How to speed up the ripening of a tomato in a greenhouse: little tomatoes grow, why they do not ripen and sing poorly, what to do. Why are tomato fruits small?

Many of us prefer to grow vegetables on our own in our summer cottages or household plots, which allows you to be sure that in the end only the freshest and most natural products, without terrible GMOs and other additives. Greenhouse planting of tomato bushes is well suited for growing tomatoes on an industrial scale. But what if the tomatoes in the greenhouse do not grow well or practically do not produce tomatoes? The first step is to determine why this is happening, and only then develop a plan to save your landings.

Almost every gardener wondered: “why don’t tomatoes grow in a greenhouse?” There can be completely different answers to this question, and each of them has the right to be. Consider what causes can have an inhibitory effect on the growth of tomato bushes of different varieties.

Causes:

1. Poor seedlings. Remember, if you do not grow young plants yourself, but prefer to buy them from others, there is always a chance of running into a "pig in a poke". Seedlings may be sick.
2. Violation of the temperature regime inside the greenhouse. As you know, each tomato variety prefers its own temperature indicators, and if your tomato bushes must develop at a temperature of +20 ᵒС, then do not expect good growth from them if the temperature is lower or higher than necessary.
3. Damage to the bush during the tying of branches or when picking a plant.
4. An insufficient amount needed by the plant nutrients and minerals. Such a deficiency very quickly affects the development of the plant, the color and appearance of the leaves.

Violation of the watering regime - for tomato varieties, not counting single species, big influence It has both a lack of irrigation and an excess of water in the soil. With an overabundance, the plant may begin to rot, and with a lack, the bush will significantly slow down its development or may shrivel.

Insufficient ventilation of the greenhouse is detrimental.

Like all plants, tomatoes also need oxygen, and its lack has a bad effect on the development of bushes, in addition, the lack of ventilation in a closed greenhouse can lead to an increase in humidity, which is also detrimental to a tomato. Tomatoes are susceptible various diseases and various pests and insects, among which there are those that completely destroy the bush without the possibility of saving it.

Why are there few tomatoes in the greenhouse

Such a misfortune can also happen, the tomato bushes themselves developed and grew quite actively, but at the same time very few ovaries and berries form on them. This misfortune also has its reasons and they are not few. You should know the "enemy" in person in order to give a worthy rebuff.

So, what leads to problems with the formation of the ovary and fruits:

• Violation temperature regime;
• Violations of the regime of watering plants;
• lack of ventilation;
• Excess nitrogen - this leads to a mutation of flowers and the impossibility of forming an ovary;
• The lack of potassium and phosphorus does not allow the whole plant to develop in general and flowers in particular;
• Diseases;
• The absence of pruning or pinching in determinant plants - in this case, the forces of the bush are spent on growth, and not on the formation of the ovary and the ripening of the fetus;
• Chemical treatments also affect pollen negatively, making plant pollination impossible.

As is known, the best condition for pollination of plants is a temperature equal to 21-26 ᵒС. At temperatures below 16 ᵒС, plant pollen does not mature, which means pollination will not occur, and at temperatures above 36 ᵒС, pollen becomes completely sterile.

The lack of moisture in the soil can lead to drying and falling of flowers, and without them, the formation of the ovary will not occur.

At the same time, with an excess of humidity in the air, the pollen begins to stick together and form large clumps that cannot be distributed throughout the greenhouse plants. Pollination problems are also observed in tightly closed greenhouses, due to the fact that in the greenhouses of those insects that usually help pollinate the flowers of open ground plants, as well as in enclosed spaces, there is no wind that carries pollen from plant to plant. Diseased tomato bushes themselves drop flowers to the ground. Knowing what exactly you are doing wrong, you can try to correct the mistakes, and have time to get good harvest.

Reasons: why tomatoes do not ripen in a greenhouse

Often you may encounter the fact that the tomato fruits that have started do not want to ripen in any way, remaining green for a long time. As it turned out, tomatoes do not ripen well for the same reasons that the tomato bushes themselves do not grow and bear fruit well.

Namely:

1. Temperature.
2. Planting density.
3. Watering.

In order for the fruits of tomatoes to ripen quickly and efficiently, a sufficient amount of a substance such as lycopene is needed. It is he who determines the saturation of the red color of ripe tomatoes. As you know, a substance is well synthesized at a temperature regime from 16 to 34 ᵒС, therefore, with indicators lower or higher allowable rate, there is a violation of the synthesis and color of fruits.

