What noun is a common noun. Proper nouns and common nouns

These are the individual names of single items. Proper names (onyms) include:

Anthroponyms - personal names, patronymics, surnames: Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko. Nicknames, nicknames, pseudonyms: Oblique, Anna Akhmatova (AnnaGorenko), Lesya Ukrainka (Larysa Kosach).

Zoonyms - nicknames of animals: Barsik, Kashtanka.

Toponyms - names of geographical objects (rivers, lakes, mountains, etc.): Black Sea, Dnieper, Carpathians.

Cosmonyms - names of celestial bodies: Mars, Milky Way, Earth.

Titles of artworks: "Uncle Vanya", "War and Peace".

Names of historical events, periods: Victory, Resurrection.

Names of institutions, establishments: cafe "Szeged", cinema "Satellite" etc.

Common nouns

These are generalized names of homogeneous objects:

Name of specific items: key dog.

Names of persons: neighbor, father, hero, teacher.

Names of natural phenomena: thunderstorm, frost.

Names of animals: butterflies, crocodile, dinosaur.

Names of abstract concepts: wisdom, loneliness.

6. Names of the phenomena of social life: meetings, sowing, rally.

Grammatical features of proper and common nouns

Proper and common nouns are related not only in meaning, but also in grammatical and spelling characteristics.

They have different categories of numbers. Common nouns with the meaning "a specific subject" have a numerical correlation (singular - plural): pencil- pencils, river- rivers. At proper nouns, there is usually no correlation, nouns are used or only in singular. h. (Kyiv, Dnipro,Ukraine), or only in many h. (Carpathians, Brovary, Alps).

The spelling of proper and common names also differs: proper names are capitalized, common nouns are capitalized.

Proper and common nouns do not form closed rows: proper nouns can turn into common nouns, common nouns into proper ones.

Common nouns often become proper nouns: tram- magazine "Tram", contemporary - theater "Contemporary",friendship - cheese "Friendship". In this case, grammatical characteristics may change:

the plural form disappears. h. (can not be said magazines "Trams"),

do not combine with cardinal numbers (one cannot say 1 Eagle, 2 Eagles),

there are changes in the category of case (Elena Medved, Elena Medved).

Proper nouns can become common nouns: this is usually the result of metaphorization ( hooligan,Maecenas), but there may be a metonymic transfer (om, cashmere,riding breeches). The grammatical characteristics also change:

many may appear. h. (philanthropists),

gender may change (Galiffe(m.s.) - riding breeches(cf.)).

personal nouns

This is the name of a person for various reasons:

Common name: face, person, person;

Related characteristics: godfather, son-in-law, mother;

By nationality: Ukrainian, French;

By profession, occupation: taxi driver, magician, politician;

On a characteristic basis (physical, psychological, intellectual): healthy, beautiful, hysterical, clever;

Supporters of various currents and directions: atheist,avant-garde, acmeist;

At the place of residence: Odessa, Ukrainian, earthling.

Nouns (IP) are the most numerous part of the speech of the Russian language, answering questions Who? What? and naming objects, phenomena, concepts, etc. IPs are declinable and indeclinable, proper and common nouns, animate and inanimate. According to the method of naming an object, there are common nouns (written with a lowercase letter) and proper nouns (always capitalized, sometimes in quotation marks). In the school curriculum of grade 2, proper and common nouns are studied for the first time.

The difference between proper and common nouns

What is a common noun

Common nouns are the names of things, phenomena and living beings of the same type.

For example, a table, a person, a dog, joy, rain. In the text, they are always written in lower case, unless there is a period before them.

Depending on the meaning, there are 4 categories of common nouns:

1. Concrete name everything that surrounds us, they are tangible, they can be touched. For example, a tree, a newspaper, a boy, a cat, the sun, a house, an apple, a pen, a notebook, a river, mountains.
2. Abstract, or abstract, nouns indicate intangible phenomena that cannot be touched, but can be felt. These are such words as love, fear, joy, weightlessness, annoyance, attraction, uncertainty.
3. Collective designate a set of similar objects perceived as something single: foliage, aspen, youth, peasantry, children. Such words have an incomplete numerical paradigm; they cannot be pluralized.
4. Real nouns are called:
   - berries, vegetables and cereals (strawberries, raspberries, carrots, beans, wheat, rice);
   - food (sugar, salt, cream, butter, jam);
   – metals and other elements (gold, iron, calcium);
   – liquid, solid and bulk substances (sand, leather, water);
   – minerals (oil, gas, coal);
   - fabrics (linen, satin, synthetic winterizer).

