People and their homes. Traditional dwellings of different peoples

Dwelling, can be considered and studied firstly as a complex of technically designed dignity. conditions in a person's life during periods of his daily work and rest in the so-called. home environment and secondly as techniques and types of the most technical ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Dwelling, habitation, abode, shelter, shelter, residence, domicile, location, residence, apartment, stay, nest, brothel, shelter; wagon, chum, yurt. Wed ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed... Synonym dictionary

Dwelling, dwellings, cf. (book). Housing, living quarters. “Usually, the Yakuts build their dwellings at a great distance from one another.” G. Chulkov. Caves and huts were the first dwellings of people. || trans. The location of something (poet. obsolete ... Dictionary Ushakov

In the Russian Federation, the premises used by citizens for living. Dwellings are: premises that meet the established requirements; temporary premises; as well as premises not intended for habitation, but actually used for this purpose. By… … Financial vocabulary

dwelling- Dwelling, house, apartment, roof, haven, shelter, corner, joker. apartments, unapproved nora, joke. house, bookshop living space, bookshop blood, books hearth, obsolete murya, outdated, joke. dwelling, obsolete, joke. abode, obsolete, razg. reduced father, razg ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

AT constitutional law a term meaning a chosen place geographical coordinates which define a room specially designed for the free residence of a person. The constitutional legal concept of Zh. is wider than the concept of residential ... ... Law Dictionary

HOUSING, a, cf. The room in which they live, you can live. Improvement of dwellings. The right to | adj. housing, oh, oh. Living conditions. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

English dwelling; German Behausung/Wohnraum. A building to protect people from natural conditions and for the organization of life; essential element material culture, forms, types and varieties to horn correspond to social. economy social conditions,... Encyclopedia of Sociology

dwelling- Premises for housing [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] EN dwelling DE WohnstätteWohnung FR habitation ... Technical Translator's Handbook

dwelling Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of the head of the enterprise

HOUSING- an individual residential building with residential and non-residential premises, residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, included in housing stock and used for permanent or temporary residence, as well as any other premises or structure, ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

Books

• Desert Dwelling, Mine Reid. The book includes novels that tell about the adventures of heroes in North America ...
• Desert Dwelling, Thomas Mine Reed. Due to circumstances, the loaves of merchants roaming between St. Louis and Santa Fe change their usual course and end up in a completely unexplored region of the Great North American Desert, where ...

A home for every person is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather, makes you feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the old traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are chum, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still retain their relevance, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who are engaged in reindeer herding. These include Komi, Nenets, Khanty, Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.

The chum is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with sacking in the summer, and skins in the winter. The entrance to the dwelling is also hung with burlap. The conical shape of the plague allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the dwelling there is a hearth, which serves for heating and cooking. Thanks to high temperature hearth, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the plague, snow is raked up to its base from the outside. The temperature inside the chum ranges from +13 to +20°C.

The whole family, including children, is involved in the installation of the plague. Skins and mats are laid on the floor of the dwelling, and pillows, featherbeds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.

Yakuts lived in it winter period time. The booth is a rectangular building made of logs with a sloping roof. Building it was pretty easy and fast. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many logs of a smaller diameter. Unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly at an angle. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark, and then with earth. This was done in order to maximize the insulation of the home. The floor inside the booth was trampled down sand; even in severe frosts, its temperature did not fall below -5 ° C.

The walls of the booth consisted of a large number windows, which were covered with ice before severe colds, and in summer - with the afterbirth of a calf or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a hearth, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snow dwelling was built by the Eskimos. They did not live well and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged dwelling.

The igloo was a structure made of ice blocks. It had a domed shape and was about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When building an igloo prerequisite was finding the entrance below the floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to retain heat as much as possible.

The light in the dwelling penetrated through the ice blocks, and the heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the igloo did not melt from the heat of the walls, but simply melted, which helped to maintain comfortable temperature inside the dwelling. Even in forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. Ice blocks soaked up too excess moisture which kept the room dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the home of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Altai. A yurt is a round dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles placed in the form of lattices. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth.

Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a hearth, stones for which they always carry with them. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and also quickly disassembled. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically do not change the indoor climate. The round shape of this building gives it stability, which is necessary in case of strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout were a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of tessel and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and sprinkled with earth outside, and the floor was coated with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that the smoke from the hearth could only escape through the door, and the proximity ground water made the room very damp. However, the dugout had much more advantages. These include:

Security. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in the heat.
Keeps out loud sounds and noise.
Practically does not demand repair.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, while the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was fixed. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made gable, which made it possible to save material. In order to keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When settling at home, it became dense and closed all the cracks. The foundation was not made in those days and the first logs were placed on the compacted earth.

The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served a good remedy protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were plastered with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings of the European part of our continent are: mud hut, saklya, trullo, rondavel, palyaso. Many of them still exist.

She is vintage traditional dwelling Ukraine. The hut, in contrast to the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the features of its structure were explained by the small area of ​​​​forests.

The hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were covered with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earth or plank. To insulate the dwelling, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could stand for up to 100 years.

This stone building is a traditional dwelling of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklis were one-roomed with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one dwelling is the floor for another. Such a construction was due not only to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is different in that it was created using the technology of dry masonry, that is, the stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by pulling out one stone, it would be possible to destroy the whole house. The fact is that in this area of ​​​​Italy it was forbidden to build dwellings, so if an official came with a check, the trullo quickly collapsed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof was cone-shaped. Sometimes, boards were laid on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.

This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). Pallazo was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was a stone. Dwellings had round shape with a conical roof. The roof frame was wooden, and on top it was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallazo, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, pallazo protected from cold winters and rainy summers.

Indian dwellings

This is the dwelling of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible curved trunks connected by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or skins. At the top of the wigwam is a hole for the exit of smoke. The entrance to the dwelling is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a hearth and places for sleeping and resting, food was cooked outside the wigwam.

The Indians associated this dwelling with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left everything unclean behind him. It was believed that the chimney helps to establish a connection with heaven and opens the entrance to spiritual power.

Tipis were inhabited by the Indians of the Great Plains. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made up of pine or juniper poles. From above they were covered with the skin of bison or deer and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. Inside the dwelling, a special belt descended from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction during strong wind. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, and along the edges - places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all the qualities that the Indians of the Great Plains needed. This dwelling was quickly dismantled and assembled, easily transported, protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other nations

This is the traditional dwelling of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof, the walls are made of stones held together by sand and dung. From the inside they are coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The basis of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. From above it is covered with reeds.

traditional dwelling different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experience, preserves history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build durable housing and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

A dwelling is a building or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. The local population in different regions The world has developed its own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, tents. In the highlands they built pallasso, chalets, and on the plains - huts, huts and huts. The national types of dwellings of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first it was caves, grottoes, earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and in the 9th century BC, stone houses appeared.

People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of the northern peoples are the booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged mainly in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi live in the plague, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with burlap. So that neither snow nor wind gets under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked up to the base of its walls from the outside.

In the center of it, a hearth is always burning, which is used for heating the room and cooking. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are sewn from sheepskins.

Chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.

• Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth, it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of a smaller diameter. After the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows, they were covered with ice before the onset of severe frosts, and in summer - with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were installed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

• Needle.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The building was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below the floor level. This was done so that oxygen could enter the dwelling and carbon dioxide would escape, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to keep warm.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

• Valcaran.

This is the home of the peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

• Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It is portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The whole structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. Yaranga with the help of canopies was divided into several rooms. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

• Yurt.

This is typical view buildings of the nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Altai.

This is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt retains its constant microclimate inside the room, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building is a hearth, the stones for which are always carried with them. The floor is laid with skins or boards.

Housing can be assembled or dismantled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call a camping yurt an abylaisha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name came from.

• Vardo.

This is a gypsy wagon, in fact, it is a one-room house, which is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The wagon is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo received mass distribution at the end of the 19th century.

