Reasons, price and significance of the great victory. the decisive role of the ussr in the victory in the second world war
Potsdam Conference and the end of World War II
From July 17 to August 2, 1945, a conference was held in Potsdam with the participation of the heads of state of the anti-Hitler coalition - I.V. Stalin, G. Truman and W. Churchill (during the conference he was replaced by the new Prime Minister K. Attlee). Allied policy towards the USSR has changed. US President F.D. Roosevelt considered it possible to maintain relations of cooperation with the USSR after the end of the war, he knew how to find compromise solutions to controversial issues acceptable to all. H. Truman, who succeeded him as president, confident that the United States, as the most powerful nuclear power in the world, can claim global leadership, on the contrary, was a supporter of hard bargaining. The style of his diplomacy did not exclude pressure and threats, and this is negative. B. Attlee, who did not have the experience of Churchill, was inclined to blindly support the US position on all controversial issues.
An acute conflict was caused by a discussion of the composition of the post-war governments of Eastern European countries. The USA insisted on including the leaders of the bourgeois parties in them. From the point of view of I.V. Stalin, this position reflected Truman's desire to recreate a belt of states unfriendly to him near the borders of the USSR. However, despite the differences in positions, the participants of the conference managed to come to an agreement on many issues.
The general principles of policy towards Germany included four de-: demilitarization (liquidation of the armed forces); decartelization (dissolution of industrial associations that produced weapons); denazification (liquidation of the remnants of Nazism); democratization (restructuring of political life on democratic principles).
Border issues in Europe were finally agreed upon. Until now, Silesia and Pomerania, as well as part of East Prussia, have been transferred. It was decided that the German population of these lands would be granted the right to resettle in Germany. The USSR retained the Baltic States (although officially the Western countries did not recognize the accession of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia to the Soviet Union), Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, Moldova. The USSR also received part of East Prussia (now the Kaliningrad region) and Transcarpathian Ukraine.
In Eastern Europe, the borders that existed before the start of the German-Italian aggression were restored. The decisions of the Munich Conference of 1938 were canceled, Czechoslovakia again became a single, integral state. Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania returned to the former borders. Italy lost all her colonial possessions.
Taking into account the huge losses suffered by the USSR in the Great Patriotic War, it was decided to send 50% of the reparations paid by Germany to the Soviet Union.
I.V. Stalin made concessions, agreeing to the creation of a coalition government in Poland, headed by a "London" prime minister.
On June 24, 1945, the Victory Parade took place in Moscow, in which representatives of all fronts and branches of the armed forces participating in the war took part. The parade was commanded by Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky, and was received by Marshal G.K. Zhukov. It was a solemn and symbolic end of the Great Patriotic War: the banners and standards of the troops of the defeated Third Reich were thrown to the Kremlin walls.
According to an earlier agreement, on August 9, 1945, the Red Army began military operations against Japan. Despite the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, Japan continued the war. However, the Soviet troops under the command of R.Ya. Malinovsky, true to his allied duty, defeated the Japanese Kwantung Army, located in Manchuria and Korea. On September 2, 1945, an act of unconditional surrender of Japan was signed on board the American battleship Missouri. World War II is over.
Reasons for the Victory
The main character, the hero of this war and its victory telly was a multinational people of the USSR. The colossal losses of the Red Army, the mass heroism of the entire people, the exploits of ordinary participants in the war and the workers of the rear forged a great victory, and paid off the miscalculations of politicians and military leaders.
The effectiveness of the actions of the Soviet apparatus of power during the war years was ensured not only by well-thought-out party-state propaganda and ruthless repressions, but also by the people's trust in their leaders, primarily in I.V. Stalin. Established in the 1930s faith in his wisdom was strengthened by the general patriotic upsurge during the war years.
The most important condition for achieving victory was the accelerated mobilization of the economy, its transfer to a war footing, which was done thanks to a centralized system of social control. This system was able to make up for the huge losses suffered by the country in the initial period of the war. Despite the fact that Germany relied on the potential of all the countries it conquered and had more resources than the USSR, the Soviet Union managed to win an economic victory over it, ensuring the production of much more military equipment than Hitler's empire.
