Conditions necessary for the growth and development of plants. Plant growth and development conditions

Whether you are growing plants indoors, outdoors, or in a greenhouse, there are a few basic rules to keep in mind when growing hydroponically to keep your plants healthy and growing well. Undoubtedly, for successful crop production, it is important to know the needs of each variety of grown plants. Detailed information about each specific plant is easy to find in books and articles. But there are so-called basic needs of all plants in general.

What do amateur gardeners need to remember?

Basic needs of plants:

1. Required atmosphere: air, carbon dioxide, oxygen from the air and from the ground (nutrient solution).
2. Optimum air and ground temperature.
3. Correct environment: temperature, acid-base balance, humidity.
4. Suitable growing conditions in soil or mineral solution. As well as a good non-toxic and porous filler for hydroponic plants.
5. Balanced nutrition with minerals in the required quantities and in the composition suitable for a particular plant.
6. Required lighting. For plants growing outdoors in sunlight, this is not a concern.
7. Adequate hydration: the golden mean between "too damp" and "too dry".

Plants absorb the hydrogen and oxygen they use to grow directly from the air and water. The composition of the total mass of plants, in addition to water, includes carbon. Plants get it from the air carbon dioxide. Not a large number of carbon (0.3% of the total atmosphere) is absorbed by the pores of the leaves when temperature, humidity and light allow. However, carbon is not taken up by plant roots, so it is not considered a nutrient such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other mineral elements needed for plant growth. For plants grown hydroponically, all mineral elements must be dissolved in the water.

Plant nutrition.

In general gardening nutrients delivered to plants by rainwater, rock erosion and decomposition organic elements. - this is the cultivation of plants without soil, therefore, in hydroponics, these substances are replaced by mineral salts dissolved in water.

Liquid solutions are more convenient and easier to use than dry mixes. But often they are more expensive and of arbitrary concentration. For-growth formulas are used during the vegetative phase of plant growth. Formulas "for flowering" - for plants during their flowering and fruit ripening. This separation occurs because during these phases, plants need different concentrations mineral elements. Plants such as tomatoes and peppers are considered to be long-bearing. Therefore, the nutritional formula should be selected, as for fruit-bearing ones.

Over time, growing plants absorb and use all the nutrients from the solution. Therefore, it is recommended to replace or replenish the solution every 2-3 weeks. The grow tray, where the roots of the plants are located, also needs to be washed so that toxic salt deposits do not appear on it. When this happens, hard, whitish crusts form on the walls of the pan. These plaques are harmful in that they can prevent the roots of plants from getting enough nutrition.

Most hydroponic plants grow well at 18-35 degrees and 20-80% humidity. Too high humidity and insufficient ventilation can lead to bacterial and fungal diseases.

Besides, essential needs cultivated plants and the key to their healthy growth are care and maintenance. During all stages of plant development, one must not only know their needs, but also satisfy them.

Light, heat, water, batteries - these are the conditions external environment necessary for the growth and development of vegetable plants. All of them are equal and irreplaceable. The effect of environmental factors on plants is interdependent. For example, watering contributes to a more efficient use of nutrients by plants.

Therefore, in the process of growing plants, it is necessary first of all to strengthen the factor that is at a minimum. This will increase the effectiveness of other factors. During the year and even days, the effect of environmental conditions changes. The harvest will be ensured if the state of the environment can be brought closer to the optimal level for this crop.

The more combinations deviate external conditions, topics less harvest and its quality. So, with a lack of moisture, root crops and other vegetables turn out to be small in size, the pulp becomes coarse, and in cucumber it becomes bitter. Without knowledge of the exactingness of vegetable plants to growing conditions, it is difficult to properly care for them. Consider the effect of each factor.

Warmly

Knowledge of plant requirements thermal regime allows you to correctly set the timing of sowing and planting crops, artificially create as much as possible favorable conditions for growth and development. Both at excessively high and at low temperatures irreversible changes occur in the cells, leading to the death of plants.

With an increase in temperature, the absorption of carbon dioxide and the formation of organic substances accelerate in plants, but the intensity of respiration also increases when the accumulated substances are consumed. When the temperature drops, the influx of substances exceeds its consumption for respiration.

It is important to be able to create such a thermal regime for plants in which they would accumulate the largest reserves, depositing them in those organs that we eat. vegetable plants and even varieties of the same crop differ in their requirements for heat. According to this indicator, cultures are divided into five groups.