• Felij.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel hair, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during the rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country, on the territory of which more than 290 peoples live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

• Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a pit dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was tes, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was coated with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that the smoke could only escape through the door, and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it fully provided security; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional care; it was easy to build. It was thanks to all these advantages that the dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

• Hut.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs, with the help of an axe. The roof was double pitched. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs, over time it became dense and covered all the large gaps. The walls outside were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century did they begin to build chimneys.

• Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which means "smoke". Kuren was the traditional dwelling of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle covered with clay, the roof was made of reeds, a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the home of the Telengits (the people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. In villages there was always an earthen floor, and in the center - a hearth.

• Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochs, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and the roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced wooden beams which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were erected against the walls.

• Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area, folded soft rocks(limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Hearths were equipped in the rooms, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut through.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian hut, hut. Many of them still exist.

• Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine, unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.

• Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin that had no windows. The roof was gable, and covered with flat chips. Wooden loungers and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

• Hut.

This is traditional look dwellings of Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built from semi-logs, coated with a mixture horse manure and clay. The hut was whitened both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a mound (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by passages: residential and household.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. This is a one-room stone building with earthen floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for smoke to escape. Sakli in the mountainous area formed entire terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure served a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palyaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

• Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry laying, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of building was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the building could easily be destroyed.

Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was conical.

• Pallazo.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. They were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit was always on the east side, the building had no windows.

• Bordei.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.

• Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

• Vezha.

This is the traditional dwelling of the Saami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, in which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, the floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.

• Konak.

A two-story stone house built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings for such houses.

• Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

• Chalet.

This is a country house in the Alps. It differs by speakers cornice overhangs, wooden walls, Bottom part which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as tipi, wikiap.

• Indian wigwam.

This is the dwelling of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Today no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds rituals and initiations. It has a domed shape, consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole - for the exit of smoke. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges - places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside.

• Tipi.

Home of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pine trees, it was covered with bison skins from above and reinforced at the bottom with pegs. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

• Wikipedia.

The dwelling of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, bushes. Considered a type of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are the Rondavel and the Ikukwane.

• Rondavel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are fastened with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with thatch.

• Ikukwane.

This is a huge domed thatched house, which is traditional for the Zulus. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

• Diaolo.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, as gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.

• Tulou.

This is also a house-fortress, which was built in the form of a circle or a square. On the upper floors left narrow openings for loopholes. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

• Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from improvised materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. Functions internal partitions performed screens. The roofs were very high so that the snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

• Hanok.

This is traditional house Koreans. Clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes are laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth went all over the house.

From time immemorial Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Poles, etc.) were treated as an important and significant event. At the same time, our ancestors sought to solve not only a practical problem, that is, to provide overhead, but also to organize living space so that it was filled with peace, warmth, love and other life blessings. And such, according to the ancient Slavs, could be built only by following ancient traditions and covenants. In a previous article, we talked about , and today we will talk about ground - huts, huts and huts.

Izba - the first land dwelling of the northern Slavs

The first terrestrial among the Slavs appeared around the 9th-10th century, and the name "hut" itself is recorded in ancient Russian chronicles dated to the 10th century. Initially, log huts appeared in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, where the land was very damp, swampy or deeply frozen. All these factors did not make it possible to equip warm semi-underground and underground.

First Slavic huts, as a rule, consisted of one insulated room-cage, to which in some cases a vestibule adjoined. wooden hut was equipped with a door and a small window up to 40 cm in size, which was closed with a wooden plank and was used most often for.

In winter, the main part of the family's life passed in the hut, young cattle were immediately kept. If the furnace did not have a pipe, then it was called "chicken hut", and the house with a pipe oven was called "white hut". The hut could have a lower floor (basement) or do without it. Internal layout the room depended on the position of the stove: diagonally from it there was a “red” or front corner, at the bottom there was a crate made of wood, and on the side under the ceiling lay floors.