As a result, tomatoes acquire yellow, in addition, the appearance of greening around the peduncle of the fetus is noted.

If tomato bushes are planted close, then the sun's rays do not reach the fruit. In case of lack of sunlight, tomatoes ripen much more slowly. But do not forget that an overabundance of direct sunlight will not lead to anything good either. In this case, the tomatoes can sinter and dry before they have time to ripen.

How to speed up the ripening of tomatoes in the greenhouse

If there is a problem, then it must be solved, which means that if the tomatoes do not ripen well in greenhouse conditions you can speed up this process. But what needs to be done for this? In order for ripening to take place faster, you can use some secrets.

Pasynkovanie - this procedure is the process of removing excess leaves from the plant. This procedure will allow the plant to give everything nutrients on the ripening of the fruit, and not on the growth of the bush itself. Prevention of tomato diseases, for example, late blight - diseases take away all the strength from the plant, and diseases can also affect the fruits themselves, not only preventing them from ripening, but also destroying the tomato itself.

Feeding the plant with potassium and phosphorus fertilizers is important. Ripening fruits indoors is one of the favorite ways experienced gardeners and he is justified. It consists in the fact that the fruits of tomatoes are torn off in a green form and left in a warm room for the purpose of ripening.

Agronomist's answer: how to speed up the ripening of a tomato in a greenhouse (video)

In conclusion, it is worth remembering that often green tomatoes add a couple of red fruits. It is believed that in this case, maturation will be faster.

Growing seedlings of tomatoes - enough difficult process. This problem is more common for beginners. Judging by the experience of those whose previous attempts were not successful, mistakes can be avoided as a result. Adviсe experienced gardeners to consider all aspects proper cultivation tomato seedlings. We will talk about what to do if tomato seedlings grow poorly after picking in the article.

There are several reasons why the growth of tomato seedlings stops. In order to competently find and eliminate them, it is necessary to consider each of the possible options.

Before taking any action, you must determine the cause, after picking, seedlings do not grow because:

1. Irrigation was done incorrectly the ground is dry or there is excess moisture. If the cause is not watering, you need to check the drainage holes. It happens that novice gardeners forget about drainage, the lack of holes does not allow excess moisture to escape.
2. Plant development may slow down due to the fact that it is not suitable for tomatoes priming. Often this happens when seeds are planted in the ground from the beds. The soil may be too acidic or too alkaline, so growth may have stopped.
3. The reason may be lack or excess of nutrition. Fertilization - very good sign growth stimulation, however, should not be done frequently. A large number of fertilizer will harm the plant.
4. Growth can be affected diseases or pests. Infected plants do not have enough strength to develop to their full potential. After transplantation, the bushes experience stress, if diseases or pests are connected to this, development will stop.
5. If tomatoes slow down their development after picking, then it was not done correctly. The roots are severely torn, damaged or bent. Also, during transplantation, if the roots are poorly crimped, air cavities can form - all these moments are harmful.

To make sure that the planting material is grown correctly, it is worth checking the possible causes point by point.

Poor soil for growing tomatoes

Novice gardeners do not always attach importance to the choice of soil, take soil from the garden. This is the main mistake, the growth of the plant depends on its quality. You can't save on this.

Preferably buy ready ground or prepare the mixture according to existing rules. To disinfect it from germs, it is necessary to use special means. Otherwise, pathogenic microbes or pests are formed.

If the soil is not of good quality, it must be enriched beneficial substances, add peat, fertilizer.

This problem is solved quite simply, it is not necessary to disturb the seedlings. The soil is sprinkled on top, after watering, everything useful will go to the roots. This moment must be taken into account, to prepare the land for planting correctly. Tomatoes give good growth if the soil has enough nutrients.

Stress after transplanting tomatoes

For any plant, transplanting is stressful, seedlings need to get used to new conditions. It takes time for the sprouts to take root, which is why proper care is so important.

• Tomatoes need to be watched, watched temperature, watering, maintenance. Today, this problem is easier to deal with by buying a growth stimulator.
• Special tools allow plants to survive a stressful situation.
• Popular among experienced gardeners safe remedy from natural substances sodium humate.
• Thanks to stimulants, plants develop better, because they have a positive effect.