1. Frost and winter hardy perennials: sorrel, perennial onion, horseradish, asparagus, rhubarb, tarragon, katran can withstand significant frosts, and their underground organs overwinter well in frozen soil. The optimum temperature for these crops is 15-19°C.
2. Cold-resistant: biennial plants - cabbage, root crops, onions, garlic; annuals - peas, beans, lettuce, dill, spinach, radish. They tolerate early spring frosts down to minus 5 ° C, the optimum temperature for growing is 17-20 ° C.
3. Semi-cold-resistant - potatoes, which occupy an intermediate position between plants of the second and fourth groups. The ground part of the potato dies at a temperature just below 0 ° C, it grows best at 18-21 ° C.
4. Demanding heat: pumpkin (cucumber, zucchini, squash) and nightshade (pepper, tomato, eggplant, physalis). Seeds begin to germinate at 10-15 ° C. In these crops optimum temperature cultivation - 20-30 ° C, they do not tolerate even a short-term frost, and at a temperature of + 40 ° C they retard growth and development.
5. Heat-resistant plants: melon, watermelon, pumpkin, beans, corn. They grow and develop best at a temperature of 30-35°C, they do not tolerate frost, they are able to accumulate organic matter even at a temperature of + 40°C and above.

The thermal regime is regulated by sowing (planting) on ​​the southern or northern slopes, optimal timing sowing, making organic fertilizers, creating ridges, ridges, soil mulching, using rocker crops (cucumber and corn), temporary film shelters.

To combat frost, smoke and sprinkling are used. I achieve an increase in frost resistance and cold resistance of plants! seed hardening, winter sowing(lettuce, carrots, radishes, etc.), hardening seedlings, phosphorus-potassium supplements.

Light

Plants need light as a source of energy for photosynthesis. The main source of light is the sun. According to the level of need for light energy, vegetable crops can be divided into three groups.

Plants that can grow in low light: onion, parsley, celery, table beets when forcing them into greens.

Plants with an average need for light: root plants, onions, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, tarragon.

The most demanding plants for light are: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, tomato, pepper, eggplant, physalis, peas and other vegetables in which fruits are eaten.

Plants are not indifferent to the duration of exposure to light during the day. To the cult of frames short day include tomato, pepper, eggplant, beans, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, zucchini, corn. Cabbage, swede, radish, radish, peas, lettuce, spinach, dill, sorrel are long-day plants.

Opportunities to control the light regime are small and come down to choosing the timing of sowing and a place with a slope to the south or north. Excessive illumination summer days can be weakened by increasing the number of plants on one square meter or growing them backstage. Conversely, timely removal of weeds and timely thinning of seedlings improves illumination.

Air-gas mode

For the normal growth and development of the ground parts of plants and roots, oxygen is needed for respiration and carbon dioxide for the creation of organic matter. These gases are found in the air. If the soil is poorly cultivated, heavy but mechanical, the gaps between the soil units are filled with moisture, the roots lack oxygen. The crust prevents the penetration of oxygen from the atmosphere into the soil especially strongly.

Due to compacted or moisture-saturated soil, significant amounts of carbon dioxide can accumulate in the root-inhabited space, the excess of which acts depressingly.

The easiest way to improve the air-gas regime is the timely and correct tillage, the destruction of the crust, and the fight against excessive moisture. The supply of carbon dioxide to plants can be improved by introducing organic fertilizers into the soil, during the decomposition of which, as is known, a lot of CO 2 is released.

The ratio of plants to moisture

The lack of water supply to plants leads to a sharp decrease in yield, coarsening of tissues, the appearance of bitterness and the loss of other taste and commercial qualities. Excessive water supply can also reduce yields, promote the spread of diseases and pests, and make vegetables tasteless and difficult to store and process.

According to the requirements for moisture, vegetable plants can be divided into groups:

1. very demanding - all vegetables from the cabbage group, cucumber, lettuce, spinach, dill, onion per leaf, celery, eggplant;
2. vegetables with moderate requirements: potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, carrots, parsley, parsnips, table beets, legumes, perennials;
3. drought-resistant crops: watermelon, melon, pumpkin, corn, beans. Plants have different water requirements throughout their lives.
4. All plants are especially in need of moisture in the phase of swelling and seed germination. With the growth of the root system, plants become more resistant to fluctuations in soil moisture. Those vegetables that are grown by seedlings are extremely sensitive to the lack of water in the soil during planting and rooting of seedlings.

Flowering, pollination are better with increased dryness. During the growth of fruits, the formation of heads, the growth of root crops, high soil moisture is necessary, and during the ripening of fruits, seeds, bulbs, root crops, the need for moisture decreases and excess water at this time is harmful.

