Heating plan for a multi-storey building. Varieties of connecting radiators

The pressure that should be in the heating system apartment building, is regulated by SNiPs and established norms. The calculation takes into account the diameter of the pipes, the types of pipeline and heating appliances, distance to the boiler room, number of storeys.

Types of pressure

Speaking about the pressure in the heating system, they mean 3 types of it:

1. Static (manometric). When performing calculations, it is taken equal to 1 atm or 0.1 MPa per 10 m.
2. Dynamic, which occurs when the circulation pump is turned on.
3. Permissible working, which is the sum of the previous two.

In the first case, this is the pressure force of the coolant in radiators, valves, pipes. The higher the number of storeys of the house, the greater value acquires this value. Powerful pumps are used to overcome the rise of the water column.

The second case is the pressure that occurs during the movement of fluid in the system. And from their sum - the maximum working pressure, the operation of the system in a safe mode depends. IN high-rise building its value reaches 1 MPa.

GOST and SNiP requirements

In modern multi-storey buildings, the heating system is installed based on the requirements of GOST and SNiP. The regulatory documentation specifies the temperature range that central heating must provide. This is from 20 to 22 degrees C with humidity parameters from 45 to 30%.

To achieve these indicators, it is necessary to calculate all the nuances in the operation of the system even during the development of the project. The task of a heat engineer is to ensure the minimum difference in the pressure values ​​​​of the liquid circulating in the pipes between the lower and last floors home, thereby reducing heat loss.

The following factors influence the actual pressure value:

• The condition and capacity of the equipment supplying the coolant.
• The diameter of the pipes through which the coolant circulates in the apartment. It happens that, wanting to increase temperature indicators, the owners themselves change their diameter upwards, reducing general meaning pressure.
• The location of a particular apartment. Ideally, this should not matter, but in reality there is a dependence on the floor, and on the distance from the riser.
• The degree of wear of the pipeline and heating devices. In the presence of old batteries and pipes, one should not expect that the pressure readings will remain normal. It is better to prevent the occurrence of emergency situations by replacing your old heating equipment.

How pressure changes with temperature

Check the working pressure in a high-rise building using tubular deformation pressure gauges. If, when designing a system, the designers laid down automatic adjustment pressure and its control, then additionally install sensors of various types. In accordance with the requirements set out in normative documents, control is carried out in the most critical areas:

• at the coolant supply from the source and at the outlet;
• before the pump, filters, pressure regulators, mud collectors and after these elements;
• at the outlet of the pipeline from the boiler room or CHP, as well as at its entry into the house.

Please note: 10% of the difference between the normative working pressure on the 1st and 9th floors is normal.

pressure in summer

During the period when the heating is inactive, both in the heating network and in the heating systems, a pressure is maintained that exceeds the static pressure. Otherwise, air will enter the system and the pipes will begin to corrode.

The minimum value of this parameter is determined by the height of the building plus a margin of 3 to 5 m.

How to raise the pressure

Pressure checks in heating lines multi-storey buildings are definitely needed. They allow you to analyze the functionality of the system. A drop in pressure level, even by a small amount, can cause serious failures.

In the presence of central heating, the system is most often tested cold water. The pressure drop for 0.5 hours by more than 0.06 MPa indicates the presence of a gust. If this is not observed, then the system is ready for operation.

Immediately before the start of the heating season, a test is performed with hot water supplied under maximum pressure.

Changes taking place in the heating system many storey building, most often do not depend on the owner of the apartment. Trying to influence the pressure is a pointless undertaking. The only thing that can be done is to eliminate air pockets that have appeared due to loose connections or improper adjustment of the air release valve.

A characteristic noise in the system indicates the presence of a problem. For heating appliances and pipes, this phenomenon is very dangerous:

• Loosening of threads and destruction of welded joints during vibration of the pipeline.
• Termination of the supply of coolant to individual risers or batteries due to difficulties in de-airing the system, the inability to adjust, which can lead to its defrosting.
• A decrease in the efficiency of the system if the coolant does not stop moving completely.

To prevent air from entering the system, it is necessary to inspect all connections and taps for water leakage before testing it in preparation for the heating season. If you hear a characteristic hiss during a test run of the system, immediately look for a leak and fix it.

You can apply a soapy solution to the joints and bubbles will appear where the tightness is broken.

Sometimes the pressure drops even after replacing old batteries with new aluminum ones. A thin film appears on the surface of this metal from contact with water. Hydrogen is a by-product of the reaction, and by compressing it, the pressure is reduced.

Interfering with the operation of the system in this case is not worth it. The problem is temporary and goes away on its own over time. This happens only in the first time after the installation of radiators.

You can increase the pressure on the upper floors of a high-rise building by installing a circulation pump.

Minimum pressure

From the condition when the superheated water in the heating system does not boil, the minimum pressure is taken.

