Water saving. Ways and measures to save electricity, heat and water in everyday life

If plumbing, taps or pipes are leaking, fix the leak.

Desirable and necessary step to start saving water at home should be to check the plumbing fixtures in your home for possible uncontrolled leaks associated with malfunctioning plumbing, faucets and pipes. If taps, plumbing or pipes are leaking, this can be the cause of very large water overruns. And you may not even notice these leaks.

In order to find leaks and repair plumbing and taps, you can do the following: all meters have water flow indicators (a spinner in the center of the “meter dial”). Make sure the taps are securely closed and record the reading on the water meter.

After some time (half an hour or an hour), it is necessary to check the readings of water meters. If they remain unchanged, then everything is in order with plumbing, taps and pipes. And if the indications have changed, then it is necessary to find out the reason for the change.

The first thing to start with is to inspect the faucets in the kitchen and bathroom. In the event of a leak or malfunction, a leaking faucet can additionally consume from a few hundred to seven to ten thousand liters of water per month and year, respectively.

In this case, often a malfunction of the drain tank may even be invisible.

If leaks in pipes, taps or plumbing are found, they must be repaired or replaced. To do this, you can call a plumber or involve the male part of the family.

Also, even if your faucets are in good working order and do not leak, you should pay attention to the ease of closing and opening them: after all, the whole family uses plumbing (including children) and not all family members have enough strength to close the faucet tightly if it leaking.

Activities and ways to save water for the whole family at home

After verification technical condition home plumbing can move on to other activities. We are talking about habitual family members and technical devices to save water.

It is possible to identify several main ways to save water, and whether to accept them or not to accept (apply) them or not, each person will decide for himself.

It is worth noting separately that most of the described savings measures do not contain any supernatural recommendations and suggestions, but have been used for many years by residents of other countries (and, in particular, residents of Western Europe). It's just that the peculiarities of the Russian mentality still do not allow to fully change the approach to water consumption and reduce the consumption of hot and cold water.

As far as possible, each of the family members should follow a few simple rules.

1. Cold water is much cheaper than hot water, so it is better to use it more often. For example, gradually reduce the volume of hot water when mixing (mixing) when washing and other water procedures, if it is not contraindicated for medical reasons, it is often beneficial for health.

2. It is advisable to brush your teeth, using the faucet only to draw water into a hygienic glass. This way you can save up to 600 liters of water per week.

3. The male part of your family, if they do not use an electric razor, it is possible and desirable to shave with the tap turned off. This will reduce water consumption by another 200-300 liters per week.

When washing and shaving, it is advisable to install and use a water trap for the sink (also called the Click-Clack valve) by drawing water into the sink for washing or shaving, periodically replacing it. With such an inexpensive device, you can save from 2 to 5 times less water than to perform these procedures with an open faucet.

4. When there is no way to relax in the bath, then remind your family members that showering is more economical for family budget and not in a full bath. The process itself should be shortened and, if possible, open the water only at the beginning and at the end of the procedure, when rinsing. This will save from 20 to 100 liters per person.

If you still want to take a dip in the bathroom, then fill it by 35-50%, which will reduce the water consumption by about 30-50 liters.

5. Try to use the washing machine only under the condition of its maximum load or at least 50% of the tank volume washing machine.

6. You can stick a banner in the bathroom reminding you of more economical water consumption in a playful way, and if you entrust the development and production of this poster to the younger members of the family - children, the result will be even more solid. Such a visual "sensory" impact allows reducing water consumption to 10-25 liters per minute, up to 5-8 cubic meters per year.

Measures to save water in the kitchen.

Who does not use the results of scientific and technological progress, that is, when washing dishes does not use dishwasher or just likes to do everything with his own hands and in particular to wash the dishes, then in this case we can advise the following.

If you have a double-sink sink in your kitchen, use the second sink to pre-wash household items, and rinse the dishes clean in the first. At the same time, close the faucet in the kitchen during these procedures. Compared with running tap water, this method can save water by 1.5 to 3 times in each dishwashing compared to using running water from the tap. Or if there is no 2nd sink, use any suitable container in which you pre-wash the dirty dishes, and then either rinse clean dishes in the sink sink.

If possible, also install a water trap similar to the one described above on the sink. If your family is supporters of vegetables and fruit diets, vegetables and fruits, wash in the sink, after filling it with water, and if you have houseplants in your house, you can water your indoor flora with used water for washing plant products.

It is clear that it will not be possible to immediately use all of the above methods of saving, then you can start with the simplest ones. Even so, the results of your activities will quickly be reflected in the first utility bills. Maybe this will not be a bad incentive to continue the actions related to saving water in your home and family. It's like achieving sports results, the more savings, the more good excitement for subsequent actions leading to the correct reduction in hot and cold water consumption.

Water saving devices

The final part of our article on ways to save water at home will be a mention of existing technical devices to reduce consumption.

Some of the devices described can only be used by replacing the plumbing, and the other part can only be used by improving the existing plumbing by carrying out its so-called “upgrade”.

Here are some simple and relatively simple fixtures to save water:

• water-saving nozzles for taps;
• use mixers with one lever instead of two taps. This will speed up the mixing process, thereby saving water consumption;
• using a shower head with aeration function with mode switches on the device itself. This will not only reduce water consumption for hygiene procedures, but also make showering more comfortable. The aerator saturates the water flow with air bubbles, which gives the jets "softness" and makes them more voluminous.
• the use of faucets with a silicone limiter, this is one of the examples of water-saving nozzles. It will reduce the flow of water by reducing its jet, since at a relatively high pressure it acquires flat shape, thereby narrowing the gap in the faucet spout opening.
• equipment with ball valves triggered by pressing the mixer.
• cistern toilet equipped with a combined flush system.

It should be remembered that before paying for utilities, you should ask about the current water tariffs. With this knowledge, it is possible to right decision about saving water in the apartment.

In conclusion, I would like to note once again that saving water at home is not an easy task. Some of these tips may seem redundant. But all of us should get used to the fact that communal resources will never become cheap, and every year they will only become more expensive. That is why you need to change habits and instill in yourself and your family members a careful attitude to water.

Still have questions? Do you want answers to them?

Here you can set question free of charge to experts or lawyers of the portal gkh-konsultant.ru.

