What kind of houses do different nations have. Amazing dwellings of different nations
Shutterstock Wigwam, North America
The ball from the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino" actually imagined the wigwam incorrectly - national dwelling Forest Indians of North America. This is a hut on a frame, and it is covered with a mat, bark or branches and most often has a domed shape. Most often it is small, but 25-30 people could live in the largest ones. Now wigwams are mainly used as ceremonial premises.
And what Sharik drew is a tipi, it is really a conical shape, the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains live in such structures.
Igloos / Eskimos
Shutterstock Igloos, Eskimos
Another recognizable image is the ice houses of the Eskimos, which are called igloos. Eskimos live on the territory from Greenland to Alaska and the eastern edge of Chukotka. An igloo is built from wind-compacted snow or ice blocks, the height of the structure is 3-4 m.
You can, of course, just “cut out” the house in a suitable snowdrift, and they do it too.
The entrance can be arranged in the floor, a corridor breaks through to the entrance - this is done if the snow is deep. If the snow is shallow, the entrance is arranged in the wall, and an additional corridor is attached to it from the outside of the blocks.
When the entrance is located below the floor level, it is easier to exchange between flows carbon dioxide and oxygen, while warm air does not leave the premises. The light comes either straight through the walls or through windows made of seal gut and ice. Inside the room is usually covered with skins.
Tent / Sahara
Shutterstock Tent, Sahara
And this type of housing, it would seem, is generally incomprehensible how it does not fall apart. However, if you look closely, you can see a lot of strengthening sticks inside. The African Bedouin tent, also sometimes referred to as the felij, is essentially a blanket of camel or goat hair spread over poles. The wealth of a Bedouin is determined by the number of these poles, the maximum number of such props is 18.
With the help of a canopy, it is divided into two parts, one is assigned to women, the second is occupied by men.
Inside the tent is covered with mats. Despite the apparent simplicity of the design, it takes two to three hours to assemble it. During the day, the tent is completely open: the covers are lifted up, at night the makeshift house is closed, it does not have a single gap - this is the only way to protect yourself from the cold and winds that come to the desert with the onset of darkness.
Minka / Japan
Shutterstock Minka, Japan
Another transforming housing is a traditional Japanese minka. Such a house was the dwelling of peasants, artisans and merchants, now such huts, as a rule, are found in rural areas.
In different areas, the minka has its own characteristics, but there are also general rules, in particular the use of a rectangular frame structure made of load-bearing pillars and crossbars. In the construction of such houses, cheap and available materials, they are often made from wood, bamboo, grass, straw and clay.
Instead of walls - movable cardboard panels, they allow you to "play" with the layouts.
Earthen floor, with wooden deck, they sleep and eat on it.
Pallazo / Spain
Wikimedia Commons
This is a much more solid building. spanish houses pallazos are made of stone, their height is 4-5 m, diameter is from 10 to 20 m. The house itself is round or oval, the roof is conical, made of wooden frame lined with straw.
There may be no windows at all, or one, purely symbolic, may be made.
This type of housing is especially popular in the Sierra de los Ancares area. As permanent places pallazos were used for living until the 1970s.
Saklia / Caucasus
Shutterstock Saklya, Caucasus
Another stone house is a saklya, such structures are used by the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-room and without windows, the floor was earthen, in the middle of the room there was a hearth, the smoke came out through the roof.
Now the saklis are more comfortable. Often such houses adjoin closely one to another in the form of terraces, this is precisely due to the peculiarities of the mountainous area.
The roof of the lower building becomes the floor or courtyard of the higher one.
Sakli are often made multi-storey: they could be entire fortresses with numerous loopholes.
Shutterstock Izba, Russia
Well, where without the Slavic hut. Houses familiar to everyone are assembled from logs - this is what is called a log house. Initially, the hut was partly underground: part of the log house was underground, part above.
The log cabins could be disassembled and reassembled in another place.
