intact. Damaged leaves dry up. In September, the larvae go into the soil. In the southern regions it can develop in two or three generations.

Control measures: loosening and digging of the soil; with the mass appearance of larvae after harvesting, spraying of trees with karbofos (10%) 75 g, trichlormetaphos-3 (triphos 10%) 50-100 g, chlorophos (80%, microgranular) 15- 20 g per 10 l. water.

Plum moth.

Damages the fruits of plums, plums, cherry plums, blackthorns, peaches, apricots. The color of the wings of a butterfly is gray-brown. On the front fenders gray spots, hind wings with fringes. Wingspan up to 1.7 cm. Round greenish egg about 0.7 mm. Caterpillars are reddish, with a dark head up to 1.5 cm long. Pupae are pale brown, 8 mm long. Caterpillars endure winter in cracks in the bark, under loose bark, on the lower part of tree boles, in hollows, and also in top layer soil. For wintering, they weave cobweb cocoons. In the spring, in the second half of May, caterpillars pupate and after about 15-20 days butterflies appear. In the evenings, butterflies lay their eggs in the green fruits of stone fruits. One female can lay over 40 eggs. A week later, caterpillars emerge from the eggs, they eat away the pulp around the fruit bone. Having finished feeding, the caterpillars leave for the wintering grounds. Droplets of gum appear on damaged areas. The fruits turn purple and fall off.

Control measures: catch of caterpillars in mid-June with trapping belts; loosening the soil (at intervals of 10 days) under the crowns of trees during the period when caterpillars leave for pupation. Spraying at the beginning of hatching of caterpillars and 15 days after the first treatment with benzophosphate (10% ~ a.e. and w., 60g), karbofos (10% a.e. and w.p., 75-90g) .

Ringed silkworm.

Widespread pest of fruit crops. Moth. The wings are light brown in color, with a span of up to 4 cm. A dark stripe runs across the forewings. The length of the caterpillar is about 5 cm., The color is gray, blue on the sides, and on the back there are two orange stripes, between which there is a snow-white stripe. The ringed silkworm lays its eggs on the branches of trees. The ovipositions are formed in the form of rings. The caterpillars survive the winter inside their egg shells. In the spring, after the buds begin to open, caterpillars appear. At night, they eat buds and plum leaves. Caterpillars live in colonies, weaving web nests on the forks of branches. In the morning, afternoon, and also in bad weather, the caterpillars are in nests, which makes it easier to destroy them. In the event of a shortage of food, the caterpillars may move to other trees. In mid-summer, caterpillars pupate in dense silky cocoons in rolled leaves or under loose bark. hallmark caterpillars of the ringed silkworm from the caterpillars of other butterflies is that if you touch it, it makes sharp head movements. Butterflies appear after about two weeks.

Control measures: removal of winter nests; destruction of oviposition; spraying during bud break and at the time the caterpillars hatch from eggs with infusions of wormwood, tobacco, chamomile, biological preparations - antobacterin (60-100 e), dendrobatsellin (dry powder, titer 30 billion spores. - 60-100 g, wetting powder , titer 60 billion spores, 30-50 g).

Plum pollinated aphid.

Distributed everywhere, damages peach, apricot, blackthorn, almonds. The eggs survive the winter in cracks in the bark of branches and near the buds. As the buds open, larvae appear. In July, a certain part of the aphids migrate to the reed, where several generations develop. Aphids live in huge colonies. Fully covers lower part leaves in thick layers. Damaged leaves bend and dry out, the fruits rot. The plum is getting weak. Soot fungus can develop on aphid secretions.

Control measures: spring destruction of basal shoots; early spring spraying (before bud break) with nitrafen (200-300.). At the beginning of bud break, they are treated with infusions of tobacco, a solution of soap. From pesticides, karbofos (10%, 75-90 g.), 25% a.e. can be used. rovikurta (10 g.), 10% w.p. benzophosphate (60 g.). With a large number of aphids, the treatment is repeated in the phase of isolation of the buds.

Apple comma-shaped shield.

Distributed everywhere. The testicles endure the winter under the shield of a dead female. The scutellum is bent in the form of a comma, painted brown, up to 4 mm long. After the flowering of fruit trees (pears, apple trees), larvae are reflected from the corymbs. They creep along the bark of trunks, young branches, plum shoots and stick to it, becoming motionless. Developing, the larvae are covered with a shield. By mid-summer, the vast majority of larvae become females. Females have a white, pear-shaped body. Another part of the larvae becomes males, which have legs, whiskers and developed wings. Males are reddish-grey. In August, females lay eggs under the shield (about 100 on average) and die. When infected, plum trees become depleted and die.

Control measures: in early spring, during the period of dormant buds, spray plum trees with a solution of nitrofen (60% paste) - 200-300 g per 10 liters. water. Against hatching larvae, immediately after flowering, plums and pears are sprayed with one of the preparations: karbofos (10%) - 75-90 g, trichlormetaphos-3 (triphos, 10%) - 50-100 g (per 10 l . water).

Apple codling moth.

Distributed everywhere except the Far North. Caterpillars hibernate in dense cocoons in cracks in the bark and in the soil. They pupate during budding and flowering, upon reaching average daily temperature 10˚С. Butterflies fly out at the end of flowering and within 30 days lay their eggs first on the upper side of the leaf, then on the fruit. Caterpillars appear 15–20 days after flowering and feed on fruits, eating away part of the seeds, closing the passage with stubs glued together with cobwebs. Affected fruits ripen ahead of time and fall off along with the caterpillars.

Control measures: be sure to collect and destroy carrion, clean the bark, arrange trapping belts, disinfect the bark; 15 days after flowering winter varieties spray with a 0.2% solution of chlorophos or a 0.3% solution of karbofos.