From year to year we exchange our time and energy for money. And they quickly and with enviable regularity leave our wallet, forgetting even to say goodbye. The reason for this is not quite and not always a reasonable attitude to their spending. Very often we overpay for unnecessary purchases and loans, we receive less benefit where we could easily get it in the form of a return of part of the funds to the family budget, we pay prohibitively large communal payments, without trying to minimize costs and refusing to use water-saving devices, economical household appliances, energy-efficient lamps.

But to organize your financial life and sometimes it is not at all difficult to save at least part of the money spent, flowing freely from the family budget. Take this simple example. How much do you think you can save a year by brushing your teeth? Let's do some simple calculations. Brushing our teeth with constantly flowing water (this procedure takes an average of 3 minutes), we drain about 25 liters of water into the pipe. Assuming that we brush our teeth twice a day, 18,250 liters (50 liters x 365 days) are consumed per year, which is 18.25 cubic meters (1 cubic meter= 1000 liters of water).

To imagine the daily consumption of water more clearly, we can draw the following analogy. If you were a resident of a village where there is no other way to provide yourself with water, except to bring it from a well in buckets, at the cost of even 20 liters, you would have to make your way to the well (back and forth), pull it out by hand and bring home 2 buckets of water. And if, for example, the monthly water consumption is 20 cubic meters, you would have to go to the well 1000 times. The number is impressive.

Residents of city apartments, of course, do not need to perform such feats. But many of us would not hurt to try at least once. Probably after this practical experience the process of realizing the need to save water would accelerate significantly.

With utility tariffs in our region (135.87 rubles per cubic meter of hot water and 27.41 rubles per cubic meter of cold water), provided that the water from both taps is consumed in the same volume, you can save 1485.8 rubles per year (9 .1 m³ x RUB 135.87 + 9.1 m³ x RUB 27.41). And if the family, say, consists of 4 people, this is almost 6,000 rubles a year.

The amount is impressive. And this money can be spent on something useful and enjoyable for the whole family. It is enough to perform one simple action: when brushing your teeth, you need to turn on the water only at the beginning and at the end of the morning hygiene procedure. Better yet, rinse your mouth with a glass of water. This amount is enough. And this is just one of the most basic ways to save water.

• The habit of basking in the bathroom instead of a shower leads to the consumption of 140-160 liters of water instead of 30-50 liters, respectively.
• From an open tap per minute follows 10-16 liters. 25 liters of water drain into the pipe in 5 minutes when scrubbing in the shower or while shaving. With daily use of such procedures, more than 9,000 liters of water are wasted per year. With a water tariff in my region, it will turn out to be about 250 rubles. And that's just for cold water.
• Out of whack current faucet up to 144 liters can flow per day, and up to 5000 liters per month.
• From a dripping tap, up to 24 liters flow into the pipe per day, more than 700 liters per month.
• For one toilet flush, up to 9 liters are consumed.
• With a leaking toilet bowl, more than 250 liters are wasted per day, and up to 8000 liters per month.

How to reduce water consumption with modern faucets and water-saving nozzles?

There are many ways to save water (we have already written about some of them), and the ever-increasing tariffs for housing and communal services encourage us to look for new effective opportunities. It was this circumstance that made our family, along with the use of the most simple ways savings, move on to finding new solutions to this problem.

An additional impetus was the fact that our family moved to permanent place residence in another city, in a new spacious apartment. The joy of moving was somewhat overshadowed by the numbers in the first payment received for utilities. And naturally there was a desire to somehow reduce them. First of all, attention was focused on saving water. In addition, based on personal experience, the consumption of this resource is most easily optimized through reasonable consumption.

This time our efforts were focused on technical aspects, namely the possibilities of using modern economical household appliances and special devices, which, according to experts, can reduce water consumption by 50-70%. But, before putting into practice what was planned to rearm your home, you had to work hard, studying specifications various devices and the possibility of their use in the conditions of their apartment.

Which mixer should you choose?

On the market are different kinds taps that help save 30 to 50% of water. In any case, this is evidenced by the reviews of their owners and the calculations of experts. Of course, in order to implement this method of reducing water consumption, certain costs will be required, which, as a rule, pay off quickly. Although some models (for example, sensor mixers, mixers with sensors) cannot be called budget.

Mixer with one lever

It is better to install a conventional single-lever faucet in the kitchen and in the bathroom instead of the outdated model with two levers (hot and cold water mixes more slowly in such taps, which leads to its greater consumption). Trying to set the optimum temperature, you have to rotate the taps for about a minute. During this time, up to 8 liters of water is drained into the sewer. If the mixer has one lever, the temperature adjustment is faster. And yes, it is much more convenient to do so.

Faucet with aerator

Without delving into the technical component of the issue, we can say that thanks to the aerator, modern faucet models are able to create a stream of water with good pressure with a relatively low water flow - 5-8 liters per minute (at a normal water consumption rate of 13-15 liters per minute). Many modern mixer models are equipped with such a device. And it makes the choice much easier.

Technical household novelties are not only convenient, attractive and reliable, but also allow us not to spend too much. Such models constantly appear on the market. There are plenty to choose from. Get oriented in time, get acquainted with new products, learn a lot useful information about smart appliances that allow you to reduce utility costs, choose something suitable for yourself from a variety of ergonomic, various designs and the functionality of devices, you can find out on specialized resources.

By the way, we'll talk about that another time. I hope the information will be useful to you. For now, for now...

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Krasnoshchekovskaya average comprehensive school No. 1"

« Saving water as a way of rational

its use in everyday life

Research

Completed: student of 10 "b" class

Shipilova Ekaterina,

Head: physics teacher

Grigorenko L.P.,

Krasnoshchekovo

2015

Content:

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..3

ChapterI. Basic information about water……………………………………….………5

1.1. Where does water come from on earth? ...........................5

1.2. How does water get into the taps?…..……………………….….6

1.3. How is water saved in everyday life?…………………………………..7

1.4. Use of water resources………………………………………………9

ChapterII. Some ways to save water…………………………………..

2.1. How to save clean water?……………………………………….…………10

2.2. Saving water at home - effective method reducing energy consumption…………. ……………………………………………………eleven

2.3. Interesting facts about water……………………………………………...…….13

ChapterII. Own research………………………………………..……14

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………........19

Literature…………………………………………………………………………….20

Application……………………………………………………………………........21

1.2. How does water get into faucets?

Water for domestic use is taken at special water intakes from underground or surface sources. This water is disinfected to destroy pathogenic microorganisms in it, most often by chlorination or ozonation. At the same time, the water in the water source is not always clean enough, and disinfection may be ineffective.

