Conditions necessary for growing plants. What is needed for the development of a plant

Light, heat, water, nutrients - these are the environmental conditions necessary for the growth and development of vegetable plants. All of them are equal and irreplaceable. The effect of environmental factors on plants is interdependent. For example, watering contributes to a more efficient use of nutrients by plants.

Therefore, in the process of growing plants, it is necessary first of all to strengthen the factor that is at a minimum. This will increase the effectiveness of other factors. During the year and even days, the effect of environmental conditions changes. The harvest will be ensured if the state of the environment can be brought closer to the optimal level for this crop.

The more combinations deviate external conditions, topics less harvest and its quality. So, with a lack of moisture, root crops and other vegetables turn out to be small in size, the pulp becomes coarse, and in cucumber it becomes bitter. Without knowledge of the exactingness of vegetable plants to growing conditions, it is difficult to properly care for them. Consider the effect of each factor.

Warmly

Knowledge of plant requirements thermal regime allows you to correctly set the timing of sowing and planting crops, artificially create as much as possible favorable conditions for growth and development. Both at excessively high and at low temperatures, irreversible changes occur in the cells, leading to the death of plants.

As the temperature rises, the uptake of plants accelerates. carbon dioxide and the formation of organic substances, however, the intensity of respiration also increases when the accumulated substances are consumed. When the temperature drops, the influx of substances exceeds its consumption for respiration.

It is important to be able to create such a thermal regime for plants in which they would accumulate the largest reserves, depositing them in those organs that we eat. Vegetable plants and even varieties of the same crop differ in their requirements for heat. According to this indicator, cultures are divided into five groups.

1. Frost and winter hardy perennials: sorrel, perennial onion, horseradish, asparagus, rhubarb, tarragon, katran can withstand significant frosts, and their underground organs overwinter well in frozen soil. The optimum temperature for these crops is 15-19°C.
2. Cold-resistant: biennial plants - cabbage, root crops, onions, garlic; annuals - peas, beans, lettuce, dill, spinach, radish. They tolerate early spring frosts down to minus 5 ° C, the optimum temperature for growing is 17-20 ° C.
3. Semi-cold-resistant - potatoes, which occupy an intermediate position between plants of the second and fourth groups. The ground part of the potato dies at a temperature just below 0 ° C, it grows best at 18-21 ° C.
4. Demanding heat: pumpkin (cucumber, zucchini, squash) and nightshade (pepper, tomato, eggplant, physalis). Seeds begin to germinate at 10-15 ° C. In these crops optimum temperature cultivation - 20-30 ° C, they do not tolerate even a short-term frost, and at a temperature of + 40 ° C they retard growth and development.
5. Heat-resistant plants: melon, watermelon, pumpkin, beans, corn. They grow and develop best at a temperature of 30-35°C, they do not tolerate frost, they are able to accumulate organic matter even at a temperature of + 40°C and above.

The thermal regime is regulated by sowing (planting) on ​​the southern or northern slopes, optimal timing sowing, making organic fertilizers, creating ridges, ridges, soil mulching, using rocker crops (cucumber and corn), temporary film shelters.

To combat frost, smoke and sprinkling are used. I achieve an increase in frost resistance and cold resistance of plants! seed hardening, winter sowing(lettuce, carrots, radishes, etc.), hardening seedlings, phosphorus-potassium supplements.

Light

Plants need light as a source of energy for photosynthesis. The main source of light is the sun. According to the level of need for light energy, vegetable crops can be divided into three groups.

Plants that can grow in low light: onion, parsley, celery, table beets when forcing them into greens.

Plants with an average need for light: root plants, onion, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, tarragon.

The most demanding plants for light are: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, tomato, pepper, eggplant, physalis, peas and other vegetables in which fruits are eaten.

Plants are not indifferent to the duration of exposure to light during the day. To the cult of frames short day include tomato, pepper, eggplant, beans, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, zucchini, corn. Cabbage, swede, radish, radish, peas, lettuce, spinach, dill, sorrel are long-day plants.

Opportunities to control the light regime are small and come down to choosing the timing of sowing and a place with a slope to the south or north. Excessive illumination summer days can be weakened by increasing the number of plants per square meter or by growing them in the wings. Conversely, timely removal of weeds and timely thinning of seedlings improves illumination.

Air-gas mode

For the normal growth and development of the ground parts of plants and roots, oxygen is needed for respiration and carbon dioxide for the creation of organic matter. These gases are found in the air. If the soil is poorly cultivated, heavy but mechanical, the gaps between the soil units are filled with moisture, the roots lack oxygen. The crust prevents the penetration of oxygen from the atmosphere into the soil especially strongly.

