Heating scheme: how to lay pipes for an autonomous heating system. Gravity heating in the house - how to do it
Modern systems heating systems are built on the principle of effective maintenance of the system with minimal heat loss. The abundance of components and materials suggests many options for building heating systems for any price range, for example, such as a two-wing heating scheme and a number of others. To choose for yourself best option several issues need to be addressed.
The main elements of the heating system
Having determined the heat loss of the dwelling, we select the indicators of the main element of the heating system - the boiler. To understand the power of this device, you should consider:
- maximum heating of the boiler in winter frosts;
- the material of the walls of the building in which the heating system is being designed;
- the number of heating batteries;
- heating structure.
Note! Before starting work on conducting heat in the house, care should be taken simple insulation premises. Heating something outside the house does not make much sense.
The next step is the choice of fuel, and hence the boiler itself. Not many options:
- firewood;
- peat, briquettes, sawdust or coal;
Very rare, but there are options for liquid fuel.
Second important element or elements of the thermal structure of the house are. The market for modern radiators is quite full.
According to the type of material, there are:
- aluminum;
- cast iron;
- steel;
- bimetallic.
You can also conditionally subdivide water radiators by price range. These are both individual devices, up to batteries with artistic casting. The average price range is represented by aluminum and bimetallic options.
Cast iron batteries are the cheapest, but also the most inert in terms of heat transfer. They take a long time to warm up, but then they cool down slowly. They have a relatively short service life. In general, heating radiators are selected based on heat transfer, service life, price and appearance.
Two main schemes of the heating system
Heating schemes for buildings can be divided into:
- single-pipe;
- two-pipe.
In addition, each system is subdivided into components according to the physical layout. For example, single pipe system heating is star-shaped, radial and collector.
Is classic. Almost all multi-storey buildings, except those built in recent years, have just such a scheme. It can be found both in Khrushchev and in a new building.
The main advantages of this construction:
- easier installation than in other heating options;
- natural circulation of the coolant;
- saving material and pipes.
To increase the efficiency of such a system, a circulation pump is often installed. Due to the increase in the flow rate of the coolant, smaller pipes can be used.
Unfortunately, the previously popular single-pipe system has several disadvantages:
- use of large diameter pipes;
- the cost of a large amount of fuel;
- there is no possibility of adjusting the radiators;
- electricity costs, in the case of using forced circulation of the coolant.
More effective option can be implemented using a two-pipe scheme. In this case, the coolant passes in parallel through each battery and along a straight heating main. This increases the number of pipes used, but greatly increases the overall efficiency of the system.
Consider the main advantages of two-pipe schemes:
- versatility of application, both in single-storey and multi-storey buildings;
- uniform heating of all radiators in the system;
- small diameter pipes for heating lines;
- fine adjustment of the heat output of each radiator.
A variety of residential heating schemes
All typical schemes heating imply time-tested options. These include familiar to us single-pipe and two-pipe structures, collector or beam, as well as the well-known "Leningrad".
The beam system is characterized by the installation of a pair of pipes for each radiator. Very easy to install and maintain. For efficient heat dissipation, it needs to be pre-balanced.
"Leningradka" is known for its solution for independent adjustment of each radiator in a single-pipe scheme. This is achieved by shunting each battery with a bypass pipe, as well as using valves on radiators.
An interesting heating scheme for two wings. It is convenient for use in high-rise building. Can be used with one or two circulation pumps. As in the case of the beam scheme, it requires adjustment and balancing of the “wings”.
Symbols in heating schemes are not particularly difficult. Most often, these are rectangles - a boiler and radiators connected by straight lines - heating pipes. Gates are designated as hourglass. Modern schemes are more like pictures, where each element is represented by its own pattern. Therefore, the designations on the heating diagrams are drawn in simple language.
The nuances of installing heating systems
By choosing right amount radiators, a boiler and a connection option, you can directly assemble all the elements into a single coherent system. First of all, you need to choose the right place for the boiler. For efficient operation, it is important to place the unit as low as possible.
Installation of radiators
At the next stage of the implementation of the heating scheme, radiators are installed with their own hands. As you can see in the photo above, it is more convenient to use batteries with valves at the inlet and return. First of all, they are installed under the windows. This is done for a reason, but because the warm air, blowing through the window, allows you to move the dew point.
