What plants can be found on the lake in the forest? Fresh water plants.
Probably, most of both experienced and novice fishermen noticed that various plants grow on different depth, are differently sensitive to water quality and current flow. In the thickets alone, you can find the boiling of the life of the inhabitants water element, and in others, deathly calm. In this article I will try to tell you which fresh water plants grow at what depth, what water quality they prefer, and what types of fish can be counted on in this vegetation.
I want to note that the knowledge of aquatic plants can greatly facilitate both ice-covered water, as well as open.
There is another important observation, in the same plants fish of completely different species can peck, and the capture of a certain representative of a given reservoir depends on what bait and fishing method to use.
I'll start by looking at which freshwater plants are most common and play an important role in the process of catching fish.
Capsule (yellow water lily).
It grows at depths of 1-3 meters, in stagnant water and slow-flowing rivers, most often forms a continuous cover of leaves on the surface of the water. round shape reaching 25 cm in diameter and yellow flowers of a round shape.
Favorite habitat for crucian carp, tench, grass pike. In the windows between the burdocks of leaves comes across roach, perch.
Water lily (water lily, nymphea)
They can form independent colonies, as well as coexist with a close relative of the egg-pod, at the same depths and with the same ichthyofauna. The slurry of the seeds of the fruit of the flower, the leaves of which are arrow-shaped in white, is eaten.
Vodokras
A floating plant, with leaves similar to a capsule or a water lily, only 2-3 times smaller in size and does not have a root system associated with the ground, for this reason it can be found throughout the reservoir in backwaters or shallow bays without a current.
Favorite place of accumulation of juvenile fish and various insects.
marsh flower
A plant that grows in slightly flowing or stagnant water bodies at a depth of up to 1 meter, and can go onto a swampy shore. The leaves are similar to the leaf of the capsule, only much smaller in size, the flower looks like a cucumber. The flowers, leaves and stems are edible and have medicinal properties.
In folk medicine, it is used in the form of compresses for bruises and tumors, internal infusions as a diuretic and antipyretic.
Shelter absolutely all juvenile fish.
Elodea
Flowing reservoirs.
It is considered harmful and is popularly called (water plague), as it feels great both in rivers with a weak current and in stagnant water of reservoirs of ponds and lakes, it is unpretentious to lighting and can completely displace other plants of a fresh water reservoir, forming dense impregnable thickets.
Elodea prefers depths from 0.2 to 3 m. In moderately flowing rivers it is a good shelter for both small and large perches and pikes. The best time for summer fishing of a large predator is from dawn to 10 o'clock, a small one almost all daylight hours.
Biting is due to the presence of a large amount of food for small white fish, which in large numbers is protected by dense thickets of elodea.
Not flowing.
In stagnant reservoirs, by removing part of the vegetation from the water and making an artificial window in the thickets or finding a natural free spot, you can successfully catch large roach, perch, crucian carp, tench, taking into account the tastes and habits of these fish.
A grass pike can take on the vents.
In winter.
Finding under the ice winter time Elodea plantations, you can expect to catch grass pike, and in the windows of perch vegetation.
Urut
An excellent food plant for juvenile fish whose diet consists of both vegetable and animal food, breeding in feathery leaves of a light-loving, green, natural shelter.
The main places where you can find urut are ponds and reservoirs with stagnant water at a depth of 0.5 to 2 meters. Favorite vegetation tench, crucian carp, large roach.
Telorez
This type of freshwater plant has the peculiarity of growing at a depth of up to 2 meters in reservoirs with stagnant water with a muddy bottom, and as the seeds ripen, rise to the surface of the water twice a season in June when it blooms and in August when the seeds ripen. Fish inhabitants are very fond of sometimes along the edges of the thickets you can catch pike, grass, perch. young shoots and leaves are excellent food for crucian carp and tench.
Chilim, water chestnut.
Found in stagnant or slowly flowing rivers. It has peculiar seeds with very sharp spikes pointing to the four sides of the fruit, and carries a puncture hazard to fishermen with rubber boats.
The depth at which this plant can most often be found is from 1 to 4 m. Water chestnut fruits are used for food both in boiled, fried, and baked form, and are also used for medical purposes in the treatment of eye diseases.
There are no special varieties of fish in chilim. Mostly grass, roach, perch in small quantities.
hornwort
Purifies and saturates water with oxygen. It grows at a depth of up to 1.5 meters, has no root system and forms dense thickets. Not loved by anglers, as it is very difficult to fish in it, and therefore many anglers believe that fish bypasses it with their attention and is not caught in it.
Rdest
A perennial plant that has a large number of species, among which there are those that do not have external species similarities. Grows at depths up to 3 meters with weak or no current in water bodies. Tench, crucian carp, large roach love to feed in the thickets of lake pondweed. Pike up to the trophy, perch and roach can be caught in the thickets of the river. It is used in tinctures for the treatment of furunculosis.
Common reed
It grows along the banks of rivers, reservoirs, and other reservoirs, the height can reach 4-5 m. It grows in water at a depth of up to 1.5. Favorite feeding place for crucian carp, carp, tench, rudd, perch and pike are often caught along the edge. On the first and last ice one can find flocks of large perches directly in the windows between the thickets of stems, sometimes even 0.5 meters of water under the ice.
Cattail.
Cattail grows along the shore of stagnant water bodies, the depths at which it normally feels from 0 to 0.5 m. For this reason, large fish are practically not caught in its thickets. Only grass pike sometimes use it as an ambush.
Reeds. 
Reeds, like cattails, are not of great value to the fisherman, as they grow along the coast. It does not allow the root system to go deep into the water, therefore it grows near the shore and can only serve as a shelter for a fisherman who wants to fish from the shore, hiding behind its stems.
Arrowhead common
It is not of great importance for determining the depth and species composition of the fish living in the place of its growth, since it mainly grows in shallow places from 0.2 to 1 m, heavily overgrown with arrowhead and other aquatic plants of a fresh water reservoir, in which sport fishing is difficult . 
Although it should be noted that it is also found at depths of up to 1.5 m.
Can be applied in medicinal purposes, as a wound healing, astringent, antiseptic, and even in malignant tumors.