An important condition for the Victory was the unity of the USSR, Great Britain and the USA in the fight against Nazi aggression, and supplies to the USSR through Lend-Lease of military equipment, vehicles, ammunition and products played a significant role. They made up about 10% of all aircraft in the Soviet troops, 12% of tanks, 70% of vehicles. Of great importance were the joint actions of the USSR and Great Britain in 1941 in Iran, which thwarted the use of Germany's agents in this country, as well as the Allied offensive on the Western Front in 1944, and the bombing of German military factories by aircraft.
A significant role in achieving the Victory was played by the military art of military leaders - K.K. Rokossovsky, N.F. Vatugiia, I.S. Konev, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.Kh. Bagramyan, F.I. Tolbukhina, R.Ya. Malinovsky, I.D. Chernyakhovsky, L.A. Govorova, K.A. Meretskova, A.I. Eremenko and others.
Conclusion.
World War II was the largest and most destructive in the history of mankind, more than 50 million people. Due to air bombardments and stubborn battles, the extermination in the occupied territories of peoples proclaimed inferior by the Nazis, civilian casualties were not inferior to military losses. The "Holocaust" - the extermination of approximately 7 million Jews - is one of the most famous crimes of fascism in the world.
Of the 18 million people who ended up in fascist concentration camps, 11 million were destroyed. The following countries suffered the greatest losses in the war: China - 35 million dead, the USSR - about 27 million people, Poland - about 5.6 million, Yugoslavia - 1.8 million people.
In total, according to the latest data, the losses of the Red Army during the war years amounted to about 12 million people (5.2 million - accounted for combat losses, 1.1 million - who died from wounds in hospitals, 0.6 million - died from diseases , 5.1 million - missing and captured, while it is known that 3.3 million died in German prisoner of war camps). 15.2 million people were injured and burned, 2.6 million of them became disabled. 13 million people died from bombing, repression, hunger and disease in the occupied territory. Approximately 5.3 million were forcibly driven away to work in Germany. 2.2 million died from malnutrition and abuse. About 0.5 million people who served the German authorities in one way or another and retreated west with Wehrmacht troops did not return to their homeland.
In the USSR, 1710 cities and towns were completely destroyed. More than 25 million people lost their roof over their heads. 32 thousand large and medium-sized industrial enterprises are out of order. About 48 thousand km of railways, 1870 bridges, 427 museums were destroyed. 1670 churches were looted. The total damage inflicted on the economy of the USSR was about 20 times higher than the national income of the country in 1940.
Huge environmental damage during that period was almost not accepted
into account. So, in the Skagerrak Strait, which connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea, the Germans flooded about 270 thousand poisonous substances. A lot of their reserves are stored in the waters of the Black, White, Okhotsk, Barents, and Japan Seas. Gradually spreading in the oceans, these substances continue to threaten all living things. Unexploded mines, shells and bombs from the war still lurk in the land of Russia, Ukraine: Belarus.
In total, at least 2/3 of the German ground forces were defeated on the Soviet-German front. Here the Wehrmacht lost over 73% of its personnel, about 75% of tanks and artillery and mortars, over 75% of its aviation. The Soviet Union, of course, made a decisive contribution to the victory in World War II.
The most important result of the war was, first of all, the defeat of the powers that took the path of open aggression, neglected the norms of international law, tried to return humanity to the times of barbarism and the dictate of brute force. Of great importance was the defeat of a policy based on militant nationalism and racism, embodied in the ideology of fascism, which asserted a "new order", dividing the world into a race of masters and slaves.
The victory in World War II contributed to the recognition of the importance of such values as humanism, freedom and equality of peoples, the universality of legal norms common to all.
On October 16, 1946, the International Tribunal, which met in Nuremberg, passed a death sentence on the top leaders of the fascist empire. They were accused of carrying out orders that led to the death of millions of people, complicity in the development and implementation of plans for the extermination of entire peoples. Persons who collaborated with the occupying authorities were also brought to justice.