The instructions for attaching the batteries are very simple:
- the installation site is determined based on the following dimensions - at least 5 cm from the wall, at least 5-10 cm from the floor and at least 5-10 cm to the edge of the window sill;
- brackets are selected and installed based on the weight and size of the radiator, brackets for cast-iron options are especially securely and deeply installed;
- the wall behind the radiator, if possible, gets off, since after installing the system, there will be no possibility to remove the batteries;
- air bleed valves are installed, if they are not included in the kit.
If you doubt your abilities, do not do the installation at random. There are tutorials and video tips. In extreme cases, you can always turn to professionals in their field.
After choosing a place for the boiler and installing it, marking and installing radiators, we install a circulation pump, if it is available in the circuit. It is important to put a filter in front of the pump coarse cleaning, to prevent mechanical particles from entering the system. On both sides, two valves or taps must be installed to allow the pump to be removed without draining the water from the system.
Expansion tank and its replacement
When installing a heating system with natural circulation, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point. Most often it is placed in the attic and insulated in winter time of the year.
There are also schemes for installing heating without an expansion tank. Instead, a safety block and a hydroaccumulating tank are used. The tank is installed on the return heating main near the boiler. The safety block is placed where the expansion tank should be. Through the air valve of the block, air is bled at the right time.
Pipe installation
After installing all the elements of the system, they are connected in general design with pipes.
The tool used for installation will depend on the selected pipe material, and there are three main ones:
- metal;
- metal-plastic;
- PVC, polypropylene or XLPE.
Each material has its pros and cons, and, of course, the price-quality ratio.
Conclusion
We examined the main elements and components, analyzed the heating scheme standard variant learned the differences in connecting boilers and radiators. We determined that there is nothing complicated in building a heating system with your own hands. Having the time, money and desire, you can perform the most difficult work at first glance.
Heating, water supply and sewerage are three pillars on which the comfort of a home stands. The right choice of wiring the heating system in the house will create a cost-effective and efficient heat supply. The design of the heat supply scheme and the construction of the building are carried out simultaneously, since in this case possible nuances are taken into account.
Types of heating wiring diagrams
The burden of providing heat in private housing construction falls, with the exception of fireplaces and stoves, on heating boilers. They are single and double sided. Single-circuit heating devices are used only for heating the house, and boilers with two circuits additionally provide hot water.
When creating a heating system, the type of boiler equipment does not matter. To transfer the coolant and transfer heat energy to the premises, two options are used: one- or two-pipe. This is taken into account even when thinking through the design of the structure.
Single pipe wiring
The heating distribution is a circuit consisting of a single pipe, to which heating devices are connected in series. It suits horizontal or vertical.
Horizontal wiring of a simple design. To create a workable system, the organization of a slope for the movement of the coolant is required.
Radiators
For heating several floors using this method, when the coolant is supplied to the level above, a valve cuts in front of the entrance to the first section of the radiator. It is necessary for the required liquid pressure when applied upward. This is achieved through its partial overlap.
When using vertical wiring, the verticality of the risers must be observed during installation. This uses a pipe with a larger diameter compared to the horizontal scheme, and there is no need to use pumping equipment.
The use of a heating system with a single pipe makes it possible to achieve savings by reducing the need for materials, and also simplifies the design and installation work. At the same time, the main disadvantage of this scheme is the loss of thermal energy as it passes through series-connected heaters. As a result, the quality of heating at the outer radiators is insufficient.
To correct the situation, the following measures are taken:
- number of sections heating appliances increase with distance from the boiler;
- thermostatic valves are mounted that allow you to regulate the supply of water to the batteries;
- a pump is used to force the coolant to move through the pipes.
The use of single-pipe heating is effective for a house whose area does not exceed 100 sq.m.
Two-pipe heating distribution system
The operation of such heating involves the use of two pipes. The first of them supplies the coolant to the batteries, and the other removes it after heat transfer and returns it to the heating device. The use of such a scheme allows the use of any type of boiler equipment, regardless of the energy carrier.
Fluid circulates naturally or forced, while the height of the house does not play a role.
Advantages and disadvantages
The method of creating the circulation of the coolant causes a double consumption of pipes to create a pipeline. However, it cannot be argued that costs increase in proportion to quantity. To create a two-pipe heating system, pipes of a smaller diameter are required, and smaller fittings are cheaper.
Installation of this option is complicated, and the complexity of the work increases.
Everything is important in the heating system By installing a thermostat on each heating device, they achieve the required balance of the temperature regime in the premises, which is difficult to arrange with one pipe. This device maintains the set temperature automatically. The single-pipe design is adjustable if a bypass is installed on each battery or when equipped with three-way valve, which leads to additional costs and complicates the design.