The creation of a favorable water regime will provide snow retention, retention spring waters, moisture closure, correct processing soil, plant care, regulation of the number of plants per 1 m 2 , watering. Mulching the soil prevents evaporation of moisture and the formation of a crust.

plant nutrition

The main part of the weight of vegetables is accounted for by water. And yet with the harvest of most vegetable crops a significant amount of nutrients is removed from the soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium. Early maturing plants: lettuce, spinach, radish do not take out a lot of nutrients in the crop, but they consume this amount in 1-1.5 months; consequently, their daily removal is very large and these crops need very fertile soil.

Cabbage grows for half a year, its daily nutritional requirement is low, so it can be cultivated on less fertile lands. The need of plants for soil fertility depends on the structure of the root system.

Onions, for example, have a relatively small and shallow root system. To be satisfied in nutrition, it is necessary to provide him with fertile, well-moistened soils.

Beets have a developed root system and are able to produce crops on less fertile lands. Cucumber roots can perform their function only at elevated temperatures, and no matter how fertile the land, the cucumber will starve at low temperatures.

Different cultures show different exactingness to the main elements of soil nutrition. For example, cabbage is demanding on nitrogen. Tomatoes need more potassium, beets - phosphorus. In order to prevent malnutrition, it is necessary to constantly monitor the plants, feed them in a timely manner, without waiting for signs of starvation. The lack of a particular battery can be detected by some external signs.

With a lack of nitrogen in the soil, growth slows down, young leaves are pale green, small, and fall off in case of an acute deficiency.

The lack of phosphorus causes a dull dark green color of the leaves, even purple, purple-red stripes appear along the veins on the underside of the leaf. When falling, the leaves do not turn yellow, but blacken.

With a lack of potassium, a pale yellow border is formed along the edges of the leaves, and subsequently a bright yellow one. With severe starvation, the leaves become irregular in shape with brown spots in the middle and a brown-brown border. It is characteristic that with a lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, changes begin from the lower leaves.

With a lack of calcium, growth slows down, the plants become dwarfed, the stems become stiff. Tomatoes turn yellow upper leaves, the lower ones remain green, the apical buds die off.

Most people dream of doing private business, not working for management. But many do not know how to do it right, and where to start. In most cases, the capital for start-up is not large. You have to start somewhere. A great business idea is to grow varieties ...

Each gardener can prepare seeds at home for a well-established crop or favorite variety, it is not difficult to do this. The seeds of many vegetable crops are stored for a long time, and they are prepared for the future. Here is an approximate shelf life of seeds: ...

It is a valuable food crop. It contains up to 30% of dry matter (starch occupies the main part in this volume), there are mineral salts, vitamins C and B. In comparison with other vegetable crops, potatoes have a higher calorie content. Potato...

Seedlings for a garden plot can be prepared in a warm room when certain conditions are created for its cultivation. Light and lamps for seedlings Most of the light falls on balconies, loggias, window sills (up to 60-80% natural light). Vegetable plants require maximum light....

The environmental conditions play decisive role in plant life. The main ones are heat, light, air, water, food. According to the demand for heat, vegetable crops are divided into frost-resistant (winter-hardy), cold-resistant and heat-loving. Frost-resistant (winter-hardy) include perennial vegetable plants: sorrel, rhubarb, asparagus, horseradish, tarragon, lovage, all types of onions, etc. These crops winter in the soil under snow, and they do not need to be specially covered for the winter.

Cold-resistant are all types of cabbage, carrots, beets, radishes, radishes, turnips, greens and legumes, spring garlic. The seeds of these crops germinate at temperatures below 10°C. Seedlings of these crops do not die with small frosts. If the seedlings are exposed to low temperatures for a long time (from 0 to 2°C), then many plants (beets, celery, radishes, etc.) prematurely throw out the flower arrow and give a low yield.

Cucumber, zucchini, tomato, squash, pumpkin, physalis belong to heat-loving crops. The seeds of these crops germinate at a temperature of 13-14°C. Plants do not tolerate not only frosts, but also prolonged cooling, especially in rainy weather. Heat-loving vegetable crops are grown either in a greenhouse or in open field with seedlings. To increase the resistance of heat-loving plants to low temperatures and increase their viability, it is necessary to harden swollen seeds and seedlings. The swollen seeds are kept for two to three days at a temperature below 0°C, and then sown.