The nouns of this category are not inclined by numbers and have only the form of the singular (serum, clay, silver) or plural (cream, sawdust) numbers.

What are proper names

Proper nouns are called nouns that distinguish among objects of the same type a unique one and call it.

They are capitalized anywhere in the sentence and include the following semantic groups:

• surnames, names and patronymics of people, their pseudonyms (Sergei Nikolaevich Skvortsov, Natasha Rostova, Maxim Gorky);
• names of states, cities, streets, rivers, oceans, mountains (Moscow, Russia, Stroiteley street, Davydovka village, Volga, Alps);
• names of cosmic bodies (Earth, Moon, Sun, constellation Orion);
• animal nicknames (Barsik, Sharik, Murka, Kesha);
• names of holidays (Birthday, Christmas, Victory Day);
• names of historical events (World War II, October Revolution);
• the names of books, paintings, musical works, magazines, shops, companies (Thumbelina, Izvestia, Stolichny shop);
• names of vehicles (ship "Ivan Svetlov", satellite "Soyuz", train "Sapsan").

Spelling and grammatical features of proper and common nouns

Common nouns and proper names have differences not only semantic, but also grammatical.

The first spelling rule for nouns is that common nouns should be capitalized and proper nouns capitalized.

The main part of common nouns is declined by numbers. For example, hand - hands, spoon - spoons, cow - cows. Proper names, with rare exceptions, are not declined and are used in the singular ( Petrov, Yenisei, Yekaterinburg, France). Proper names are used in the plural in the following cases:

• originally had a plural form (Alps, Philippines);
• designate different objects with the same name, Tanya - two Tanyas in the class, Sokolov - the Sokolov family, North Korea - both Koreas;
• became a household name, naming homogeneous objects that reflect the main feature of the owner of the name, for example, taciturns, Napoleons, plushkins.

Proper nouns can be not only individual words, but also whole sentences. Basically, these are the titles of literary works ( "As the Steel Was Tempered"), companies ( factory "Red October").

Another feature of proper nouns is the use of quotation marks in certain cases. When a word or phrase is used in its direct meaning, quotation marks are not needed ( Bolshoi Theatre, Central Library). Quotation marks enclose only conditional names ( novel "War and Peace", cafe "Zoloto", theater "Sovremennik").

Transition of proper names to common nouns and vice versa

Proper nouns tend to become common nouns and vice versa. When a common noun becomes the name of a one-of-a-kind object or phenomenon and stands out among other homogeneous ones, it becomes its own. For example, store "Brusnichka", dog Fluff, city Orel.

During the transition, the meaning of the common noun is partially preserved. For example, by the name of a dog fluff I guess she's fluffy.

Proper nouns become common nouns when they name objects and phenomena of the same kind. Many discoveries have received the names of their researchers, for example, colt, amp. Another transition option is when someone shows the pronounced features of a famous person or literary hero, he is called the name of the character, which is written in this case with a lowercase letter. Examples of the transition of proper nouns into common nouns: Narcissus means narcissism, Molchalin - sycophancy and unscrupulousness, Hercules - strength. Some words have passed into the category of common nouns so long ago that the original meaning has long been forgotten. This philanthropist, riding breeches, ice cream, panama, station.

This is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what?
The value of the object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) the names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, youth, deer, mosquito); 3) the names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various phenomena of nature and social life (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) the names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns are: own (Moscow, Russia, Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, young man, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, dry land) and middle (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change in cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Three declensions are distinguished for nouns (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, silence - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can be any other members of the sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, in the soul screams yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I was lying in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects. Proper nouns include: 1) names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays (New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) the names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (Trud newspaper, Resurrection novel, Enlightenment publishing house), etc.
Common nouns they call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (a person, a bird, furniture).
All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also taken in quotation marks (cinema "Cosmos", the newspaper "Vechernyaya Moskva").
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) they are not used in the plural (except for the cases of designation of different objects and persons that are called the same: We have two Ira and three Olya in the class); 2) are not combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can become common nouns, and common nouns- in own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (wool), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); work - the newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animated nouns serve as the names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects of the plant world; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animation-inanimateness developed as a semantic (semantic) category. Gradually, with the development of the language, this category became grammatical, so the division of nouns into animated And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and non-living.
An indicator of the animateness or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other by the form of the accusative plural. At animate nouns this form is the same as the genitive case, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -а, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: there is no friend - I see a friend (but: there is no home - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that should be considered by value inanimate, for example: "our nets dragged a dead man"; discard a trump ace, sacrifice a queen, buy dolls, paint matryoshkas.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be attributed to animated, for example: to study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhoid bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; Gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the features of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) specific nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(beast, foolishness, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); five) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific nouns are called, which denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, the second table.
abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote some abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), do not combine with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words many, few, how much, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective nouns are called, which denote a set of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have the form of only the singular and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old people, foliage, birch forest, aspen. Wed: The old people talked for a long time about the life of the young and the interests of the youth. - Whose are you, old man? The peasants, in essence, always remained owners. In no other country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and expected the arrival of adults. All students successfully passed the state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. Nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
real nouns are called, which denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can name chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, drugs, various materials, types of food and crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words that name units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
singular nouns are a variety real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those items that make up the set. Compare: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with the forms of agreed words defined for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
By sign gender nouns divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which are able to serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (cry-baby, touchy, good fellow, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus, noun gender distinguished only in the singular).

Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns

TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, crying); 2) some nouns ending in -а (я) like grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns ending in -o, -e such as saraishko, bread, house; 4) noun apprentice.
TO feminine applies: 1) most nouns with the ending -а (я) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of nouns with a base in a soft consonant, as well as in w and w and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, silence).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -o, -e in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns per -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) the noun "child".
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, occupation, are masculine. However, they can also refer to females. The coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) an unseparated definition must be in the form of the masculine gender, for example: A young doctor Sergeev appeared on our site. A new version of the article of the law was proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after a proper name should be put in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate should be put in the feminine form if: 1) there is a proper name in the sentence before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Guide Petrova led the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The principal of the school turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great care, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. General nouns Some nouns with the endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of the general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they designate, these nouns can be assigned either to the feminine or to the masculine gender: little crybaby - little crybaby, such a wretch - such a wretch, a terrible slob - a terrible slob. In addition to such words, nouns of the general gender can include: 1) invariable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defier, Michon, Hugo, etc .; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, naming a person by profession, occupation, do not belong to nouns of the general gender. They are masculine nouns. General nouns are emotionally colored words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore they are not characteristic of scientific and official business styles of speech. Using them in a work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the colloquial nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on the other side. She turns everything shameful with us. Whatever he sees - everything is not right, everything is not like mom's. So right? - Oh, I don't know! She's a crybaby, and that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and unhurried, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, knight. You won't shed tears. And she is a girl. Tender. Mom's dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign common nouns indeclinable nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzee, cockatoo, hummingbird, kangaroo, pony, flamingo); 3) the words coffee, penalties, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of females (Miss, Frau, Lady). The middle gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coats, mufflers, necklines, depots, metro). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is required to indicate the female of the animal, the agreement is carried out according to the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with the past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: Kangaroo carried a kangaroo in a bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, was feeding the cub a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word fly (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If it is difficult to determine the gender of an indeclinable noun, it is advisable to refer to a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese three-line) - cf., takku (Japanese five-line) - f.r., su (coin) - cf., flamenco (dance) - cf., taboo (prohibition) - cf. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are fixed only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - cf., taro (cards) - pl. (genus not defined). The gender of indeclinable foreign place names, as well as the names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common word, for example: Po (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanite" (newspaper). The genus of indeclinable abbreviated words in most cases is determined by the genus of the stem word of the phrase, for example: Moscow State University (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - f.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (cf. ), a new amphibious aircraft - a new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) for the second part, if the first does not change: a sparkling firebird - a sparkling firebird (female), a huge swordfish - a huge swordfish (female). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since the compound word is used only in the plural: fabulous boots-walkers - fabulous boots-walkers (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one subject (horse, stream, crack, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the features of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have forms of both the singular and the plural; 2) nouns that have only the singular form; 3) nouns that have only the plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete-objective meaning, denoting counted objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) the names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with a real value (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) the names of a quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, felling, delivery, running around, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of single objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) the words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) the names of compound and paired items (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of time intervals (holidays, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, shoots, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind-seek, hide-and-seek, chess, backgammon, money). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, there may also be some changes in the basis of the word, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the stem (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov \j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes in the singular (master - gentlemen, chicken - chickens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). For indeclinable nouns, the number is determined syntactically: a young chimpanzee (singular) - a lot of chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns A case is an expression of the relationship of an object called a noun to other objects. In Russian grammar, six cases of nouns are distinguished, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all the rest are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which this noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to a noun: to see (whom? what?) a brother, to be proud (of what?) of success. Homonymous endings are often found among the case endings of nouns. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms around the country and about the country. Declension types of nouns Declension is a change of a noun in cases and numbers. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of this noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. The construction of the school\s\ is completed. Graduates send greetings to schools \ e \ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declension can only be defined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns, denote people, with the ending -а (я) in the nominative singular (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of general gender with the endings -а (я) in the nominative case (cry-baby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in indirect cases of the singular have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -и. In writing, confusion of the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ey and -iya often causes errors. Words ending in -ey (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a soft consonant stem such as earth, will, bath, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns ending in -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns ending in -o, -e in the nominative singular (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun apprentice. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in oblique singular: In the prepositional singular of masculine nouns, the ending -e predominates. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with prepositions в and на; b) have (in most cases) the character of stable combinations denoting the place, state, time of action. For example: an eyesore; stay in debt on the edge of death; grazing; go about; boil in their own juice; be in good standing. But: to work in the sweat of your brow, in the sunlight; grammatical structure; in a right angle; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -e: teaching - learning, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -й, -е in the prepositional case have the ending -и. Words on -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, hoarfrost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the indirect cases of the singular have the following endings: The words mother and daughter, related to the third declension, when changed in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- in the stem: Declension of plural nouns In case endings plural differences between individual types of declension of nouns are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, the nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -i, -ы and | -а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words that name: 1) paired and compound items: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a meaningful function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance technique”) - pipe knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Variable nouns Variable nouns include: 1) ten nouns per -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Variable nouns have the following features: 1) the ending -i in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -em in the instrumental case of the singular as in the second declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns in -mya). The word way has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, way - ways (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); the steering wheel - the steering wheel, the way - the way (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, and in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, Dumas novels. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -ю, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting females ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -o, -ih, -y (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of an alphabetic and mixed character (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of the department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The walrus asked the Kangaroo (R.p.): How can you stand the heat? I'm shivering from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine, in a sentence it is an object and subject. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the allocation of four permanent features (proper-common, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconstant (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including such features as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.