The two-pipe version is inconvenient to repair, as it requires turning off the coolant supply. But when installing ball valves on each radiator, which individually shut off the supply and return, they repair and maintain it without stopping the heating.
The advantage of a two-pipe system is that the coolant is supplied to all batteries directly from the heating device. This scheme is accompanied by a smaller head drop. It simplifies the creation of a natural movement of the coolant or requires pumping equipment with lower power for forced movement.
Types of two-pipe heating systems
Heating structures are made in two ways: open and closed. With a closed circuit, the structure is equipped with a membrane expansion tank. The presence of this device works trouble-free in the event of a significant increase in pressure.
Two-pipe system A feature of this system is the possibility of using antifreezes as a coolant, which prevents defrosting in the event of an accident. Moreover, the composition of these liquids is developed specifically for heating. The use of other antifreezes is not allowed. Additives or additives must also have the appropriate purpose. Otherwise modern boiler equipment fails for a reason not covered by the warranty.
Expansion tank open type is part of the open system equipment. There is a pipe that serves to remove air, and a special pipe to remove excess water. In some cases, it provides hot water for use on the farm. This circumstance requires mandatory automatic feeding, and the presence of additives is excluded.
Security level closed structures higher than that of open ones, which is taken into account when designing a heating system.
Vertical and horizontal systems
Vertical is used to organize the heating of houses from several floors. The design is material-intensive, but at the same time, the connection of heating devices is easy. The advantage of this scheme is the automatic removal of air.
Vertical system The use of a horizontal system is advisable when organizing heating for low-rise buildings. Mayevsky cranes are installed to prevent airing.
Top and bottom wiring
The design of the upper wiring provides for the location of the pipe at ceiling level. The coolant is supplied to the batteries from top to bottom, and the return is placed along the floor. This arrangement of pipes creates favorable conditions for the construction of heating with natural circulation, subject to the required angle of inclination of the pipeline. The installation of such a structure worsens appearance premises.
To correct the situation, methods of hiding the pipeline are used (construct suspended ceilings or hide pipes in walls).
A characteristic feature of the lower wiring is the supply pipe at the bottom, but so that it is located above the return. The supply is located in the basement, and the pipes supplying and discharging water to the heating appliances are passed through the floor. From an aesthetic point of view, this option is preferable. However, with natural circulation of the coolant, it is important that the radiators are fixed at a point that is higher than the horizon of the boiler. In the presence of a pump, this circumstance does not play a role.
Dead-end and associated wiring
When organizing dead-end heating, the coolant in the supply pipe moves towards the flow of liquid in the return. The scheme in which the movement of the coolant occurs in one direction is called the Tichelman loop. When using it, it is easier to set up and balance the structure, which is important if the networks are long.
A passing system with radiators of the same power is balanced automatically. To regulate the dead end, each heater must be equipped with a valve or a needle valve. If in the Tichelman scheme the radiators have a different number of sections, then they can be better regulated, regardless of the length.
The regulation of a dead-end structure is fraught with difficulties. With a decrease in the amount of coolant supply to the first device, situations occur that it needs to be closed so that the supply stops. Thus, a choice arises between disconnecting the first battery and the last one, since otherwise it is impossible to achieve balance.
Heating wiring Heating on two wings
Despite a number of advantages of the Tichelman scheme, the dead-end system is more common when creating heating. Difficulties in adjustment arise with increasing length.
When the circuit is long, and it is impossible to use the Tichelman loop, it is advisable to divide the circuit into two small ones. The condition for such an event is the availability of technical capabilities.
To regulate the supply of coolant to the circuits, valves are built in that affect the operation of each of the wings. If we neglect their installation, then balance the design
Connecting radiators
Radiator There are no restrictions on how to connect heating devices. Implement all options. It is believed that the diagonal connection method is effective. The basis for this is high level heat transfer - 95-98% of the radiator power.
Moreover, each of the connection schemes is in demand and applied. The bottom connection method, despite its low performance, is widely used when placing pipes under the floor, as this is a convenient option. Hidden laying of the pipeline is possible when using other methods, but it is not possible to completely hide the elements of the heating system.
Option lateral connection good, provided that the number of sections in the battery does not exceed fifteen pieces. Subject to this condition heat loss missing. With an increase in the number of sections, suitable diagonal connection to achieve the desired heat transfer.