In addition to medicinal purposes, it can also be used in cooking.
Used in cooking root system, which is cooked like a regular potato.
Susak umbrella.
Another plant species that has chosen the coastal strip of muddy river banks and stagnant reservoirs as its growth zone. I'm talking about it solely because useful properties this representative of the fauna.
This amazing plant is used in medicine, cooking, agriculture.
For medicinal purposes, it is used to treat the gastrointestinal tract, skin diseases.
The rhizomes are used for food, which are cooked, just like potatoes.
In agriculture, the leaves are used for fattening livestock, roots, rabbits, pigs and aquatic animals, muskrats, nutria.
Any representative of the kingdom of Neptune somehow gravitates towards thickets of aquatic vegetation - a fish table and a house. It is easier for juvenile fish among plants to hide from predators; right there, together with adults, the “small fry” finds food for themselves; in the very heat, many species cool off among the thickets of reeds and cattails, where the water temperature is always slightly lower than outside ...
The role of aquatic plants in the life of aquatic inhabitants is enormous and it is difficult to overestimate it.
Variety of aquatic vegetation
Higher aquatic plants in any reservoirs perform very important functions. Khara, cladophora, ulothrix, poisonous ranunculus, marigold, three-leaved watch, arrowhead, cattail, killer whale, egg-pod, water paint and many other plants growing under water, on the surface of reservoirs or in shallow waters - a refuge for aquatic animals, a substrate for spawning of phytophilous ( "plant-loving") fish, a natural filter between the watershed and the reservoir.
In addition, vegetation plays an important role in the process of self-purification of reservoirs, rivers, ponds, it is a competitor of algae, which causes water "bloom". In shallow areas of reservoirs overgrown with reeds and reeds, waterfowl and marsh birds breed and feed ...
In the seas and oceans, aquatic plants often grow around coral reefs, protecting them from ocean water pollution (plants serve as a natural filter, absorbing pollution). Aquatic grass roots slow down erosion, helping to stabilize coastlines.
Aquatic plants can reach a length of several centimeters to tens of meters. They form real sea meadows in coastal waters from the Arctic to the tropics. Near the east coast of North America, there are the largest underwater pastures with an area of several hundred square kilometers. Underwater grasslands grow in Australian coastal waters. One such meadow near Adelaide covers an area of 4000 km 2 , and this meadow is over a thousand years old.
The flora of the Dnieper reservoirs includes more than 1000 species of plants, of which about 200 species are purely aquatic or "water-loving". Below is a description of some plants that are of no small importance in the life of fish.
Rogoz (Kuga)
Cattail is a plant with a dense and strong stem surrounded by broad leaves. It is topped with a velvety dark brown cob (often called a "rocking chair") with ripened fruits. This plant is sometimes incorrectly referred to as bulrush.
On reservoirs in cattail, crucian carp, roach, rudd, carp are perfectly caught.
Duckweed is a tiny free-floating plant. On the surface of stagnant water in lakes and ponds, duckweed often forms a continuous light green coating.
Due to its high protein content, duckweed can compete with legumes. Therefore, both waterfowl and various fish enjoy it with pleasure.
reeds
Reed - has a long smooth stem of dark green color, which is completely devoid of leaves. Often forms continuous thickets in the water near the shore. At the bottom, the stem reaches the thickness of a finger. In the upper part, a brown inflorescence is distinguished, consisting of several spikelets. The length of the reed reaches five or more meters.
The reed stalks are porous, filled with a mass similar to the lightest foam. The plant is densely penetrated by a network of air channels.
Unlike reeds, reed stems from below and to the very top are covered with flat, linear-lanceolate, up to 7 cm wide, with sharply rough leaves along the edges. At the top of the stem, a panicle 20-50 cm long is distinguished. Inventive anglers make wonderful light 3-4-meter rods from individual dry reeds.
Elodea is often called the "water plague" because of the ability to grow rapidly and "capture" the free water area. Elodea is historically "not our" plant, it came to us from North America, having mastered the reservoirs of Western Europe along the way.
In the fishing literature there is a statement that the fish avoids the dense thickets of elodea and cannot be caught there. However, it is not. "Water plague" eats grass carp and some other fish with pleasure.
Thread, or silkworm
Filament is a bright green filamentous algae. Its strands are attached at one end to a pile, stone, driftwood or other underwater objects and freely "rinse" or flutter in the current. With a strong overgrowth of the reservoir, the thread floats to the surface, forming vast areas of green mud. This plant is loved by many species of fish.
Buckwheat amphibian
Amphibian buckwheat is a deep-water plant, somewhat similar to land-based buckwheat, with a long cord-like stem. As a rule, it grows at a depth of 3-4 meters.
Hara is an underwater plant with thin stems with whorls of leaf-like needles. Sometimes the hara can form entire underwater meadows. This plant especially loves calcium-rich water. 
We determine the depth of the reservoir ... by plants
According to the nature of the aquatic vegetation, the fisherman can quite accurately (provided that he can distinguish at least cattail from reeds) judge the bottom topography.
In the coastal zone are found favorable conditions Habitat dark green sedges, milestones, poisonous ranunculus. Near the water itself, a continuous carpet sometimes forms a marigold.
0.5-1.0 meters. Amphibious plants grow on the border of water and land: three-leafed watch, arrowhead, thickets of chastukha, succession, horsetail, cattail. 
1.0-1.5 meters. The next belt is made up of half-submerged plants: manna, sedge, water buckwheat grow on shallows with depths of up to one meter. Ponds and hara settle somewhat deeper - at a depth of 1-2 meters. 
1.5-2.0 meters. Kuga (lake reeds) and reeds in reservoirs with variable level regime grow at depths of up to 2 meters, in rivers and lakes - up to 1.5 meters. 
2.0-3.0 meters. This is a belt of plants with leaves floating on the surface: a white water lily, a yellow capsule, pondweed, amphibian buckwheat, water paint. A capsule and a white water lily (lovers of clean and running water) on rivers and lakes grow at depths of up to 2.5 meters, in reservoirs - up to 3 meters. 