Due to compacted or moisture-saturated soil, significant amounts of carbon dioxide can accumulate in the root-inhabited space, the excess of which acts depressingly.

The easiest way to improve the air-gas regime is timely and proper conduct tillage, destruction of the crust, the fight against excessive moisture. The supply of carbon dioxide to plants can be improved by introducing organic fertilizers into the soil, during the decomposition of which, as is known, a lot of CO 2 is released.

The ratio of plants to moisture

The lack of water supply to plants leads to a sharp decrease in yield, coarsening of tissues, the appearance of bitterness and the loss of other taste and commercial qualities. Excessive water supply can also reduce yields, promote the spread of diseases and pests, and make vegetables tasteless and difficult to store and process.

According to the requirements for moisture, vegetable plants can be divided into groups:

1. very demanding - all vegetables from the cabbage group, cucumber, lettuce, spinach, dill, onion per leaf, celery, eggplant;
2. vegetables with moderate requirements: potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, carrots, parsley, parsnips, table beets, legumes, perennials;
3. drought-resistant crops: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, corn, beans. Plants have different water requirements throughout their lives.
4. All plants are especially in need of moisture in the phase of swelling and seed germination. With the growth of the root system, plants become more resistant to fluctuations in soil moisture. Those vegetables that are grown by seedlings are extremely sensitive to the lack of water in the soil during planting and rooting of seedlings.

Flowering, pollination are better with increased dryness. During the growth of fruits, the formation of heads, the growth of root crops, it is necessary high humidity soil, and during the ripening of fruits, seeds, bulbs, root crops, the need for moisture decreases and excess water at this time is harmful.

The creation of a favorable water regime will provide snow retention, retention spring waters, moisture closure, proper tillage, plant care, regulation of the number of plants per 1 m 2 , watering. Mulching the soil prevents evaporation of moisture and the formation of a crust.

plant nutrition

The main part of the weight of vegetables is accounted for by water. And yet with the harvest of most vegetable crops a significant amount of nutrients is removed from the soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium. Early maturing plants: lettuce, spinach, radish do not take out a lot of nutrients in the crop, but they consume this amount in 1-1.5 months; consequently, their daily removal is very large and these crops need very fertile soil.

Cabbage grows for half a year, its daily nutritional requirement is low, so it can be cultivated on less fertile lands. The need of plants for soil fertility depends on the structure of the root system.

Onions, for example, have a relatively small and shallow root system. To be satisfied in nutrition, it is necessary to provide him with fertile, well-moistened soils.

Beets have a developed root system and are able to produce crops on less fertile lands. Cucumber roots can perform their function only at elevated temperatures, and no matter how fertile the land, the cucumber will starve at low temperatures.

Different cultures show different exactingness to the main elements of soil nutrition. For example, cabbage is demanding on nitrogen. Tomatoes need more potassium, beets - phosphorus. In order to prevent malnutrition, it is necessary to constantly monitor the plants, feed them in a timely manner, without waiting for signs of starvation. The lack of a particular battery can be detected by some external signs.

With a lack of nitrogen in the soil, growth slows down, young leaves are pale green, small, and fall off in case of an acute deficiency.

The lack of phosphorus causes a dull dark green color of the leaves, even purple, purple-red stripes appear along the veins on the underside of the leaf. When falling, the leaves do not turn yellow, but blacken.

With a lack of potassium, a pale yellow border is formed along the edges of the leaves, and subsequently a bright yellow one. With severe starvation, the leaves become irregular shape with brown spots in the middle and brown-brown border. It is characteristic that with a lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, changes begin from the lower leaves.

With a lack of calcium, growth slows down, the plants become dwarfed, the stems become stiff. In a tomato, the upper leaves turn yellow, the lower ones remain green, the apical buds die off.

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Plant life is closely related to environmental conditions. For their normal growth and development, they need nutrients, water, air, heat, light. These factors always act on the plant in a complex and are in a certain combination. In the absence of one of them, the plant dies, since it is impossible to replace, for example, water with an increase in the amount of nutrients.

When growing flower and ornamental crops, the gardener must create the most favorable conditions for the development of plants, when all factors are combined optimally. It should be remembered that for plants harmful is not only the lack of water, heat, nutrients, light, but also their excess. So, waterlogging of the soil can lead to rotting of the roots, weakening of growth and slow flowering, excess nitrogen in the soil causes increased plant growth, they become more susceptible to diseases.