Hardening of seedlings is carried out in a greenhouse, when shoots appear, the temperature in it is reduced for several days to -8 ° C, and then increased during the day, but must be reduced at night. This is necessary to enhance root growth and prevent plants from stretching.

attitude towards the world. Most vegetable crops are photophilous. Cucumber, squash, pumpkin, zucchini, tomato, legumes are especially demanding on lighting. Less demanding are cabbage, root vegetables and green vegetables. Shade-tolerant crops include feather onions, leeks, sorrel, rhubarb, and asparagus.

Vegetable crops are not the same in relation to the duration of illumination. Southern plants (tomato, cucumber, squash, zucchini, pumpkin) for fast flowering and fruiting requires a day length of less than 12 hours. These are short day plants. Northern plants (root crops, cabbage, onions,) require more than 12 hours of daylight to develop. These are long day plants.

In the conditions of the Non-chernozem zone, in order to get a high yield good quality crops such as lettuce, spinach, dill, radish, they need to be grown under short day conditions, that is, sown or as much as possible earlier in the spring or at the end of summer. Plants are especially demanding on lighting when growing seedlings. In the absence of light and elevated temperature seedlings are stretched, become pale, they develop poorly and root system.

Moisture requirement. Vegetable crops are demanding on moisture. This is due to its high content in raw vegetables (from 65 to 97%), as well as the large evaporating surface of the leaves. The most demanding for moisture are early ripening green crops, lettuce, spinach, radish, cucumber, cabbage, turnip, radish. They have an underdeveloped, superficial root system and large foliage.

Carrots and parsley are less demanding on moisture. These crops have a well-developed root system, and they economically consume moisture for evaporation.

Beetroot also has a well-developed root system, but it is more demanding on moisture than carrots and parsley, as it consumes a lot of moisture for evaporation.

Tomato has a powerful root system and much less than cabbage, consumes moisture for evaporation, so it is less demanding on it.

The most resistant to lack of moisture in the soil are beans and watermelon. The need of vegetable plants for moisture in different periods of growth and development is not the same. The need for water is especially high during the periods of seed germination, planting seedlings, germination of leaves in onions, during the pouring of a head of cabbage and fruits in cucumber and tomato. Peas, beans, beans need water in the first period of growth, and root crops during filling. With a lack of moisture during growth, the roots crack, so they need to be watered regularly during the growing season.

All heat-loving plants should be watered warm water heated in the sun B4 -25°С). Watering is best done in the evening or in the morning.

With a lack of moisture for irrigation, the so-called dry irrigation is used - frequent loosening of the soil between rows. When loosening, the soil crust is destroyed and capillaries are formed, through which water flows from the lower layers of the soil to the upper ones. An excess of moisture in the soil is just as undesirable as a lack of it. With an excess of moisture, all the pores in the soil are filled with it, therefore, the respiration of the roots worsens, and the plants die due to a lack of oxygen. At high humidity the root system of plants develops worse, as a result, the amount of nutrients coming from the soil decreases, and the yield decreases. In addition, the development of beneficial microorganisms in the soil is deteriorating. To reduce excess moisture, drainage grooves and furrows are made in the areas. After the water is removed, the soil, as soon as it dries, is loosened.

Plants get the carbon dioxide they need from the air., which is a source of carbon nutrition. It contains very little in the air - only 0.03%. An increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the surface air layer occurs due to the decomposition of soil organic matter by microorganisms. The more organic matter is contained in the soil, the more carbon dioxide is released from it, the better the carbon nutrition of plants. With an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants, their growth and development improves, fruiting accelerates, and the yield increases. With the improvement of carbon nutrition in plants, resistance to diseases and pests increases. To increase the carbon dioxide content in the greenhouse, you need to arrange vessels with a solution of mullein or bird droppings. In open ground, it is possible to increase the content of carbon dioxide in the surface layer by introducing increased doses of organic fertilizers into the soil, using liquid dressings from diluted mullein, slurry, bird droppings. The use of wings from tall plants that protect vegetable crops from the wind contributes to the conservation of carbon dioxide in the surface layer.

soil nutrition. Various nutrients are required for normal growth and development of vegetable plants. The main ones - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron - plants consume in large quantities. These elements are called macronutrients. elements, necessary for plants in small amounts, called trace elements, these include: boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, cobalt, sodium. Macro- and microelements enter plants from the soil. The need for nitrogen is especially high in plants, since it is part of the protein and is the basis of all life processes. With a lack of nitrogen, the leaves become pale green, then turn yellow, the plant slows down growth. With an excess of nitrogen, the leaves become dark green in color, grow wildly, but flowering and fruiting are delayed.