You can define it like this:

A margin of approximately 5 m is added to the height of the house (geodesic) to avoid air pollution, plus another 3 m for the resistance of the heating system inside the house. If the supply pressure is insufficient, then the batteries on the upper floors will remain unheated.

If we take a 5-storey building, then the minimum supply pressure should be:

5x3+5+3=23 m = 2.3 ata = 0.23 MPa

Pressure drop

In order for the heating system to perform its functions normally, the pressure drop, which is the difference between its values ​​​​on the supply and return, must be a certain and constant value. In numerical terms, it should be in the range from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa.

The deviation of the parameter to a smaller side indicates a failure in the circulation of the coolant through the pipes. Fluctuation in the direction of increasing the indicator - about airing the heating system.

In any case, you need to look for the cause of the change, otherwise individual elements may be out of order.

If the pressure has dropped, then check for leaks: turn off the pump and observe changes static pressure. If it continues to decrease, then they look for the place of damage by sequentially removing different sections from the scheme.

In the case when the static head does not change, then the reason lies in the equipment malfunction.

The stability of the differential operating pressure initially depends on the designers, on their hydraulic calculations, and then correct installation highways. The heating of a high-rise building is functioning normally, during the installation of which the following points are taken into account:

• The supply pipeline, with rare exceptions, is at the top, the return at the bottom.
• Spills are made of pipes with a cross section of 50 to 80 mm, and risers and supply to batteries - from 20 to 25 mm.
• Regulators are embedded in the heating system in the bypass line of the pump or the jumper connecting the supply and return, ensuring that even with sudden pressure drops, air does not appear.
• Shutoff valves are present in the heat supply scheme.

There are no ideal operating conditions for a heating system. There are always losses that reduce pressure indicators, but still they should not go beyond the regulated building codes and the rules of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003.

A very serious place in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings is occupied by high-quality heating. Now the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from an autonomous one, it is it that provides heat in apartments even in the most severe cold. Below we will talk about what are the types of systems, what is in them optimum temperature how repairs are made.

What are the features of the heating system of a residential building

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance with the conditions specified in the regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment should be maintained with the help of heating within 20–22 ° C, and humidity - 30–45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design, installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of the heating system in apartment building, that is, the creation of a scheme, professional heat engineers calculate all the necessary characteristics, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and upper floors.

One of the key features of a modern centralized heating system for high-rise buildings is operation on superheated water. It goes from the combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 ° C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, steam formation does not occur in the system. In addition, it allows you to direct water even to the very top point Houses.

The temperature of the water going back through the system (return) is approximately 60–70 ° C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values ​​\u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

In our country, the system is widely used central heating apartment building. Here, the city boiler house (CHP) supplies the coolant. However, water circuits are built according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such issues. However, as soon as it is time to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, these details need to be known.

• Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is not often used, but over the past few years it has become more common in new homes. In addition, local heating systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in close proximity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to run one boiler room that can warm and provide hot water the whole neighborhood.

• Central heating system of an apartment building

The heat carrier comes from the central boiler room through main pipelines in thermal MKD node, after which it is distributed to the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of supply is carried out on the heating point through circular pumps.

Various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out which heating system is in an apartment building, to make several classifications into certain categories.

According to the mode of consumption of thermal energy:

• seasonal, heat supply is necessary only during the cold season;
• year-round requiring constant heating.

Type of coolant used:

• Water- the most widely used type in MKD. The advantages of the operation of such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer the coolant from afar (while not compromising quality indicators, centrally adjusting the temperature if necessary), good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
• Air- such heating systems apartment buildings able to carry out both heating and ventilation of buildings; due to great price this system less widely used.
• Steam- recognized as the most profitable, since pipes of small diameter are taken for heating, hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, this facilitates its maintenance. True, this variety is recommended for objects that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water vapor (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply:

• Independent heating system of an apartment building - the water circulating through it or steam in the heat exchanger transfers heat to the coolant (water) in the heating system.
• Dependent heating system of an apartment building - the coolant heated by the heat generator is directly supplied to consumers through networks.

According to the method of connection to the hot water heating system:

• Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
• Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the general water supply, the transfer of thermal energy to it is carried out in the network heat exchanger of the central.

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

• One-pipe heating system of an apartment building

Single-pipe heating systems of apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. The water in this circuit is directed from the bottom up, getting into the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water cooled in the device goes into the same pipe. She comes to the last apartments having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of the upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even simpler, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut directly into the pipe. Then the battery becomes part of the pipe.

From such an intervention in the heating system of an apartment building, users whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit benefit, while the water reaches the last consumers even more cooled. In addition, now it is impossible to regulate the level of heat in the apartment, because if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

As long as it goes heating season, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without invading the intra-house heating system of an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are installed that make it possible, by turning off the device, to save the coolant flow.