Plants from almost all parts of the world are used in ornamental gardening. The diversity of the origin of flower crops determines the different requirements for their growing conditions: what promotes the growth and development of some, often has a bad effect on others. For example, asters, carnations grow fast and bloom profusely in direct sunlight, a lily of the valley and forget-me-nots develop best when grown in shade or partial shade. Botanists divide such plants into light-loving and shade-tolerant.

The needs of individual cultures are not the same water: it depends on the type of root system, leaf structure etc. Plants with a well-developed root system can use moisture from deeper soil layers, so they often survive in conditions in which plants with an underdeveloped root system die from lack of water. Species with small leaves need less water (since they evaporate little of it) than plants with a large, wide leaf blade. Therefore, when watering, an individual approach to each crop is necessary..
The division of plants into thermophilic and cold-resistant also not by chance. The most demanding for heat are the so-called flowering species- dahlias, cannes, pelargonium, etc.; less heat-loving balsam, fragrant tobacco, pine; aster, levkoy, phlox, carnation can tolerate even small frosts - they are cold-resistant crops.

Important role in plant life plays them nutrition. All necessary elements nutrition, As you know, plants are obtained primarily from the soil. That is why gardeners are so demanding of her. The soil must be structural, contain all the necessary nutrients in a certain amount and in a form easily digestible for plants, be sufficiently moist and warm.

The soils required for different flower and ornamental crops are not the same. For example, pansies grow better on light, humus-rich soil; bulbous place well on nutrient sandy loam and loamy soils; carnation, iris need to be grown on heavier but nutrient-rich soils. Majority cultivated plants grows better on slightly acidic or neutral soils, but some crops, such as aster, heliotrope, etc., are more suitable soils rich in lime.

You have to change the soil and as the plants develop. Sow seeds flower plants better in light soil mixed with sand: it is well permeable to water and air. Initially, seedlings grow on the nutrients of the seed, but later they need soil rich in nutrients.
Plants grow and develop well when the soil has all the necessary nutrients.: potassium, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, iron, magnesium and others. Each element is involved in vital processes for plants.

Plants cannot develop without trace elements- batteries that they need in not large quantities. These are boron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, etc.
In different periods, the need for flower crops in nutrients is not the same.: for example, during growth, a plant needs more nitrogen, during flowering and fruiting - phosphorus and potassium.
Therefore, when growing plants, you need to know well and be able to create the conditions necessary for each crop.

Environmental conditions play a decisive role in the life of plants. The main ones are heat, light, air, water, food.

According to the requirement for heat, vegetable crops are divided into frost-resistant (winter-hardy), cold-resistant and heat-loving.

Frost-resistant (winter-hardy) include perennial vegetable plants: sorrel, rhubarb, asparagus, horseradish, tarragon, lovage, all perennial bows, winter garlic, etc. These crops overwinter in the soil under the snow, and they do not need to be specially covered for the winter.

Cold-resistant plants include all types of cabbage, carrots, beets, radishes, radishes, turnips, green and legumes, spring garlic. Their seeds germinate at temperatures below 10°C. Seedlings of these crops do not die with small frosts. If the seedlings are exposed to prolonged exposure to low temperatures (from 0 to 2 ° C), then many plants (beets, celery, radishes, etc.) prematurely throw out the flower arrow and the yield of root crops decreases sharply.

Cucumber, zucchini, tomato, squash, pumpkin, physalis belong to heat-loving crops. The seeds of these crops germinate at a temperature of 13-14°C. Plants do not tolerate not only frosts, but also prolonged cooling, especially in rainy weather.

Heat-loving vegetable crops in the Non-Chernozem Zone are grown either in a greenhouse or in open ground using seedlings. To increase the resistance of heat-loving plants to low temperatures and increase their vitality, it is necessary to harden swollen seeds and seedlings. The swollen seeds are kept for 2-3 days at a temperature below 0°C, and then sown. Hardening of seedlings is carried out in a greenhouse, when shoots appear, the temperature in it is reduced for several days to 6-8 ° C, and then it is increased in the daytime, but the temperature in the greenhouse is necessarily reduced at night. This is necessary to enhance root growth and prevent plants from stretching.

attitude towards the world. Most vegetable crops are photophilous. Cucumber, squash, pumpkin, zucchini, tomato, legumes are especially demanding on lighting conditions. Cabbage, root vegetables and green vegetables are less demanding. Shade-tolerant crops include feather onions, leeks, sorrel, rhubarb, and asparagus.

Vegetable crops are not the same in relation to the duration of illumination. Southern plants (tomato, cucumber, squash, zucchini, pumpkin) for fast flowering and fruiting requires a day length of less than 12 hours. These plants are short day. Northern plants (cabbage, onion, garlic) require more than 12 hours of daylight to develop. These plants have a long day.