Further, water flows through pipelines to the water tower, and from there through a network of canals - to our houses and apartments. Hot water is obtained at a thermal power plant or in boiler houses, where, after additional purification, it is heated in special boilers. By the way, boiler houses and thermal power plants are the main sources of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Many of them now work for gas fuel, which is more environmentally friendly, but still some enterprises still use solid (coal, peat) and liquid (fuel oil) fuels. When it is burned, it produces large quantities oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur,other pollutants.
In the process of use in everyday life, at enterprises and in institutions, water is heavily polluted with chemical compounds of various composition and danger.*

__________________________________________________________

1.3. How is water saved at home?

Probably everyone knows that our Earth consists of 2/3 water. This includes both fresh water (lakes, rivers) and salt water (seas, oceans). Also, many people know that the person himself for the most part consists of water and, depending on age, the water component can reach 80%. We use water everywhere from washing to eating. Everyone knows that without water he will not live even a week, while without food he can do for quite a long time.

It seems to be most of our planet is made up of water, but recent times the question of saving this resource necessary for life is increasingly being raised. Hence,saving water at homeis of no small importance in our times. Of course, it would be ideal for all the water we consume to be purified and reused. But, unfortunately, this is not happening yet, although there are already real examples of such consumption. In particular, some modern car washes 85%-90% of the water is purified and reused.

But this is happening in the service sector, and we are now interested in saving water in everyday life, since in doing so we can save a significant part of our budget. What should you start with? The first step in order to save water is to install a meter or in a simple waywater meter. Since this is the only way to save up to30% Money when compared with the consumption rate. And after installing the meter, people usually begin to be much more careful about water consumption, since there is already financial incentives here.

Our society is not very environmentally conscious or resource conscious, so consumers are not interested in how much energy was spent in order to get the final product in the form of clean water. That water must be purified, disinfected, cooled, heated, brought to housing. Meanwhile, one residential building spends 15% of energy on water heating. Imagine that the average city spends 20-30% of energy on water treatment from the water supply, as well as on the operation of the sewerage and cleaning systems. And this is in economically developed countries such as Canada, the USA and European countries. In the United States, by the way, water systems consume up to 56 billion kWh of electricity per year, which would be enough for a city of five million for a whole year.

Although the industrial sector is considered to be the key consumer of water, the domestic and residential sector accounts for up to 10 percent or more of water consumption. And if in the conditions of production, savings can be achieved only by the introduction of new energy and resource-saving technologies, then in order to save water in everyday life, you just need to remember this and use water more wisely. At the same time, the reduction in the consumption of water itself entails a reduction in the energy resources that are spent on the delivery and processing of this water.

Imagine that the norms for water consumption per capita are 450 liters per day, such norms were set by the World Health Organization. This volume includes not only water consumed in everyday life, but also necessary for the operation of schools, hospitals, commercial enterprises and so on. In European countries, where people are more conscious about the issue of saving and rational use per person, 130-140 liters of water are used there, in the USA - 200, in Russia, Ukraine this figure varies from 350 to 400 liters depending on the region. *

2.3. Interesting facts about water.

If a family saves at least 20% of tap water from the volume that it uses, then in a year this amount can form a lake with a diameter of 200 meters and a depth of 2 meters.

For savings fresh water in Hong Kong in drain systems toiletshouses use sea water.
The crew of the International Space Station celebrated the commissioningnew water purification system, clinking glasses of water from recycled urine. After tasting the resulting liquid, the astronauts assured that the water was "simply amazing"...

A new TV ad in Brazil encourages residents to urinate in the shower at home to conserve water. The same video says that if you don't flush the toilet at least once a day, you'll save 4,380 liters of water a year.

The Japanese have created a new, as always wonderful product - a disinfectant for bath water. In shape, it resembles a light bulb, the principle of use is simple. It is placed in water and as soon as the disinfection process is completed, an LED lights up in it. The device is intended for disinfection of already used water, i.e. if someone took a bath before you, you can successfully use the same water by disinfecting it withusing a unique instrument. Moreover, the disinfection process itself takes no more than two minutes.

Chapter II . Own research.

After I studied the theory, I began to experimentally determine the possibility of economical use of water in everyday life.

2.1 . Save water by turning off the water while brushing your teeth.

First experience : We will save water by turning off the water while brushing your teeth. Find out how much water you can save by turning off the water while brushing your teeth(2 times a day for 1.5 minutes) and do not turn off the water.We brush our teeth for 1.5 minutes without turning off the water.The amount of cold water and hot water in total amounted to 8 liters. I did the same experiment with turning off the water while brushing my teeth. Quantity warm water and cold was 3 liters. Conclusion: If we turned off the water while brushing our teeth, we could save 13 liters of water per day just brushing our teeth.

In one day, a person wastes 13 liters of water. If we calculate the consumption of wasted water by a family from four people, then it turns out: 13 * 4 \u003d 52 liters. Let's calculate how much water can be saved by students of one class (20 people): 13 * 20 = 260 liters. And now let's see how much water can be saved by students of one school (500 people): 13 * 500 = 6500 liters. This is in one day. In a month, 1 person saves: 13 * 30 = 390 liters, a family of four: 390 * 4 = 1560 liters, students in the same class: 390 * 20 = 7800 liters, students in the same school: 390 * 500 = 195000 liters. In a year, one person will save: 13 * 365 = 4745 liters, a family of four: 4745 * 4 = 18980 liters, students in the same class will save: 4745 * 20 = 94900 liters, students in the same school: 4745 * 500 = 2372500 liters. The results of the study will be placed in the table:

Second experience: Housewives often argue about the benefits of a dishwasher, considering it to be a rather expensive toy for spoiled loafers. The main argument against the dishwasher is the high cost of electricity and a special cleaning agent. The advantages of all, without exception, include only one fact - saving time. Is it so?

Economical water consumption is an unobvious advantage, since it seems that washing several dishes by hand is faster and more economical than turning on the dishwasher. To debunk this myth, consider an experiment conducted with the volume of dishes in one day. After identifying the water consumption for one day, rough estimates of the consumption of water and electricity per year will be given and possible savings from using the dishwasher.