Preparations that have a positive effect on the root system and increase the growth rate will help to cope with stress. You should also increase the immunity of seedlings with Immunocytophyte or Novosila.

Use stimulants according to the instructions, the method of use is always indicated on the packaging.

Non-compliance with the rules of picking

First of all, the transplant must be carried out by deadline. Reasons for incorrect picking:

1. Too overgrown or, conversely, a poorly formed plant will not take root well.
2. Before transplanting, the soil was poorly watered, which caused damage to the roots.
3. The seedlings for the picking period have one small root, if it is damaged, it will take a long time to recover.
4. If you transplant densely growing seeds, where the roots of the plants are heavily intertwined, problems can also arise.

Optimal age tomato seedlings for picking 10-15 days from emergence.

Wrong care

As for home care, this is a very important topic, maintenance has a very strong effect on growth. This includes all the accents of watering, fertilizer, temperature conditions, abundance of light.

• be sure to water the plant after picking;
• watering to carry out under the root of settled water;
• cold water when watering will be harmful;
• weak sprouts do not like a lot of sun, better create shading;
• temperature should not be lower 20 degrees during the day, 16 degrees at night;
• it is impossible to fertilize after picking, it is necessary to wait a certain period;
• fertilizing with nitrophoska to produce no earlier than after 14 days;
• any intervention in the process of seedling growth is detrimental;
• necessary check the soil for moisture, spray weak sprouts, slightly moistening the soil.

After picking, give the plant enough time for the first 3-5 days.

What to do to help seedlings grow better

Caring for tomatoes in the seedling growth stage is very important point, From him depends on the quality of the harvest. The stronger the sprouts are, the easier it will be for him to take root in the open field. This work cannot be called easy, which is why many gardeners buy ready seedlings and only those who are patient manage to grow it on their own.

The following are tips to help seedlings grow better:

1. Properly organize the place where the trays with sprouts will be located. Best fit window sills or heated greenhouses.
2. Prepare the soil according to the recommendations, it should consist of peat, earth, sand, decayed humus. Be sure to decontaminate the soil by special means Or warm it up in the oven.
3. Check the quality of seeds, monitor the shelf life. Harden them in the refrigerator, treat with disinfectants. Seeds may have fungi.
4. First days water only with a spray bottle. If the air is dry or hot, it is necessary to spray regularly, create a humid environment.
5. Before picking, as soon as 3 leaves have formed, water the soil well. This must be done in three stages the day before the transplant.
6. Transplant in a well-watered tray soil or in peat pots.
7. Thoroughly press the ground so that the roots "sit down". If this is not done, the roots may die.
8. In order not to form diseases (pests), for a long time gardeners used spraying with diluted milk at the rate of 1:4.

With the onset of stable warm days, at lunchtime, the trays are taken out to the street or balcony. This measure will allow the plant to get used to its natural environment to avoid stress.

To ensure good growth, it is necessary to pay attention to the soil, feed and water in time. If you follow the recommendations from the moment the soil is prepared to the pick, there should be no problems. By observing growth, any care errors can be eliminated. Good luck with your picks and rich harvests!

Every gardener is concerned about the question of why tomato bushes do not grow well. This is everyone's favorite vegetable crop needs special care, so even the smallest detail can adversely affect the growth and quality of tomatoes.

There are a number of reasons why tomatoes can grow poorly, have a lot of greenery and little ovary, and also be subject to various diseases:

1. A capricious plant variety or poor-quality seedlings was chosen.
2. Temperature failure.
3. Dive damage.
4. Garter damage.
5. Lack of nutrients in the soil, lack of top dressing.
6. lack of moisture improper watering.
7. Lack of ventilation in the greenhouse.
8. Diseases and pests.

Growing a tomato starts with a choice quality seedlings. Usually gardeners use their own seedlings, but sometimes they have to be bought. To initially ensure a good harvest, you need to pay attention to the age of the seedlings. It should not exceed 45-60 days.

Small bushes can be infected, so you need to carefully consider the seedling before buying.

• Wrinkled leaves are an indicator of infection.
• There should be no pest eggs under the leaves, on the stem - dark spots.
• It is important to understand that if at least one seedling has signs of disease, then such planting material won't fit.
• If the seedlings of tomatoes have small leaves, and some of them burned out from the sun, and the tops curled up, then you should refuse such a purchase, even if the price for it is offered democratically.