In the conditions of the Non-Chernozem Zone, in order to obtain high yield good quality such crops as lettuce, spinach, dill, radish, they need to be grown on a short day, i.e. sow either in the spring as early as possible, or at the end of summer.

Plants are especially demanding on lighting when growing seedlings. With a lack of light and elevated temperature, the seedlings stretch out, become pale, and the root system also develops poorly.

Moisture requirement. Vegetable crops are demanding on moisture. This is due to its high content in raw vegetables (from 65 to 97%), as well as the large evaporating surface of the leaves.

The most demanding for moisture are early ripening green crops, lettuce, spinach, radish, cucumber, cabbage, turnip, radish. These crops have an underdeveloped, superficial root system and a large leafiness of plants.

Carrots and parsley are less demanding on moisture. These crops have a well-developed root system, and they use water sparingly for evaporation.

Beetroot also has a well-developed root system, but it is more demanding on moisture than carrots and parsley, as it consumes a lot of moisture for evaporation.

The tomato has a powerful root system and much less than cabbage, consumes moisture for evaporation, so it is less demanding on moisture.

The most resistant to lack of moisture in the soil are beans and watermelon.

The need for vegetable plants in moisture varies according to the periods of growth and development. The need for water is especially high during the periods of seed germination, planting seedlings, germination of leaves in onions, during the pouring of a head of cabbage and fruits in cucumber and tomato.

Peas, beans, beans need water in the first period of growth, and root crops during growth. With a lack of moisture during growth, the roots crack, so they need to be watered regularly during the growing season.

Vegetable crops, as a rule, should be watered by sprinkling, and tomato and lettuce should be watered along the grooves made next to the plants. After watering, the grooves are covered with dry earth.

All heat-loving plants need to be watered warm water heated in the sun (24-25°C). Watering is best done in the evening.

With a lack of moisture in the soil, the so-called dry irrigation is used - frequent loosening of row spacing. When loosening, the soil crust and capillaries are destroyed, through which water flows from the lower layers of the soil to the upper ones.

An excess of moisture in the soil is just as undesirable as a lack of it.

With an excess of moisture, all the pores in the soil are filled with it, therefore, the respiration of the roots worsens, and plants die due to a lack of oxygen. At high humidity the root system of plants develops worse, as a result, the amount of nutrients coming from the soil decreases, and the yield decreases. In addition, the development of beneficial microorganisms in the soil is deteriorating.

To reduce excess moisture, drainage grooves and furrows are made in the areas. After the water is removed, the soil, as soon as it dries, is loosened.

The main conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants are heat, light, air, water, nutrition. All these factors are equally necessary and perform certain functions in the life of plants.

The life cycle of growth and development is divided into certain stages - phases. Environmental conditions strongly influence the growth and development of plants. It has been established that the effect of low temperature on germinating seeds and the heating of dry seeds can accelerate the development of plants and increase yields. Based on this, science has developed, and practice is widely used, special recommendations for heating, germinating, hardening seeds of some vegetable crops, as well as potato tubers. The duration of these processes and the temperature are different and depend on the crops.

Warmly
Heat is necessary for plants in all periods of their growth and development. The heat requirements different cultures are not the same and depend on the origin, species, biology, phase of development and age of the plant.

seeds thermophilic crops germinate at temperatures above 10°C. Such plants do not tolerate not only frosts, but also prolonged cooling, especially in rainy weather. At temperatures below 10-12°C, their growth and development stop, they weaken and are more quickly affected by fungi and bacterial diseases. At lower temperatures they die. The most favorable temperature for the growth, development and fruiting of heat-loving crops is above 20°C. Of practical importance in some increase in the cold resistance of heat-loving crops are methods for hardening seeds and seedlings with low and variable temperatures, as well as increased doses of potassium during top dressing.

seeds cold-resistant crops germinate at temperatures below 10°C. The temperature of 17-20°C is most favorable for the development and fruiting of plants of this group. With a decrease in temperature, the growth of cold-resistant crops continues, however, if seedlings are exposed to prolonged exposure to low temperatures (2-0 ° C), many plants prematurely throw out flowering shoots, without forming either a full-fledged crop or seeds. This is especially pronounced in beet and celery plants. Cabbage after planting it in the ground can endure not only long low temperatures, but also short-term frosts, which do not affect further growth and development. In the autumn, before harvesting, frosts of 4-5°C do not adversely affect the quality of the product if the heads of cabbage thaw on the vine before cutting. Winter-hardy crops overwinter well in the soil under snow cover at frosts of 30°C or more, and in spring they begin to grow after the snow melts.