Inside, the oven must be laid out. The familiar chimney on the roof did not appear immediately: at first, the houses were heated “in a black way”, the smoke began to be removed from them later.
The housing stock of modern Russian villages has evolved over a long period of time. In individual villages and hamlets, there are still dwellings built at the end and even in the middle of the 19th century; Many buildings erected at the beginning of the 20th century have been preserved. In general, in most Russian villages, houses built before the Great October Revolution make up a relatively small percentage. In order to understand the current changes in the development of traditional forms of housing, as well as the process of formation of new features of housing construction, it is necessary to give an idea of the main features of the Russian rural dwelling traced back to the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Characteristic features of the traditional Russian dwelling in various regions of the country
The diverse nature of Russia, various social, economic and historical conditions contributed to the creation different types Russian dwellings, fixed in a particular territory by a certain local ethnic tradition. As well as common features, characteristic of all Russian houses, in different areas of Russian settlement, there were features that manifested themselves in the position of the house in relation to the street, in building material, in the coating, in the height and internal layout of the building, in the forms of building the yard. Many local features of the dwelling were formed back in the feudal era and reflect the cultural characteristics of certain ethnographic groups.
In the middle of the XIX century. on the vast territory settlement of Russians, large areas stood out, distinguished by the peculiarities of rural residential buildings. There were also smaller areas with a less significant originality of dwellings, as well as zones of distribution of mixed forms of dwelling.
In the northern villages of Russia - in Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, as well as in the northern districts of Tver, Yaroslavl provinces - large log buildings were erected, which included residential and utility rooms set by a narrow end facade perpendicular to the street. characteristic feature the northern dwelling had a large height of the entire building. Due to the harsh northern climate, the floor of the living quarters was raised above the ground to a considerable height. The cuts (beams) of the floor were cut into the sixth or tenth crown, depending on the thickness of the logs. The space under the floor was called the podklet, or podyzbitsa; it reached a significant (1.5-3 m) height and was used for various economic needs: maintenance of poultry and young livestock, storage of vegetables, products, various utensils. Often the basement was made residential. Directly adjacent to the living quarters was a courtyard, covered with the same roof and constituting a single whole with housing (“house - yard”). In the covered courtyard, all utility rooms were combined into one unit under common roof and close to housing. The spread of the covered courtyard in the northern and central non-chernozem provinces of Russia was due to the harsh climate and long snowy winters, which forced the residential and outbuildings to be combined into one.
Covered courtyards in the north, as well as living quarters, were built high and arranged in two floors. On the lower floor there were cattle sheds, and in top floor(poveti) kept fodder for livestock, household equipment, vehicles, various household items; small unheated log cabins were built there - cages (burners), in which the family's household property was stored, and in the summer they lived couples. Outside, an inclined log flooring was attached to the story - an entrance (import). The covered courtyard closely adjoined the rear wall of the house, and the entire building stretched perpendicular to the street, in one line, making up a "single-row connection" or "single-row building type." In the northern buildings there was also a type of "two-row" building, in which the house and the covered courtyard were placed parallel close to each other. In Zaonezhye, the so-called purse house was widespread, in which the courtyard, attached to the side, was wider than the hut and was covered with one of the elongated slopes of its roof. There were also “verb-shaped” buildings, when a courtyard was attached to the back and side walls of the house, set perpendicular to the street, as if covering the house from two sides.
On a vast territory that included all the northern, western, eastern and Central Russian provinces of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Russian villages of Siberia, the dwelling was covered gable roof. The roofing material "of the roof depended on local possibilities. In the northern forest provinces, the huts were covered with boards, shreds, and at the beginning of the 20th century also with wood chips.