3.0-4.0 meters. Chara algae grow at depths up to 4 meters - hornwort, urut, elodea (holidays on the beaches are well acquainted with these plants). Although the most dense thickets are observed at a depth of one and a half meters. 
4 meters and deeper. Deeper than 4 meters on the reservoirs, hard vegetation is scarce, soft vegetation is found in small "bushes". 
Every fish loves "their" plants
Different types of fish prefer "their" vegetation. Crucian carp and tench like to feed in thickets of sedge and cattail, often caught at a depth of 20-30 cm. Perch, roach, rudd settle near reeds and reeds, often at a depth of 1-2 meters pike stands in ambushes. In rivers and lakes, roach and rudd feed among egg-pods; thickets of uruti are inhabited by a variety of fish, both peaceful and predatory.
There are practically no adult fish among the shoots of the hornwort. The larvae of aquatic insects - the food of fish - do not settle on the leaves of this plant "due to" the release of a tannin by the plant - tannin. In addition, in the scientific literature there is a statement that the fine pollen of the hornwort during its flowering enters the gills of fish with water and clogs them.
There are a lot of adult fish and "fish" in thickets of pondweed and urut, where she finds plentiful food, spawns and successfully hides from predators. Common carp often lays eggs on thickets of pondweeds, where the saturation of water with oxygen both day and night is much higher than in the surrounding areas. open areas reservoir.
All daylight hours in summer and early autumn, you can catch rudd, roach, tench, dace, crucian carp and a small carp in the windows between the leaves of water lilies, on the border of reed and cattail thickets.
Observant anglers have noticed how many fish sometimes gather in late autumn and winter in horsetail thickets. It is believed that these plants have the ability to alkalize the water around them. In addition, in winter, water is enriched with oxygen coming from the air through the hollow stems of plants.
White water lilies and yellow capsules are not only outwardly beautiful. Various invertebrates live on the leaves of plants. Big ones themselves round leaves serve as shelter for fish in hot and sunny weather. In addition, there is a lot of starch, protein and sugar in the rhizomes of water lilies; roach, rudd and perch like to feast on them.
In shallow water, arrowhead thickets attract "white" fish; carp, chub, ide, and roach feed here. Predators also hunt here. Arrowhead shoots have one and a half times more starch than potato tubers!
What do vegetarian fish eat?
According to the nature of the nutrition of phytophage fish ("plant-eaters"), they can be divided into three groups:
* 1. Fish, in the diet of which higher plants are of exceptional or predominant importance.
* 2. Omnivorous euryphage fish, in the diet of which higher plants are more or less equal in importance with animal food.
* 3. Omnivorous euryphage fish, in whose diet higher plants play the role of additional food.
It is customary to refer to the first group such species as white carp and rudd.
juveniles cupid at the first stages of active feeding, it consumes small planktonic animals and feeds on worms. Adult fish eat various plants: aquatic submerged and semi-submerged, and in some cases - terrestrial. The most consumed plants (at any water temperature) are filamentous and narrow-leaved pondweeds, elodea, reeds (young shoots), and sexually mature grass carp manage to eat plants even at a height of 50-70 cm from the surface of the reservoir, jumping high out of the water.
DOES NOT use for food, white grass carp is pierced-leaved (old), shiny and reddening, egg capsule, pure white water lily, rezukha, burrweed, pemphigus, buckwheat, large cattail, sedge, susak, charophyceous algae.
Consequently, it makes no sense for the fisherman to watch for cupid near these plants.
Rudd considered a transitional species from purely herbivorous fish to fish with plant and animal nutrition. Until the age of two, these fish still feed on invertebrates and plants, and when they reach 8-10 cm in length, they almost completely switch to plant nutrition (higher plants, filamentous algae, diatoms).
The rudd spends its entire life near the thickets of vegetation, practically without leaving them. Experienced anglers know that catching rudd, say, on a river bed is a real nonsense.
In reservoirs where there is little vegetation, rudd grows poorly. Favorite plants for this fish are coastal reed, elodea, hornwort.
In summer, the rudd fasts. Almost all the warm season, she prefers vegetarian food. That is why its meat becomes bitter in taste.
The herbivorous period almost stops in the rudd before autumn, when larvae of mosquitoes and other insects, aquatic invertebrates appear in its diet more and more often. 
The second group (euryphage fish, i.e. species with a wide food spectrum, omnivores) includes carp (carp), chub, ide, roach (ram), tench.
Experienced anglers know, for example, the roach's predilection for silkworm (bright green algae, which is often called threadbait). Floaters and conductors use it as an excellent bait for heavy roaches. In general, some researchers noted up to 45 food objects, among which the most beloved by fish are fouling algae, pondweed, urut.
Large roach almost completely switches to feeding on animal feed - mollusks.
adults carps almost omnivorous, they use a variety of plant and animal food for food: seeds and young shoots of aquatic plants (reed, buckwheat, urut), mollusks, crustaceans. In recreational literature, this majestic fish is often referred to as the "water pig" due to its ability to consume a variety of animal and vegetable foods without overdoing it.
spring carp and carps they gladly eat tender shoots of cattail, in summer the share of plant food in their diet is insignificant, although from time to time these fish feed on hara, diatoms and green algae.
By the way, it was found that for normal development
Podust- periphyton-eater - it feeds on aquatic inhabitants attached to the stems and leaves of plants: rotifers, insect larvae, worms, mollusks, lower algae. As part of the food of the podust, one can find silt, higher aquatic plants (urut), although the latter are not the main, but additional food.
carp prefers animal feed, although it eats filamentous algae with pleasure in summer, "grazes" in cattail thickets, pecking aquatic invertebrates from the stems. Hornwort, pondweed and urt are used by silver carp as additional food.
Large specimens of benthos-eating and mollusk-eating fish: carp, ram, bream, silver bream, blue bream love to feed at depths from 3 to 10-12 meters, where the bottom of Eastern European and southern reservoirs and rivers is almost entirely covered with a carpet of zebra mussel - a shell mollusk.
