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Power supply in an apartment building: from the circuit to the first lit light bulb. Power supply of an apartment building Who is responsible for the power supply of an apartment building

Electricity is one of the main energy carriers of all developed countries. It is hard to even imagine what will happen to the residents of a house where several hundred or even thousands of people live at the same time if the power supply is interrupted. The inability to do the simplest housework, cook food, spend free time comfortably - the whole habitual way of life will be simply destroyed. That is why the power supply of an apartment building is a very important and responsible matter.

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What regulations regulate electricity supply in apartment buildings

The legislation regulating the power supply system in MKDs is being systematically adjusted and is quite extensive. Let's get acquainted with some documentation that is directly related to the issue of power supply.

The retail electricity market is regulated by the Federal Law of March 26, 2003 N 35-FZ “On the Electric Power Industry”. The conditions for the provision of utility services for electricity supply in MKD are adopted by the Rules for the provision of public services to owners of residential premises and tenants of space in MKD, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 N 354. In accordance with Regulation No. 1 of these Rules, a permissible stop in the provision of utilities and acceptable non-compliance of the quality of these utilities with the regulatory GOST 32144-2013, the conditions and process for adjusting the amount of fees for utilities provided of poor quality and / or with interruptions that exceed the legally established allowable time.

For example, the possible duration of a break in the supply of electricity to an MKD belonging to the second reliability category (if there are two independent transformers) is 120 minutes, and for MKDs that belong to the third reliability category (there is only one transformer) - one day. For each hour that goes beyond the limits of the norm established at the legislative level, the amount of payment for utility services for the estimated time is reduced by 0.15% of the amount established for the given calculation period in accordance with Appendix No. 2, taking into account the points of the ninth section.

Usually, the power supply of MKD occurs through the main switchboard (MSB) or input distribution device (ASU). At the same time, all subscribers are powered from a 220/380 V network with a solidly grounded neutral (TN-C-S system). The main switchboard includes a circuit breaker and control devices that allow you to separately disconnect power consumers. In the main switchboard, the power supply voltage is distributed among group consumers (lighting of landings, basements, attics, elevator equipment, fire and emergency alarms, residential premises, etc.).

The power supply of residential premises is carried out through risers, through the RCD. Floor switchboards are connected to the supply risers, forming a power supply network for the apartments. The composition of the floor switchboards, as a rule, includes electricity meters, circuit breakers and RCDs. Circuit breakers are grouped for each power supply circuit (lighting, sockets, electric stove, washing machine, etc.). For a uniform load on the distribution network, the power circuits of different apartments are connected to different phase conductors.

Norms of power supply in a residential building

Electricity is consumed from networks, the voltage norm in which is 380/220 V. Grounding T1M-S-5 is used.

The design load for an area of up to 60 m 2 must exceed:

in a house without electric stoves - 5.5 kW;
with electric stoves - 8.8 kW.

With a larger area, the load increases per square meter by 1%. Design load limits can only be set by the local administration.

Power supply categories

In order to better understand the differences in power supply schemes for a multi-storey building (both residential and any other), you need to know that power supply can be produced in different ways that differ significantly in reliability. The most difficult category of reliability is the first one. With her, residential buildings are powered by two cables. Each of them is connected to a separate transformer.

If one transformer or cable fails, the ATS (automatic transfer switch) device will immediately transfer all power to the working cable. Thanks to this, problems with the supply of electricity will be observed in a matter of seconds. After the departure of a group of electricians and the repair of the failed equipment, electricity is supplied in the normal mode.

In order to properly understand the various power supply schemes for residential buildings, you need to know about the three categories of ensuring the reliability of the power supply of electrical installations. The simplest category is the third. It provides for the power supply of a residential building from a transformer substation through a single electrical cable. At the same time, in the event of an emergency, a break in the power supply of the house should be less than 1 day.

With the second category of power supply reliability, a residential building is powered by two cables connected to different transformers. In this case, if one cable or transformer fails, the power supply to the house for the time of troubleshooting is carried out through one cable. A break in the power supply is allowed for the time necessary for the on-duty electrical personnel to connect the loads of the whole house to a working cable.

There are two types of home power from two different transformers. Either the loads of the house are evenly distributed over both transformers, and in emergency mode they are connected to one, or one cable is used in operating mode, and the second is a backup. But in any case, the cables are connected to different transformers. If in switchboard at home two cables are laid, one of which is a reserve one, but it is possible to connect these cables to only one substation transformer, then we have only the third category of reliability.

With the first category of power supply reliability, the residential building is powered by two cables, as well as with the second category. But when a cable or transformer fails, the loads of the entire house are connected to a working cable using an automatic transfer switch (ATS).