The most ancient and characteristic design of a gable roof, which was preserved for a particularly long time in the north, was male (roof with a cut, notch, on bulls, on males). In the construction of such a roof, chickens served an important practical purpose - naturally bent spruce rhizomes that support streams, or water outlets, i.e. gutters, against which the ends of the roof clefts abutted. An important constructive role was played by brackets (falls, help, passes), arranged from the releases of the upper logs of the longitudinal walls and supporting the corners of the roof, as well as okhlupen (gielom) - a massive log that oppresses the roof with its weight. All these details gave a peculiar beauty and picturesqueness to the peasant building, due to which in a number of places their construction was caused not only by practical, but also by decorative considerations. At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. the design of the male roof is replaced by a rafter.
On the facade of high log huts in the northern villages, several windows were cut through; the building was enlivened by a porch at the entrance to the house, a balcony on a chopped pediment and a gallery, often encircling the whole house at the level of windows. With the help of a knife and an ax, plastic sculptural forms of animals, birds and various geometric shapes; especially characteristic was the image of a horse's head.
The architectural appearance of the northern hut is unusually beautiful and picturesque. Flat plank surfaces of window trims, piers (boards that sewn up the protruding ends of the roofs), valances (boards running along the eaves), towels (boards covering the roof joint), porches, balcony] gratings were decorated with flat geometric carvings (with a low relief) or slot. The intricate alternation of all kinds of cutouts with straight and circular lines, rhythmically following one another, made the carved boards of the northern huts look like either lace or the ends of a towel made in Russian folk style. The plank surfaces of the northern building were often painted with paints.
Dwellings were built much lower and smaller in size in the Upper and Middle Volga regions, in the Moscow province, the southern part of Novgorod, the northern counties of the Ryazan and Penza provinces, and partly in the Smolensk and Kaluga provinces. These areas are characterized by a log house on a medium or low basement. In the northern and central parts of this zone, floor cuts were cut mainly into the fourth, sixth, and even seventh crown; in the south of the Moscow province. and in the Middle Volga region, a low basement prevailed in the dwelling: cuts for the floor were cut into the second or fourth crown. In some houses of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the XIX century. it was possible to meet an earthen floor, which, in all likelihood, was a consequence of the influence of the housing construction of the peoples of the Volga region, for whom underground dwellings were typical in the past. In the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. rich peasants built semi-houses - wooden houses on high brick basements, which were used as a pantry, shop or workshop.
In Central Russian villages, houses were placed mainly perpendicular to the street, two, three, and sometimes more windows were cut through on the front facade. Tes, shingles, and straw served as the covering material for the gable roof. Directly to the house, as well as in the North, a covered courtyard was attached, but it was lower than the house, consisted of one floor and did not form a single whole with the house. In the northern regions of the Upper Volga region, especially in the Trans-Volga region, higher courtyards were also built, located on the same level as the house.
In Central Russian trees, courtyards were attached to the back of the house according to the type of single-row building; in rich farms, verb-shaped buildings were often found; especially characteristic of the Upper and Middle Volga region was a two-row type of building. At the end of the XIX century. the two-row type of connection was gradually replaced by a more rational single-row one. This was due to the inconvenience and bulkiness of two-row courtyards; due to the accumulation of moisture at the junction of the house with outbuildings, these yards were damp. In more southern regions, in the Volga-Kama interfluve, in the Middle Volga region, in the Penza province. the so-called "quiet courtyard" was widespread. The resting building consists of two parallel rows of buildings - a house with outbuildings attached behind it, and opposite it a row of outbuildings, which in the back of the courtyard were bent at a right angle and joined with the buildings of the first row. In such a courtyard there is considerable open space; this type of development refers to the "open" or "semi-closed" type of courtyard 1 .
Semi-closed courtyards constitute, as it were, a transition zone from an indoor courtyard to an open one (a significant part of the Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga provinces, the Middle Volga region). To the south of this zone, an open courtyard dominated.