Chub during the period open water feeds mainly on aerial insects, sometimes "biting" with shoots of pondweeds, plucking silkwort.
bleak, despite the predominant feeding on animal feed, sometimes pays attention to higher aquatic plants; in reservoirs, it uses elodea and pondweed as food when there is a lack of food (great competition).
river perch, paradoxically for anglers, is by no means an absolute predator. In its diet, in addition to a small proportion of air insects, vegetation is also found. In the reservoirs of Kazakhstan, in the lakes of the Urals and Trans-Urals, for example, in large perches (weighing more than 600 g), the frequency of occurrence of plants (cattail!) reaches 18%, and in the floodplain reservoirs of the Middle Volga, ichthyologists caught perches, in the intestines of which higher plants amounted to 36 % by weight. Moreover, perch plants ate in the presence of a huge number of juvenile fish!
But not only in distant lands perch "vegetarian". According to researchers, small perches in the Dnieper and Dnieper reservoirs feed on plants, fish eggs and invertebrates. Although scientists recognize that plants in the food of these predators still play an additional role.
It is hard to imagine our reservoirs without the familiar reeds and reeds, the water column and the bottom of the rivers without pondweed, arrowhead or silk grass. Aquatic plants for all fish, without exception, are a reliable home and a satisfying table. And an inquisitive fisherman, who knows fish addictions, will always come home with a rich catch! ..
It is not difficult to make it, a novice summer resident, who cares not only about tomatoes, but also about development, will quite cope with this business. landscape design of his estate.
But digging a pond is not the main thing - it still needs to be decorated with plants so that not only the water surface will please your eyes, but also a variety of flowers will decorate the pond and its banks.
Not every plant you like will be able to grow in an artificial reservoir. In order for real harmony to come in the water, all the inhabitants of the water depth or the coastal strip must like each other, and not cause a feeling of hostility or even enmity.
PLANTS OF THE WATER
The most popular plant that can live in a pond is the water lily or water lily. There are a huge number of varieties of this flower, so you need to carefully choose the one that is suitable for your conditions. The main guidelines for buying a water lily should be the temperature of the reservoir (about 20-25 degrees) and the average depth (should not exceed 40-50 cm so that the roots can catch on the bottom). Water lilies keep stagnant water from blooming and also cover part of the pond from the scorching summer sun.
Another plant that can easily take root in any artificial reservoir is water paint. It is distinguished by snow-white, which lie beautifully on the surface of the water. The total height of the flower itself is relatively small - up to 5 cm, but water colors bloom all summer.
An ornamental plant for a pond can be considered duckweed, which is particularly unpretentious. But you need to be very careful with it: duckweed in a short period of time is able to fill the entire reservoir with itself, depriving it of grooming. It is best to choose duckweed of the tripartite family, which grows more slowly. So you don't have to worry about it spreading too fast.
As for the coastal flora of the reservoir, you can plant buttercups or sedge. All these plants look great against the background of water.
You can also opt for the unpretentious marsh marigold. Its height does not exceed half a meter, and already in April the first sunny yellow flowers appear.
Pontederia is especially beautiful, big leaves which, with their pleasant brilliance, seem to enliven the coastal zone of the reservoir. She also has flowers that dilute the greenery with delicate blue spots throughout the summer. Another feature of pontederia is its exceptional frost resistance.
Water iris is perfect for planting near the shore. This plant loves moist soil.
The most versatile coastal plant designers have long recognized calamus. Calamus begins to grow in spring and is able to cover the already faded bushes of marsh marigold or umbrella susak, adding neatness and grooming, and without special efforts from the side of man.
If the volume of the reservoir allows, then large-sized calamus can be planted. In addition to decorative functions, it also has medicinal properties which can always come in handy. But for small ponds it is better to use grassy calamus. His short stature and compact size fit perfectly into the overall picture of the area.
To bring the biological balance of the ecosystem back to normal, it is simply necessary to plant a hornwort. This plant has the ability to saturate water with oxygen, so it is also called an oxygen generator. Outside, it is almost impossible to notice the hornwort, as it grows completely in the water. It has no roots, so there is no need to be afraid that it will grow strongly and crowd out other plants. In its shape, the hornwort will resemble a thick brush, but it will not take up much space.
Of course, you should not place in all plants at once. You need to choose the ones that you like the most. Still, the main advantage of an artificial reservoir on the site is the water surface and freshness, so plants should not occupy more than a third of its surface.
Municipal budgetary institution of additional education
"Children's Ecological and Biological Center", Kolpashevo
« Vegetable world fresh water »
Kovaleva T.D. - extracurricular teacher
education,I qualification category
Kolpashevo
2016
Subject: Flora of fresh water.
Target: acquaintance with variety of fresh water flora.
Tasks:
Educational: to reveal the features of vital activity of aquatic plants.
Developing: continue the formation of skills and abilities independent work; promote the development of comparison skills.
Educational: cultivate respect and love for nature.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Equipment: cut pictures, texts about plants with pictures, tables, slide presentation, microscopes, glass slides, living specimens of duckweed.
Course progress.
I . Organizing time.
II . Knowledge update
a) Blitz poll. - What reservoirs do you know?
(Slide 2)
What is the difference between artificial and natural?
Let's remember what natural reservoirs exist? River, stream, sea, lake.- What kind artificial reservoirs know? Pond, reservoir, canal.
Humans use water to:
Household needs- drinking - transportation of goods - watering and irrigation - for recreation - for food (fish and seafood)
III . Learning new material.
1. Our green friends - plants have populated the aquatic environment. Plants grow and develop in rivers, streams, channels, lakes and ponds. The flora of reservoirs is very diverse.Today we will get acquainted with some of them, learn their features.
Goal (Slide 3). Try to remember the plants and learn to recognize them in nature. In their research, the researchers concluded thatall plants of fresh water bodies can be divided into groups depending on the conditions of their growth: (Slide 4)
Coastal aquatic plants:-sedge, cattail, reed, arrowhead, reed.
Free floating: duckweed, water color, pondweed.
Attached to the bottom: water lily, egg capsule.
2. Working with cut pictures . Collect puzzles and match texts to your drawings.
3. Acquaintance with the text for further presentation.
After each performance, the guys fill out the table.
Fresh water plantsfree floating
Turn a hare into a plant by replacing the letter "P" with "C" (Slide 5).