To date, there are the most different ways organization of systems, among which heating on two wings with a pump has gained great popularity. Its device is made according to the principle of effective maintenance with minimal heat loss. The two-pipe heating system has become especially in demand in single-storey, multi-storey and private houses, the connection of which allows you to achieve all necessary conditions for comfortable living.
What is a two-pipe heating system
Two-pipe heating has been used more and more often in recent years, and this despite the fact that the installation of a single-pipe version is usually much cheaper. This model provides the ability to adjust the temperature in each room of a residential building according to own will, because a special control valve is provided for this. As for the one-pipe scheme, unlike the two-pipe one, its coolant, when circulating, sequentially passes absolutely all radiators.
As for the model of two pipes, here a pipe is separately supplied to each radiator, designed to inject the coolant. And the return pipeline is collected from each battery into a separate circuit, the function of which is to deliver the cooled carrier back to the flow or wall-mounted boiler. This circuit (natural / forced circulation) is called the return and it has gained especially great popularity in apartment buildings when it becomes necessary to heat all floors with a single boiler.
Advantages
Double-circuit heating, despite more high cost installation compared to some other analogues, suitable for objects of any configuration and number of storeys - this is a very important advantage. In addition, the coolant that enters all heating devices has an identical temperature, which makes it possible to evenly heat all rooms.
The remaining advantages of a two-pipe heating system are the possibility of installing special thermostats on radiators and the fact that a breakdown of one of the devices will in no way affect the operation of others. In addition, by installing valves on each battery, you can reduce water consumption, which is a big plus for family budget.
disadvantages
The above system has one significant disadvantage, which consists in the fact that all its components and their installation are much more expensive than the organization of a single-pipe model. It turns out that not all tenants can afford it. Other disadvantages of a two-pipe heating system are the complexity of installation and a large number of pipes and special connecting elements.
Scheme of a two-pipe heating system
As mentioned above, a similar method of organizing a heating system differs from other options in a more complex architecture. Scheme double-circuit heating is a pair of closed circuits. One of them is used to supply the heated coolant to the batteries, the other is to send the spent, i.e., cooled liquid back for heating. The use of this method on a particular object depends to a greater extent on the power of the boiler.
Dead end heating system
In this embodiment, the direction of supply of heated water and return is multidirectional. A two-pipe dead-end heating system involves the installation of batteries, each of which has an identical number of sections. To balance the system with such a movement of heated water, the valve installed on the first radiator must be screwed with great force in order to close.
Associated heating system
This circuit is also called the Tichelman loop. An associated two-pipe heating system or just a ride is easier to balance and adjust, especially if the line is very long. With this method of organizing the heating system, each battery requires the installation of a needle valve or a device such as a thermostatic valve.
Horizontal heating system
There is also such a type of scheme as a two-pipe horizontal system heating, which has found wide application in one- and two-storey houses. It is also used in houses with a basement, where you can easily place the necessary communication networks and devices. When using this wiring, the installation of the supply pipeline can be done under the radiators or on the same level with them. But this scheme has a drawback, which is the frequent formation of air pockets. In order to get rid of them, the installation of Mayevsky cranes on each device is required.
Vertical heating system
Scheme of this type more often used in houses with 2-3 or more floors. But its organization requires the presence of a large number of pipes. It should be noted that a vertical two-pipe heating system has such a significant advantage as the ability to automatically remove air that exits through a drain valve or expansion tank. If the latter is installed in the attic, then this room must be insulated. In general, with this scheme, the temperature distribution over the heating devices is carried out evenly.
Two-pipe heating system with bottom wiring
If you decide to choose this scheme, then keep in mind that it can be collector or with radiators mounted in parallel. Scheme of a two-pipe heating system with a lower wiring of the first type: two pipelines depart from the collector to each battery, which are supply and discharge. This model with the wiring of the lower type has the following advantages:
- installation stop valves carried out in one room;
- high level of efficiency;
- the possibility of installation in an unfinished object;
- overlapping and adjustment is carried out easily and simply;
- the ability to disable top floor if no one lives there.
Two-pipe heating system with top wiring
Closed two-pipe heating system with top wiring It is used to a greater extent due to the fact that it is devoid of air congestion and has a high water circulation rate. Before making a calculation, installing a filter, finding a photo with a detailed description of the scheme, it is necessary to compare the costs of this option with the benefits and take into account the following disadvantages:
- unaesthetic appearance of the premises due to open communications;
- high flow pipes and necessary materials;
- the appearance of problems associated with the placement of the tank;
- rooms located on the second floor warm up somewhat better;
- the impossibility of location in rooms with large footage;
- additional costs associated with decorative trim, which should hide the pipes.