The architectural appearance of Central Russian huts is also characterized by the richness and variety of decorations. As in the north, the rounded ends of streams, hens, okhlupnya were processed with sculptural carving, but it did not have that bizarre artistic variety, as in the northern huts, and was less common. The decoration of the roof of the peasant hut in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and partly Nizhny Novgorod provinces was peculiar. two sculptural skates, turned muzzles in different directions. The facades of Central Russian huts were decorated with flat trihedral-notched carvings with a pattern of rosettes or separate parts circle, which was usually accompanied by patterns of parallel elongated grooves. If in the north the main attention was paid to decorating the roof, then in middle lane First of all, the windows were decorated. In the regions adjacent to the Volga (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk provinces), in the second half of the 19th century. a more complex carving with high relief and a convex juicy pattern of a pattern (ship carving, deaf, or chisel carving) became widespread. The relief carving was dominated by floral patterns, as well as images of animals and fantastic creatures. carved patterns concentrated on the pediment of the hut, they also decorated the shutters of the windows, the ends of the protruding corner logs, the gate. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. time-consuming embossed and flat carvings were supplanted by easier-to-execute sawing threads, which spread along with a new tool - a jigsaw, which allows you to easily and quickly cut out a variety of through patterns. The motifs of sawn carving ornament were very diverse.
In the north-east of Russia, in the Perm and Vyatka provinces, the dwelling had many features similar to the North Russian and Central Russian buildings, which is explained as the settlement of these areas by people from Novgorod land and close ties of the northeast with the Volga region and the central provinces in the XIV-XVII centuries, and similar conditions for the development of these regions. At the same time, some specific features can be traced in the northeastern dwelling. The chopped dwelling of the Vyatka-Perm Territory stood mostly perpendicular to the street and was covered with a plank gable, less often a four-slope roof (in houses that were more developed according to their plan). In the northwestern counties of the region, taller and larger houses were built on a high basement, and the floor cuts were cut into the seventh crown; in the southern regions of the region, the height of the underground was lowered and floor cuts were more often cut into the fourth or fifth crowns. For the dwellings of the Vyatka and Perm provinces, the most characteristic was a kind of rest-like building of the yard. These yards were closed when the free space of the yard was covered shed roof, semi-closed and open. In some areas of the Perm province. they arranged a quiet courtyard, called “for three horses”, in which the house, the open space of the courtyard and the next row of courtyard buildings were covered with three parallel gable roofs. External facades the northeastern dwellings were relatively poorly decorated.
In the western provinces of Russia - in Smolensk, Vitebsk, in the southern districts of Pskov, in the southwestern districts of Novgorod province - log huts were placed on a low (Smolensk, Vitebsk province) or middle (Pskov province) basement and were covered with double-pitched thatched, less often shed roofs. Distinctive feature appearance of the Western Russian hut was the presence of only one window on the front facade of the house, located perpendicular to the street, and a poor decoration front facade of the hut. Carved decorations were more common in the northwestern regions (Pskovskaya, northern districts of the Novgorod province.), Where the huts were taller and larger in size. In the western regions (Pskov and Vitebsk provinces), a peculiar type of three-row building of the estate was widespread, which can be simultaneously attributed to the covered and open type of the courtyard. In a three-row building, a covered courtyard closely adjoined the blind side wall of the house (similar to the type of two-row connection), on the other side of the house, at some distance from it (6-8 m), a number of outbuildings were built, parallel to the house. Open space between house and outbuildings fenced off with a timber fence. In the dwellings of the western provinces, there are features similar to the dwellings of the Belarusians and the peoples of the eastern regions of the Baltic states (planizba, the presence of a hanging boiler near the stove, the construction of a log house from beams, terminology, etc.), which was a consequence of ancient historical and ethno-cultural ties of the population of these regions with their western neighbors . For almost four centuries (XIV-XVII centuries) Smolensk lands were ruled by Lithuania, and then by the Commonwealth.