In the presence of single-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries in size: small ones should be placed at the beginning of the system, and, gradually increasing in size, the largest appliances should be connected in the last apartments. Such a move would overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, saving money on the installation of a heating circuit is followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

• Two-pipe heating system of an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Look at the connection diagram of the radiators, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: thermal energy the liquid from the radiator is not sent to the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. It does not matter how the radiator is connected: from the riser or from the lounger. The bottom line is that the level of heating of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important plus of a two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery individually or install thermostatic taps that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to choose batteries with side and bottom connection, dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed and pressure of the liquid together with the steam, and hence the level of heat, vary in direct proportion to the diameter of the pipe opening. In order for this procedure to be carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

Pipes of the heating system of an apartment building maximum size(100 mm) are located in the cellars. With them, the connection of the entire system begins. Pipes with a diameter of no more than 50-76 mm are installed in the entrances for uniform distribution of thermal energy.

Unfortunately, such an adjustment does not always contribute to the desired heating effect. This affects the inhabitants of the upper floors, where the temperature drops dramatically. This process can be balanced by starting the hydraulic heating system. This step involves connecting the circulation vacuum pumps, which ensures that the automatic pressure control system starts working. Installation and start-up take place in the manifold separate building. Accordingly, the heating distribution system changes along the entrances, floors of an apartment building. When the number of floors exceeds two, the start-up of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

Very often, having paid bills for heating, tenants complain about the management company. In some apartments, people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building is (its principle of operation, scheme), and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The maximum benefit will then be received by the owners who are also going to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

Which meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building under different schemes?

• One-pipe schemes with vertical type wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
• Two-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter, a temperature sensor on each radiator.
• One-pipe schemes with horizontal type wiring - one meter per riser is enough.

In houses with the first two wiring diagrams, residents usually prefer the installation of a common house meter. When the wiring is done according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

In the form of measuring instruments that allow determining the volume of coolant passed through each of the radiators, ultrasonic or mechanical controllers for the flow of thermal energy act.

Structurally and functionally, the most simple are counters mechanical type . Their principle of operation in the heating system in an apartment building is based on the conversion of the translational energy of the coolant movement into the rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic Models measure the indicators of the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations in the direction and against the flow of liquid. Most of these devices are powered by autonomous sources energy - lithium batteries. They are enough for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in an MKD, the owner needs:

1. get information about technical conditions from heat supply organization or at the balance holder of the building;
2. create an installation project together with licensed masters in this field;
3. install the heat meter in full accordance with specifications and originally developed project;
4. sign an agreement with the supplier of thermal energy on payment according to the readings of the meter.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is setting a total counter to calculate the heat energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of ​​an apartment building; Vt - the average volume of heat energy consumed per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal / sq. m); TT - tariffs for the consumption of thermal energy (rubles/Gcal).

• divide the meter reading for the previous year by 12;
• divide the resulting number by total area houses, taking into account all heated premises: basements, attics, entrances. You will receive the average amount of thermal energy consumed per square area per month.

However, several legitimate questions follow from the foregoing.

Where can I get the indicators of energy consumption for the previous year, given that the total meter has just appeared? There is nothing complicated here. During the first year from the date of installation of the metering device, the owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only after a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment

There is an easy formula for this. For 10 square meters of living space, on average, no more than 1 kW of heat is needed. The value is adjusted according to coefficients depending on the region:

• for houses in the south of the country, the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
• for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
• for the far north eastern regions the need increases by 1.5–2 times.

Let's do a simple calculation. Let's imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of heat energy for an apartment in an MKD in the Amur Region. This region is characterized by a rather cold climate.

The area of ​​this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m 2. We take into account that approximately 1 kW of thermal energy is spent on heating 10 m 2 of housing. According to the climate features of the area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We translate the area of ​​​​the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, multiply it by 1.7. As a result, the required value is 10.2 kW, otherwise 10,200 watts.

The calculation method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with such situations:

• the amount of heat energy required directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, to warm a living space with ceilings 3 meters high, it will need more;
• a large number of windows, doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy, when compared with monolithic walls;
• the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also greatly affects the heat costs if standard batteries of the heating system of an apartment building are installed.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient heat output per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 watts. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want the most accurate calculation required amount thermal energy, you will have to not only multiply the volume by 40, but also throw about 100 W on all windows and 200 W on the doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as when calculating the area of ​​​​the apartment.

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Pressure testing of a heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which allows you to find out its tightness, ability to work at the design working pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, quality of installation, to ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Crimping, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases pneumatic ( compressed air) tests of heating systems start:

• immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
• in systems that have already been used;
• as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
• during inspections before all heating seasons;
• at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial, administrative premises, pressure testing is carried out by certified employees of services that operate and Maintenance systems data.

The course of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (the number of circuits, branches, risers), the wiring diagram, the material, the wall thickness of the elements (pipes, batteries, fittings), etc. Typically, such tests are hydraulic - carried out by pumping water. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

• Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

• inspection of the elevator (feed unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
• examination of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been operating for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush with a compressor to flush the heating system of an apartment building before pressure testing.