In the experiment, the dishes are washed in the dishwasher and by hand. For manual washing, the volume of dishes is selected, which is used on average for one day at breakfast and dinner. This volume of dishes is less than the full capacity of the dishwasher, so you can add dishes from another meal to the dishwasher.

Thrifty housewives recommend using the dishwasher once a day or even less often as the dishwasher is full. Dirty dishes accumulate in the dishwasher, and when fully loaded, it turns on with one button. Dirty dishes in the sink just by their appearance irritate most housewives, so they are forced to wash them more than once a day.

1 way - in the dishwasher

The dishwasher has 2 large compartments and 1 shelf 5 cm high especially for cutlery. Washing mode - lightly soiled dishes. The duration of the program is 29 minutes. Water temperature - 45 degrees, Capacity - about double the amount of hand washing from the experiment. Electricity consumption - 0.8 kW per hour. The total water consumption is 14 liters.

2 way - hand washing

Washing mode - the most economical, when soaping, turn off the water. The washing time is 21 minutes. Water temperature - comfortable warm, closer to hot, Quantity - about 2/3 of the capacity of the dishwasher, dirty dishes after dinner and breakfast. List of dishes (34 units) - 9 plates, 7 cups, 1 saucepan, 2 salad bowls, 1 cutting board, 1 teapot, 13 cutlery. The total water consumption is 43 liters.

It can be assumed that when washing dishes once a day for a year, we get the following indicators:

Dishwasher: 14 liters x 360 days = 5,040 liters, including 5,040 liters of cold water, and hand washing: 43 liters x 360 days = 15,480 liters, including 7,200 liters of cold water and 8,280 liters of hot water.

In large families, especially in which children or teenagers wash dishes for an hour and are not accustomed to save water, water consumption can be tens of times greater than that given in this experiment. In the experiment, manual washing takes only 21 minutes a day, which is a rarity.

If the hostess washes the dishes with her hands several times a day and does not turn off the water during the washing process, then the water consumption per day is at least 100 liters. In this case, the calculations will be as follows:

Time costs:

A dishwasher with a mode of 29 minutes per year works 10,440 minutes or 174 hours. With a manual wash for 21 minutes every day, the hostess spends 7,560 minutes at the sink, or 126 hours a year. If it takes about an hour to wash dishes, then the hostess spends 360 hours of her life at the sink. And this is 15 days a year, thrown into nowhere.

Do you use a dishwasher? The answer is obvious. Definitely yes.

2.3. Student survey

Having studied the theory, I conducted a survey among 100 students among grades 8-11. They were given 5 various issues. I propose to view the results of the survey in the form of diagrams.

1. Do you think it is necessary to save water in everyday life?

A. Yes

B. No

Conclusion: 53% of the students of our school believe that saving water in everyday life is necessary for people.

2. Is it possible to reduce water consumption?

A. Yes

B. No

Conclusion: Many students in our school believe that water consumption can be reduced.

Do you think about the use of water in everyday life in your family?

A. Yes

B. No

Conclusion: The opinion of the students was divided almost in half: some families treat water sparingly, while the other part does not.

Do you have a water meter?

A. Yes

B. No

Conclusion: Most families today do not use water meters.

Conclusion

Although the main consumer of water is agriculture and industry, household and housing services also account for not such a small part - about 10%. And if in the conditions of production, savings can be achieved only by the introduction of new energy and resource-saving technologies, then to save water in everyday life, you just need to remember this and use water more wisely. At the same time, the reduction in the consumption of water itself entails a reduction in the energy resources that are spent on the delivery and processing of this water.

Water must be saved! First of all, this will be reflected in the reduction of payment for water for each family. On a national scale, the savings will make it possible to receive billions of rubles. In the world a large number of people are lacking drinking water, and even more so the lack of water for household needs.

Thus, as a result of the research, the hypothesis was confirmed that each person in everyday life can save a significant amount of water, practically without spending any effort on it.

The materials of this work can be used for parent meetings, classroom hours and extracurricular activities.

Literature:

1. "The ABC of Nature", the publishing house "Reader's Digest" V. 500 liters

D.1000 liters

Conclusion: Most students in our school use about 10 liters of water a day. (See Appendix Diagram 1)

Today, the capital consumes about 4 million cubic meters per day, although 15 years ago water consumption was almost 6 million. Since 1996, there has been a steady downward trend in water consumption. In 2008, compared to 1995, water consumption decreased by 31.3% and reached the level of 72 years. Basically, the decrease occurred due to the population, which consumes 71.3% of water. That is why the main efforts on water conservation are concentrated in housing stock.

The city is implementing a program to equip the housing stock with water meters. The program consists of 2 stages:

Stage 1 - equipping residential buildings and buildings for social purposes with common house water meters is almost completed. Today, almost all residential buildings (about 99%) are equipped with common house water meters, with the exception of buildings that do not have basements or to be demolished.

Stage 2 - equipping apartments with individual water meters. As of March 1, 2008, out of 3.8 million apartments, 31% (1.16 million apartments) were equipped with water meters. Of these, at the expense of the city budget (as part of the implementation of the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated May 29, 2007 No. 406-PP) - 590 thousand apartments, 570 - at the expense of citizens' own funds and funds provided for by design and estimate documentation (for new construction). At the expense of the budget by the end of 2009, it is planned to equip 1.2 million apartments with individual water meters - these are all state-owned apartments, as well as apartments whose owners receive a subsidy for utility bills.

An effective way to save water is the widespread use of water-saving fittings in residential buildings and apartments of Muscovites (valve heads with a ceramic shut-off unit for household mixers and a set of fittings for flushing cisterns "Compact"). In the city, 152.5 thousand apartments have already been equipped with such fittings at the expense of Mosvodokanal. At the same time, water savings average 12%.

The average specific water consumption by the population of the city in 2008 was 249 l. per person per day This is 200 liters less than in 1995. At the same time, the rational consumption of water to meet reasonable physiological and sanitary needs is 145 l / person. day With a water consumption of 249 l / person per day - 80% - conditionally useful water consumption, 20% - losses. By 2012, it is planned to reduce water consumption in Moscow to 200 l/person/day.