A peculiar type of Russian housing has developed in the southern black earth provinces - Kaluga, Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov, Tula, in the southern districts of Ryazan and Penza provinces. Small log huts were built here, often covered with clay on the outside, and later adobe, round-beam and brick low huts without a basement with a wooden, and more often adobe or earthen floor. The houses were placed with their long side along the street and covered with a hipped thatched roof. roof structure. The low southern Russian huts were less picturesque and poorer in architectural decoration. One or two windows were cut through on the front facade of the hut. To protect against the summer heat and strong steppe winds, shutters were almost always arranged at the windows. brick houses often decorated with complex bright patterns of painted different colors bricks, as well as relief patterns laid out of chiseled bricks.
In the southern provinces of Russia was distributed open type yard. Yard buildings were located behind the house and constituted a closed, open space in the center. In the Ryazan, Penza, Tula, a significant part of the Oryol, Kursk, Voronezh, and also in the Smolensk provinces. a closed “round” courtyard was common, which differed from the resting one mainly in the longitudinal position of the house to the street. In the southern part steppe zone- in the southern districts of Kursk, Voronezh, and partially Saratov provinces, as well as in the region of the Don Cossacks, in the Kuban and Terek regions, in the Stavropol provinces, among the Russians of Central Asia, an open open courtyard was common. The open space in this courtyard occupied a significant area, on which, in no particular order, not always adjoining each other, separately from the house, various outbuildings were located. The entire space of the yard was usually enclosed with a fence. Character traits dwellings - low underground huts, free building of residential and outbuildings, an abundance of straw as a building material and a much lower value of wood - arose in the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe belt with dry soils and a relatively warm climate.
A sharp contrast to the low southern Russian dwelling was the residential buildings of the prosperous grassroots Don Cossacks. Already in the middle of the 19th century. two-story multi-room houses on a high basement were common here. At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. two types of houses were built there - “ round house”(close to a square in plan), multi-room under a hipped roof, and an “outbuilding” - a house rectangular shape under a gable roof. Houses were cut from tetrahedral beams, sheathed on the outside with planks and covered with iron or plank roofs. It was typical for Cossack houses big number large windows with paneled shutters and a variety of architectural details. Open galleries, porches, balconies and terraces, decorated with openwork sawn carving, gave the buildings a specific southern flavor. In the same villages, most of the nonresident population and the poorest strata of the Cossacks lived in small oblong adobe and round-beam houses under four-pitched thatched or reed roofs.
The Kuban and Terek Cossacks and the peasants of Stavropol in the middle of the XIX century. buildings resembling low Ukrainian huts predominated - adobe and turluch, whitewashed on the outside, oblong in plan, without basement, with adobe floors, under a hipped thatched or reed roof. A similar type of dwelling, brought to the Kuban at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. immigrants from Ukraine, influenced all folk building Kuban, Terek and Stavropol. In the end XIX- early 20th century in the eastern and, to a lesser extent, in the western regions of the Kuban, wealthy Cossack households also began to build "round", multi-room houses, which were slightly lower and fewer houses lower Cossacks. Spread over perfect type dwellings occurred both under the influence of developing capitalism, and under direct influence Don traditions, since the eastern regions of the Kuban were inhabited to a large extent Don Cossacks. The dwelling of the Terek Cossacks developed under a certain influence of the neighboring mountain peoples, for example, "mountain sakli" - mud huts were erected in the Cossack estates; in the living quarters there were carpets, felts and other items of mountain household utensils.
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The house is the beginning of beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native dwelling gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, its culture and features of life are revealed. Appearance dwellings, Construction Materials and construction method depend on environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built from and no matter how it looks, among all peoples it is considered the center around which the rest of the world is located. Get to know the dwellings different peoples that inhabit our planet.