Connecting heating radiators with a two-pipe system
Installation work related to the installation of double-circuit heating includes several stages. So, the connection diagram for radiators with a two-pipe system looks like in the following way:
- At the first stage, the boiler is installed, for which a specially designated place is prepared, for example, a basement.
- Further installed equipment connects to an expansion tank mounted in the attic.
- Then, a pipe is drawn from the collector to each radiator battery to move the coolant.
- At the next stage, pipes for heated water are again drawn from each radiator, which will give them their heat.
- All return pipes form a single circuit, which is further connected to the boiler.
If a circulation pump is used in such a circuit system, then it is installed directly in the return circuit. The fact is that the design of the pumps consists of various cuffs and gaskets, which are made of rubber, which do not withstand high temperatures. This completes all installation work.
Video
The efficient operation of autonomous water heating systems is one of the most important conditions for comfortable living in private households. The availability of installation, ease of operation, economy and efficiency make such complexes quite popular among owners of private houses. Almost today, up to 70% of private households in cities and towns of our country are heated in this way. Of the existing options, in the first place is the two-pipe heating system of a private house - the most practical and affordable for autonomous heating of housing.
What is a two-pipe heating system
In everyday life, you can find various private houses, however, it is up to the inhabitants of the residential building to choose which option for supplying heat is better. Many factors influence the choice of the structure of the heating system. Preference is given to one or another scheme based on the availability of funds from the owners of the house, the expected effect and design features residential building. The two-pipe system is used more often in practice due to its high efficiency, reliability and ease of adjustment.
Two-pipe systems autonomous heating still commonly called. In other words, the circulation of the coolant from the boiler to the radiators is carried out along two circuits. The first pipe directly supplies heat from the boiler to the radiators, while the second pipe is designed to transport the cooled coolant back. Despite certain technical difficulties associated with the installation of the pipeline, the wiring diagram of this type of heating circuit is simple and understandable. For comparison, you can look at the diagram of a single-pipe and two-pipe heating structure in order to understand the fundamental differences and the principle of operation.
A single-pipe system is one circuit with a coolant. , in contrast to a single-pipe, where the pipe with the coolant is one single circuit, more flexible and convenient in terms of technology. The batteries in this case are connected in parallel, which plays an important role in the operation process. Depending on household needs, each radiator can be removed from a single system at any time by closing the corresponding valve.
Read also about forced circulation!
Advantages and disadvantages of a two-pipe system
Among the advantages of a two-pipe heating scheme, the following stand out:
- the same coolant temperature in all batteries, regardless of their location in relation to the boiler;
- the ability to turn off the heat supply to a single radiator;
- the ability to install a thermostat on each battery;
- technical ability to connect a large number of radiators.
Parallel connection allows individual installation temperature for each heater, allowing residents to independently regulate the level of heating in each room separately.
Having certain advantages over other heating systems used in private homes, the two-pipe heating scheme has one drawback - the increased length of the pipes. Often this aspect affects the increase in the cost of the system. It is appropriate to recall the aesthetic side of the issue. Two pipes laid in residential areas are more difficult to hide.
Two-pipe heating system, varieties
There are two types of two-pipe heating scheme:
- with forced circulation;
- with natural circulation of the coolant.
The efficiency of the heating system depends on the type of circulation. Which scheme should be installed in the house, or horizontal wiring, with an upper or lower connection of radiators, all these issues are resolved based on the heated area, configuration and number of storeys of the house.
The method with natural circulation is focused on changing the density of the coolant during the heating process. The heated coolant with a lower density rises, and then fills the radiators by gravity, gives off heat and returns to the boiler due to the slope of the return pipeline.
Due to the difference in the height of the boiler, expansion tank and heaters, a certain working pressure is created in the pipeline. The higher open storage tank, the greater the pressure and the more intense the forward flow of the coolant in the pipeline.
Important! It can be said that open system heating with natural circulation is completely autonomous. There is no pressure pump, and therefore no need for electricity.
Mostly today, a two-pipe closed circuit heating, in which the pump is turned on. It provides more intensive circulation of the coolant and greater heating efficiency. Heating with forced circulation has great technological capabilities. The only drawback is that a power outage completely stops the system.