If seedlings are grown at home, it needs to be created favorable conditions: watering, lighting, temperature fluctuations. Under the conditions of low-volume technology, seedlings can still be properly cared for.

Many gardeners pay attention to the tomato variety. In cold regions, not all types of tomatoes take root or require special care(greenhouse conditions).

Picking oversights and causes of poor seedling growth

1. Picking is carried out within 7-10 days after the plant has the first true leaves. If the picking was done earlier or late, seedlings will not take root well in a new place.
2. Carefulness is important when digging a seedling. Undermining is carried out with a special scoop, while the seedling is held by the cotyledon leaves. The soil should be moistened 10-12 hours before digging in order to root system easily separated.
3. The choice of containers can affect the further development of transplanted tomatoes. If the seedlings are placed in a common box, a small distance must be observed between them, and also planted in a checkerboard pattern. If the tomatoes are planted haphazardly, there will not be enough space for the root system, the plantings will begin to shade each other.
4. If the nutrient medium is not provided in advance, the seedlings may grow weak, and the fruits will be bitter. For transplanting into new containers, soil is poured with the following composition: peat, humus, sod land and sand (1:1:2:1). After 8-10 days, when the seedling takes root, it is necessary to make the first top dressing with special water-soluble fertilizers. In the store you can pick up a specialized solution specifically for seedlings.

Why tomato bushes do not grow well

Required temperature conditions, illumination, nutritious soil and timely moisture are the main criteria for the growth of seedlings. Tomatoes are extremely sensitive to temperature changes. After germination, they need a cool place with a temperature of +18°C during the day and +15°C at night. Then the temperature can be increased to +20°C during the day and +16°C at night. Do not plant tomatoes abruptly in open ground, for survival they need hardening (only with low-volume technology). Hardening is carried out gradually at a temperature not lower than +8°C.

The first days of seedlings, 2-3 hours of being on the balcony is enough, then you can leave the tomatoes on the street for the whole day. If the tomato seedlings were successfully hardened, the tops did not wither, then such plantings will quickly grow, there will be many fruits.

Soil is the main source of nutrition for tomatoes. The presence of nutrients in it directly affects the growth of vegetables and the quality of fruits. Why do tomatoes tie badly? This happens when there is too much nitrogen in the soil. A large amount of this element delays flowering and fruit set, but it is observed active growth green mass. The fruits may not be tied at all or they will be small. It is enough to stop nitrogen fertilizing for a while, and the balance will normalize. But with a lack of nitrogen, the growth of the top and side shoots may decrease.

Fluorine is next important element for the quality development of tomatoes. Its lack leads to stunting, weakening of the leaves. Tomatoes ripen for a long time, the fruits are mostly small and bitter. An indicator of potassium deficiency is the falling off of fruits, the presence of yellow spots. The lack of zinc and calcium leads to the fading of growth points.

If there is not enough boron in the soil, then the core of the stem is affected, the fruits crack.

Why don't tomatoes grow? This may be due to a lack of top dressing or a negative reaction to improperly selected fertilizers. For the qualitative growth of tomatoes, the gardener should not be careless about feeding seedlings.

Why do tomatoes grow poorly, why does a tomato have a lot of greenery? The reason for the growth of green mass can be:

1. Late dive. Such seedlings develop much more slowly.
2. At the first transplant, the main root was not cut off. Experienced summer residents it is advised to pinch it to ensure the development of a fibrous root system.
3. Bushes are not properly cared for. To prevent overgrowth of greenery as it grows top leaves cut off the bottom.

What to do so that the buds are tied, and the crop does not die? Tomato garter is a must-have item of care. An untied bush can be deformed under its own weight, the fruits lying on the ground will surely rot due to the abundance of moisture or pests. The garter is performed carefully and evenly, since a bush tied too tightly can stop growing and die. Tomatoes are demanding on moisture. They should be watered no more than once a week.

Diseases and pests

Tomatoes, like other crops, are susceptible to diseases. The cause of the disease can be:

• fungus;
• bacteria;
• viruses;
• insect pests.