Hydraulic pressing works like this:

• the system is filled with water (if it was just installed, flushing was carried out);
• by an electric or manual pump it is pumped overpressure;
• using a manometer, it is checked whether the pipes retain pressure (within 15–30 minutes);
• if the pressure is maintained (the readings of the pressure gauge do not change) - the system is tight, without leaks, the elements cope with the crimping pressure;
• if there is a decrease in pressure, all parts are checked (pipes, connections, batteries, optional equipment) to detect water leakage;
• after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, shutoff valve, battery, etc.), the tests are duplicated.

The water pressure during these tests depends on the operating pressure of the system. It can change due to the material of pipes, batteries. For new systems, the pressing pressure should exceed the working pressure by 2 times, for already used ones - by 20–50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are produced under a certain allowable pressure. With this in mind, the maximum working pressure and pressure for testing are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The check is carried out here, pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to greater pressure, up to 10 atm.

Pressure testing of the input unit is carried out separately, with a pressure of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are considered successful if the indicator fell by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

• Pressurization of the heating system of an apartment building with air

Air system checks are rarely performed. They are possible in small buildings, when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some indicators. Let's say we want to know if the system is installed with high quality, but water, injection equipment is not available.

Then an air valve is connected to the make-up or drain valve. electric compressor, a mechanical (foot, hand) pump with a pressure gauge, and excess pressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), because if there is a depressurization of the connection, a rupture of the system at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury to the inspectors. Plugs are used instead of air valves.

Pneumatic tests are associated with a longer exposure of the system under high pressure. Since air is compressed, which is not the case with liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of pressure in the circuit are necessary. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in performance, even if everything is tight. After the air pressure has stabilized, it is important to maintain it for another half an hour.

• Pressure testing of open heating systems

For pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building open circuit and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank. This can be done with a ball valve installed on a pipe with water. When pumping liquid, it plays the role of an air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the pressure is built up, the valve is closed.

The operating pressure of such heating systems of an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: for 1 m of its deviation from the level of entry into the return boiler, 0.1 atm of overpressure is given in this place. IN one-story houses it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure to 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-storey houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). Then for hydraulic tests a lower liquid overpressure is created (0.3–1.6 bar).

In addition to this feature, pressure testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed ones.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of repair of heating systems.

• Emergency. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system after an accident: a break in the riser, a break in the battery supply, defrosting the heating in the entrance.
• Current. Allows you to identify minor faults, conduct a scheduled check of the shut-off valves, its revision and installation of a new one instead of an already used one. Some of these problems are detected by residents, the latter make themselves known during planned detours, the rest - when preparing the system for winter.
• Overhaul associated with a complete or partial change of equipment. Here, all pipes can be dismantled, replaced with metal-plastic ones, and radiator plates installed instead of those that have worked out their due date.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

• Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's take a look at the most common "diseases" of the system faced by emergency locksmith teams and their normal methods of treatment.

There is no heating on the riser. They look at valves, discharges of the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are distilled for discharge in both directions, which makes it possible to localize the fault. A malfunction can be provoked by a piece of slag in a pipe bend, a sunken screw valve valve. If the problem is fixed, and the water flows without a hitch through the riser, the air must be bled on the top floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. It happens that there is no risk of complete destruction of the riser, the liner, then the emergency team makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the brigade current repair boils the place.

Leaking lock nuts in front of the radiator. The riser is dropped, the thread is rewound. If it has suffered due to corrosion, the squeegee on the eyeliner is replaced by welding, manual threading.

Strong leakage between sections of radiators. The reason here is a burst nipple. The risers are dropped, the battery is removed and moved.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is dropped, the valve gasket is replaced.

Unfrozen driveway heating. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, the working radiator is started. The emergency team restores connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted driveway heating radiator. You just need to disconnect the last sections.

• Current repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Revision of shut-off valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they watch the work of all relief, control valves, valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is in progress: seals are stuffed, rods are lubricated.

Valve repair consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do it himself without having serious skills, but the revision, repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, carried out wedge replacement between the cheeks, its welding, grinding of mirrors in the body, on the cheeks, stem restoration, replacement of the pressure ring on the stuffing box and other work in the heating system of an apartment building.

Revision of a cast-iron gate valve at the stand. By appearance this part is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Revision and repair of stop valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, you have to dump the whole house. In frosts, this can lead to defrosting of the contour sections, which is most important in the entrances.

Rewinding locknuts on risers should also take place periodically.

Replacement of heating risers, elimination of various small leaks in pipes and welds between them. A solution to this problem is chosen according to the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and a heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a collar with a gasket, dense rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out heating system maintenance: start, stop heating, eliminate air jams (if the inhabitants of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of heating.

• Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence of signing contracts for the overhaul of the heating system.

1. A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with indicative list necessary work and consumables.
2. A tender is announced for the supply of equipment, repairs. Any municipal, private enterprise that has among the services offered “repair of the heating system” (OKDP code 453) can participate in it - it is paid during registration.
3. An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and liability of the parties, and a dozen more points.
4. Further work is completed by the satisfaction of the parties or litigation.