Unlike the scheme with forced circulation, the length of the system with gravity flow of the coolant has significant limitations, no more than 30 meters. That is, such heating system suitable only for small rooms (dachas, saunas, country houses).
Important! When installing a natural circulation system, pipes with a diameter of at least 1¾ inches must be used. The slope of the pipe for the direct supply of the coolant and the return pipe should not be less than 3-4 0.
In order to get an idea about existing options connection, what is the difference between a two-pipe heating system with a lower wiring, from a variant with a top connection, what is the difference between horizontal and vertical type, enough to get started to familiarize yourself with the video.
Types of wiring of the heating system
Pipes can be mounted vertically or horizontally. Vertical heating systems have a number of advantages, among which it is worth highlighting the uniformity of pipes and the large difference in pressure of the coolant at the inlet and outlet, respectively.
Vertical two-pipe heating system with top option wiring is more convenient and easier to install. The laying of the pipeline does not depend on the layout of the building. Most of the pipes of the heating system can be hidden in the attic space, hide suspended ceilings. A similar arrangement of heating pipes is often used in multi-storey buildings where it is necessary to ensure good forward flow in the pipeline, with a large number of radiators. In this case, the intensity of circulation of the coolant in the pipeline depends on the height of the riser.
According to the location of the pipelines, two-pipe heating systems are vertical and horizontal, with top, bottom or combined wiring. The option with the top connection is more expensive. In each heated room, two pipes will have to be led out throughout the wall panels, direct heat supply and return. There is little aesthetics in this, the length of the pipeline increases significantly.
A two-pipe heating system with a lower wiring looks preferable, despite large quantity pipe bends, connection points and stretched communications.
Radiators with horizontal installation with a bottom connection option can be easily hidden behind decorative screens. In this case, your home can be appropriately decorated using a variety of design elements. The pipeline with the lower wiring is easy to hide in wall panels or floor screed.
What does the optimal heating system for a private house look like?
It is necessary to provide for all the technical nuances and technological parameters of autonomous heating at the project stage. Giving preference to one or another scheme, it is important that the future heating meets the relevant parameters and household needs.
There is no good or bad wiring. In each individual case, the heating efficiency depends on the correct connection and a well-designed project. In practice, often the owners of residential buildings are faced with a situation where, as a result of the development of the project and the subsequent installation of the pipeline, a dead-end heating system arises. In them, the coolant entering the radiator is forced to collide with a cooled, oncoming flow of spent coolant. This type of connection is used for two-pipe systems with a horizontal pipeline. It is impossible to say that such heating is not profitable and inefficient. The most popular is the two-pipe horizontal scheme heating with lower wiring with a passing movement of the coolant.
There are two types of coolant flow patterns: associated and dead-end. In the proposed table, you can see the comparative parameters of both options for the movement of the coolant
| Criteria for evaluation | Scheme of movement of the coolant | |
| Passing | dead end | |
| Hydraulics and balancing: thermal power/ standard sizes of heaters are the same | 1. Hydraulic calculation of pressure reduction in any circuit 2. The system has hydraulic balancing without the use of additional valves | |
| thermal power of the system / standard sizes of shaped elements and heating devices are different | 1. Hydraulic calculation of pressure reduction in each circuit 2. The need to link the circuit with each other, using the configured thermostatic valves on the heaters |
|
| II. Piping length | Big | Minimum |
| III. Mounting | harder The sizes of the fittings are different, the diameters of the same sections are different | Easier All diameters, standard sizes of shaped sections are the same |
| IV. Points of "equal pressure" | present | missing |
Be sure to read: which is more effective,?
Important! The two-pipe horizontal heating scheme is convenient, practical in operation. Moreover, during the installation process appears real opportunity divide the heating circuit into two wings, providing heat for almost the entire living space Houses.
Installation of a two-pipe heating system horizontal type it is mainly used for heating one-story residential buildings, when the task is to connect a large number of radiators. Connecting batteries involves two options:
- ray;
- consistent.
The option with a beam connection of heating devices is also called radial. For serial connection, a conventional pair of pipelines is used. Both the first and second connection types have their advantages. In a radial connection, there is no need to install chokes that control the operation of radiators located close to the boiler. The temperature in all radiators is the same. This type is very convenient for private, one-story houses.
Good heating system serial connection. Significantly saves consumables.