The second largest water consumption group is made up of industrial enterprises and commercial organizations (share - 14.7%). Drinking water consumption by this group for the period since 1995 has decreased by 15.9% and in 2008 amounted to 566 thousand m3/day. The following factors influenced the reduction of water consumption in the industrial sector:

Reducing the number of industrial enterprises;

Increasing the price of water;

Reduction unit costs water per unit marketable products. This became possible thanks to the following activities carried out at the enterprises:

Application of water recycling systems;

Creation closed systems water management of industrial enterprises.

Translation technological processes industrial enterprises for technical (river) water.

Introduction of low-water and waterless technologies.

The budgetary organizations of the city account for 6.9% of the total water consumption. Compared to 1995, water consumption by budget organizations decreased by 45.7% and in 2008 reached 265,000 m3/day. The main excessive consumption of water in this group of consumers is observed at the facilities of the departments of education, health care and military units.

As experience shows, the main reasons for the overestimated water consumption in educational institutions is the irrational use of water due to a non-closed water tap. Given this circumstance, MGUP Mosvodokanal, together with the Department of Education, is installing water-saving (vandal-proof) plumbing fixtures with portioned water supply in children's institutions. Such plumbing fixtures have already been installed in 206 educational institutions in Moscow, which made it possible to save water at these facilities on average up to 35%.

In addition, in pursuance of the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated February 10, 2004 No. 77-PP, all social facilities were equipped with cold and hot water meters.

Rational and careful use of drinking water is a strategic task. At present, water losses in Moscow amount to 6.8% of the total volume of its production. In Russia, this figure reaches 40%.

In March 2009, at a meeting of the Moscow Government, the concept of developing the city program "Clean Water" was approved. In accordance with this concept, the city provides for the following measures for water saving and rational water use:

Reducing losses in the water supply and sewerage system;

Organization of monitoring of all water consumers in the city in terms of assessing the condition of the internal sanitary systems of buildings;

Replacement of drinking quality water with technical water for a number of consumers with an appropriate feasibility study and sanitary and hygienic justification;

Improving water consumption accounting;

Completion of the transition to the settlements of managing organizations with the population for the actual consumption of water, based on the readings of metering devices;

Carrying out work on the normalization and control of pressure;

Improving water leak detection technology;

Reduction of irrational water use at the enterprises of the city;

Construction of water recycling systems;

Installation of anti-vandal sanitary fittings in the cultural and community sector and budgetary organizations.

Why do you need apartment water meters?

You will pay for the actual water consumed;

Thanks to the counters appears real opportunity saving not only water, but also the contents of your wallet. And this means: for everyone who wants to know how much and for what he pays, wants to be the master in his house and not throw money away, such a device is simply necessary. After installing individual apartment meter water, you stop paying for water for those who live, but are not registered in your house, you do not have to pay for water consumption in case of accidents, house leaks, leaks from faulty neighbors' taps.

At economical consumption water, its actual consumption in everyday life, as a rule, is much less established norms consumption. Therefore, by installing meters and rationally using water in everyday life, you can significantly save on utility bills.

You will reduce water loss

As practice shows, out of the total volume of water consumed, 74% is useful water consumption, and 26% is losses. Most effective tool to combat water losses is the accounting of water supplied to consumers. Numerous data confirm that when installing water meters, there is a reduction in water consumption. According to the World Health Organization, water meters save up to 33% of water.

You will reduce the load on water bodies

By saving water, you not only save your own money, but also contribute to the protection environment: less natural water will be required for water treatment, less water will be discharged into water bodies after use. Beneficial for you, good for the environment!

Is it mandatory to install individual water meters in Russia?

Yes, it is required. According to the law on energy saving adopted by the Government Russian Federation in November 2009, payments for energy resources, including water, must be carried out on the basis of data on their quantitative value, determined using metering devices.

Until January 1, 2012, the owners of premises in apartment buildings, residential buildings, country houses or garden houses with a centralized supply of resources are required to ensure that such houses are equipped with metering devices for the energy resources used, as well as putting the installed metering devices into operation. At the same time, apartment buildings within the specified period must be equipped with collective common house water meters, as well as individual and common for communal apartment water meters.

Since the adoption of the Law, it is not allowed to put into operation buildings, structures, structures without equipping them with energy and water metering devices.

Who should pay for the installation of meters?

The law obliges the owners of buildings, structures, structures, residential, country or garden houses, premises in apartment buildings to bear the costs of installing metering devices. Owners of metering devices are obliged to ensure the proper operation of these metering devices.

A constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality has the right to provide support at the expense of the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or the local budget to certain categories of consumers by allocating funds to them for the installation of metering devices for the energy resources used.

So, for example, the Moscow Government decided to equip apartments owned by the city with water meters at the expense of the city budget, as well as apartments whose owners receive a subsidy for utility bills or are disabled and participants in the Great Patriotic War.

Currently, 50% of apartments in Moscow are equipped with individual appliances. Muscovites on own example made sure that with rational consumption, having an apartment water meter, the amount of payment for water supply and sanitation services is much less than when paying at the standard rate or according to a common house meter.

What requirements must meet water meters installed in the housing stock of the city?

On sale are widely represented individual water meters for both cold and hot water.

For installation in the housing stock of the city, it is allowed to use wing-type metering devices for cold and hot (up to 90 degrees Celsius) water with a counting mechanism isolated from water (dry meters).

Requirements for water meters:

1. The parameters of metering devices must comply with GOST R 50601 and 50193 (metrological class A - for installation on vertical pipelines, class B - for installation on horizontal pipelines).

2. The type of metering devices must be approved by the State Standard of the Russian Federation and entered in the State Register of Measuring Instruments. The metering device must have a passport, a certificate of conformity issued by a certification body accredited by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. In the passport of the metering device there must be a mark on the primary verification of the metering device

3. The calibration interval for cold water meters must be at least 5 years, for hot water meters - at least 4 years.

4. The diameter of the nominal passage of apartment water meters, regardless of the nominal water flow rate, should be 15 mm, the length of the meter (without connecting fittings) - 80 mm. Metering devices installed in the housing stock must have a built-in check valve.

5. The reliability of metering devices must be confirmed by accelerated wear tests (in cyclic load mode) carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 50193.