The condemnation of racism, genocide, mass repressions, the recognition by the victorious states of the rights of peoples to self-determination and the choice of their own destiny made it easier for the peoples of the colonies to fight for national liberation. The Second World War undermined the foundations of the existence of colonial empires, although it took almost three decades for the complete collapse of colonialism.
The war proved that when a common threat arises, peoples living under different political regimes, committed to different value systems and ideologies, are capable of cooperation and can put aside their differences. A step was taken towards the establishment in the international arena of a policy based not on the claims of individual countries to the role of great powers, but on respect for legal norms common to all peoples.
These norms formed the basis of the activities of the Organization
United Nations (UN), one of the founders of which was the Soviet Union. The task of the UN was to ensure stable peace and international security. The UN Charter proclaimed the equality of small and large nations, the need to respect human rights and dignity, to comply with international obligations and international legal norms. The founders of the UN expressed their commitment to social progress and better living conditions for people in greater freedom.
The most important organ of the UN was the Security Council, which included as permanent members the largest states that created the anti-Hitler coalition - the USA, the USSR, China, Great Britain, and France. Any country that was the victim of an attack could apply to the Security Council, which was empowered to take measures, up to military measures, to stop the aggression.
The authority of the USSR was strengthened, its influence on the world stage increased. However, the Soviet leadership was unable to use all this to ensure the peaceful, calm development of the country. The Soviet Union became involved in the Cold War with its former allies.
Used Books
1. History of Russia in the XX - early XXI century. - M .: LLC "Publishing house New Wave", 2002. - 448 p.
2. History of Russia XIX - early XX century: Reader / Ed. Dr. ist. sciences, prof. M.D. Karpachev. - Voronezh: Voronezh State University Publishing House, 2002. - 664 p.
3. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia. - / Ch. ed. MM. Kozlov. Editorial Board: Yu.Ya. Barabash, P.A. Zhilin (deputy chief editor), V.I. Kanatov (responsible secretary) and others - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1985. - 832 p.
4. Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. Illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: OLMA-PRESS Education, 2005. - 640 p.
5. Andrianov V.I. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Events. People. Documents. -M. Politizdat, 1990
6. Great Victory. In 2 parts.-M, 1985 - 463s.
7. V. Taborko Chronicle of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945
8. Samsonov A.M. The collapse of fascist aggression. 1939-1945. Historical essay. - M., 1980. World War. 1939-1945 years. - M., 1957.
9. Res. ed. acad. A.M. Samsonov. Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War. 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented - M. Science, 1985
10. Sokolov A.K. Course of Soviet history. 1917-1940: Proc. Allowance for universities. - M., 1999.
11. http://www.histofan.ru/hfans-957-1.html
History tests (grade 9). 1. Match the events and dates: A) the beginning of the Second World War; a) May 9, 1945; B) the beginning of the Great Patriotic War; b) 7December 1941, C) entry into the Second World War of the United States; c) September 2, 1945, D) Battle of Stalingrad; d) June 22, 1941; E) the opening of a second front in Normandy; e) September 1, 1939; E) the end of the Great Patriotic War; f) June 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943, G) the end of World War II. g) June 6, 1944
2. Blitzkrieg is: A) a system of measures used to isolate the territory of a state; B) the theory of fleeting war with the achievement of victory in the shortest possible time; C) tactics and strategy of modern warfare; D) the system of measures carried out in the occupied territory.
3. Japanese cities that were victims of the atomic bombing by US aircraft: A) Tokyo and Osaka; B) Sapporo and Nagoya; B) Hiroshima and Nagasaki D) Kyoto and Kawasaki.
4. The purpose of the atomic bombing of Japanese cities by the United States: A) to end the Second World War; B) reconsider the eastern borders of Poland; C) change the terms of the Portsmouth peace; D) to put pressure on the USSR in matters of the post-war structure
5. The occupation regime is: A) the regime of terror and violence, established on foreign territory; B) introduction of a state of emergency; C) the introduction of troops into a particular territory in peacetime to maintain order; D) the policy of physical violence.
6. The Second World War began with the German attack on ………………
7. Among the leaders of the Resistance movement during the years of World War II are not: a) Ch. De Gaulle, b) I. Broz Tito, c) G. Husak, d) A.F. Petin.