Phosphorus is part of complex proteins and is involved in the construction of plant cells.. With its presence, the assimilation of other nutrients also increases: nitrogen, potassium, magnesium. Phosphorus accelerates the formation of fruit-bearing organs, improves product quality by increasing the content of sugar, vitamins and other dry substances. With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves first acquire a dull dark green color, which later turns into purple, and from the underside of the leaf along the veins - into purple-red. When dried, the leaves turn black. In addition, with a lack of this element, plant growth slows down, fruit ripening is delayed. The lack of phosphorus only within a few days after germination adversely affects the entire development of plants and leads to a decrease in yield. It should be borne in mind that in cold weather, plants absorb phosphorus poorly, at this time it is necessary to feed them with phosphorus fertilizers.

Vegetable crops take a lot of potassium out of the soil. This is due to the fact that potassium is easily absorbed by the soil and is better absorbed from it by plants, which contributes to the accumulation of carbohydrates, which vegetables are so rich in. Potassium increases the resistance of plants to diseases and their cold resistance. With a lack of potassium, a pale yellow border appears along the edges of the leaves of vegetable plants, which subsequently becomes bright yellow. With an acute lack of potassium, the leaves grow irregular shape, in the middle of them appear brown spots, the border on the leaves from bright yellow becomes brown-brown, the leaf tissue crumbles. In beets and cucumbers, the leaves acquire a domed shape; on cucumbers, they form mainly male flowers, the fruits take a pear-shaped form. Magnesium plays an important role in many plant life processes. It is involved in the construction of tissues, and also, together with phosphorus, in all metabolic processes occurring in the plant. characteristic feature lack of magnesium is leaf variegation. The tissue between the veins of the leaf first becomes discolored, then turns yellow, but not entirely, but in spots. Tomatoes appear on leaves brown spots between the green veins, the edges of the leaves turn brown at the cucumber.

important in plant nutrition trace elements. With a lack of boron in vegetable plants, the growth point often dies, no nodules are formed on the roots of legumes, in which nitrogen accumulates, the flowers are not fertilized and fall off, the petioles of the leaves become brittle, the heads turn brown in cauliflower, voids appear in the stalk, the heart rots in beets, the leaves of cucumbers take a concave shape.

If there is not enough manganese, the leaves of vegetable crops become brittle, small light yellow spots appear on them. With a lack of copper, the tips of young leaves of vegetable crops turn white and their edges become yellowish-gray. Zinc deficiency affects the appearance of a bronze tint in the color of the leaves, contributes to the development of chlorosis. With a lack of any trace element, the resistance of plants to bacterial and fungal diseases decreases. The normal growth and development of vegetable crops depend on the reaction of the soil solution, that is, acidity. At pH 3 - 4, the soil is considered strongly acidic; 4-5 - acidic, 5 -b - slightly acidic, 6 - 7 - neutral, 7 - 8 - alkaline, 8 - 9 - strongly alkaline.
Vegetable crops such as cabbage, onions, red beets, celery, spinach, peppers, parsnips do not tolerate hyperacidity, they need a neutral or slightly alkaline soil solution. For them, pH 6.8 - 7 is optimal. With a slightly acidic and close to neutral reaction, cucumber, melon, leek grow well, cauliflower, lettuce, swede. Parsley, carrots, peas, turnips, radishes, radishes, pumpkins, zucchini put up with an acidic environment.

Increased acidity is tolerated by tomato, sorrel, potatoes, rhubarb. The acidity of the soil on the site is different, so it must be checked annually. To do this, gardeners can purchase an Alyamovsky device in stores, the rules for using which are in the instructions.

You can find out the acidity by the weeds growing in the garden. On the acidic soil are growing horse sorrel, horsetail, wood lice (starfish), pikulnik, plantain, Ivan da Marya, sedge. On slightly acidic and neutral - field bindweed, coltsfoot, creeping wheatgrass, odorless chamomile, garden calf.

Gardeners can also determine acidity using litmus (indicator) paper, which is sold in Chemical Reagents stores. To do this, soil samples are taken at the site in several places to the entire depth of the arable layer. Each sample is well mixed on the film, then a small part is separated from the mixture, moistened with water (distilled or rain) and litmus paper is applied to it. If it turns red, then the soil is strongly acidic, pink is moderately acidic, yellow is slightly acidic, greenish-blue is close to neutral, and blue is neutral.