6. The reliability of the protection of metering devices from manipulation of their readings using external constant magnetic fields and / or the effectiveness of the magnetic impact indicator must be confirmed by tests carried out when approving the type of metering device by the State Standard of the Russian Federation or during certification in the GOST R system.

7.For installation in housing equipped with automated systems control of energy consumption, cold and hot water metering devices must have permanent or removable (installed or replaced during operation) devices for generating electrical impulses with a frequency proportional to the water flow through the metering device (pulse sensors, impulse price 1, 10 or 25 l). Any residential hot and cold water metering devices must have built-in pulse preparation systems (magnets) and the ability to install / replace removable pulse sensors during operation.

What should be done to pay less for water?

There is an opinion - "we will put the counter - we will pay less". Many residents are convinced by their own example that a water meter helps to save water, but does not solve all the problems of water saving and saving money. Water consumption largely depends on the culture of water consumption, whether consumers have habits of caring for water.

In Soviet times, posters urged: "Save water!" However, we were not able to accustom to this. We open the faucet halfway or even more, in order to simply wash our hands, although a thin stream is quite enough.

Now look at your receipts: water is one of the most expensive items of our expenses! So what to do?

Watch how you and your family members spend water in the apartment. This will help you develop your own effective savings program, including money. We will recommend some ways to save water in everyday life.

Keep your home plumbing in good condition. This is the main source of water loss in everyday life. Only one faulty faucet can leak up to 6 m3 of water per day, or more than 2 thousand m3 per year. The indicators installed on the counter will help to do this. If the indicator moves, then there is a leak somewhere. Modern faucet boxes with ceramic-metal elements instead of "elastic" gaskets will allow you to forget about the eternal dripping from faucets.

Do not turn on the water at full jet. In 90% of cases, a small jet is sufficient, which will allow. Close faucets tightly and teach children to do this. And get 4-5 times savings.

Install lever faucets, they mix water faster to create the optimum temperature than faucets with two valves.

Install perlators, aerating nozzles, flow straighteners on taps. Their use, as well as diaphragms (washers) on distributing water pipes, will help reduce water consumption.

A little bit there and a little bit here - it turns out a decent water savings. Still, the main measure to save water should be considered a change in our habits.

Where can you save money at home?

In bathroom:

When brushing your teeth, try to turn on the water at the beginning and end of the procedure.

Turn off the faucet while shaving.

In countries where residents have been using water meters for a long time, it is customary to wash by drawing water into the sink and adding skin care products to the water. This allows you to get more and therapeutic effect.

To wash, just take a shower. A shower consumes an average of 5-7 times less water than a bath. And to reduce its consumption in general to a minimum, use water at the moments of rinsing and washing off the foam. Reduce your shower time to 5-7 minutes. Every two minutes taken from own desire soak up longer under warm streams, save up to 30 liters of water. A shower handle with a water flow interrupter reduces water consumption by another quarter. The use of an economical diffuser with a smaller hole diameter will allow you to comfortably use water at half the flow rate. As a rule, such nozzles on new taps are included in the kit.

But, if you still prefer to relax in the bath, to save money, fill the bath halfway.

Washing clothes is more economical to use washing machines than washing by hand. Now they are equipped with special sensors that accurately determine the amount of laundry and automatically control the water consumption, taking into account the volume and type of load. By the way, it also saves electricity. Many washing machines have a half load mode that you can turn on when you only need to wash a few shirts. In terms of water savings, it is preferable to purchase a front-loading machine.
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If you still prefer to wash by hand, do not rinse your laundry under running water. It is better to use a filled bath or basin.

In the kitchen:

Washing dishes under running water is doubly wasteful: in addition to water, consumption increases detergents. In Europe, it is common to clean the plates of leftover food and collect them in the sink. Then add detergent and wash. It is preferable to have a sink with two compartments in order to rinse in clean water in the second. Water savings - 3-5 times compared to the flow option.

Using dishwashers - although more expensive, but effective method saving water. Modern models consume only 13-15 liters per wash cycle, during which 9 sets of dishes are washed.

Only use the dishwasher with a full load.

When washing dishes, you can skip the primary rinsing stage - both by hand and by machine, that is, do not turn on running water until the detergent is washed off.

Economically wash vegetables and fruits in a sink filled with water with the faucet turned off.

Do not use water to defrost meat products. They can be thawed by leaving them in the refrigerator overnight.

In the toilet:

Carefully check if there is any water leakage from the drain tank. Usually it occurs due to old fittings in the tank. Replacing fittings is a penny business, and the savings are impressive. To check if there is a water leak in the toilet, you will need a small amount of dye (food). Pour it into the toilet bowl and wait 15 minutes. If the dye does not appear on the drain, then there is no leak.

If possible, change old toilet to a modern one, which is equipped with a combined drain - for 6 liters and 3 liters. This will save up to 6,000 liters of water per person per year. If your toilet's cistern doesn't have two flush options, there's a simple remedy to avoid wasting water: fill a two-liter plastic bottle water and place in a container. This simple device will save up to 20 liters of water per day.

Do not use the toilet as a trash can - this will allow you to press the drain less often.

Introducing 42 ways and various measures to save energy. Tips for efficient use of heat and water, which will increase the energy efficiency of buildings.

1. Install two-rate counter

Not everyone knows that in our country (as in many countries of the world) a two-tariff electricity metering system has been adopted. It gives residents the opportunity to pay for electricity at night (from 23:00 to 07:00) at a rate that is four times cheaper than during the day. If you are a "night owl" and go to bed very late, then this solution will allow you to increase your energy savings.

And by the way

A 24-hour refrigerator accounts for a quarter of the electricity consumed by an apartment. The two-tariff payment system will make its “maintenance” less burdensome.

2. When leaving - turn off the light!

3. Wipe the light bulb from dust

A well-wiped light bulb shines 10-15% brighter than a dusty one.

4. Replace incandescent bulbs with energy saving bulbs

Although energy-saving lamps cost 10 times more than conventional incandescent lamps, they last much longer and consume 4-5 times less energy. For example, a 12W compact energy-saving lamp produces as much light as a 60W incandescent lamp. This is due to the fact that energy-saving lamps almost do not heat up and spend energy only on light, and not on heat.

Average term the service life of a conventional incandescent lamp is 1000 hours, while that of a fluorescent lamp is 15 times longer. You can forget about changing light bulbs for almost three years.