Fungal diseases include: late blight, anthracnose, alternariosis, septoria, gray and white rot. fungal disease develops under conditions high humidity. If you do not take action, up to half of the crop may die.

Bacteria cause such diseases: tomato stolbur, black bacterial spot. Infection can occur at any stage of tomato growth. Such diseases are intractable, tomatoes are tied poorly, the crop grows several times less. Help protect the crop preventive measures. Viral diseases are especially dangerous for seedlings, as symptoms do not appear immediately. Such diseases include mosaic, tomato necrosis, aspermia.

Growing tomatoes is always associated with at great expense forces. To avoid failures on the way to harvest, I would like to offer some recommendations. Here they are.

We must notice the appearance of symptoms of plant development disorders in time and create favorable conditions for their cultivation. And then we will be able to answer the question - why do tomatoes grow poorly, what to do about it. Based on experience, it has been established that tomatoes grow poorly when nitrogen deficiency appears. In this case, the growth of apical and lateral shoots is delayed, yellowness appears on young leaves. The absence of sulfur compounds during the development of tomatoes is akin to a lack of nitrogen. This is manifested in the fact that the stem becomes thinner and hardens. Nitrogen nutrition affects all stages of tomato development.

With an excess of nitrogen, there is an increased growth of leaves, flowering and fruiting come with a delay. Nitrogen top dressing sometimes needs to be excluded, since with an excess of nitrogen, fungal diseases occur.

When the level of nitrogen nutrition is normal, then the presence of manganese, calcium, potassium, calcium, copper, iron, zinc in plants is completely normalized.

When there is not enough fluorine in the soil where tomatoes grow, then there is a slow growth of shoots, their thinning. The leaf becomes dull in color.

In case of a lack of potassium in the soil, the development of fruits on which there are spots of green and yellow color is observed. Their decline is typical.

If the soil is depleted in calcium, then the growth points die off in plants. With a lack of magnesium supply, tomatoes develop marbling on young and old leaves. Iron deficiency manifests itself through the yellowing of the leaves. Zinc deficiency is manifested in the fading of growth points and the appearance of small leaves.

Absence required amount boron is accompanied by damage to the core of the stem, and the fruits are prone to cracking. A simple, familiar to many, will help get rid of such phenomena. boric acid. We dissolve it into hot water(1 g in 1 liter of water) and carry out the spraying procedure.

The picture is clear and now it is clear why tomatoes do not grow - what to do ?! To overcome the painful phenomena in green tomato plants, one should give proper attention to feeding.

Remember that experts recommend primary feeding 2 weeks after planting seedlings with a solution of mullein (1:10) or chicken manure (1:20).

The following "feeding" is advisable to carry out every 10 days mineral fertilizer in full composition (60 g of nitrophoska per 10 liters of water).

During the flowering period, it is enough for tomatoes to add 1 liter of such top dressing to the diet. After flowering up to 5 l.

A suitable food is fermented grass, such as nettles.

Microelements can be used up to 4 times per season for the benefit of plants (grind 5 tablets, dissolve in 10 liters). The norm for each bush is 1 liter. Practice confirms the effectiveness and foliar feeding mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as microfertilizers

Green mass of plants effectively absorb nutrients, as well as roots, to the extent necessary, which contributes to plant growth.

Practice confirms the effectiveness of foliar top dressing with mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as microfertilizers.

The green mass of plants effectively absorbs nutrients as needed.

It will not be superfluous to prepare an organic infusion of nettle (replenishment with trace elements), lupine (nitrogen enhancement), comfrey (a storehouse of potassium), apple extracts (champions in phosphorus and potassium).

We put all the components in a 2-bucket container, fill it with water, stir and keep the infusion for at least a week.

With a weak tea color solution, we process the leaves of our green friends in the evening.

Pay attention to the tomato nutrition area.

Tomatoes suspend their dynamics due to such unpleasant phenomena as root rot and black leg.

Pests can stop the growth of tomato seedlings: wood lice, earwigs, spider mite. To get rid of this invasion, you can use the following drugs: karbofos, fitoverm, actellik.

It has been found that tomatoes do not grow well or slow down their growth after transplanting them to unsuitable soil.

Tomatoes lose their growth dynamics if they are formed at a temperature below 28 °.
They also grow poorly when the irrigation regime is not maintained.

Abundant watering once a week has negative consequences in the form of fruit cracking. At the same time, the period after a long drought requires small doses of moisture.