Excess acidity harmful to vegetable crops is eliminated by liming. Lime enriches the soil with calcium, improves soil properties, stimulates the development of beneficial microorganisms. As a result, the yields of all vegetable crops are significantly increased. At autumn processing soil lime is applied when digging ridges at the rate of 100-400 g per 1 m 2, depending on acidity. It should be taken into account that when soil is limed, the mobility of boron, manganese, cobalt compounds decreases, and molybdenum increases. Lime can be replaced with chalk, dolomite flour, marl, ash. Lime is applied only with very fine grinding, so all lime fertilizers are sieved.

The importance of water in plant life cannot be overstated. It is one of the three most important factors affecting plants. With a lack of moisture (however, as with an excess), talk about good harvest do not have to. Water acts not only as an element of plant nutrition, but also as a regulator of their temperature and metabolism. In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish between such concepts as:

✓ need for water. This is the amount of moisture that ensures the normal growth, development and fruiting of vegetable crops. It is known that this requires only 1% of the incoming water, the rest goes to transpiration (respiration) of plants;

✓ exactingness to moisture, i.e. the optimum level of soil moisture for a given crop in a particular growing season.

Both the need and the exactingness of plants for water are determined various factors, in particular:

✓ biological characteristics of plants;

✓ vegetation phase;

✓ development of the root system;

✓ the structure of the leaf apparatus;

✓ environmental conditions (light, heat, the nature of the soil, the presence of minerals, etc.).

The nature of the root system is of the greatest importance: the more developed it is, the better it is able to supply the plant with moisture. In vegetable crops, the root system is:

✓ highly branched, which is able to cover in depth and width from 2 to 5 m. Pumpkin, horseradish have such a root system;

✓ medium branched (up to 1-2 m), typical for carrots, tomatoes, etc.;

✓ highly branched surface (15-20 cm), found in cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, etc.;

✓ slightly branched (10-15 cm), characteristic of various onions. According to the requirements for water, vegetable plants are classified into groups that need:

✓ very high humidity soil (cucumber, different kinds cabbage, radish, etc.), since with an insufficiently developed root system they have a significant green mass (in a cucumber it is about 25 times larger than the root system, in cabbage - 11 times), which evaporates a large amount of moisture. If such crops experience a lack of water, they are delayed in development, the yield drops sharply. For high yields regular watering is required;

✓ in high humidity, but at the same time rational use of water onion, garlic, leeks, the root system is not particularly powerful, but at the same time, the green mass is not too large;

✓ in moderate humidity, but regardless of this actively consuming water. These are beets, zucchini, squash, peas, carrots and some others that have a developed root system capable of extracting water from the depths, and a developed leaf apparatus;

✓ in low humidity, which eggplant, tomato and parsley are content with.

The high yield of vegetable crops is promoted by the corresponding amount of moisture in the soil, and it is optimal for a particular growing season. There are vegetables that are in dire need of water during the growth of green mass (onion) or head growth (cabbage). For root crops, such a need arises at the beginning of the growing season, when the root system has not yet reached the required volume; in pumpkin, zucchini - during the formation of fruits.

➣ Nursing is the maintenance of vegetable crops at the end of the vegetative period in order to obtain additional fruits. It is practiced for parsley, celery, leek, Chinese cabbage and etc.

Other important factors for plant growth

For the growth and development of vegetable crops, both the nature of the soil and the degree of its saturation with nutrients are important. But these factors do not directly affect the planning of the garden, therefore, without detracting from their importance, we, without considering them in detail, only remind them.

So, one of the main factors on which the timing of the ripening of vegetable crops depends is to provide them with a sufficient amount of light and heat. Therefore, the first requirement that should be made to the garden plot is a high degree of illumination, because it is known that among vegetable plants there are practically no plants that grow well and bear fruit abundantly in conditions of light deficiency. Therefore, under the garden it is necessary to take the sunniest place on the site. You can easily identify it by this sign - the snow comes off it in the first place. If we talk about the ideal situation, then the garden should be open to the sun from early morning (at least from noon) until late evening. Professionals believe that only in this case it is possible to count on the maximum yield without resorting to increased fertilization of plants with fertilizers.

The explanation of the relationship between the degree of illumination and the yield of vegetable crops is very simple and is due to their nature. If the plant experiences a lack of light, it has to intensively increase the green mass (leaves) so that the process of photosynthesis proceeds with necessary intensity. This is possible only if there is a large amount of nutrients that vegetables can get only with the introduction of additional portions of fertilizers. Thus, the thicker the shade in which the beds are located, the more fertilizer will be required (we are not considering financial side question, although for a practical gardener this is also of considerable importance).