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Hut - traditional dwelling Russians. Previously, the hut was made of pine or spruce logs. The roofs were covered with silver aspen plowshares. A four-walled frame, or cage, was the basis of any wooden building. It consisted of rows of logs stacked on top of each other. The house was without a foundation: repeatedly sorted and well-dried cages were placed directly on the ground, and boulders were rolled to them from the corners. The grooves were laid with moss, so that dampness was not felt in the house. The top had the form of a high gable roof, a tent, an onion, a barrel or a cube - all this is still used in the Volga and northern villages. In the hut, a red corner was necessarily arranged, where there was a goddess and a table (a place of honor for the elders, especially for guests), a woman's corner, or kut, a male corner, or a horse, and a zakut - behind the stove. Furnaces were given a central place in the entire space of the dwelling. A live fire was maintained in it, food was cooked and slept here. Above the entrance, under the ceiling, between two adjacent walls and the stove, a floor was laid. They slept on them, kept household utensils.
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An igloo is an Eskimo dwelling built from blocks of snow, which, due to its porous structure, is a good heat insulator. For the construction of such a house, only the snow is suitable, on which a clear imprint of a person's foot remains. big knives blocks are cut in the thickness of the snow cover different sizes and stack them in a spiral. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. They enter the igloo through a hole in the floor, which leads to a corridor dug in the snow below the floor level. If the snow is shallow, a hole is made in the wall, and a corridor of snow slabs is built in front of it. Thus, cold winds do not penetrate inside the dwelling, heat does not go outside, and the gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. Inside the hemispherical igloo, a canopy of reindeer skins is hung, separating the residential part from the snowy walls and ceiling. The Eskimos build an igloo for two or three people in half an hour. Home of the Eskimos of Alaska. Incision.
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Saklya (Georgian sakhli - “house”) is the dwelling of the Caucasian highlanders, which is often built right on the rocks. To protect such a house from the wind, the lee side of the mountain slope is chosen for construction. Saklu is made of stone or clay. Its roof is flat; with a terraced arrangement of buildings on a mountain slope, the roof of the lower house can serve as a courtyard for the upper one. In each sakla, one or two small windows and one or two doors are cut. Inside the rooms suit small fireplace with a clay pipe. Outside the house, near the doors, there is a kind of gallery with fireplaces, floors covered with clay and covered with carpets. Here, in the summer, women prepare food.
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Stilt houses are built in hot, damp places. Such houses are found in Africa, Indonesia, Oceania. Two- or three-meter piles, on which houses are erected, provide the room with coolness and dryness even during the rainy season or during a storm. The walls are made from woven bamboo mats. As a rule, there are no windows; light penetrates through the cracks in the walls or through the door. The roof is covered with palm branches. In interior spaces usually lead steps decorated with carvings. The doorways are decorated in the same way.
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Wigwams are built by North American Indians. Long poles are stuck into the ground, the tops of which are tied. The structure is covered from above with branches, tree bark, and reeds. And if the skin of a bison or a deer is pulled over the frame, then the dwelling is called a tipi. A smoke hole is left at the top of the cone, covered with two special blades. There are also domed wigwams, when tree trunks dug into the ground are bent into a vault. The skeleton is also covered with branches, bark, mats.
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Dwellings on trees in Indonesia are built like watchtowers - at six or seven meters above the ground. The building is erected on a site prepared in advance tied to the branches of poles. A structure balancing on the branches cannot be overloaded, but it must withstand a large gable roof crowning the building. Such a house is arranged with two floors: the lower one, made of sago bark, on which there is a hearth for cooking, and the upper floor, made of palm boards, on which they sleep. In order to ensure the safety of residents, such houses are built on trees growing near the reservoir. Get into the hut long stairs connected from poles.
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Felij - a tent that serves as a home for the Bedouins - representatives of the nomadic Tuareg people (uninhabited areas of the Sahara desert). The tent consists of a blanket woven from camel or goat hair, and poles supporting the structure. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as burning Samoum or Sirocco are not afraid of nomads who have taken refuge in tents. Each dwelling is divided into parts. Its left half is intended for women and is separated by a canopy. The wealth of a Bedouin is judged by the number of poles in the tent, which sometimes reaches eighteen.