There is a special group of electrical receivers (fire alarms, smoke removal systems in case of fire, emergency lighting, and some others), which must always be powered according to the first category of reliability. To do this, use backup power sources - batteries and small local power plants.

According to existing standards for the third category of reliability, electricity is supplied to houses with gas stoves no more than 5 floors high, houses with electric stoves with less than 9 apartments in the house and houses of gardening associations.

Houses with gas stoves with a height of more than 5 floors and houses with electric stoves with more than 8 apartments are subject to electricity supply according to the second category of reliability.

According to the first category of reliability, it is mandatory to provide electricity to the heating points of apartment buildings, in some buildings and elevators. It should be noted that in the first category, electricity is mainly supplied to some public buildings: these are buildings with more than 2,000 employees, operating rooms and maternity wards of hospitals, etc.

The figure shows a power supply diagram for a four driveway house, powered by the second category of reliability with a backup cable. The switching of the supply cables is carried out by a reversing knife switch having positions "1", "0" and "2". In position "0" both cables are disabled. The circuit breakers QF1….QF4 power the lines that run along the access vertical risers, from which the power is taken to the apartments. General household loads: lighting of stairs, basements, lamps above the entrance doors to the entrances are fed by a separate group containing its own electricity metering.

Depending on the number of apartments in the house, all electrical equipment can be placed in one electrical cabinet or in several.

Ring scheme of power supply of an apartment building

The ring scheme of power supply of an apartment building is a plan for installing and connecting electrical receivers, according to which the power supply of an apartment building is possible through two cable lines forming a ring. This circuit diagram looks like this:

The first and last electrical receivers are connected from the main power source, and so-called jumpers are created between all remaining electrical receivers.

To create such a ring plan, two changeover switches should be provided in the ASU for each apartment building.

In normal mode, the power is evenly divided between the two inputs.

In order to understand why exactly two switches are required for this circuit, we let you consider a number of possible emergency situations:

Failure of one of the supply cable lines

In such a situation, the power supply of all multi-apartment residential buildings comes from one cable line.

Specialists from the UK set the switches in the required position.

Jumper failure

Workers are required to isolate the area where the accident occurred from the power supply circuit (for example, a short circuit occurred on the line). One part of the houses is powered by one CL, and the second part of residential buildings is powered by another. Instead of two toggle switches, you can use three conventional ones.

Rules for the provision of electricity

The general rules for the power supply of a residential building are regulated by Decree of the Russian Federation No. 354. The managing organization ensures the provision of electricity to the consumer. Consumers must pay on time.

To provide electricity, the following actions are taken:

Conclusion of an agreement with a local energy supply organization.
Development of specifications.
Drawing up a scheme for the electrification of a house with a calculation of the power of the devices intended for use. This is necessary to determine the cable section and calculate the optimal power reserve.
Installation and sealing of the metering device, ASU.
Cable installation.
Equipment selection.
Verification of compliance and registration of the act of entry into the RES.
Receipt of the document: “Act of fulfillment of technical specifications” and an agreement for the provision of electricity.

Self-connection is prohibited. The supply company provides its employees.

Rules for the use of electricity

It is important to ensure the safety of the power supply of a residential building. To do this, you must follow the rules:

isolation;
grounding;
outlet locations;
unavailability of contact electrical units;
humidity accounting;
child protection.

In the event of a power outage, powerful electrical appliances (stoves, heaters, irons) should be disconnected from the mains. After that, turn off the breaker, turning it on after replacing the fuse.

Power supply calculation rules

The billing period is a calendar month. Payment is calculated according to established tariffs, taking into account social norms. In own households, the presence of a land plot with buildings is taken into account, in apartment buildings - common non-residential premises.

Electricity payment

An agreement is drawn up for the provision of services with the management company with the prescribed rights and obligations of each of the parties.

Payment for electricity can be made in cash, non-cash in various ways using:

bank cards;
transfers;
Internet services.

Payment documents are kept for 3 years. Advance payment is allowed. Payment is due by the 10th of every month. The basis is payment documents based on approved tariffs.

Actions in case of non-compliance with power supply standards

Electricity consumers have the right to claim safety, quality, continuity of services and compensation for possible damage.

When supplying electricity of inadequate quality, interruptions in supply, the amount of payment is reduced accordingly. To do this, it is necessary to record the fact of violations, their time, possible causes. It is necessary to report the incident to the emergency service, providing personal data.

The signal must be registered regardless of whether it is written or oral. An inspection with the preparation of an act is appointed no later than 2 hours from the submission of information. If a dispute arises during the inspection, an expert examination may be appointed. In case of violation of consumer rights, it is possible to appeal to the prosecutor's office, the court.