With a light deficiency and an excess of fertilizers, not only the quantity of fruits obtained, but also their quality suffers - suffice it to say that vegetables accumulate nitrates and nitrites, which are very harmful to human health. If the lack of light reaches a critical point, the plants stretch, weaken and may die from diseases and pests. Even powerful modern chemicals will not protect them.

Not less than important condition, which when organizing a garden should be observed in without fail, is the choice of a level place for it. This will not only make it easier to take care of the plants (primarily watering, because with a slight slope, even within the same bed, some plants will experience a lack of moisture, while others will experience an excess of it, and measures will have to be taken to prevent such a situation), but it will also provide them with a sufficient amount. Sveta. On a flat area that does not have a pronounced slope, orient the beds from north to south, then the sun, moving from east to west during the day, will evenly illuminate them on both sides.

On a site with a slope, your actions depend on its size. If it is small, then dig the beds across the slope. This will prevent the fertile layer from washing down. If the slope is very steep and no other options for the garden are foreseen, then you should either level the site (your decision should also be influenced by this consideration: it is possible that from the point of view of landscape design the destruction of the slope is undesirable, it is likely that thanks to such a relief it is possible to give the site a special decoration, so first weigh everything, then cut), or arrange terraces. (By the way, excavation will require certain costs, because you will have to use heavy equipment.)

The orientation of the slope to the cardinal points also matters. Experts do not recommend diverting the northern slopes to the garden, since, as a rule, they lie in dense shade and scatter sunlight, which has a bad effect on growth and development. horticultural crops. This also applies to the lower part of the slope, especially the northern one, since such areas are usually freed from snow late, they are poorly warmed up by the sun's rays, which postpones the planting dates. In such conditions, early vegetables can not be dreamed of.

Poorly drained areas are also undesirable, as the root system of plants will suffer from oxygen deficiency, rot and die. If there is no choice, then you will have to provide a device drainage system, which will also require certain investments and subsequent maintenance of drains.

The garden area should not be obscured from the sun by tall trees, high hedges, and various buildings. But you should not go to the other extreme and open the garden to all winds that can destroy the microclimate in the area, break the plants and, accordingly, reduce the yield. Vegetable plants will protect fruit and berry and ornamental shrubs planted around the perimeter of the garden, taking into account the wind rose.

➣ The quality of tillage determines the rate of seed germination, the deepening of the roots into the soil. Therefore, the entire system of soil preparation for the cultivation of vegetable crops should create favorable conditions for their growth and development.

Placing a vegetable garden along highway with heavy traffic cannot be called successful, because harmful substances(and this is the whole periodic table!), contained in the exhaust gases, will certainly settle on the plants and be absorbed by them, which is by no means useful for our healthy ones.

If you didn’t choose the site or if you have to take what they give, you will have to take care at least about protecting the plants and yourself. If your property is less than 100m from the road, build a solid hedge wall on that side to function as a green filter. (We remind you that fallen leaves from such shrubs should not be composted and used as mulch.)

Garden crops, like plants in general, need regular watering, so having a nearby water source is another important condition for crop formation. For the most part, vegetables are made of water, so getting juicy greens on dried soil is a difficult task. In addition, photosynthesis is impossible with a moisture deficit (the rate at which it proceeds decreases, and the process can stop completely), since the yield depends on the amount of organic substances formed (it is known that plastic substances are created during photosynthesis - a kind of construction material plants).

If there is not enough water, the reaction of plants is especially in hot weather follows immediately: their turgor falls (they wilt somewhat), the leaves curl to reduce the evaporation of moisture through the stomata. As a result, the amount of inorganic substances, primarily carbon dioxide entering the interior of plants, drops sharply, and the intensity of photosynthesis decreases.

With a lack of water, plants also receive less mineral substances that the root system provides them with, because, not being dissolved in water, they pass into a form that cannot be absorbed by garden crops.

All of the above does not mean at all that a garden on soils saturated with water will be more successful. Flooding the garden is unacceptable, as it entails a number of negative consequences: firstly, with heavy rainfall or irrigation, water stagnates due to the fact that it slowly seeps into the underlying soil layers (this is especially typical for clay soils); secondly, the root system of plants literally suffocates from a lack of oxygen.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"School №91"

Project

Necessary conditions for the development of a plant from a seed

Completed by: Antipina Polina,

student 6 "B" class

Leader: Demeneva G.V., biology teacher

Novokuznetsk, 2017

Content

1.Maintaining……………………………………………………………………………3

2.general characteristics leguminous plants…………………………………..3

3.Biological features………………………………………………….4

4.Practical part…………………………………………………………...4

5. Results of the experiment………………………………………………………………..4

6.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………5

7. Literature………………………………………………………………………5

Introduction

Seed germination is a very exciting and amazing process. Watching the development of a plant from seed germination to the appearance of the first flowers or fruits is the magic of nature in action. It takes a lot of time and patience before growing a full-fledged plant.