8. The second period of World War II is characterized by: A) a turning point in the course of hostilities; B) the crisis of the ruling regimes of the aggressor states; C) the transition of the initiative to the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition; D) the superiority of the forces of the aggressors.
9. The trial of the main war criminals of Nazi Germany went down in history under the name ______________________ ________________.
10. The Curzon Line is ………………………………………
11. September 22, 1940 Germany, Italy and Japan signed ________________ ______ - in fact, an agreement on the division of the world.
12. Name the three main states of the anti-Hitler coalition. History tests (grade 9).
1. Correlate a historical event with a time period? A) restoration of the state border of the USSR; a) 1945, B) Berlin operation; b) 1941; c) Tehran conference; c) 1944, D) Japan's attack on the American base at Pearl Harbor. d) 1943.
2. The meeting of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, at which it was decided to create the UN, took place: A) in Tehran, B) in Yalta, C) in Potsdam
3. Which of the following battles took place before the others: A) the Battle of Stalingrad; B) the battle near Moscow; B) Battle of Kursk D) the battle for Berlin.
4. The anti-Hitler coalition was finally formed by: A) autumn 1941, B) winter 1941, C) spring 1942, D) autumn 1943
5. Name the leaders of the so-called "big three":
6. During World War II, the USSR fought with: A) Italy, B) England, C) Japan, D) the USA.
7. The third period of World War II is characterized by: A) the achievement of superiority of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition; B) the defeat of the forces of the aggressors; C) the expansion of the scale of hostilities; D) the superiority of the forces of the aggressors.
8. France capitulated to Germany in ………… g.
9. The Soviet government considered the second front as: A) military operations of the allies on the western front; B) military operations of the allies in strategically important areas for Germany; C) military operations of the allies in the Far East; D) the military actions of the allies in the colonial countries. 10. The Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany with the following countries: A) Italy; B) Belgium; B) Japan D) Denmark.
11. The second front during the war years was opened: A) in the Balkans, B) in Normandy, C) in Africa, D) in Italy.
12. The second front was opened: A) in Italy in 1943; B) in the Balkans in 1944; B) in Normandy in 1944; D) in Norway in 1943.
Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 A 1. Which of the indicated events of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World Warcame before others
breaking the blockade of Leningrad
Yalta conference of leaders of the USSR, Great Britain, USA
abandonment of Sevastopol by Soviet troops
Battle of Kursk
A 2. Indicate the battle that took place in 1941.
defense of Odessa
battle for the Caucasus
lifting the blockade of Leningrad
defense of Novorossiysk
A 3. The rapid restructuring of the Soviet economy on a war footing in 1941-42. was due
partial denationalization of the economy
using the labor of prisoners of war
administrative-command nature of the economy
the slow advance of the German troops
A 4. Read an excerpt from the work of a modern historian and determine which city's defense is described in this passage:
“From that moment on, German artillery could fire at the Northern Bay and the delivery of reinforcements and ammunition became impossible. However, the inner ring of defense was still preserved and the frontal assault did not bode well for the Germans. Manstein decided to attack the inner ring not in the forehead, but in the flank from the north. On June 30, 1942, Malakhov Kurgan fell. By this time, the defenders of the city began to run out of ammunition, and the commander of the defense, Vice Admiral Oktyabrsky, received permission from the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command to evacuate.
defense of Leningrad
defense of Novorossiysk
defense of Sevastopol
defense of Tallinn
A 5. The largest offensive operation of the Second World War, during which the territory of Belarus and Lithuania was liberated, was carried out:
February-April 1944
May-June 1944
June-August 1944
September-November 1944
Operation to Liberate Crimea
Vistula-Oder offensive operation
Operation to liberate the Soviet Arctic
Berlin offensive operation
A 7. As a result of the Iasi-Kishinev offensive operation carried out by the Soviet troops:
Italy left the war on the side of Germany
Allied army landed in Normandy
the territory of Crimea was liberated
Romania left the fascist bloc
The Second World War. 1. Determine the objectives of France's foreign policy. 2. Identify and explain the choice of France's allies. 3. Is it possible to solve problemsfacing France. 4. Are there any similarities with other countries. 5. Was it possible to prevent the Second World War.