Young plants adapting to environmental conditions and to independent root nutrition require a temperature both day and night lower than that of seeds during germination. This is also necessary for the uniform development aboveground organs and root system, on which the normal growth and development of plants depends. With the development of leaves and stems, when air nutrition of plants begins, the temperature should be higher. During this period, the right balance between temperature and lighting is especially important. In sunny weather, an increase in temperature does not adversely affect the development of plants; in cloudy weather, the temperature should be reduced as much as possible. Especially it needs to be reduced at night, because when high temperature without light, plants stretch and weaken, which not only delays the timing of the harvest, but also negatively affects its size. During the period of budding, flowering and fruiting, it is necessary fever for all plants both day and night, especially for crops grown in greenhouses and greenhouses, in which fruit growth occurs mainly at night.

Light
The main source of light is the sun. Only in the light do plants create complex structures from water and carbon dioxide in the air. organic compounds. The duration of illumination greatly affects the growth and development of plants. Requirements for lighting conditions in plants are not the same. For southern plants, the length of daylight hours should be less than 12 hours (these are short-day plants); for northern - more than 12 hours (these are plants of a long day).

To short day plants include eggplants, peppers, most varieties of tomatoes, corn, beans, squash, squash, squash, and outdoor cucumber varieties.

To long day plants include root vegetables, cabbage, green crops, onions, garlic and some greenhouse varieties cucumbers that have changed their biological nature as a result of long-term cultivation in greenhouses in winter.

By artificially shortening or lengthening daylight hours, you can increase the yield and significantly improve its quality. AT vivo in open ground, this is achieved by early spring and late summer crops.

Greatest practical value light is acquired when growing seedlings and vegetables in greenhouses in winter. At this time, the plants experience the greatest lack of light, since, firstly, this is the darkest time of the year and, secondly, a significant part of the light flux is absorbed by passing through the glassed surface of the greenhouse and shaded by sprouts. To enhance the illumination, various electric lamps and light installations are used. Illumination of plants on racks and under greenhouse frames also depends on their correct placement. Thickening of plants adversely affects their quality.

In open ground, for uniform illumination of plants, timely weeding and thinning are necessary. However, among vegetable plants there are shade-tolerant crops, which allows them to be grown in row-spacings. fruit trees or in several shaded places (onions on a feather, multi-tiered onions, leeks, sorrel, rhubarb, asparagus).

Water
Humidity of not only the soil, but also the air is necessary for the plant throughout its life. First of all, water, together with heat, awakens the seed to life. The resulting roots absorb it from the soil along with the mineral salts dissolved in it. Water (by volume) is the main integral part plants. It participates in the creation of organic substances and, in a dissolved form, carries them throughout the plant. Thanks to water, carbon dioxide dissolves, oxygen is released, metabolism occurs, and the desired temperature of the plant is provided. With a sufficient supply of moisture in the soil, growth, development and fruit formation proceed normally; lack of moisture sharply reduces the yield and product quality.

Plant moisture requirements. Vegetable plants are especially demanding on moisture, which is explained by its significant content in vegetables (from 65 to 97%, depending on the crop), as well as the large evaporating surface of the leaves. The moisture content in leaf tissues should be at least 90-95%. With a decrease in it even by 10%, the leaves tie, their work is disrupted.

The exactingness of plants to moisture for periods of growth and development is not the same. It is especially high during seed germination. That is why it is recommended to sow wetted and germinated seeds in well-drained furrows. During the formation of the root system crucial has a moisture content in the soil layer of 5-15 cm. At the same time, you need to know that rare abundant watering is much more useful than frequent, but insufficient. At frequent watering the soil is strongly compacted, requires loosening, the roots of plants begin to settle down in the upper soil layer. This is undesirable, since the latter quickly dries out, cracks, and the roots with a mass of suction root hairs are torn, many of them are damaged when the soil is loosened. A temporary break in watering causes the roots to rush into the ground in search of water. lower part arable layer, which improves the provision of plants not only with water, but also with food. Cucumbers, cabbage, green crops, radishes, as well as seedlings of vegetable crops are especially moisture-loving.

How does the lack of moisture affect the quality of products. With a lack of moisture in the soil, plants of green crops and radish age prematurely without forming a crop. Leaves and root crops coarsen, acquiring a bitter taste. The same thing happens with the fruits of cucumbers. Cabbage stops the growth of heads of cabbage, and the colored heads, not reaching the proper size, turn yellow and crumble.