With mustache umbrella- a perennial herbaceous aquatic plant with a leafless and erect stem up to 60-120 cm high and a creeping thick rhizome with numerous thin roots. The leaves are thin, oblong-lanceolate, dark green in color, extending directly from the rhizome. Susak blooms in early summer, the flowers are light pink and white-pink, on long round peduncles, collected in an inflorescence - an umbrella. Fruit - prefabricated leaflet. Grows along the banks of lakes, rivers , streams and other reservoirs, but only in clean water, not contaminated with organic impurities. fat, rich rhizomes have long different nations were used for food and before acquaintance with Russian bread, they served as the main source of plant food. The rhizomes are dried, ground into flour and bread is baked; They are also eaten steamed and baked. The old name of this plant is "bread box" . Leaves can be used to make mats, mats and other wickerwork. Seeds and rhizomes are used as folk medicinal product. (Slide 6)
Solve the rebus (Slide 8).
Arrowhead common . Grows in stagnant and slowly flowing wateralong the coast; often forms extensive thickets. It can go to a depth of 5 m, but at great depths it does not form flowers and has only underwater leaves. The triangular leaf is very reminiscent of an arrowhead. Its leaves and stems die off by winter, and only the rhizome remains alive. A short rhizome forms thin long lateral shoots ending in buds. By autumn, the end of the lateral shoot begins to thicken and turns into a nodule the size of a small nut, with a bud-spout. These nodules will overwinter, and in the spring they will give new plants. The tubers contain up to 35% starch, and the rhizome itself is also edible. It is eaten baked or boiled.
Pollinated by various insects and snails. Arrowhead fruits have an airy tissue, therefore, they have the ability to float on the surface of the water for several months, spreading with the help of water birds, and carried with soil lumps on the legs of an animal or person. The pedicels of the plant contain milky juice, and if you tear off a leaf or flower, a whitish liquid will flow from the stem (Slide 9).
Solve the rebus (Slide 11).
cattail broadleaf - an inhabitant of the coastal waters of various reservoirs. From its powerful long rhizomes, cylindrical stems up to 2 meters high with long broad-linear leaves, which usually rise above the inflorescence, go up. On the transverse section of the sheet, air channels are clearly visible. They enable the cattail to live "knee-deep" in the water. The inflorescence is an ear up to 30 centimeters long. By autumn, fruits ripen, surrounded by hairs - fluffs. Thanks to these hairs small fruits cattails are driven by the wind over the surface of the water for several days. When the hairs get wet, the fruits fall to the bottom of the reservoir, where they germinate. In rhizomescattaila lot of starch, they are edible. Leaves, and especially the "fluff" of mature cobs are used as packaging material. "Down" stuffed pillows, mattresses. Mats, baskets and even shoes are woven from the stems and leaves of cattail: light house slippers. Like reed, cattail is suitable for roofing and fuel. (Slide 12, 13).
Practical work.
The plant is in the Petri dishes.
– What is the name of this plant? (Duckweed)
Examine duckweed under a microscope. And answer the question: how did the duckweed adapt to life in the water. (There are bubbles filled with air)
On thesurfaces of many reservoirs, we can meet a plant such asduckweed , which is a small flowering plant. It looks like a dark green leaf, reaching 1 cm in diameter. But itthe green plate is not a leaf, but a leafless stem. A thin spine extends vertically down from it, enclosed in a so-called bag. Spine length up to 10 mm. The role of this root is not so much in nutrition, but in giving stability on the water surface. Blooms rarely.Reproduction of duckweed occurs by wintering buds, which spend the winter at the bottom of reservoirs, and by budding. The most common habitat for duckweeds are ponds with stagnant water. The growth rate of this plant is high, so over time it completely covers the surface of the water. But it grows fastest in polluted water bodies (Slide 15).
Solve the puzzle (Slide 17)
Vodokras , found in slowly flowing or stagnant waters,floating freely on the surface. Sometimes it completely covers large areas, but more often it grows in small groups along with duckweeds. Juicy green leaves are almost round, with a deep heart-shaped notch at the base, up to seven, five centimeters wide. Their upper side is smooth with a wax coating.The long adventitious roots of the water color are covered with fine hairs.flowers are up to 2 centimeters in diameter, three white petals with yellow tint. breedsby the formation of long shoots in the axils of the leaves, at the ends of which buds appear, developing into daughter plants.So many daughter plants are formedthat in a short time they, like duckweeds, can cover a significant surface. In autumn, overwintering buds appear on the plant, whichsink to the bottom and rise in the spring.This plant reproduces by seeds, the flowers are pollinated by wind and insects. Ripened fall to the bottom of the pond and germinate (Slide 18).
Guess : There is not a soul in the swamp, only .. .(Slide 20)
Bulrush forms extensive thickets in the coastal parts of slowly flowing and stagnant water bodies. The plant is often submerged in water, sometimes up to a depth of one meter. This is a perennial herbaceous plant 100-200 cm high, with a long rhizome. The stem of the reed is almost leafless, cylindrical. On the cross section of the stem, you can see the air passages - voids in which there is always air. - Since air-conducting bundles are present not only in the stem, but also in the rhizome, oxygen freely enters the roots, and it reaches the most distant underground organs, flooded with water and deeply buried in silt. Thus, he receives enough oxygen for breathing. - The flowers are small, greenish, collected in corymbose-paniculate inflorescences up to 10 cm long (Slide 21, 22).
Solve the rebus (Slide 23).
Yellow capsule - perennial herbaceous plant. It has a very powerful creeping rhizome, reaching a length of 3-4 m. A large number of roots depart from the rhizome. The rhizome is located horizontally, it is cylindrical in shape, flattened from top to bottom, greenish above, whitish below, covered with numerous scars from dead petioles and pedicels. Some leaves float on the surface of the water, others are underwater. The surface leaves are dark green, leathery, have very long petioles (up to 2.5 m), oval-round in shape with a heart-shaped base. The leaves that are in the water column are slightly folded, translucent, and have wavy edges. The stomata are located on the top of the leaves. The flowers are yellow, solitary, large, located on long peduncles protruding from the water. Sepals five, they are yellow and large, serve to attract pollinators. They are often mistaken for petals. The yellow pod can bloom all summer. The fruit is a prefabricated nut covered with a juicy shell resembling a jug in shape.Seeds have an air sac with which they spread through the water over fairly long distances.The plant reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively (rhizomes).This plant is especially appreciated by fishermen, because its presence is the first sign of the presence of fish in a reservoir, because pike, perch and other species of predators like to hide in the thickets of egg capsules. freshwater fish(Slide 24).