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Japanese house in the Land of the Rising Sun, from time immemorial, they have been built from three main materials: bamboo, mats and paper. Such a dwelling is most secure during the frequent earthquakes in Japan. The walls do not serve as a support, so they can be moved apart or even removed, they also serve as a window (shoji). In the warm season, the walls are a lattice structure, pasted over with translucent paper that transmits light. And in the cold season they are covered wood paneling. Internal walls(fushima) are also mobile shields in the form of a frame, covered with paper or silk and helping to break large room into several small rooms. An obligatory element of the interior is a small niche (tokonoma), where there is a scroll with poems or paintings and ikebana. The floor is covered with mats (tatami), on which they walk without shoes. A tiled or thatched roof has large canopies that protect the paper walls of the house from rain and the scorching sun.
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Yurts are a special type of dwelling used by nomadic peoples (Mongols, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Kirghiz). Round, without corners and straight walls, a portable structure, perfectly adapted to the way of life of these peoples. Yurt protects from the steppe climate - strong winds and temperature fluctuations. The wooden frame is assembled within a few hours, it is convenient to transport it. In summer, the yurt is placed directly on the ground, and in winter, on a wooden platform. Having chosen a place for parking, first of all they put stones under the future hearth, and then they set up the yurt according to the routine - the entrance to the south (for some peoples - to the east). The skeleton is covered with felt from the outside, and a door is made from it. Felt coverings keep the hearth warm in summer and keep it warm in winter. From above, the yurt is tied up with belts or ropes, and some peoples - with colorful belts. The floor is covered with animal skins, and the walls inside are covered with cloth. Light enters through the smoke hole at the top. Since there are no windows in the dwelling, in order to find out what is happening outside the house, you need to carefully listen to the sounds outside.
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Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. The camps of the nomadic Chukchi numbered up to 10 yarangas and were stretched from west to east. The first from the west was the yaranga of the head of the camp. Yaranga - a tent in the form of a truncated cone with a height in the center of 3.5 to 4.7 meters and a diameter of 5.7 to 7-8 meters. The wooden frame was covered with deer skins, usually sewn into two panels with straps, the ends of the straps in the lower part were tied to sleds or heavy stones for immobility. The hearth was located in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance rear wall yarangi, installed a sleeping room (canopy) of skins in the form of a parallelepiped. The average size canopy - 1.5 meters high, 2.5 meters wide and about 4 meters long. The floor was covered with mats, on top of them - with thick skins. The bed headboard - two oblong bags stuffed with scraps of skins - was located at the exit. In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with fur inside. They covered themselves with a blanket sewn from several deer skins. To illuminate their dwellings, the coastal Chukchi used whale and seal fat, while the tundra Chukchi used fat melted from crushed deer bones that burned odorless and soot in stone oil lamps. Behind the canopy, at the back wall of the tent, things were kept; at the side, on both sides of the hearth, - products.
From time immemorial Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Poles, etc.) were treated as an important and significant event. At the same time, our ancestors sought to solve not only a practical problem, that is, to provide overhead, but also to organize living space so that it was filled with peace, warmth, love and other life benefits. And such, according to the ancient Slavs, could be built only by following ancient traditions and covenants. In a previous article, we talked about , and today we will talk about ground - huts, huts and huts.
Izba - the first land dwelling of the northern Slavs
The first terrestrial among the Slavs appeared around the 9th-10th century, and the name "hut" itself is recorded in ancient Russian chronicles dated to the 10th century. Initially, log huts appeared in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, where the land was very damp, swampy or deeply frozen. All these factors did not make it possible to equip warm semi-underground and underground.
The first Slavic huts, as a rule, consisted of one insulated room-cage, to which, in some cases, a canopy adjoined. wooden hut was equipped with a door and a small window up to 40 cm in size, which was closed with a wooden plank and was used most often for.