In fruit vegetable crops (tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, squash, etc.), an increased demand for moisture is manifested at the time of fruit set and fruiting. At this time, long breaks between waterings are especially dangerous. Without a sufficient amount of moisture, the growth of fruits, heads and root crops stops, and in sunny weather their surface tissues quickly cork and lose elasticity. The resumption of irrigation causes cracking of fruits, heads and root crops, making the products of poor quality.

Root crops and legumes especially need water in the first period of growth. Subsequently, developing long roots (up to 130-300 cm), they use moisture from the lower layers of the soil and need watering only during prolonged drought. The same moisture requirements are imposed by pumpkin, melon, watermelon. For onion plants, the value of moisture is especially high during the formation of a leaf rosette, and for potatoes during the period of budding, flowering and tuberization.

Seedlings with a lack of moisture age prematurely, the leaves turn pale, coarsen. When planted in the ground, such seedlings do not take root well, the crop is delayed, and the cauliflower does not form heads.

What to do if the site is not provided with enough water? With a lack of water for irrigation, it can be replaced to some extent by “dry irrigation”. This is the name of the timely loosening of the soil between the rows after watering or rain. Such loosening prevents the formation of a crust, breaks the capillaries through which water flows from the lower layers of the soil to the upper ones, and significantly reduces the evaporation of moisture from the soil. This also provides free access of air to the roots, and also enhances the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms. There are also special methods of growing plants without watering, based on the use of moisture from the lower layers of the soil to provide it to the sown and planted plants.

Irrigation water temperature. All heat-loving crops, especially cucumbers, need to be watered with water at a temperature of at least 20 ° C. Watering cold water- one of the causes of mass disease of plants and a sharp decrease in yield. In greenhouses and greenhouses, water for irrigation is heated. In open ground conditions, water is heated in the sun, for which it is poured into barrels, vats in advance, or it is heated in small reservoirs specially arranged in areas.

Water the plants in sundial Not recommended. The exception is cucumbers, the "poultice" of which is done during the day when they are grown in greenhouses, hotbeds and under film shelters. Watering heat-loving crops is best done in warm weather in the evening, and during prolonged drought - at night. Excessive soil moisture is also undesirable, since excess moisture displaces oxygen from the soil, which disrupts the respiration of the roots. This is more common in low places with high rainfall. To avoid this, diversion grooves, furrows are made from places of stagnant water, and after water is drained, the soil is loosened as soon as possible.

Air
From the air, plants receive the carbon dioxide they need, which is the only source of carbon nutrition. The content of carbon dioxide in the air is negligible and amounts to 0.03%. Enrichment of air with carbon dioxide gas goes mainly due to its isolation from the soil. An important role in the formation and release of carbon dioxide by the soil is played by organic and mineral fertilizers introduced into the soil. The more energetic the processes of vital activity of microorganisms in the soil, the more actively organic matter decomposes, and, consequently, the more carbon dioxide is released into the surface layer of air. Another source of air replenishment with carbon dioxide is living beings that release it during respiration. An increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air has a positive effect on all processes in plants, especially accelerates fruiting.

How to increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air? In greenhouses, the content of carbon dioxide is increased artificially to 0.4-0.7%, using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and carbon dioxide from cylinders. In open ground, the content of carbon dioxide in the surface layer of air can be slightly increased by introducing into the soil increased doses of organic fertilizers (manure, peat, compost), liquid dressings from diluted mullein, slurry, bird droppings and mineral fertilizers.

The relative humidity of the air also has a significant effect on the development of plants. The drier the air, the more the plants evaporate water and the higher their temperature, and all this increases the consumption of nutrients to the detriment of those deposited in the reserve. With a prolonged decrease in air humidity, air drought occurs, which can turn into soil. Watering the soil, especially by sprinkling, somewhat increases the humidity of the air and is therefore more effective for plants. Excessive air humidity also adversely affects plants, enhancing various fungal diseases. In greenhouses, greenhouses and under the film, excess moisture is reduced by ventilation.

plant nutrition
For normal growth and development, plants require various elements nutrition. Plants receive oxygen, carbon, hydrogen from air and water; nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron - from the soil solution. These elements are consumed by plants in large quantities and are called macronutrients . Boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, silicon, cobalt, sodium, which are also needed by plants, but in small quantities, are called trace elements .

Simplified, the process of plant nutrition proceeds as follows. Roots with a mass of root hairs absorb water from the soil with mineral salts dissolved in it and supply it to the leaves through the stem along ascending currents. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air through stomata and, to a lesser extent, stems and roots. In the green parts of plants containing chlorophyll, under the action of sunlight, organic substances are formed from water and carbon dioxide. This process is called photosynthesis. The main amount of organic substances produced in the leaves is spent on the construction of stems, leaves, roots, flowers and fruits.