Solve the rebus (Slide 25).
Common reed High, up to 2, rarely up to 3 m. perennial coastal aquatic herbaceous plant. Grows mainly in shallow part reservoirs, forming extensive thickets. The rhizome is long, horizontal, thick. The stems are leafy to the top and end with a large (up to 50 cm long), spreading, dense, drooping, with dark brownish or purple, less often yellowish. Under the gusts strong wind can bend down to the water surface, practically touching it, while never breaking. The leaves are linear, long and flat, rigid, sharp along the edge, cutting. Seeds are dispersed by wind and water. In addition, it is known that it is carried out through. Reed beds are important environmental significance: having settled in swampy or swampy places, the reed eventually turns them into drier areas: a large mass of leaves and stems evaporates a lot of moisture, as if pumping it out of damp soil. Common reed is an excellent material for the production of baskets, mats, light furniture for summer cottages. This is a natural raw material for the manufacture of cardboard and paper (Slide 26).
Water lily white, or water lily, has a flower of incredible beauty, truly worthy of worship. Therefore, the white water lily bears the proud titles of “queen of the waters” and “northern”. The habitat is stagnant and slowly flowing waters. In the bottom of the reservoir, it develops a powerful rhizome with a tuberculate surface, reaching 5 cm in thickness. White cord-like roots go down from the rhizome, and flexible juicy petioles and peduncles rise to the surface of the water. Leaves 20-25 cm in size, rounded and with a deep cut at the base. Petals of dazzling white color with a delicate aroma, reaching 10, and sometimes even 15 cm in diameter. Flowering of water lilies sometimes continues until the first frost, flowering peaks in July-August. Each water lily flower lasts approximately 4 days. After flowering, a fruit develops under water, which resembles a jug. When ripe, the boxes open, seeds dressed with mucus and resembling fish eggs, spill out of them, they float for some time, and after the destruction of the mucus they sink to the bottom and germinate. The water lily also reproduces vegetatively (Slide 27).
Solve the rebus (Slide 28).
Pemphigus vulgaris - a plant floating, very fond of the sun and clean water. The stem of the plant is completely in the water and reaches a height of up to 1 meter, while it is highly branched and has no roots. Leaves pinnate, dissected. Peduncle, 20-40 cm long, it can show off from 5 to 15 bright yellow flowers with orange veins. The stems are almost completely covered with leaves, and they store many rounded bubble traps about 3-4 mm long. Each trap has a greenish valve that opens inwards. When the prey touches the sensitive bristles, the valve opens and the fry or fish is trapped. The careless flower lover dies and begins to decompose. Pemphigus has the fastest reaction among the rest carnivorous plants. Scientists claim that in order to catch prey, it will take only 0.5 milliseconds. Overwintering buds form in autumn. They break away from the main stem, gather into a ball, become covered thin layer slime and sink to the bottom. In the spring, new pemphigus will develop from them (Slide 29).
Ponds - perennial aquatic plants. In the ground, they develop a long rhizome. It overwinters, and in the spring, elongated shoots grow from wintering buds. Individual shoots or parts of them may come off andswim freely in water, continuing its development. Aquatic mollusks, insects, and fish feed on pondweed. In thickets of pondweeds, many fish spawn. Dead shoots fall to the bottom. As they decompose, they turn into fertile sludge. Ponds represent an exceptional variety of leaf patterns - from oval to ribbon-shaped. At the base of the leaf, transparent membranous stipules stick out or fused with the petiole. They bloom in the air, exposing spike-shaped marsh-colored inflorescences of unsightly flowers above the water in July - August (Slide 30).
Importance of aquatic plants : release oxygen necessary for breathing, purify water from pollution. In addition, aquatic plants serve as food and shelter for some animals.
Fizminutka (Slide 31).
IV . Consolidation of knowledge.
1. Checking the table (Slide 32)
2. Correct mistakes in the text (Slide 33).
How beautiful and interesting is our lake! Bright yellow water lilies are visible from afar. Attract the attention of plants with leaves that look like arrows. This is bubble gum. Reeds float on the surface of the water from one bank to another. Here is a pike lurking in the thickets of duckweed. And the frog is resting on a wide leaf of reeds, having eaten fish. At night, the special beauty of the lake is given by egg-pods, which attract night butterflies with their whiteness and their aroma.
3. Mark aquatic plants. F yalka, duckweed, chamomile, pine, water lily, raven eye, pemphigus, pondweed, St. John's wort, maple (Slide 34).
4. Learn the plants on the slide (Slide 35, 36, 37).
5. On which side of the leaf are the stomata of the water lily (Slide 38).
V . Outcome.
Features of the plants of the reservoir (Slide 39).
Aquatic plants are classified according to the conditions in which they grow. Many of their biological features are also associated with this indicator.
perennial herbs, the main reproduction is vegetative, innourish water-soluble nutrients their entire surface, the stomata of many only on the upper surface of the leaf, have air bundles.
Leaves - long narrow or flat leathery oval, "lying" on the water.
stems - dlinear flexible durable.
Roots (rhizomes) - tthick long branched, attached to the ground or small thin short ones - an organ of balance, allows the plant to stay on the water.
Flowers - tolarge bright or small inconspicuous.
VI . Reflection (Slide 40).
Circle your palm and paint over the nail of the finger that matches the text on slide 40.
Appendix 1
Handout
1. Cut pictures of plants
2. Tasks for consolidation
1. Correct the mistakes in the text.
How beautiful and interesting is our lake! Bright yellow water lilies are visible from afar. Attract the attention of plants with leaves that look like arrows. This is bubble gum. Reeds float on the surface of the water from one bank to another. Here is a pike lurking in the thickets of duckweed. And the frog is resting on a wide leaf of reeds, having eatenfish. At night, water lilies add special beauty to the lake, which attract night butterflies with their whiteness and aroma.