We were interested in the question: "What conditions are necessary for the germination of seeds?". To answer this question, we reviewed the literature on the subject. It turns out that for seed germination, following conditions: water, heat, air, sunlight and nutrients. We decided to test this by experimenting.

Target: consideration of the influence of external factorsfor sprouting seeds of beans

Tasks: 1. Study the literature on the germination of plant seeds.

2. Conduct experiments on the germination of bean seeds.

3. Summarize the results obtained and draw conclusions.

Project Methods: theoretical methods- study of literature;

experiment - experience

Problem : establish that air, light, heat and moisture are necessary for seed germination.

General characteristics of leguminous plants

beans- a term, as a rule, denoting the fruits or seeds of any leguminous crop, as well as plants of the legume family (Fabaceae) in general.

Bob as a fruit

In botany, the word "bean" refers to plants of the legume family. It consists of two long thin wings connected by edges. The fetus contains a small amount of seeds in a line. The seeds are short attached to the ventral suture. The shape of the fruit is usually elongated straight or curved, but in some plants the bean is coiled. A ripe bean usually dries up and opens, seeds spill out of it. However, in many plants the bean falls unopened to the ground.

Bob is like a seed

ATeveryday lifeword« bean» denoted plantsfamilieslegumes. ItIt hasrounded, butnon-sphericalform. Mostfrequentmeetscurvedovalthe form. Seedcoveredthin-skinned. Containsverybigamount , enoughlotvegetableoils . Manyseeds are appliedinfood.

Biological features

germinating seed- this is the transition of seeds from a state of dormancy to the growth of the embryo and the development of a seedling from it.

The main conditions for the germination and development of a seed are water, air, heat and sunlight.

Getting water into the seed is very important. After water enters, the seed swells, the nutrients dissolve in the water and the embryo can already use them to start its growth and development.

Still very importantair, or rather the oxygen in it. After all, the germ of the seed, like all living organisms, breathes. Even dry seeds breathe, albeit very weakly. Therefore, seeds should not be stored in containers that do not allow air to pass through, for example, in plastic bags.

Temperature also plays an important role in seed germination. If the temperature is too low, the seed will freeze and die. And if the temperature is too high, the seed will dry out and also die from lack of moisture.

When sowing beans, the depth at which the seed is planted is important. Since the bean is a rather small seed, it needs to be planted 4-5 cm.

Why do plants need light?

Only in the light in plants does the process of photosynthesis occur: organic substances are formed from carbon dioxide and water, and oxygen is released. The process of photosynthesis is called air nutrition of plants. If there is not enough light for the plants, the plants grow weak and pale.

Why do plants need heat?

Warmly - necessary condition life. Plants need to live a certain amount of heat in environment in soil and air. Each species grows where favorable conditions are formed for it. temperature conditions. For the same plant in different periods of life, a different amount of heat is needed.

Why do plants need water?

Plant cells contain 85-90% water. Only mineral and organic substances dissolved in water can move through the plant and participate in metabolic processes.

Practical part.

I have experimented with bean seeds.

Experience 1. Germination in favorable conditions

3 beans and placed them in favorable conditions for germination:

it is air, water, light and heat.

Experience 2. Germination in a lack of oxygen, in the light and in heat

2 beans and placed them in a large amount of water, thus causing a lack of air, but having light and heat.

Experience 3. Germination in a lack of oxygen, light and heat

2 beans I put them in a container with water, but lack of air, heat and light.

Experience results

Conclusion:

Seeds need air, heat, and moderate moisture to germinate.

the plant must receive good access to light for proper development.

water affects the growth and development of plants. With moderate watering, the plant develops quickly. And with insufficient watering, plants develop much worse or do not develop at all.

This work helped me develop such a quality as patience. Growing a crop of any plant is a huge job. And when you need to observe, compare and analyze - this is an exciting and informative work. It was interesting to me. I learned a lot and learned a lot.

Conclusion

In the process of studying the theoretical part on this topic, I learned that a seed is needed for full growth: light, air, water, and I confirmed it in the practical part of my work.

Literature.

Textbook « Biology.6 Class".V.V.Beekeeper. Moscow, "Drofa" ,2015.