In winter, the main part of the family's life passed in the hut, young cattle were immediately kept. If the furnace did not have a pipe, then it was called "chicken hut", and the house with a pipe oven was called "white hut". The hut could have a lower floor (basement) or do without it. Internal layout the room depended on the position of the stove: diagonally from it there was a “red” or front corner, at the bottom there was a crate made of wood, and on the side under the ceiling lay floors.
Mostly the walls of the hut were built of logs, the roof could be thatched or wooden, the windows could be slanted (with frames) or portage (cut through in logs). For usually used okhlupen (carved skate); the façade was decorated with window trims, towels and berths; walls, doors, ceiling and stoves - with characteristic Slavic ornaments in the form of animals, birds, plants and geometric patterns.
By the way, the carved ridge on the roof was not used by the Slavs for beauty. The fact is that, in this way, the Slavs brought the Gods " building sacrifice”in the form of a hut shaped like a horse: four corners - legs, a house - a body, a horse - a head. Such a sacrifice symbolized the creation of something reasonably organized () from the primitive chaos (tree). Often, a tail made of bast was also tied to the back of the ridge - in this case, according to the Slavs, the dwelling was completely like a horse. In addition, archaeological excavations have shown that the very first huts were decorated not with carved skates at all, but with real horse skulls.
Over time, the size of the hut increased: in addition to the hut-cage itself, there was also a room, which was separated from the main housing by a wall. These are called "five-wall". In the northern regions, six-walls and double huts began to appear, which are two independent log cabins with a common entrance hall and covered with a common roof. Often, light galleries adjoined the huts, which connected residential buildings, storerooms and workshops, which made it possible, without going outside, to move from one room to another.
Slavic houses could have several options for blocking the economic part from. It could be a single-row connection, which was called "under one horse"(that is, the household and living quarters were under the same roof); two-way communication - "two horses"(the household yard and the hut were covered with separate roofs with parallel ridges); three-row connection - "for three horses"(hut, hozblok and yard stood side by side and covered with separate roofs with three parallel skates). most often were gable, but it was possible to meet and hipped roofs hip or tent-shaped.
Hut - the traditional dwelling of the South Slavic peoples
To some extent, a hut is akin to a hut with the difference that more solid and insulated huts were built mainly in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, while in the southern regions (in Ukraine, Belarus and partly in Poland) huts prevailed - lighter types . The huts could be wattle, log, adobe, etc. Inside and outside, as a rule, they were coated with clay and whitewashed. Like the hut, the hut usually had a dwelling with a stove, a vestibule and a utility block.
The main difference between a hut and a hut is that it is not built from whole, but from half or other lumber, which are then coated with adobe - a mixture of straw, horse manure and clay. It should be noted here that adobe is not at all obligatory element huts: in more prosperous villages and in more later times huts could be upholstered with roofing iron and painted in bright colours(most often a combination of blue and white). The traditional adobe hut was coated with white clay or whitened with chalk outside and inside.
It is curious that under the word "hut" the Slavs meant not only itself, but also its parts - there were such concepts as back and front hut. The back hut was a half of the house, the windows of which overlooked the courtyard. The front hut had windows facing the street. The back and front huts were usually separated from each other with the help of either a simpler and more crude Ukrainian stove, which stood in the middle of the room, and / or a wall partition in the form of a wicker or wooden frame coated with clay. At the same time, the front hut played the role of a front room, designed to welcome guests, relax and place icons, while the back hut carried the economic burden - food was cooked here, and in severe frosts they could warm young cattle. In some cases, the part of the back hut adjacent to the stove was fenced off with a separate partition and received something similar to a separate kitchen.
Usually the hut was equipped with straw, which protected the dwelling from snow and rain, but at the same time provided natural ventilation premises. Shutters were an indispensable element of all huts, which could be closed in hot and sunny weather. In rich dwellings, the floor was plank (with a high underground), in poorer dwellings - earthen. As for the materials for building walls, their choice largely depended on natural conditions one area or another. For example, in Ukraine, forest reserves are quite scarce, so when building houses (most often mud huts), they tried to use less wood here.