Mostly the walls of the hut were built of logs, the roof could be thatched or wooden, the windows could be slanted (with frames) or portage (cut through in logs). For usually used okhlupen (carved skate); the façade was decorated with window trims, towels and berths; walls, doors, ceiling and stoves - with characteristic Slavic ornaments in the form of animals, birds, plants and geometric patterns.

By the way, the carved ridge on the roof was not used by the Slavs for beauty. The fact is that, in this way, the Slavs brought the Gods " building sacrifice”in the form of a hut shaped like a horse: four corners - legs, a house - a body, a horse - a head. Such a sacrifice symbolized the creation of something reasonably organized () from the primitive chaos (tree). Often, a tail made of bast was also tied to the back of the ridge - in this case, the dwelling, according to the Slavs, was completely likened to a horse. In addition, archaeological excavations have shown that the very first huts were decorated not with carved skates at all, but with real horse skulls.

Over time, the size of the hut increased: in addition to the hut-cage itself, there was also a room, which was separated from the main housing by a wall. These are called "five-wall". In the northern regions, six-walls and twin huts began to appear, which are two independent log cabins-cages with a common canopy and overlapped common roof. Often, light galleries adjoined the huts, which connected residential buildings, storerooms and workshops, which made it possible, without going outside, to move from one room to another.

Slavic houses could have several options for blocking the economic part from. It could be a single-row connection, which was called "under one horse"(that is, the household and living quarters were under the same roof); two-way communication - "two horses"(the household yard and the hut were covered with separate roofs with parallel ridges); three-row connection - "for three horses"(hut, hozblok and yard stood side by side and covered with separate roofs with three parallel skates). most often were gable, but it was possible to meet and hipped roofs hip or tent-shaped.

Hut - the traditional dwelling of the South Slavic peoples

To some extent, a hut is akin to a hut with the difference that more solid and insulated huts were built mainly in the northern regions of Slavic settlements, while in the southern regions (in Ukraine, Belarus and partly in Poland) huts prevailed - lighter types . The huts could be wattle, log, adobe, etc. Inside and outside, as a rule, they were coated with clay and whitewashed. Like the hut, the hut usually had a dwelling with a stove, a vestibule and a utility block.

The main difference between a hut and a hut is that it is built not from whole, but from half or other lumber, which are then coated with adobe - a mixture of straw, horse manure and clay. It should be noted here that adobe is not at all obligatory element huts: in more prosperous villages and in more later times huts could be upholstered with roofing iron and painted in bright colours(most often a combination of blue and white). The traditional adobe hut was coated with white clay or whitened with chalk outside and inside.

It is curious that under the word "hut" the Slavs meant not only itself, but also its parts - there were such concepts as back and front hut. The back hut was a half of the house, the windows of which overlooked the courtyard. The front hut had windows facing the street. The back and front huts were usually separated from each other with the help of either a simpler and more crude Ukrainian stove, which stood in the middle of the room, and / or a wall partition in the form of a wicker or wooden frame coated with clay. At the same time, the front hut played the role of a front room, designed to welcome guests, relax and place icons, while the back hut carried the economic burden - food was cooked here, and in severe frosts they could warm young cattle. In some cases, the part of the back hut adjacent to the stove was fenced off with a separate partition and received something similar to a separate kitchen.

Usually the hut was equipped with straw, which protected the dwelling from snow and rain, but at the same time provided natural ventilation premises. Shutters were an indispensable element of all huts, which could be closed in hot and sunny weather. In rich dwellings, the floor was plank (with a high underground), in poorer dwellings - earthen. As for the materials for the construction of walls, their choice largely depended on the natural conditions of a particular area. For example, in Ukraine, forest reserves are quite scarce, so when building houses (most often mud huts), they tried to use less wood here.

Agree, in early childhood, all of us were somehow interested in dwellings. We read about them in books and popular science magazines, watched movies, which means, willy-nilly, at least once in our lives, but still imagined how great it would be on switch roles with them for several hours, finding yourself in that distant world, full of the unknown and unseen.