Savings from the use of energy-saving lamps is up to 600 rubles per year for a family of 3 people.

5. Don't leave electrical appliances on standby

Even in standby mode, household appliances absorb energy. If the TV is constantly plugged in, you pay 228 rubles a year.

A watch on a DVD player will cost 96 rubles, and on a music center - 204 rubles. A small “harmless” cell phone charger left in the socket after the phone has been charged eats up 144 rubles a year. Add to this a computer and a microwave - you get another 720 rubles. Thus, the life of your electrical appliances in stand-by mode will cost you at least 1390 rubles a year.

Let's imagine an "average" apartment, in which there are three TVs, two computers, 2 chargers constantly plugged into the outlet, one DVD player and a microwave, and count again. It turned out - extra 2350 rubles a year.

And did you know that…

… new LCD and plasma TVs consume more electricity than a conventional TV cathode ray tube. For the most powerful TVs the latest sample the figures are as follows: 400 watts during operation and about 4 watts in standby mode. TVs go into standby mode when they are turned off with the button on the remote control. To turn off the TV completely, you need to press the POWER (or ON / OFF) button on the front panel.

And by the way

It makes no sense to constantly turn the computer on and off if it is used throughout the day. This negatively affects its functioning. However, it is recommended that you turn off your computer monitor during work breaks. Peripheral devices such as printers and scanners should only be connected to the network when they are needed.

6. Use Class A household appliances

Appliances class A in terms of energy consumption - the most economical. For example, in energy-saving models of washing machines, the weight of the loaded clothes is automatically determined and the flow of water is adjusted accordingly. Due to this, less water is consumed and, accordingly, energy savings of up to 40% for heating. When fully loaded, such a machine saves 0.4 kW per hour. Depending on the volume of washing, you can save from 500 to 750 rubles a year.

And did you know that...

When the washing machine tank is only half loaded, 50% of its power is wasted. Excessive use of the dry mode can also be a factor in energy inefficiency. And by the way, washing at a temperature of 30°C instead of the usual 40°C saves 40% of energy. At the same time, the quality of washing remains the same, since modern washing powders are designed to wash clothes more efficiently at low temperatures.

7. Install the refrigerator correctly

The refrigerator is one of the main consumers of electricity in our homes. He "likes" cool rooms. If you want to save on electricity, do not place it near a radiator or stove. The refrigerator will use less energy if placed near outer wall but not close to it. The larger the air gap between back wall refrigerator and wall - the lower the temperature of the heat exchanger and the more efficient its operation.

8. Do not put hot food in the refrigerator and do not leave the door open

Systematically inspect the door gasket so that there are no cracks or gaps in it that prevent the door from closing tightly and securely.

9. Defrost your fridge two to three times a year

The ice in the refrigerator does not cool, but on the contrary, it works as a heat insulator. Therefore, the refrigerator must be defrosted more often, preventing the formation of an ice coat.

10. Slow cook food

For most cooking operations, high heat is not needed. Usually, the liquid only needs to be brought to a boil, and then the food is cooked over low heat. Use the residual heat of the burners: turn off the stove a little before the food is ready.

11. Use cookware with a bottom that is equal to or slightly larger than the diameter of the electric stove burner

The electric stove is the most wasteful of household electrical appliances. If a TV consumes about 300 kW / h per year, a refrigerator about 450 kW / h, then an electric stove - more than 1000 kW / h.

Therefore, proper handling of the electric stove is one of the main ways to save energy.

Cover the cookware on the stove with a lid. This way you save money when cooking.

And by the way...

Cookware with an uneven bottom can lead to energy waste up to 40-60%.

12. Descale the kettle

For a reasonable use of energy when boiling the kettle, you should pour exactly as much water as you need right now.

Scale in a kettle conducts heat almost thirty times worse than metal, so it significantly increases the amount of energy needed to boil water.

13. Use the residual heat of household appliances

For example, the iron retains residual heat, which is enough for several minutes of ironing. An ironing board with a heat reflector is also a great way to save energy.

And did you know that...

Clothes that are too dry or too damp have to be ironed longer than slightly damp ones, which means more energy is wasted.

14. Paint walls and ceilings in White color

Smooth white wall reflects 80% of the rays.

For comparison: a dark green surface gives off only 15% of the light, a black one - 9%.

15. Don't Neglect natural light

The use of sunlight is one of the most significant reserves for saving electrical energy.

Depending on the power of the light bulbs you use, this measure will save up to 400 rubles a year.

16. Use solar panels

The most modern solar panels work effectively even in cloudy weather.

The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface in a week exceeds the energy of all the world's reserves of oil, gas, coal and uranium. But mankind has not yet learned how to use it effectively.

17. Use compact solar chargers

Today the market offers a large number of solar chargers. For example, cellular telephone with a 3.6 V battery is charged from such a device for 12 hours. This charge is enough for 1.5 hours of continuous talk time or 30-60 hours of standby time.

And did you know that…

… it is possible to recharge a cell phone a little without the help of special devices. Try, for example, putting your phone battery on the roof of a car heated by the sun. Such a "charge" is definitely enough for a few minutes of conversation.

18. Install a heat regulator on the batteries

When you go away or away from home for a long time, save: just set more low temperature.

You can always “warm up” the room again by setting the regulator to a higher value.

19. Do not push the radiators with furniture and do not curtain them with curtains

Obstacles get in the way warm air spread evenly around the room and reduce the heat transfer of radiators by 20%.

20. Paint batteries black, install heat shields

Battery painted in dark color, gives off 5-10% more heat than painted with light paint. The only condition is that the paint layer should not be too thick, this will negatively affect its heat transfer.

The wall behind the radiator can heat up to 50°C. It's a shame to spend so much heat on heating bricks or concrete slabs, especially if the apartment is cold. Install heat-reflecting screens made of foam or plain foil behind the batteries. This will raise the temperature in the room by an average of 2 degrees.

21. Insulate windows!!!

In most of our homes, energy costs for heating exceed those in European countries with similar climates by 3-5 times. According to experts, up to 50% of heat loss occurs through windows. Insulation of windows can increase the temperature in the room by 4-5°C and will allow you to abandon the electric heater, which can consume up to 4,000 kWh per apartment per season, or from 9 to 13.5 thousand rubles (depending on electricity tariffs). insulate wooden frames seal or replace them with plastic double-glazed windows.