I'm very sorry for the flood, but can't they write this in a simpler way?

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See what "Common" is in other dictionaries:

common noun- This word (used in combination with a common noun) is a derivational tracing paper from the Latin appellativum (nomen), which in turn is a tracing paper from the Greek prosegorikon (onoma). Latin appello means I call, I call ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Krylov

Name, gram., tracing paper lat. nōmen appellativum from Gr. ὄνομα προσηγορικόν; see Thomsen, Gesch. 16 … Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

common noun- (name). Word-building. tracing paper of the 18th century lat. appellative, suf. derived from appellare "to name, name". Wed a terminological synonym for appellative, which is a direct borrowing from lat. lang. See denounce, speech... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language

Common nouns are nouns denoting the name (common name) of a whole class of objects and phenomena that have a certain common set of features, and naming objects or phenomena according to their belonging to such a class. ... ... Wikipedia

Common nouns (tracing paper from Latin nōmen appellativum from Greek ὄνομα προσηγορικόν) are nouns denoting the name (common name) of a whole class of objects and phenomena that have a certain common set of features, and ... ... Wikipedia

See nomen actionis... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

Substantive noun), naming an object or phenomenon according to its belonging to a given category, that is, characterized by features that allow the selection of the category [i] itself (a person, a blonde, a city, a river, a constellation, a ship, a book, ... ... Handbook of etymology and historical lexicology

common noun- 1) A generalized name for homogeneous objects and concepts (for example: brother, lake, country, victory) 2) Name, name (usually a literary hero, historical figure, event, etc.), personifying what l. certain properties, qualities, etc. ... ... Dictionary of many expressions

A common expression denoting an unfair trial. It is associated with the same name of the Russian satirical story of the 2nd half of the 17th century, written on the basis of a fairy tale plot common among many peoples. The theme of the story... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Laisa- A common name denoting a young, beautiful, but cold and soulless courtesan. It originates from ancient anecdotes. (Modern Dictionary Reference: Antique World. Compiled by M.I. Umnov. M .: Olympus, AST, 2000) ... Antique world. Dictionary reference.

Define a common generic concept for the listed nouns.

Sample: Baba Yaga, Vasilisa the Wise, Kashchei the Immortal, Sivka-Burka - ... fairy-tale characters

• V.G. Perov, I.N. Kramskoy, A.K. Savrasov, V.M. Vasnetsov, I.E. Repin, I.I. Levitan - ...
• St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tyumen, Moscow - ...
• I.A. Bunin, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, F.M. Dostoevsky, K.G. Paustovsky - ...
• Neva, Moscow, Volga, Don, Dnieper - ...
• P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M.I. Glinka, D.D. Shostakovich - ...
• "Volga", "Niva", "Zhiguli", "Lada", "KAMAZ" - ...
• A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, M.I. Tsvetaeva, A.A. Akhmatova, B.L. Pasternak - ...