In the early 30s of the XX century. The political situation in Germany was unstable. In the country that lost the First World War, a democratic form of government was established for some time - the Weimar Republic, but the global economic crisis that began in 1929 accelerated its fall. The previously insignificant National Socialist movement led by Adolf Hitler grew during the crisis into the largest political party, and in January 1933 Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich. His coming to power was facilitated by a wave of nationalism, based on the dissatisfaction of the people with the results of the First World War.
After 1934, in Germany, where democratic traditions did not have time to develop, a brutal dictatorship was established. The popularity of the Hitler regime was maintained thanks to the industrial boom, which was caused, on the one hand, by the end of the world crisis, and, on the other hand, by the creation of a powerful production of modern types of weapons. Since 1935, a regular army, the Wehrmacht, has been restored in Germany.
Hitler's far-reaching plans included achieving dominance throughout Europe, and in the future - the establishment of a new world order led by Germany and its allies - Italy and Japan and the transformation of Germany into the center of a world colonial empire. The first steps along this path were the German-Italian intervention in Spain in 1936-1939, the annexation of Austria in 1938 and the capture of Czechoslovakia in early 1939, which took place with the tacit consent of the world powers, which distributed zones of influence in Europe according to the Munich Agreement 1938
On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, which became the reason for the entry into the war of the allied countries - Great Britain and France, which formed the anti-Hitler coalition. Thus began the Second World War.
Despite the courageous resistance of the Polish troops, including the 20-day defense of Warsaw, the German army, having a significant superiority in numbers and weapons, occupied Poland within a month. The Soviet Union, having a neutrality treaty with Germany, for its part sent troops into the territory of Western Belarus, Western Ukraine and the Baltic states. Assuming the inevitability of a future war, the Soviet government, led by Stalin, began to modernize the military industry and re-equip the Red Army.
The need to modernize the troops became especially obvious after the Soviet-Japanese military campaign in the Far East in May - September 1939. This campaign, as well as the successfully completed Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. led to a change in the tactics of combat operations of the Red Army, to an increase in the role of armored forces and aviation; in them new models of weapons and military equipment were tested in battle. Finally, the Red Army's successes delayed the entry of the Soviet Union into World War II and prevented hostilities on the USSR's Far Eastern frontier.
In 1940, Germany moved to active hostilities in Western Europe, capturing Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. Since August 1940, the German Air Force (Luft-waffe) began massive raids on Great Britain, causing significant damage to British cities, but thanks to the resistance of the British Air Force, a German landing in Britain was prevented. In the spring of 1941, Germany sends an expeditionary force to North Africa to help Italian troops in order to hold Libya and capture Egypt.
In the summer of 1940, Hitler determines the direction of the next main attack of the Wehrmacht - it was to be the Soviet Union. According to the Barbarossa plan developed in July-December 1940, the rapid defeat of Soviet Russia should be achieved by splitting the Russian army into parts of the front, the main forces of which were concentrated in the western part of Russia, by deep breakthroughs with powerful mobile military groupings, followed by the encirclement of Russian units and their destruction. The immediate task was to reach the Pskov-Smolensk-Kyiv line with a further advance towards Leningrad, Moscow and the Donbass and their capture. Before the onset of winter, German troops were to reach the Arkhangelsk-Volga-Astrakhan line, occupying practically the entire European part of the Soviet Union.
By June 1941, 3 army groups (181 divisions) were deployed near the borders of the USSR from the Barents to the Black Sea, with the support of 3 air fleets with the task of advancing on Leningrad, Moscow and Kyiv. The troops included 5.5 million people, 3,712 tanks, 47,260 guns and 4,950 aircraft. On the morning of June 22, after artillery preparation and massive bombing strikes, German troops crossed the border of the USSR and began to advance deep into the country. The Great Patriotic War began...