However, despite the abundance of information, we sometimes cannot answer seemingly completely simple questions. For example, about how they defended their homes, where and how they got food, whether they stocked up for the winter, and whether they had any domestic animals.

The article is aimed at acquainting readers with the topic. After reading all the sections carefully, everyone will have a more than detailed idea of ​​​​what the dwellings of ancient people were like.

general information

In order to more clearly imagine what happened many centuries ago, let's think about the principle by which the buildings are built and ennobled. modern houses. Many will agree that the choice of material is primarily influenced by climate. In hot countries, you are unlikely to find buildings with thick brick (or panel) walls, and additional funds insulation. In turn, in the northern regions there are no bungalows and open villas.

The primitive dwelling of ancient people was also built taking into account weather conditions one region or another. In addition, of course, the presence of nearby water bodies and characteristics local flora and fauna.

So, modern experts argue that the hunters of the Paleolithic times in most cases settled on slightly rugged, or even completely flat terrain, in the immediate vicinity of lakes, rivers or streams.

Where can you see ancient sites?

We all know that caves are areas of the upper part earth's crust located, as a rule, in the mountainous regions of the planet. To date, it has been established that most of them were once the dwellings of ancient people. Of course, regardless of the continent, people settled only in horizontal and gentle caves. In vertical, called mines and wells, the depth of which can reach up to one and a half kilometers, it was inconvenient to live and improve life, if not very dangerous.

Archaeologists have discovered the dwellings of ancient people in different parts our planet: in Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe and the Americas.

Many caves have also been discovered on the territory of Russia. The most famous are Kungurskaya, Bolshaya Oreshnaya, Denisova and the whole Tavdinsky complex.

What did the dwelling of an ancient person look like from the inside?

There is a fairly common misconception that the inhabitants of that time were quite warm and dry in the caves. Unfortunately, this is not the case, but rather the opposite. As a rule, in the faults of rocks it is very cold and humid. And there is nothing surprising in this: such areas are rather slowly warmed up by the sun, and it is generally impossible to heat a huge cave in this way.

The prevailing moist air around, which in most cases is under open sky barely felt, tends to condense, falling into a closed space, surrounded on all sides by a cold stone.

As a rule, the air in a cave cannot be called stale. On the contrary, constant drafts are observed here, which are formed under the influence of the aerodynamic effect created by the presence of numerous passages and slots.

As a result, we can conclude that the very first dwellings of ancient people were small cool caves with walls constantly damp from condensation.

Could you warm up by lighting a fire?

Generally make a fire in a cave, even if available modern means- rather troublesome and not always productive occupation.

Why? The thing is that initially it will take a long time to choose a place protected from the wind, otherwise the fire will simply go out. Secondly, heating a cave in this way is the same as if you set yourself the goal of heating an entire stadium, armed with an ordinary electric heater. Sounds absurd, right?

In this case, one fire is actually not enough, especially considering that cold air will constantly move towards your parking place from somewhere inside the stone bag.

Security measures

How did ancient people protect their homes, and was there a need for this in principle? Scientists have been trying to get a definitive answer to this question for a long time. It was found that, in warm climates, camps were, as a rule, of a temporary nature. A man found them by chasing wild animals along the paths and collecting various kinds of roots. Ambushes were set up nearby and dead carcasses were skinned. Such houses were not guarded: raw materials were collected, rest was arranged, thirst was quenched, simple belongings were collected, and the tribe rushed on.

On the territory of present-day Eurasia, most of the land was covered with a thick layer of snow. There was already a need for the improvement of a more permanent monastery. The dwelling was often won back from the hyena by perseverance, cunning or cunning. During the winter cold, the entrances to the cave were often blocked from the inside with stones and branches. This, above all, was done in order to prevent the former owner from getting inside.

Section 6. What was inside the house

The dwellings of ancient people, photos of which can often be found in modern popular science literature, were rather unpretentious in terms of their amenities and content.