2. Mark aquatic plants. Fyalka, duckweed, chamomile, pine, water lily, crow's eye, pemphigus, pondweed, St. John's wort, maple.
3. Table
Fresh water plantsCoastal water (shallow)
Attached to the bottom (deep water)
free floating
Thinking of a walk to the banks of a river, pond or lake, do not forget to grab a camera, album or drawing pad. There are so many things to consider at the pond! Flocks of small fish scurrying back and forth, frogs and toads, dense thickets of reeds. Even the banal mud that usually covers the surface of ponds is an interesting organism that deserves attention. Scooping it up and looking at the thinnest threads, remember that mud is a multicellular algae called spirogyra. By placing a sample under a microscope, you will see an interesting structure.
What can be seen on the shore of the reservoir
The fauna of the pond is striking in its diversity. On its banks overgrown with water lilies, you can often see a butterfly with wings of light yellow color, covered with brown lines. Know - you met with a water lily (or swamp) moth. This butterfly lays its testicles on the leaves of aquatic plants.
If you notice on the surface of the water surface of the pond tiny floating shuttles with small "noses" stretched upwards, you should know that each of these shuttles is a cocoon of a beetle called a water lover. Water beetles are among the largest beetles, their sizes are up to 40 mm in length. They leisurely swim or crawl on the surface of underwater plants.
Sometimes in loose moist soil you can see a large brown-yellow insect, reaching a length of about 5 cm. It is covered with small, silky-looking hairs and looks rather intimidating. It's about the bear underground dweller completely harmless to humans. The constant occupation of the bear is digging passages in the ground, because of which the plants are harmed.
There are also freshwater snails in reservoirs, and many other, sometimes extremely interesting representatives of the natural kingdom.
Amazing metamorphoses
We all know from childhood that frogs are obtained from tadpoles - larvae that live in the water of fresh water bodies, able to breathe with gills and swim thanks to the tail, which is actually a fin. But when a tiny specimen matures and turns into an adult frog, a wonderful metamorphosis occurs - the frog is able to breathe with its lungs, it lives on land and moves along its surface with the help of its paws.
Like amphibians, some insects lay their eggs in aquatic environment and their larvae develop there. But in adulthood they move to another - aerial - habitat.
Sometimes on hot days of mid-summer at sunset, a phenomenon is observed that is somewhat similar to a snow blizzard. It's dayflies circling. Already from the name it is clear that the mayfly does not live long - a day or two, no more. Although its larvae live in the underwater world for more than two years.
Approximately the same - within a year or more - dragonfly larvae mature in the aquatic environment. Like dragonflies, wingless aquatic larvae or pupae of mosquitoes, stoneflies, caddisflies, lizards, and even individual butterflies belonging to the moth family turn into flying insects.
Many plants observed on the shores of fresh water bodies are able to lead a lifestyle both above and below water. Bottom part they are immersed in water, and the upper one is located on the surface. Various conditions life lead to the appearance of individual forms of leaves in such plants. An example is a water buttercup. Its aerial and underwater leaves have a different structure.
Plants and animals of water bodies - living barometers
One of the most beautiful plants of Central Russian reservoirs can be called a white water lily. Its flowers emerge and open in the morning (about 7 o'clock). In the evenings - by five or six o'clock - the water lily closes its flowers again and hides them under water.
For a long time, a folk sign says that if in the morning the water lily is in no hurry to show its flowers or hides them ahead of time, you should wait for rain. Thus, this wonderful flower serves as a reliable natural barometer, regularly carrying out "weather service" all the time of its flowering.
Another reliable weather forecaster is a plant called calla. It received this name in connection with its large wide leaves (from the inside they are white), covering the inflorescences like wings. In anticipation of good weather, the "wings" are upright, they are clearly visible from afar. Before bad weather, they sag.
No less sensitively able to respond to the slightest changes in the weather, most species of animal reservoirs. Before bad weather, crayfish crawl out of the water, leeches appear. Whole line folk signs associated with weather changes characteristic behavior frogs.
Quite strongly susceptible to changes in barometer pressure are many varieties of demersal fish - catfish, loaches, loaches. Their usual behavior is calm movement and occurrence at the bottom. But before the onset of bad weather, loaches tend to rise closer to the surface, and loaches begin to rush about in different directions.
On a quiet warm evening, appearing on the bank of a pond or a small river overgrown with reeds, you will hear a melodic thin ringing. Where is he from? Its source is swarming hordes of mosquitoes, called pushers. A cloud of them winds in the air in the form of a pillar, sometimes falling sharply down or soaring up. They swarm only in stable clear weather.
About swamping of reservoirs
Sometimes in a river backwater, in a pond or lake, the current is very weak or completely absent. Then plants appear in these places and over time, a shallow reservoir can completely overgrow and swamp with coastal mosses - green and peat (sphagnum), capable of forming entire moss swamps. Sphagnum is one of the most moisture-loving plants in water bodies. If we consider its structure under a microscope, we will see that its stems and leaves consist mainly of transparent large cells filled with air and capable of quickly and easily absorbing water.
Fur carpet serves as an excellent breeding ground herbaceous plants- cinquefoil, watches, cranberries, cotton grass. Following them, one should wait for the appearance of marsh bushes - andromeda, cassandra.
In the process of dying, parts of plants sink to the bottom, where they accumulate year after year with the formation of peat. Peat of sphagnum origin is formed very, very slowly. It takes a period of time of the order of a thousand years to accumulate a layer of a meter thickness.
Swamps are formed not only because of the attack on water bodies of plants. Another way of their appearance is the swamping of forests, meadows, forest fires and clearings. There are several types of swamps - they can be lowland, upland, transitional. Each of them has its own special natural conditions. That is why, when we mention the flora and fauna of swamps, as well as other water bodies, we always have in mind their unusual diversity.
Let's take a drop of water from a pond and put it under a microscope. You will be surprised - this is a whole world in which life is in full swing! In the space of one drop, many tiny organisms, consisting of one cell, are moving briskly and scurrying back and forth. This is where their name comes from - the simplest unicellular. The smallest of them have a size of the order of thousandths of a millimeter.