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Power supply > The concept of power supply

POWER SUPPLY OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

For new construction objects, in particular, the TN-C-S system is recommended. It involves grounding metal cases of electrical equipment and connecting sockets with three-wire wires. RCD in this case should protect the maximum number of lines and equipment.
When combining group lines for protection by one RCD, the possibility of their simultaneous shutdown should be taken into account. In addition, in multi-stage circuits, it is necessary to fulfill the conditions of selectivity, that is, the functions of a trip with a delay, in order to exclude the operation of the introductory RCD after the group one.
At modern objects of individual construction (cottages, country houses, etc.), the use of increased electrical safety measures is required. This is due to the high energy saturation, branching of electrical networks and the specifics of the operation of both the objects themselves and electrical equipment. When choosing a power supply scheme such as RCDs and switchboards, attention should be paid to the need to use surge arresters (lightning arresters), which should be installed before the RCD (after the introductory differential machine, in front of the meter). This is especially important to use in residential buildings powered by overhead power lines.
In individual houses, it is recommended to use an RCD with a rated current not exceeding 30 mA for group lines supplying bathrooms, showers and saunas, as well as sockets (inside the house, in basements, built-in and attached garages). For lines providing outdoor installation of socket outlets, the use of RCDs with a rated current not exceeding 30 mA is mandatory.

Power supply schemes for residential buildings.

Content:

Among the energy carriers actively used by all developed countries, electricity occupies one of the leading places. Electric current is of particular importance in modern apartment buildings, in which hundreds or even thousands of people live. Even a short-term power outage can cause serious negative consequences. In this regard, the power supply of an apartment building must be reliable and of high quality, ensuring an uninterrupted supply of electricity to each consumer. This issue is being worked out at the design stage and is an integral part of electrical work.

Categories of power supply reliability

In multi-storey buildings, different power supply schemes are used, differing in the degree of reliability and methods of supplying electricity to consumers. The first category of reliability is considered the most difficult and involves connecting a residential building with two cable lines at once, powered by separate transformers. If the cable or one of the transformers fails, the device will immediately switch all the powers to the working line. Therefore, the supply of electricity will stop for just a few seconds. After the repair work, electricity will again be supplied as usual.

According to the first category, electricity is supplied to elevators and heating points of apartment buildings. The same category of power supply is selected for buildings in which there are more than 2 thousand people at the same time. This also includes maternity hospitals and operating rooms in hospitals. This is the most complex power supply scheme for an apartment building.

The second category in some respects resembles the first. In this case, the building is powered by two cables connected to its own transformers. However, if the equipment fails, then switching to the working line by the staff on duty, and not automatically, as in the first category. As a result, the supply of electricity to consumers may be interrupted for a short time. This power supply option is used in residential buildings with a height of more than five floors, equipped with gas stoves. This also applies to houses with nine or more apartments that have electric stoves.

All objects falling under the second category are conventionally divided into two groups. Each of them has two transformers and two power cables. In the first case, during normal operation, a uniform distribution of loads between both transformers is performed. In the event of an emergency, all consumers are switched to one transformer until the malfunction is eliminated. The second option involves the use of only one transformer, and in the event of an accident, the voltage supply is switched to a backup transformer.

The simplest category of power supply is considered to be the third, when a residential building is powered from a single cable and transformer. In this case, there is no fallback option at all. As a result, in case of emergency, the supply of electricity is interrupted for 24 hours. Therefore, it is recommended to think in advance. The third category of reliability includes houses with less than 5 floors and apartments with gas stoves. This also includes houses with 5 or fewer apartments with installed electric stoves. The third category of power supply includes houses located in gardening associations.

What is the project for?

Electrical work can be performed only after the drawing up and approval of the power supply project. Project documentation is drawn up in any case, regardless of the reliability category.

Due to the high cost of an individual project carried out for a specific building, some construction customers prefer to use ready-made solutions that are most suitable for a particular facility. This allows you to save significant amounts - from several tens to several hundred thousand rubles. However, such savings in serious construction are completely unacceptable, since all houses differ from each other in their own individual characteristics. The specialists of our company provide a full range of services and explain the need to perform certain actions.

The main advantages of the project are the following:

A high-quality project significantly speeds up the execution of work, since all calculations are made in advance and the necessary materials are selected.
With a ready-made project, installers will sort out the entire power supply system much faster and will pay all their attention only to their work.
In the future, when repairing electrical wiring, a detailed diagram attached to the project will make it possible to quickly and efficiently perform all the necessary work. The company's specialists, after a preliminary study of the power supply plan, will be able to carry out work with minimal damage to walls and other structural elements.
In the event of an accident caused by damaged wires, the electrician will easily identify the key components to be checked first with the help of the project. This again will reduce the repair time.

The project must take into account the presence of electric or gas stoves. This will greatly affect the consumption of electricity. The company's specialists will definitely take into account the geographical location of the object, the quality of the building insulation and the efficiency of the heating system. Incorrect calculations can lead to overloads and fires in the wiring. Thus, without drawing up a detailed project, normal power supply of an apartment building is impossible.