But in practice, the contract is often concluded with a service organization and its teams of emergency, current repairs, which repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the performer strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after low-quality repair fall on his own shoulders.

What works fall under the term "overhaul"? Their list is short:

• complete or partial replacement risers and heating pipes;
• complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
• replacement of the entire elevator assembly or shutoff valves in it;
• full or partial replacement of heating spills.

All works are carried out during the warm season, after the heating season.

• How to get rid of overpayment for heating

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

The efficiency of the heating system of an apartment building is declining for two unavoidable reasons.

1. Radiators and horizontal sections of pipes become silted over time. This becomes a disaster for places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly to the radiators.

Where does sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding, everything that is carried by heating mains. CHP constantly takes and heats such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to clean them to an ideal state.

2. Disease of steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating - mineral deposits . Salts of calcium and magnesium narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanization and lines with an internal polymer coating are not subject to such deposits.

Silt, sand and other suspensions reduce the speed of water movement in the heater. Gradually, their volume grows, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits are sometimes the cause of the inoperability of a section of the circuit when the pipe lumen is clogged.

Therefore, flushing this system, documented by the act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD, the frequency of flushing this system is indicated in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

• Chemical flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the MKD heating system, which has been in operation for several decades. Silting, which cannot be avoided, overgrowing of steel pipes leads to a frightening decrease in efficiency during this time.

But ungalvanized steel pipes corrode so badly over decades that the benefits of treatment may not be visible. The fact is that chemicals corrode rust, and during pressure testing, many new leaks are found.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system, consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of the boiler or furnace; sludge is distributed throughout the spill, large volumes are observed at its lower part.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually caustic soda) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, lasting several hours. After this reagent is drained, and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of a flushing reagent starts from five to six thousand rubles per 25 liters. According to housing regulations, the used substance cannot be poured into the sewer, although if there is no other way, this composition neutralized with a special agent.

• Hydropneumatic flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Such flushing of the heating system has long been widely used by domestic housing and communal services and has managed to prove itself well. But it is only effective when used correctly.

The instructions for flushing the heating system are not so complicated: the circuit is discharged into the sewer, first from the supply to the return, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful pneumatic pump pumps air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire contour, washes out part of the scale, silt.

The flushing of the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

• on the return pipeline, the house valve is closed;
• a compressor for flushing the heating system of an apartment building is connected to the metering valve at the supply after the house valve;
• the reset on the return line opens;
• when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor has reached 6 kgf / cm 2, the valve connected to it opens;
• groups of risers alternately overlap so that ten, no more, are open at the same time. So flushing the heating risers and the heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be chosen by checking the contamination of the water leaving after it by eye. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to reset in the opposite direction:

• the discharge, the valve to which the compressor is connected, closes;
• the house valve is closed on the supply and opens on the return;
• the discharge from the supply opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

Flushing of riser groups takes place again, but with the reverse direction of the pulp flow.

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

A well-functioning heating system is essential for a fulfilling and pleasant life in any type of dwelling. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair, maintenance work, it is required to drain the water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

The correct operation of communications in the MKD is the responsibility of the management company. This means that the drain is coordinated with it in advance. For this reason, residents have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day of this procedure independently?

Doesn't have. The term is chosen by the CC. But it will be possible to ask to do the work at a specific time, having coordinated this with several specialists of the Criminal Code.

2. Who pays for draining the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for coordination and for the activities of the masters. Tariffs differ depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some settlements it will cost 1,000 rubles, in others - 5,000 rubles. This includes shutting down the system, draining fluid, refilling.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time persuading the management company to pay a much more serious amount. When it is cold outside from -30 o C, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Minor repairs and installation new battery instead of the old one, they are not connected with the draining of water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment, it will turn out, without affecting the circuit itself, to block a specific radiator. This is done like this:

• turn the tap on the riser, shut off the water flow;
• open the outlet cock on the battery / unscrew the cap with a wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

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On the territory of Russia, the central heating system of an apartment building is usually used, the coolant in which comes from a city boiler house or a CHP. At the same time, water circuits are equipped according to different schemes because they come in single or double sided. Usually, heat consumers are of little interest in such nuances, but if it is necessary to repair an apartment and change old batteries for new modern heating radiators, it is advisable for owners of residential real estate to understand such subtleties.

Individual heating in residential buildings

In addition to the central one, you can find autonomous heating of an apartment in an apartment building, usually such a heat supply is rare and has been installed in new buildings in recent years. Also, local heating systems are used in the private residential sector. When the boiler room is usually located either in the building itself in a separate room or close to the house, since it is required to regulate.

In addition, dependent heating systems are used in apartment buildings. In this case, the coolant is transported to apartment batteries without additional distribution directly from the CHP. At the same time, the temperature of the water is independent of whether it is supplied through a distribution point or directly to consumers.