What are these inhabitants? First of all, those ciliates familiar to everyone from the school course, sorting out afloat with their numerous cilia. Most often you can find the so-called infusoria-shoe. The name comes from the shape of the body, vaguely resembling the footprint of a shoe. The sizes of ciliates-shoes are relatively large. It is about 0.2 mm long.
Other microscopic animals of water bodies that can be seen through the eyepiece of a microscope are unicellular flagellates. The two most common representatives of this species are called the armored ceracium and the green euglena, a microscopic organism no more than 0.05 mm long.
Perhaps everyone knows the phenomenon called the flowering of water, when the pond turns green before our eyes. This indicates the rapid development in the aquatic environment of a unicellular microscopic green algae called chlamydomonas, the size of which is 0.01-0.03 mm. In addition to it, we will find in a drop of water and different types amoebas, the largest of which reach a size of 0.5 mm.
If you get a strong increase, you can see tiny green balls. This is unicellular algae the smallest size (0.001 mm) called chlorella.
Let's dive to the bottom
Sometimes when looking at the bottom of a reservoir, you can find small lines or furrows, as if drawn with a stick. These are traces left from the movement of large shells living in domestic reservoirs - toothless and barley. By appearance these animals of water bodies are very similar, but differ in the shape of the shell. In toothless, it is more rounded and has no teeth (hence the name).
Another permanent resident of the near-bottom territory is a small worm, called a tubifex. It is named so because of the ability to hide part of the body in a nest in the form of a tube that is dug in the ground. Sometimes, with a large accumulation of tubifex, the bottom can acquire a bright red color.
If the water is clear and clean, then a frequent inhabitant of the bottom is a sculpin goby. Usually he hides between the stones, which is why he is called that.
Back to the surface
If you look closely at the surface of a pond or river backwater, you will definitely see long-legged insects. small size, sliding on the surface with sharp jerks, as if measuring space. These are the so-called water strider bugs.
In addition to them, rotating groups of small shiny bugs about 5 mm long can be seen on the surface of the water. These bugs got their name (swirls) for constant movement - torsion, writing out spirals and various shapes.
At the surface of the pond, a flock of small fish hunts for insects falling into the water. These are the so-called tops - representatives of the smallest river fish. Each of them is about 5 centimeters long.
If you observe a solid green carpet on the surface of a reservoir, you should know that we are talking about the growth of duckweed, which is considered the smallest of the flowering plants in our country's reservoirs. The duckweed has no leaves. The stem of the plant is a tiny green cake, from which a thin root extends and stretches into the water.
Duckweed flowering is rarely observed in the form of tiny flowers the size of a pinhead. Duckweed, found in our reservoirs, can be of three types - small, humpbacked and three-lobed.
Another free-floating plant is vodokras. Its roots lowered into the water do not reach the bottom, but can be connected to each other by a single shoot. Sometimes a breath of wind can carry a whole array of water colors in one direction.
Rare animals in the waters
A special way of life is characteristic of the water spider. Among the plants of a stagnant reservoir, he weaves a canopy of cobwebs, then drags air under it, from which the cobweb stretches to form a kind of bell. Air bubbles stick to the hairs on the spider's abdomen, and with such a supply under water, the spider resembles a drop of silver, which is why it is called silver.
Sometimes at the bottom of the lakes you can find a freshwater algae called hara. Its peculiarity is the ability to grow in water with a high lime content. Hara extracts lime from the water and deposits it on its own surface, which makes it white.
Another notable representative of the world of animal reservoirs, living along the banks of streams and streams with clear water, - a bird called a dipper. Its uniqueness lies in the ability to dive under water and even run along the bottom in search of food.
A detailed study of stagnant or slowly flowing waters can reveal tiny tubes of brown or greenish color with thin long tentacles covering the leaves and stems of aquatic plants. We are talking about hydras - intestinal animals. The body of such a hydra is no more than 10-15 mm long, but its tentacles are much longer. Hydra is not afraid of damage and, when cut across, restores missing organs and continues to exist. It will survive even when divided into a large number of pieces. This process is called regeneration and takes place among the simplest organisms.
How wonderful are frogs
Frogs and toads - interesting creatures. At first glance, the frog seems to be in deep thought. But here a fly flickered nearby. With an instant click of the tongue, the insect is rapidly caught. The structure of the frog's eyes allows it to see only moving objects that are similar in size to its food.
In addition to frogs, in any wetland you can meet a snake, and sometimes a viper - perhaps the most dangerous of the animals that live in reservoirs. Its bite is deadly, but the poison can also be used for medicinal purposes - as a raw material for obtaining medicine.
Living Pharmacy
If speak about medical properties inhabitants of the pond, one cannot but mention the leeches used by doctors for a long time in connection with the ability to bite through the skin and suck out small amounts of blood. That is why they are called medical. They are still in use today. Unlike other freshwater species of leeches, the medical one has longitudinal narrow stripes on the back and sides of a yellow-orange color.
For medicinal purposes, badyaga is also used - a freshwater sponge that can settle on the branches and trunks of sunken trees. It is dried, ground into powder and used in our country and in other countries as a means of traditional medicine.
Other medicinal herbs growing on the shores of reservoirs are marsh cudweed, water pepper, tripartite succession, three-leaf watch, and calamus. The leaves and roots of these plants serve as medicinal raw materials.
Builder Birds
Remiz is a bird that lives in our country and has a wonderful art of building a nest. A nest is woven on a tree, on the tip of a thin branch, hanging over the water. Remiz is able to bend a branch with a hoop, braid it with vegetable fluff, which is shaped like a mitten.
Fish are also capable of building nests and taking care of offspring. For example, it is worth remembering the three-spined stickleback - a small fish in our reservoirs, weighing only 4 g. Male sticklebacks build real nests in the spring. In a sandy bottom with a slight current, they dug holes into which blades of grass are dragged and glued together with secreted mucus. It turns out a dense lump in which a through tunnel is made. So the nest is ready for future offspring!
Caddisflies living on land lay their larvae in the water and build houses from grains of sand, shells and sticks to protect their offspring.