The need for plants in nutrients varies depending on the crop, age, early maturity and the ability to carry nutrients with the crop from the soil. young plant from the first days of life, enhanced mineral nutrition is necessary. Therefore, earth mixtures for growing seedlings are seasoned with fertilizers. Young plants consume less nutrients, but, having an underdeveloped root system, they are more demanding on their presence in upper layers soil, and in an easily digestible form. This is also the reason for the increased nutritional requirements of adult plants of some crops with an underdeveloped root system. These crops include onions, which develop roots mainly in the surface layer of the soil.

Plants with a short development period (early) are the most demanding on the supply of nutrients in the soil, as they form a crop for more short term. This exactingness increases if early maturing plants are densely placed and have an underdeveloped root system. Such plants include all greens (lettuce, spinach, dill), some spices, as well as radishes and summer radishes. Plants with a long period of development consume more nutrients, but their demands on the reserves of these substances in the soil are lower, since the period of their use is more extended. It refers to late varieties cabbage, carrots, beets. The ability of plants to take nutrients out of the soil is not the same and depends on the crop and crop.

Approximate removal of the main elements mineral nutrition from the soil depending on the crop and yield (in kg per 1 ha)

Meaning individual elements nutrition. Vegetable plants take out most of the potassium from the soil, but this does not mean that it needs to be added to the soil more than nitrogen and phosphorus (the exceptions are floodplain and peat soils). This is explained by the fact that although potassium is washed out of the soil by rains, it is more easily absorbed by the soil and better absorbed by plants. It increases the resistance of plants to diseases and their cold resistance, increases the dry matter content, increases sugar content, improves the taste of fruits and potatoes.

The need for nitrogen is especially high in plants, since it is part of the protein and is the basis of all life processes. With a lack of digestible nitrogen in the soil, plants develop poorly, become light green, the yield drops sharply, and its quality deteriorates. An excessive amount of nitrogen in the soil is also undesirable, especially with a lack of phosphorus. This causes increased growth of leaves, stems, shoots. Flowering and fruiting are delayed, which reduces the overall yield and especially the early one.

Huge in the life of plants and the role of phosphorus. It is part of complex proteins, participates in the construction of plant cells, increases the absorption and action of other nutrients. So, with the combined action of phosphorus and potassium, plants become more resistant to lodging, Phosphorus accelerates the formation of fruiting organs, improves product quality.

Magnesium plays an important role in many plant life processes. It is involved in the construction of tissues, and also, together with phosphorus, in all metabolic processes occurring in the plant.

In addition to these basic ones, there should be other macronutrients in the soil, as well as microelements. With a lack of any of them, the normal development of the plant is disturbed. The lack of one or another nutrient element can be detected by some external signs of the plant.

With a lack of nitrogen in the soil, the leaves of the plant become pale green. Growth is slowing down. New leaves, if formed, are very small and thinly lamellae. With an acute lack of nitrogen, the leaves turn yellow and fall off.

With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves acquire a dull dark green color, which later turns into purple, and along the veins of the leaf from the underside to purple-red. When dried, the leaves turn black, not yellow.

A lack of potassium causes the appearance of a pale yellow border along the edges of the leaves, and subsequently bright yellow. In acute starvation, the leaves become irregular in shape, in the middle of them appear brown spots, the border becomes brown-brown and crumbles. It is characteristic that with a lack of these basic nutrients, a change in color, and with acute starvation and death begins from the lower leaves.

With a lack of calcium, plant growth slows down, they become dwarfed. Old leaves remain green, stems become stiff. Yellowing is characteristic of tomatoes top leaves, while the lower ones remain green. Plants weaken, wilt, apical buds die.

With a lack of iron (on any soil) in plants, the apical shoot is the first to be affected. The leaves at the top of the plant turn pale green and then yellow (chlorosis), but the leaf tissue does not die. Tomatoes are characterized by yellowing and dying off of young leaves.

With a lack of magnesium, chlorosis develops primarily on the lower leaves. green coloring disappears, appear between the veins yellow spots giving variegation to the leaves. The yellowed areas of the leaf acquire a different color. Gradually they turn brown and die. In tomatoes, in addition, the leaves become brittle and twist down.