22. Hang thick curtains on the windows

Draw back the curtains during the day and close the windows again at night.

blackout curtains help prevent heat loss.

23. Install heat reflective film on windows

Heat-reflecting film is an optically transparent material with a special multi-layer coating, which is installed on the inner surface of the outer window frame.

The film transmits 80% of visible light, and inside the apartment reflects about 90% of thermal radiation, which allows you to keep the room warm in winter and cool in summer.

24. Ventilate "in a shock"

The constantly open window, surprisingly, cools, but does not ventilate. But if you ventilate in one gulp, opening the windows wide for a short time, then the air will have time to change, but it will not “chill out” the room - the surfaces in the room will remain warm.

25. Insulate the walls

10% of heat loss in residential buildings is heat leaving through the basement.

Therefore, in an apartment on the ground floor, as well as in a country house, it makes sense to insulate the floor.

26. Don't let the heat escape through the floor

Making another repair, place under the wallpaper thin layer polystyrene foam or penofol. These are hygienic, environmentally friendly and fire-safe modern materials.

27. Insulate the loggia and balcony

Particular care should be taken to insulate balcony door. On the lower part of the door, you can fasten a decorative rug with buttons, and put a roller sewn from a thick fabric on the threshold from the side of the room, pressing it tightly against the door. You can fill it with foam rubber or scraps of fabric.

28. Insulate the front door

Effective way keep the heat leaving through the front door - install a second door, creating a heat-insulating vestibule. And in any case - you have two doors or one - you need to close the gaps between the wall and the door frame. This is done with foam.

29. Make sure that the door to the entrance closes tightly

If the door to the entrance does not close well, the insulation of your own front door may be ineffective. This can be helped either by installing an inertial device (the so-called "door closer"), or code lock. If such devices have not yet been installed at the entrance, this is a reason to contact the DEZ or another organization providing housing and communal services.

You also have the right to insist on the insulation of the front door and windows on the stairs.

30. Plant trees around the house

Trees will help protect your country house from the cold wind, and it will be easier to save heat in the house. Planted with a live "windworm" should be at a distance from the house, from two to five times the height of the trees.

31. Make a winter garden in your house

The atrium, in which the plants are located, simultaneously works as a passive heat storage. Through glass with a metal coating or polycarbonate plastic, the sun's rays pass into the room, which causes heat to accumulate in it. The resulting heat is sufficient not only winter garden but also the surrounding areas.

32. Install a geothermal pump in the country

A geothermal pump allows you to "collect" free energy from the land near your home, accumulated in soil, groundwater and air. Thanks to this device, up to 75% of the energy needed for heating your home and heating water will come from nature.

And by the way

Today, geothermal heat "works" for the benefit of people in 80 countries around the world. Approximately 1 million geothermal heat pumps are produced annually in the United States, which without fail used in the construction of new public buildings. It's fixed federal law. In Sweden, 70% of the heat comes from heat pumps. In Stockholm, such pumps provide 12% of the city's total heating, using the Baltic Sea as a source of energy, the water temperature of which is only +8°C.

33. Install hot and cold water meters

If the house does not have either a general house or individual meters, an equalizing principle applies when calculating water for residents: all residents pay the same according to the current tariffs. Water consumption rates average 350 liters per day in Russia. At the same time, the average Russian spends about 150 liters of water per day.

Approximate savings for a family of three will be up to 8,000 rubles a year.

And by the way

The calculation of water consumption in houses equipped with a general metering device is made according to the residual principle. From the indicator of the collective meter installed in the house, the volume of water declared by those who have individual counters, after which the difference is divided equally among the remaining tenants according to the registration data.

34. Prefer showering over bathing.

Taking a shower for 5 minutes, you consume a maximum of 100 liters of water. And in order to fill the bath, you need twice as much water - 200 liters. Having done right choice, you will leave about 150 rubles per month or 1800 rubles per year in your wallet.

And by the way

The use of economical spray nozzles with smaller openings on faucets and shower units allows you to use half as much water. And you will not notice the difference in water pressure. And the shower handle with a water flow interrupter reduces its consumption by a quarter.

35. Buy economical plumbing - a dual-flush toilet

A toilet with two flushes (full and economy) saves approximately 15 liters of water per day for a family of 3. Thus, in a year you will save 5400 liters of water per year.

36. Fix or replace faulty plumbing

A leaking toilet is almost 72,000 liters of wasted water per year. Losses in monetary terms will amount to about 2,000 rubles a year.

37. Turn off the faucet when brushing your teeth.

Turn off the faucet when brushing your teeth. To rinse your mouth, take a glass of water. Thus, you will save up to 45 liters of water - that is how much will go into the sewer through an open tap in 3 minutes.

38. Fix or replace any leaky faucets

From the dripping tap flows 24 liters of water per day and 720 liters per month, which is 8640 liters per year.

Thus, 230 rubles a year are “poured out” without any benefit.

A leaking faucet (up to 200 liters per day and about 6,000 liters per month) will cost almost 2,000 rubles a year.

39. When choosing mixers, give preference to lever

Always close the faucet tightly. After all, water can drip from a serviceable faucet if you do not follow it. And by the way, if hot water flows from a tap in a stream no thicker than a match, heat is lost in a year, which would be enough to heat one apartment for two months.

And did you know that…

the average consumption of an open water tap in 10 minutes is 150 liters.

Lever faucets mix water faster than 2-faucet faucets, which means less water is wasted when selecting the optimum temperature.

40. Do not defrost food under running water

In addition to the misuse of water, this is fraught with deterioration of the properties of the products. It is best to transfer food from the freezer to the refrigerator in advance.

41. Do not wash vegetables and fruits under running water.

Use a bowl to wash food. This method allows you to effectively clean the fruit from sand and dirt. To fill one large pot or bowl, you need only 3 liters of water, while in the case of a continuous washing of fruits, 15 liters of water flow out of the faucet every minute.

42. When washing dishes, do not keep the tap constantly open

The use of running water is doubly wasteful, since not only water consumption increases, but also the consumption of detergents. If you close the tap between rinsing the plates, the water consumption will decrease tenfold.

By putting into practice these quite affordable measures and methods for saving electricity and other resources, you will not only save a significant part of your budget, but also reduce the burden on the environment.