Most often inside it was round or oval. According to scientists, on average, the width rarely exceeded 6-8 meters with a length of 10-12 m. Inside, according to experts, up to 20 people fit. For ennoblement and insulation, tree trunks were used, cut down or broken in a neighboring forest. Often such material went down the river.

Often the dwellings of ancient people were not a place in a cave, but real huts. The skeleton of the future house was represented by tree trunks inserted into previously dug recesses. Later, branches intertwined were superimposed on top. Of course, because of the constantly walking wind, it was quite cold and damp inside, so the fire had to be maintained, both day and night. By the way, scientists were surprised to find that tree trunks, which play a key role in construction, were reinforced with heavy stones for safety.

There were no doors at all. They were replaced by a hearth built from rock fragments, which not only heated the dwelling, but also served reliable protection from predators.

Of course, in the process of evolution, not only people changed, but also the places of their parking.

Houses of ancient Palestinians

On the territory of Palestine, modern scientists have managed to unearth the most important cities in archaeological terms.

It has been established that these settlements were mainly built on hills and were well fortified both outside and inside. Very often one of the walls was protected by a cliff or by a fast water stream. The city was surrounded by a wall.

Like many others, this culture, when choosing a place, was guided by the presence of a nearby source, the water from which was suitable for drinking and for irrigating crops. In case of a siege, local residents arranged a kind of underground reservoirs located under the dwellings of more prosperous citizens.

Wooden houses were considered a rarity. In general, preference was given to stone and adobe buildings. In order to protect the premises from soil dampness, the structure was built on a stone foundation.

The hearth was located in the central room directly under special hole in the ceiling. The second floor and the presence of a large number of windows could only be afforded by the wealthiest citizens.

Dwellings of the upper Mesopotamia

Not everyone knows that here some houses were two- or even several-story. For example, in the chronicles of Herodotus one can find mention of buildings in three or even four tiers.

Dwellings overlapped spherical dome which was sometimes very high. There was a hole at the top to let air in. By the way, it should be noted that there were almost never windows on the first floor. And there can be several explanations for this factor. Firstly, the locals in this way tried to protect themselves from external enemies. Secondly, religion did not allow them to flaunt the features of their private lives. Only rather narrow doors and loopholes, located at the level of human growth, went outside.

Above, terraces were built on brick columns, which performed two functions at once. First of all, they were built so that the owner could rest there, hiding away from human eyes. But that's not all. Such a site made it possible to protect the roof from direct sunlight, and therefore from overheating. On the upper terrace most often there were open galleries planted with flowers and exotic plants.

In this area, clay, reed and bitumen were considered the main building materials. Sometimes special brick or mosaic inlays were made in wooden supports to protect the tree from the ubiquitous ants.

Dwelling of ancient Indian culture

The ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, located in India, was once surrounded by a powerful wall. There also existed sewer system, which from individual houses was directed to the citywide sewage canal, equipped under the pavements.

In general, they preferred to build houses from burnt bricks, which were considered the most durable and therefore reliable. The outer walls were more than massive, and also had a slight inclination inward.

Documents describing how ancient people built dwellings indicate that there was a porter's room in the homes of wealthy local residents. Almost always there was also a small central courtyard, into which, for the purpose additional lighting, by all means there were numerous windows of the first and second floor.

The yard was paved with bricks, and a sewage channel passed right there. On the flat roof of the house, as a rule, a luxurious terrace was landscaped.

ancient greek house

Scientists have found that during the Trojan culture, most of the dwellings were a structure of a square or rectangular shape. There might have been a small portico ahead. In a room or part of a common room that served as a bedroom, special raised platforms were made for beds.

There were usually two centers. One was for heating, the other for cooking.

The walls were also unusual. The lower 60 cm were laid out of stone, and a little higher, raw brick was used. Flat roof nothing additionally supported.

The poor preferred to settle in round or oval houses, because. they were easier to heat, and there was no need to have several rooms. The rich, in their homes, allotted space not only for bedrooms, but also for the dining room and pantries.