Appearance external signs indicates prolonged starvation of the plant. In order to prevent violations in the nutrition of plants, it is necessary to constantly monitor them and carry out appropriate feeding in a timely manner.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"School №91"

Project

Necessary conditions for the development of a plant from a seed

Completed by: Antipina Polina,

student 6 "B" class

Leader: Demeneva G.V., biology teacher

Novokuznetsk, 2017

Content

1.Maintaining……………………………………………………………………………3

2.general characteristics leguminous plants…………………………………..3

3.Biological features………………………………………………….4

4.Practical part…………………………………………………………...4

5. Results of the experiment………………………………………………………………..4

6.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………5

7. Literature………………………………………………………………………5

Introduction

Seed germination is a very exciting and amazing process. Watching the development of a plant from seed germination to the appearance of the first flowers or fruits is the magic of nature in action. It takes a lot of time and patience before growing a full-fledged plant.

We were interested in the question: "What conditions are necessary for the germination of seeds?". To answer this question, we reviewed the literature on the subject. It turns out that for seed germination, following conditions: water, heat, air, sunlight and nutrients. We decided to test this by experimenting.

Target: consideration of the influence of external factorsfor sprouting seeds of beans

Tasks: 1. Study the literature on the germination of plant seeds.

2. Conduct experiments on the germination of bean seeds.

3. Summarize the results obtained and draw conclusions.

Project Methods: theoretical methods- study of literature;

experiment - experience

Problem : establish that air, light, heat and moisture are necessary for seed germination.

General characteristics of leguminous plants

beans- a term, as a rule, denoting the fruits or seeds of any leguminous crop, as well as plants of the legume family (Fabaceae) in general.

Bob as a fruit

In botany, the word "bean" refers to plants of the legume family. It consists of two long thin wings connected by edges. The fruit contains no a large number of seeds in a line. The seeds are short attached to the ventral suture. The shape of the fruit is usually elongated straight or curved, but in some plants the bean is coiled. A ripe bean usually dries up and opens, seeds spill out of it. However, in many plants the bean falls unopened to the ground.

Bob is like a seed

ATeveryday lifeword« bean» denoted plantsfamilieslegumes. ItIt hasrounded, butnon-sphericalform. Mostfrequentmeetscurvedovalthe form. Seedcoveredthin-skinned. Containsverybigamount , enoughlotvegetableoils . Manyseeds are appliedinfood.

Biological features

germinating seed- this is the transition of seeds from a state of dormancy to the growth of the embryo and the development of a seedling from it.

The main conditions for the germination and development of a seed are water, air, heat and sunlight.

Getting water into the seed is very important. After water enters, the seed swells, the nutrients dissolve in the water and the embryo can already use them to start its growth and development.

Still very importantair, or rather the oxygen in it. After all, the germ of the seed, like all living organisms, breathes. Even dry seeds breathe, albeit very weakly. Therefore, seeds should not be stored in containers that do not allow air to pass through, for example, in plastic bags.

Temperature also plays an important role in seed germination. If the temperature is too low, the seed will freeze and die. And if the temperature is too high, the seed will dry out and also die from lack of moisture.

When sowing beans, the depth at which the seed is planted is important. Since the bean is a rather small seed, it needs to be planted 4-5 cm.

Why do plants need light?

Only in the light in plants does the process of photosynthesis occur: organic substances are formed from carbon dioxide and water, and oxygen is released. The process of photosynthesis is called air nutrition of plants. If there is not enough light for the plants, the plants grow weak and pale.

Why do plants need heat?

Warmly - necessary condition life. Plants need to live a certain amount of heat in environment in soil and air. Each species grows where favorable conditions are formed for it. temperature conditions. For the same plant in different periods of life, a different amount of heat is needed.

Why do plants need water?

Plant cells contain 85-90% water. Only mineral and organic substances dissolved in water can move through the plant and participate in metabolic processes.

Practical part.

I have experimented with bean seeds.

Experience 1. Germination in favorable conditions

3 beans and placed them in favorable conditions for germination:

it is air, water, light and heat.

Experience 2. Germination in a lack of oxygen, in the light and in heat

2 beans and placed them in a large amount of water, thus causing a lack of air, but having light and heat.

Experience 3. Germination in a lack of oxygen, light and heat

2 beans I put them in a container with water, but lack of air, heat and light.

Experience results

Conclusion:

Seeds need air, heat, and moderate moisture to germinate.

the plant must receive good access to light for proper development.

water affects the growth and development of plants. With moderate watering, the plant develops quickly. And with insufficient watering, plants develop much worse or do not develop at all.

This work helped me develop such a quality as patience. Growing a crop of any plant is a huge job. And when you need to observe, compare and analyze - this is an exciting and informative work. It was interesting to me. I learned a lot and learned a lot.

Conclusion

In the process of studying the theoretical part on this topic, I learned that a seed is needed for full growth: light, air, water, and I confirmed it in the practical part of my work.

Literature.

Textbook « Biology.6 Class".V.V.Beekeeper. Moscow, "Drofa" ,2015.