Types of heating systems in an apartment building are open or closed (in more detail: "").

In the latter version, the coolant from the CHP or central boiler house, after entering the distribution point, is supplied separately to heating radiators and hot water supply. In open systems, such a separation is not provided for by the design and heated water for the needs of residents is supplied from the main pipe, so consumers outside the heating season are left without hot water supply, which causes a lot of complaints about utilities. See also: "".

Single pipe heating system

Single-pipe heat supply of an apartment building has a lot of disadvantages, the main among which are significant heat losses in the process of transporting hot water. In this circuit, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up, after which it enters the batteries, gives off heat and returns back to the same pipe. For end consumers living on the upper floors, previously hot water reaches a barely warm state.

There are cases when a single-pipe system is further simplified, trying to increase the temperature of the coolant in the radiators. To do this, the battery is cut directly into the pipe. As a result, it seems that the radiator is its continuation. But from such a connection, only the first users of the system receive more heat, and the water reaches the last consumers almost cold (read also: ""). In addition, the single-pipe heat supply of an apartment building makes it impossible to adjust the radiators - after reducing the coolant supply in a separate battery, the water flow along the entire length of the pipe also decreases.

Another disadvantage of such heat supply is the impossibility of replacing the radiator during the heating season without draining the water from the entire system. In such cases, it is necessary to install jumpers, which makes it possible to turn off the battery and direct the coolant through them.

It does not matter how the battery is connected - to a riser or sunbed pipe, the coolant has a constant temperature throughout its transportation through the supply pipes.

One of the important advantages of two-pipe water circuits is the adjustment of the heating system of an apartment building at the level of each individual battery by installing thermostatic taps on it (read also: ""). As a result, the apartment is automatically maintained at the desired temperature. In a two-pipe circuit, it is possible to use heating radiators with both bottom and side connections. You can also use different movement of the coolant - dead-end and passing.

Hot water supply in heating systems

DHW in multi-storey buildings is usually centralized, while the water is heated in boiler rooms. Hot water supply is connected from heating circuits, both from single-pipe and from two-pipe. The temperature in the tap with hot water in the morning is warm or cold, depending on the number of main pipes. If there is a single-pipe heat supply for an apartment building with a height of 5 floors, then when you open a hot tap, it will first go out of it for half a minute cold water.

The reason lies in the fact that at night rarely any of the residents turn on the tap with hot water, and the coolant in the pipes cools down. As a result, there is an overspending of unnecessary cooled water, since it is drained directly into the sewer.

Unlike single pipe system in the two-pipe version, the circulation of hot water occurs continuously, so the above problem with hot water does not occur there. True, in some houses, a riser with pipes - heated towel rails, which are hot even in the summer heat, is looped through the hot water supply system.

Many consumers are interested in the problem with hot water after the heating season has ended. Sometimes hot water runs out long time. The fact is that utilities are required to comply with the rules for heating apartment buildings, according to which it is necessary to carry out post-heating tests of heat supply systems (read also: ""). Such work is not carried out quickly, especially if damage is found that needs to be repaired.

Features of heat supply in an apartment building, details on the video:

Radiators for heating systems of high-rise buildings

Habitual for many residents of multi-storey buildings are cast iron radiators that have been in use for decades. If it is necessary to replace such a heating battery, it is dismantled and a similar one is installed, which is required by the heating system in an apartment building. Such radiators for centralized heating systems are considered the best solution, since they can withstand fairly high pressure without problems. In the passport for the cast-iron battery, two numbers are indicated: the first of them indicates the working pressure, and the second indicates the test (pressure) load. Usually these values ​​​​are 6/15 or 8/15.

The higher the residential building, the greater the value of the working pressure. In nine-story buildings, it reaches 6 atmospheres, so cast-iron radiators are suitable for them. But when it is a 22-story building, then for working functioning centralized systems heating will require 15 atmospheres. In this case, steel or bimetallic heaters are needed.

Experts do not recommend using central heating aluminum radiators - they are not able to withstand the operating state of the water circuit. Also, professionals advise property owners, when carrying out major repairs in apartments, in case of replacing batteries, to change the pipes for distributing heat carriers by ½ or ¾ inches. Usually they are in poor condition and it is desirable to install ecoplast products instead.

For some types of radiators (steel and bimetallic), the watercourses are narrower than those cast iron products, so they get clogged and subsequently lose power. Therefore, at the place where the coolant is supplied to the battery, a filter should be installed, which is usually mounted in front of the water meter.

Owning an apartment in the city is a luxury item. It is also comfort and coziness for its owners, as city ​​apartment is the most common place to live among modern citizens. It should be noted that an important role in the creation comfortable environment in such an apartment is good system heating. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is very important detail for any person.

IN modern life such a scheme has many design differences from conventional ways heating. Therefore, heating schemes three-storey house and more guarantee effective heating of the walls even in the most unpredictable weather.

Features of heating an apartment in a multi-storey building

After carefully reading the instructions for the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, you can make sure that in without fail all rules and regulations must be followed.