The good work of heating in a private house depends on many factors, starting with a competent choice of the type and type of heating, ending with a properly drawn up project. Hydraulic calculations that are integral integral part project - the work of a qualified specialist. Adjustment of a two-pipe heating system is carried out before the start heating season when there is time to correct technical problems and inconsistencies.
A two-pipe heating system is more complex than a single-pipe one, and the amount of materials needed for installation is much larger. Nevertheless, it is the 2-pipe heating system that is more popular. As the name implies, it uses two circuits. One serves to deliver the hot coolant to the radiators, and the second takes the cooled coolant back. Such a device is applicable for any type of structures, as long as their layout allows the installation of this structure.
The demand for a double-circuit heating system is due to the presence row significant benefits . First of all, it is preferable to single-circuit, since in the latter the coolant loses a significant part of the heat even before it enters the radiators. In addition, the double-circuit design is more versatile and is suitable for houses of different heights.
The disadvantage of a two-pipe system considered her high price. However, many people mistakenly believe that the presence of 2 circuits involves the use of twice the number of pipes, and the cost of such a system is twice as much as a single-pipe system. The fact is that for a single-pipe design it is necessary to take pipes of large diameter. This ensures the normal circulation of the coolant in the pipeline, and hence efficient work such a design. The advantage of a two-pipe is that for its installation, pipes of a smaller diameter are taken, which are much cheaper. Accordingly and additional elements(spurs, valves, etc.) are also used with a smaller diameter, which also somewhat reduces the cost of construction.
The budget for installing a two-pipe system will not be much larger than for a single-pipe system. On the other hand, the efficiency of the former will be noticeably higher, which will be a good compensation.
Application example
One of the places where two-pipe heating will be very useful is garage. This is working room, therefore, constant heating is not required here. In addition, a do-it-yourself two-pipe heating system is a very real undertaking. Installing such a system in a garage is not necessary, but it will be absolutely not superfluous, since it is very difficult to work here in winter: the engine does not start, the oil freezes, and it’s just uncomfortable to work with your hands. The two-pipe heating system provides quite acceptable conditions for being indoors.
Varieties of two-pipe systems for heating
There are several criteria by which such heating structures can be classified.
open and closed
Closed systems suggest the use of an expansion tank with a membrane. They can work at high pressure. Instead of ordinary water in closed systems, heat transfer fluids based on ethylene glycol can be used, which do not freeze when low temperatures(up to 40 °C below zero). Motorists know such liquids under the name "antifreeze".
1. Heating boiler; 2. Security group; 3. Relief valve overpressure; 4. Radiator; 5. Return pipe; 6. Expansion tank; 7. Valve; 8. Drain valve; 9. Circulation pump; 10. Pressure gauge; 11. Make-up valve. However, it must be remembered that for heating devices there are special formulations coolants, as well as special additives and additives. The use of conventional substances can lead to the breakdown of expensive heating boilers. Such cases can be regarded as non-warranty, because the repair will require significant costs.
open system it is characteristic that the expansion tank must be installed strictly at the highest point of the device. It must be provided with a pipe for air and a drain pipe through which excess water is drained from the system. Also through it you can take warm water for economic needs. However, this use of the tank requires automatic feeding of the structure and excludes the possibility of using additives and additives.
1. Heating boiler; 2. Circulation pump; 3. Heating appliances; 4. Differential valve; 5. gate valves; 6. Expansion tank. And yet the two-pipe heating system closed type considered safer, so modern boilers most often designed for it.
Horizontal and vertical
These types differ in the location of the main pipeline. It serves to connect all structural elements. Both horizontal and vertical systems have own virtues and disadvantages. However, both of them demonstrate good heat transfer and hydraulic stability.
Two-pipe horizontal design heating found in one-story buildings, a vertical- in high-rise buildings. It is more complex and therefore more expensive. Here, vertical risers are used, to which heating elements are connected on each floor. The advantage of vertical systems is that they usually do not have air locks, since the air exits through the pipes up to the expansion tank. 
Systems with forced and natural circulation
Such species differ in that, firstly, there is electric pump, which causes the coolant to move, and secondly, the circulation occurs on its own, obeying physical laws. The disadvantage of designs with a pump is that they depend on the availability of electricity. For small rooms, there is no particular point in forced systems, except that the house will heat up faster. With large areas, such structures will be justified.
In order to choose the right type of circulation, it is necessary to consider which piping type used: top or bottom.