And one more thing… Remember that tomato friends prefer “wet bottoms” (roots) and “dry tops” (leaves)!

Sometimes tomatoes planted in open ground or in a greenhouse slow down growth, shed fruit that has set, or give a very modest harvest.

Air temperature

Tomatoes are a thermophilic crop. In the north and temperate climate they suffer from the cold. Tomatoes feel best at 24-28 ° C. They grow rapidly and set fruit.

Favorable temperature for pollination of flowers:

• sunny weather – +24…+28;
• cloudy weather – +20…+22;
• at night - +18 ... +19.

Temperatures above 32 ° C are detrimental to pollen, which in this case becomes sterile, that is, incapable of fertilization. At temperatures below 15°C pollen does not ripen. In both cases, pollination becomes impossible, and the flowers fall off without forming an ovary. The tomatoes themselves grow, but there are no fruits.

If the outdoor temperature is not suitable for growing tomatoes, they use covering material, small collapsible greenhouses and grow vegetables in a greenhouse. In such facilities, you can regulate the temperature by slightly opening them in hot weather or closing in the cold.

Lack of water in the soil

Tomatoes are not as demanding on moisture as their relatives peppers and eggplants, but love watering. Moisture is especially required during the period when tomatoes set fruit. At this time, the soil must be kept moist, otherwise the plants may drop some of the ovaries.

Tomatoes are watered warm water- plants can go into shock from cold. You can not water in the sun.

Some summer residents can visit the sites once a week, so they try to catch up on this day and water the tomatoes more abundantly. The approach leads to cracking of the fruit. Having quickly absorbed a large amount of water, the dried plant sharply directs moisture into the fruits, from which they crack. To prevent this from happening, the dried soil is watered in small volumes, making several approaches per day.

Too humid air

Tomatoes prefer "wet bottom" and "dry top". In our climate, outdoor air is rarely humid. But the situation often occurs in greenhouses. It is necessary to remove excessively wet and heated air through the vents in the upper part of the greenhouse.

If the climate in the building resembles a Russian bath, then there will be no harvest. At a relative humidity of more than 65%, ovaries do not form at all. The fact is that in moist air, pollen gets wet, becomes sticky and cannot wake up from the anthers to the pestle.

In order for pollen to retain its flowability and ability to fertilize on hot days, the greenhouse must be ventilated. When warm weather sets in, the windows on the south side are covered with a solution of chalk. AT sunny days it is worth tapping lightly on the twine to which the plants are tied so that the pollen can spill out onto the pestle.

Helps the formation of ovaries processing flowers with stimulants: "Bud" and "Ovary". The substances contained in the preparations ensure pollination even at unfavorable temperature and humidity.

Diseases and pests

Tomato bushes can slow down growth and stop fruiting as a result of disease and pest attacks. If tomatoes grow poorly in a greenhouse, and humidity and temperature are normal, take a look at reverse side sheet. If there are cobwebs on it, then the reason poor growth is a mite - a microscopic pest that often settles on tomatoes in a greenhouse.

Ticks suck juices from plants, leaves turn yellow on bushes, shoots stop growing, tomatoes tie, but do not increase in size. Karbofos Fitoverm and Actellik will help get rid of the pest.

Tomatoes are susceptible viral diseases. Pathologies can be expressed by different signs - deformations of leaf blades and growth of stepchildren, on which fruits are not tied. Tomatoes that often appear on diseased bushes do not develop and remain small.

To get rid of viral diseases, seeds are soaked in a dark solution of potassium permanganate before sowing. Affected plants are dug up and burned.

Food area

If tomatoes grow slowly, you need to pay attention to the nutritional area. Plants planted too densely cannot develop a powerful root system, so they lack useful elements.

The tomato naturally has a tap root system, but when grown from seedlings Bottom part the root is torn off during transplantation. After the root system of the plant is formed from a mass of horizontal roots located in the arable layer - 20 cm.

When planting seedlings in a greenhouse or open ground, the planting rate per square meter should be observed.

Table 1. Tomato planting rate

If the feeding area is chosen correctly, then adult plants completely occupy the space allotted to them. In this case solar energy used most efficiently and the yield will be maximum. By placing tomatoes rarely, you risk getting a small crop, as with thickening.