In any apartment there should be appropriate heating, raising the air temperature to 22 degrees and keeping the humidity in the room within 40%.

The scheme of the heating system of an apartment building provides for its competent installation, thanks to which it is possible to achieve such a temperature and humidity.

In the process of designing such a heating scheme, highly qualified specialists should be invited who will be able to qualitatively calculate all the necessary aspects for work. They must also ensure that uniform pressure of the coolant is maintained in the pipes. Such pressure should be the same both on the first and on the last floor.

Main feature modern system heating of a multi-storey building is manifested in the work on superheated water. This coolant comes from the CHP and has a very high temperature - 150C with a pressure of up to 10 atmospheres. Steam is formed in the pipes due to the fact that the pressure in them rises greatly, which also contributes to the transfer of heated water to the last houses of the high-rise building. Also the heating scheme panel house assumes a considerable return temperature of 70C. In the warm and cold seasons, the water temperature can vary greatly, so the exact values ​​\u200b\u200bwill depend solely on the characteristics of the environment.

As you know, the temperature of the coolant in the pipes that are installed in a multi-storey building reaches 130C. But the batteries are so hot modern apartments simply does not exist, but all due to the fact that there is a supply line through which heated water passes, and the line is connected to the return line using a special jumper called " elevator unit».

The heating system of a multi-storey building, the scheme, which is the most efficient, in any case, should provide for the presence of an elevator unit.

Such a scheme has many features, since such a node is designed to perform certain functions. The coolant with a high temperature must enter the elevator unit, which performs the main function of heat exchange. The water reaches high temperature and with the help of high pressure passes through the elevator to inject the coolant from the return. In parallel, water is also supplied from the pipeline for recirculation, which occurs in the heating system.

Such a 5-storey building is the most efficient, therefore it is actively installed in modern multi-storey buildings.

This is how heating in an apartment building looks like, the scheme of which provides for the presence of an elevator unit. On it you can see many valves that play an important role in heating and uniform heat supply.

As a rule, such valves are manually adjusted without problems. But the adjustment of valves, as a rule, is carried out only by highly qualified specialists who work in public services.

When installing heating in an apartment building, the scheme should also provide for the presence of such valves at all possible points so that in the event of an accident it is possible to shut off the flow of hot water or reduce pressure. This is also facilitated by various collectors and other equipment that operates in automatic mode. Therefore, this technique provides greater heating performance and efficiency of its supply to the last floors.

A large number of multi-storey buildings have one-pipe heating systems, which involve lower wiring. It is worth noting that the design of the high-rise building itself and many other aspects that may affect the heating scheme are also taken into account.

Depending on these aspects, the coolant can be supplied both from top to bottom and from bottom to top. Some houses have special risers that act as a supplier of hot water up and cold down. Therefore, in many apartments they install cast iron batteries which are very resistant to temperature extremes.

When designing professional heating systems, it is necessary to take into account all factors - both external and internal. This is especially true for heating schemes for multi-apartment buildings. What is special about the heating system of a multi-storey building: pressure, circuits, pipes. First you need to understand the specifics of its arrangement.

Features of heat supply of multi-storey buildings

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building should perform one function - the timely delivery of the coolant to each consumer while maintaining its technical qualities (temperature and pressure). To do this, the building must be provided with a single distribution unit with the possibility of regulation. IN autonomous systems it is combined with water heating devices - boilers.

The characteristic features of the heating system of a multi-storey building are in its organization. It should consist of the following mandatory components:

• distribution node. With its help, hot water is supplied through the mains;
• Pipelines. They are designed to transport the coolant to individual rooms and premises of the house. Depending on the method of organization, there is a single-pipe or two-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building;
• Control and regulation equipment. Its function is to change the characteristics of the coolant depending on the external and internal factors, as well as its qualitative and quantitative accounting.

In practice, the heating scheme of a residential multi-storey building consists of several documents, which include, in addition to the drawings, the calculation part. It is compiled by special design bureaus and must comply with current regulatory requirements.

The heating system is an integral part of a multi-storey building. Its quality is checked upon delivery of the facility or during scheduled inspections. This is the responsibility of the management company.

Pipe routing in a multi-storey building

For normal operation heat supply of the building, you need to know its basic parameters. What is the pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building, as well as temperature regime will be optimal? According to the regulations, these characteristics should have the following values:

• Pressure. For buildings up to 5 floors - 2-4 atm. If the number of floors is nine - 5-7 atm. The difference lies in the pressure of hot water to transport it to the upper levels of the house;
• Temperature. It can vary from +18°С to +22°С. This only applies to residential properties. On the landings and non-residential rooms, a decrease to + 15 ° С is allowed.

Having determined the optimal values ​​of the parameters, you can proceed to the choice of heating wiring in a multi-storey building.

It largely depends on the number of storeys of the building, its area and the power of the entire system. The degree of thermal insulation of the house is also taken into account.