Proper nouns

Proper nouns are capitalized. These include:

• names, surnames, patronymics and nicknames of people (Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov);
• nicknames of animals (Sharik, Tuzik, Muska);
• the names of the heroes of literary works (Ilya Ilyich Oblomov);
• geographical names (Moscow, Frankfurt, Caucasus, Neva);
• astronomical and astrological designations (Moon, the constellation of the Hounds of the Dogs);
• titles of magazines, newspapers, literary works, etc. (newspaper " Truth " , Journal " Our garden " );
• brand names of cars, cigarettes, etc. (automobile " Moskvich " , cigarettes " buddy " ).

Note: titles written not only capitalized, but also in quotation marks!

common noun >>> proper name

By the way, a scattered Is it a proper name or a common noun? Recall the beginning of S. Marshak's poem:

There lived a scattered man
On Basseinaya Street.
He sat down on the bed in the morning
Started putting on a shirt
Put his hands in the sleeves -
It turned out they were pants.
Here's how scattered
From Basseinaya Street!

Remember: Common nouns can become proper nouns and vice versa. In this case, the common noun (scattered person) became a proper name ( R scattered from Basseinaya Street).

This is how common nouns turned into Faith Hope Love into proper names Faith Hope Love. Another example of a dog name Ball.

Proper name >>> common noun

History knows many examples when proper names became common nouns. Here are some of them:

• So, the big perfected harmonica accordion received the name from the name of its own Bayan (Boyan).
• Cupcake and cake Napoleon, according to legend, owe the name to Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who loved this type of confectionery.
• Colt, Maxim, Mauser, Nagant - famous inventors of weapons.
• The Belgian master Sachs gave the name to the popular wind instrument - saxophone y.
• One of the ancient legends tells about a handsome young man Narcissa, who was in love with himself so that he did not notice anyone and nothing around, but all the time looked at his reflection in the water. The gods, angry, turned him into a plant. The white narcissus flower leans to one side and seems to be looking down at its reflection with a yellow eye. ...
• Sometimes items get their names from the place where they were taken from: coffee(from the name of the country Kaffa, located in Africa), peach(from Persia - modern Iran), Orange(The Dutch word appelsien literally translates as "Chinese apple"). Word trousers comes from the name of the Dutch city of Bruges.

About patronymics

Before, patronymics were worn only by noble people, representatives of the merchant class, nobility and church authorities (Alyosha Popov-son = Alyosha Popovich), and a simple person, a peasant, was named according to his master or place of origin: Ilya from Murom = Ilya Muromets. If you want to learn more about names, check out the electronic or paper dictionary of names (http://lib.deport.ru/slovar/nam.html or use the section on names on our website.

Tasks and conclusions:

Which of these words are proper names, and which are common nouns (not proper names):

Explain the underlined words: what do you know about the concepts they denote? Which nouns can be pluralized and which ones cannot?

Output: Proper names do not have a plural form (with the exception of the surnames of persons belonging to the same family - the Ivanov family, Mr. Petrov).

Translate the nouns from the previous exercise into another language you know. What nouns and why cannot be translated?

Output: Proper names are never translated, but only transliterated (written in letters of another language), for example: Irina = Irina

Proper names and quotation marks:
So, which proper names should be written in quotation marks, and which should not? Help Scattered to put quotes:

Rest house Tourist, Sharik the dog, Novosti newspaper, Mr. Ivanov, Oblomov novel, Ilyin mathematician, Virgo constellation, spirits Moscow, Moscow city, Niva car, Alatau mountain, Rybolov magazine.

Output: Makes of cars are written in quotation marks; brands and names of perfumes, cigarettes; the names of newspapers, magazines and literary works. Without quotation marks are written: proper names of people and literary characters, geographical and astronomical names.

Correct the mistakes in the work of your German friend. Why do you think he made these mistakes?

Outside my window stands a golden autumn. I love this season very much. There is always the Frankfurt Book Fair in October. Last Year I bought a Book of a Fairy Tale in Russian here.




In German, all nouns are capitalized; in English, the names of the days of the week and months. There are no such rules in Russian. However, in these cases, "October" and "seasons" are capitalized? Why?

factory "Red October", P.I. Tchaikovsky or Antonio Vivaldi "The Seasons".

Do not forget: Names are capitalized and in quotation marks!

Guess the riddles

• City that "flies" - _________________________
• The longest river in the world is _________
• The river that bears the name of the girl is _______________________
• The deepest lake in the world is _____________________
• A sea without water
• Seas bearing "colored" names - ___________________
• The largest ocean is _________________________
• The ocean that bears the name of the country is _________________