Top wiring system involves laying main pipeline under the ceiling of the building. This provides high pressure coolant, so that it passes well through the radiators, which means that the use of a pump will be redundant. Such devices look more aesthetic, the pipes at the top can be hidden decorative elements. However, a membrane tank must be installed in this system, which entails additional costs. It is also possible to install an open tank, but it must be at the highest point of the system, that is, in the attic. In this case, the tank must be insulated. 
Bottom wiring involves the installation of the pipeline just below the windowsill. In this case, you can install an open expansion tank anywhere in the room slightly above the pipes and radiators. But without a pump in such a design is indispensable. In addition, difficulties arise if the pipe must pass by the doorway. Then it is necessary to let it run along the perimeter of the door or make 2 separate wings in the contour of the structure. 
Dead end and passing
In a dead end system hot coolant and cooled coolant go to different directions. In a passing system constructed according to the Tichelman scheme (loop), both flows go in the same direction. The difference between these types is the ease of balancing. If the associated one, when using radiators with an equal number of sections, is already balanced in itself, then in a dead end, a thermostatic valve or a needle valve must be installed on each radiator.
If, in the Tichelman scheme, radiators with an unequal number of sections are used, the installation of valves or valves is also required here. But even in this case, such a design is balanced easier. This is especially noticeable in extended heating systems. 
Selection of pipes by diameter
The choice of pipe section must be made based on the volume of coolant that must pass per unit of time. It, in turn, depends on the heat output required to heat the room.
In our calculations, we will proceed from the fact that the amount of heat loss is known and there is a numerical value of the heat required for heating.
Calculations begin with the final, that is, the farthest radiator of the system. To calculate the coolant flow rate for a room, you need the formula:
G=3600×Q/(c×Δt), where:
- G - water consumption for space heating (kg / h);
- Q is the thermal power required for heating (kW);
- c is the heat capacity of water (4.187 kJ/kg×°C);
- Δt is the temperature difference between the hot and cooled coolant, assumed to be 20 °C.
For example, it is known that the heat output for space heating is 3 kW. Then the water consumption will be:
3600×3/(4.187×20)=129 kg/h, i.e. about 0.127 cu. m of water per hour.
To water heating been balanced as accurately as possible, it is necessary to determine the cross-section of the pipes. For this we use the formula:
S=GV/(3600×v), where:
- S - area cross section pipes (m2);
- GV is the volume flow of water (m3/h);
- v is the speed of water movement, is in the range of 0.3−0.7 m/s.
If the system uses natural circulation, then the speed of movement will be minimal - 0.3 m / s. But in this example, let's take the average value - 0.5 m / s. According to the indicated formula, we calculate the cross-sectional area, and based on it, the inner diameter of the pipe. It will be 0.1 m. We select polypropylene pipe nearest larger diameter. This product has an inner diameter of 15mm.
Then we move on to the next room, calculate the coolant flow rate for it, sum it up with the flow rate for the calculated room and determine the pipe diameter. And so to the boiler.
System installation
When installing the structure, certain rules should be followed:
- any two-pipe system includes 2 circuits: the upper one serves to supply hot coolant to the radiators, the lower one - to drain the cooled one;
- the pipeline should have a slight slope towards the final radiator;
- the pipes of both circuits must be parallel;
- the central riser must be insulated to prevent heat loss when the coolant is supplied;
- in reversible two-pipe systems, it is necessary to provide several taps with which it is possible to drain water from the device. This may be needed during repair work;
- when designing a pipeline, it is necessary to provide for the smallest possible number of angles;
- expansion tank must be installed in the high place systems;
- diameters of pipes, taps, spurs, connections must match;
- when installing a pipeline made of heavy steel pipes to support them, you need to install special fasteners. Max Distance between them is 1.2 m.
How to make the correct connection of heating radiators, which will ensure maximum comfortable conditions in the apartment? When installing two-pipe heating systems, it is necessary to adhere to the following sequence:
- The central riser of the heating system is diverted from the heating boiler.
- At the highest point, the central riser ends with an expansion tank.
- From it, pipes are bred throughout the building, which bring the hot coolant to the radiators.
- To remove the cooled coolant from the heating radiators with a two-pipe design, a parallel supply pipeline is laid. It must be connected to the bottom of the boiler.
- For systems with forced circulation of the coolant, an electric pump must be provided. It can be installed at any convenient location. Most often it is mounted near the boiler, near the entry or exit point.
Connecting a heating radiator is not so difficult process, if you approach this issue scrupulously.