The pressure difference in the pipes on the 1st and 9th floors can be up to 10% of the standard. This is a normal situation for a multi-storey building.

Single-pipe heating distribution

This is one of the economical options for organizing heat supply in a building with a relatively large area. For the first time, a mass-produced one-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building began to be used for "Khrushchev". The principle of its operation is the presence of several distribution risers, to which consumers are connected.

The coolant is supplied through one pipe loop. The absence of a return line greatly simplifies the installation of the system, while reducing the cost. However, at the same time, the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building has a number of disadvantages:

• Uneven heating of the room, depending on the remoteness of the hot water intake point (boiler or collector node). Those. options are possible when the consumer connected earlier according to the scheme will have hotter batteries than those following in the chain;
• Problems with adjusting the degree of heating of radiators. To do this, you need to make a bypass on each radiator;
• Difficult balancing of a single-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building. It is carried out with the help of thermostats and valves. In this case, a system failure is possible even with a slight change in the input parameters - temperature or pressure.

Currently, the installation of a single-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building of a new building is extremely rare. This is due to the difficulty individual accounting coolant in a separate apartment. So, in residential buildings of the Khrushchev project, the number of distribution risers in one apartment can reach up to 5. Those. for each of them it is necessary to install an energy consumption meter.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only the cost of maintenance, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement individual components to more efficient ones.

Two-pipe heating distribution

To improve work efficiency, it is best to install two-pipe system heating of a multi-storey building. It also consists of distribution risers, but after the coolant passes through the radiator, it enters the return pipe.

Its main difference is the presence of a second circuit that performs the function of a return line. It is necessary to collect the cooled water and transport it to the boiler or to the thermal station for further heating. During the design and operation, it is necessary to take into account a number of features of the heating system of a multi-storey building of this type:

• The ability to adjust the temperature level in individual apartments and in the entire highway as a whole. To do this, you need to install mixing units;
• To perform repairs or maintenance work, you do not need to turn off the entire system, as in the Leningrad heating scheme for a multi-storey building. It is enough to block the flow to a separate heating circuit with the help of shut-off valves;
• Low inertia. Even with good balancing of the single-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building, the consumer needs to wait 20-30 seconds until hot water reaches the radiators through pipelines.

What is the optimal pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building? It all depends on how tall it is. It should ensure that the coolant is raised to the desired height. In some cases, it is more efficient to install intermediate pumping stations in order to reduce the load on the entire system. Wherein optimal value pressure should be from 3 to 5 atm.

Before purchasing radiators, you need to find out from the heating scheme of a residential multi-storey building its characteristics - pressure and temperature conditions. Batteries are selected based on this data.

Heat supply of a multi-storey building

Heating wiring in a multi-storey building has importance for the operating parameters of the system. However, in addition to this, the characteristics of heat supply should be taken into account. An important of them is the method of supplying hot water - centralized or autonomous.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building

In modern multi-storey residential buildings, it is possible to organize independent system heat supply. It can be of two types - apartment or common house. In the first case, an autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building is carried out in each apartment separately. To do this, they make an independent wiring of pipelines and install a boiler (most often a gas one). General house implies the installation of a boiler room, to which special requirements are imposed.

The principle of its organization is no different from a similar scheme for a private country house. However, there are a number important points that need to be taken into account:

• Installation of several heating boilers. One or more of them must necessarily perform a duplicate function. In case of failure of one boiler, another must replace it;
• Installation of a two-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building, as the most efficient;
• Drawing up a schedule for scheduled maintenance and preventive maintenance. This is especially true for heating heating equipment and security groups.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the heating scheme of a particular multi-storey building, it is necessary to organize an apartment heat metering system. To do this, for each incoming branch pipe from the central riser, you need to install energy meters. That is why the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building is not suitable for reducing current costs.

Centralized heating of a multi-storey building

How can the heating wiring in an apartment building change when it is connected to district heating? The main element of this system is the elevator unit, which performs the functions of normalizing the coolant parameters to acceptable values.

The total length of the central heating mains is quite large. Therefore, in the heating point, such parameters of the coolant are created so that heat losses are minimal. To do this, increase the pressure to 20 atm., Which leads to an increase in the temperature of hot water up to +120°C. However, given the characteristics of the heating system in an apartment building, the supply of hot water with such characteristics to consumers is not allowed. To normalize the parameters of the coolant, an elevator assembly is installed.

It can be calculated for both two-pipe and single-pipe heating systems of a multi-storey building. Its main functions are:

• Reducing pressure with an elevator. A special cone valve regulates the amount of coolant inflow into the distribution system;
• Lowering the temperature level to + 90-85 ° С. For this purpose, a mixing unit for hot and cooled water is designed;
• Coolant filtration and oxygen reduction.

In addition, the elevator unit performs the main balancing of the single-pipe heating system in the house. To do this, it provides shut-off and control valves, which in automatic or semi-automatic mode regulates pressure and temperature.