Therefore, all calculations, especially those related to normal and peak loads on the electrical network, should be performed only. Only they will be able to make the most optimal choice of materials and equipment and draw up a project that fully meets the needs of users of a multi-storey building.

Connecting an apartment building to the network

Connecting an apartment building to the central network is often associated with certain difficulties, mainly due to large losses of time. Therefore, customers turn to our organization to facilitate this process and speed up the power supply of residential buildings.

The company's specialists will do all the necessary work, consisting of several stages:

Obtaining technical conditions in the organization that performs the connection and further maintenance of electrical networks.
Based on the technical specifications, design documentation for the power supply of the house is developed. At the same time, the rules established by the current legislation are observed.
Further, the finished power supply project is coordinated with the regulatory authorities.
After approval, working documentation is developed with a detailed description of all the main provisions laid down in the project.
Then the working draft and other documentation are also agreed in the controlling organizations.

After that, the project itself and the working documentation can be used for the direct electrification of an apartment building. At the request of the customer, all the necessary electrical installation work can be performed by the company's specialists. After the installation and connection are completed, all necessary checks of the system performance and the correctness of their connection are performed. Based on the results of inspections and tests, acts and other documentation are drawn up. After that, the power supply system can be operated without any restrictions within the installed capacity.

Electricity is one of the main energy carriers of all developed countries. It is hard to even imagine what will happen to the residents of a house where several hundred or even thousands of people live at the same time if the power supply is interrupted. The inability to do the simplest housework, cook food, spend your free time comfortably - the whole habitual way of life will be simply destroyed. That is why the power supply of an apartment building is a very important and responsible matter.

The general scheme of power supply of any objects

According to the first category of reliability, electricity is supplied to heat points in apartment buildings, as well as to elevators. Usually, the same category of reliability is chosen when supplying power to buildings where more than two thousand people work at the same time, maternity hospitals and operating rooms in hospitals.

The second category of reliability has a certain similarity with the first. With it, the building is also powered by a pair of cables, each of which has its own transformer. However, in the event of equipment failure, switching is not automatic, but manual. This is done by the staff. Because of this, electricity may not be supplied to consumers for several minutes.

This power supply model is chosen for residential buildings with more than 5 floors, equipped with gas stoves.

In addition, this category includes houses consisting of 9 apartments or more, equipped with electric stoves.

All houses of the second category of power supply can be divided into two groups. The houses of both groups are equipped with two transformers and two power cables. But in one case, in the normal mode, the loads are evenly divided between the two transformers.

In the event of an accident, all consumers of electricity switch to one transformer until specialists fix the breakdown. In another case, in normal mode, power is supplied through one transformer. If an accident occurs, the voltage is immediately transferred to the second transformer - reserve.

And finally, the third category of power supply is the simplest. In it, a residential building is powered by a transformer using a single cable. There is simply no alternative. Because of this, in case of accidents, a disruption in the supply of electricity to the house sometimes lasts up to 24 hours. Therefore, it is always desirable to have a fallback.

Why power supply projects are needed

Regardless of the chosen category of power supply reliability, installation can only be started after the power supply project has been drawn up and approved. Some people don't really understand why this is necessary. Indeed, it often takes several weeks to draw up a project, and this service itself is very, very expensive. And yet, it is impossible to start work without a finished project.

Firstly, it is a well-designed project that allows you to work quickly and without stopping to clarify some data, select material and carry out complex calculations.

home electrical project

Having a ready-made project in hand, installers will be able to quickly understand the entire system, and engage directly in their work, without being distracted by anything extraneous. Thanks to this, the installation of the power supply system takes a minimum of time.

Secondly, if in the future it is necessary to carry out electrical wiring repairs (and experts recommend doing this at least once every 20-25 years), a detailed one will allow you to easily and quickly complete all the work - the invited specialists, having studied the paper plan, will be able to navigate the building, causing a minimum damage to walls when replacing wiring.

This allows you to save not only time, but also money spent on major repairs of premises.

Thirdly, if there is a serious accident associated with damage to the wiring in a residential, office or administrative building, it is enough for an electrician to study the project in order to understand where the key nodes are located from which to begin checking the entire system. Therefore, the repair will take a minimum of time.

Do I need to pay for the project

It has already been mentioned above that the cost of an apartment building power supply project is quite high. And many construction customers are seriously thinking: is it necessary to spend extra money ordering design? Indeed, today there are dozens of sites on the Internet where you can download suitable projects for a variety of houses: from 4-apartment buildings to huge skyscrapers with hundreds of cabinets and offices. Using a ready-made project would save dozens of days of work and tens (or maybe hundreds!) Of thousands of rubles.

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