The Barbarossa plan relied on the theory of "lightning war" (Blitzkrieg) created by the German military back in the First World War in order to achieve victory in the shortest possible time - days or months. The fighting in Europe until the summer of 1941 and the beginning of the campaign on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union seemed to confirm the correctness of Hitler's calculation, but it soon became clear that the hopes for a lightning war were not justified. Unsuccessful attempts to capture Moscow in late autumn - early winter 1941 and the defeat of German troops near Moscow led to the failure of the Barbarossa plan, to a long and bloody positional war, for which the armed forces and military industry of Germany were not originally designed. Thanks to the unparalleled efforts and heroism of the personnel of the Armed Forces of the USSR, as well as the skill of the high military command, the Soviet Union, with the support of the countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition operating on the Western Front, primarily Great Britain and the USA, inflicted a crushing defeat on Germany.
By the end of April 1945, the entire territory of Germany was occupied - and the Hitler regime, which did not stop the war until the very last moment, came to an end. On May 8, 1945, an act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed.
The Second World War lasted five and a half years, devastated large areas of Europe and claimed about 50 million lives.
Causes of the victory of the USSR in World War II.
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | Causes of the victory of the USSR in World War II. |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Politics |
The main stages of the second world war.
The war began with the German attack on Poland on September 1, 1939. On September 3, England and France entered the war. On September 17, Soviet troops entered Poland. As a result, the USSR annexed the territory of 20 thousand square kilometers. On which lived about 12 million people. 2 mil Poles, 3 mil Belarusians, and 7 mil Ukrainians. On September 28, 1939, an agreement on friendship and border was signed between the USSR and Germany. A secret protocol was attached to the agreement, which specified the boundaries of the zones of influence of the Soviet Union and Germany.
November 30 - March 12, 1940 Soviet-Finnish war. Losses of 126 thousand people. 23 Finnish side. The Soviet Union is excluded from the League of Nations as an aggressor
In April and June 1940 d Germany captured Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France. In the summer of 1940 he brought his troops into the territory of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
December 18, 1940 Hitler signed a plan of military action against the USSR. In April 1941, the USSR signed a neutrality pact with Japan. In May 1941, Stalin became chairman of the council of people's commissars.
a) Battle in the border areas of the USSR.
c) Entering the war in the USA.
d) Battle for Kharkov. (20 Soviet divisions were surrounded)
e) The offensive of the Nazi troops in the Caucasus and the Volga.
a) Soviet counter-offensive near Stalingrad (Uranus). 90 thousand German soldiers.
b) Breakthrough Siege of Leningrad January 1943.
c) Battle of Kursk July-August 1943 (tank battle)
d) Allied high-rise in Italy
e) The general offensive of the Soviet troops in the autumn of 1943.
a) Lifting the blockade of Leningrad. January 1944.
b) Liberation of Belarus and Ukraine. April - June 1944
c) The largest landing operation of the USA and England OVER Lord June 1944
d) Liberation of European countries.
I. Patriotism and courage of the Soviet people. 31 million people served in the Red Army for the codes of war. Of these, 20 mil went to front volunteers. About 10 mil participated in the creation of defensive lines. About 2 miles in partisan movement. 118 billion rubles went to the defense fund. More than 900 thousand people left the places of detention for the front.
II. Victory in the economic competition.
III. Skillful organizational activity of the VKPB and the Soviet state as a whole. On June 30, 1941, the creation of the State Defense Committee was announced in the USSR. Led by Stalin. On July 3, Stalin addressed his fellow citizens for the first time with a radio message.
IV. The talent of the Soviet commanders. Rokosovsky, Chuikov, Bagramyan.
V. Assistance to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition.
P.S. the number of dead Soviet people is at least 27 million. Three battles are pivotal battles. 3 names of Soviet commanders.
29.05 the main directions of foreign and domestic policy of the USSR in the first and post-war years.
Already in the course of the Second World War, and especially in the first post-war years, serious changes took place on the plan. The main ones.
I. The totalitarian fascist regimes in Germany and Italy were destroyed.
II. Democratic revolutions took place in the countries of Eastern Europe.
III. The collapse of the colonial system began. (India, Indonesia, Burma, Egypt gained independence)
V. The United States has acquired the status of a superpower. 1945 The United States produced more military products than the USSR, Germany and Great Britain together. To share The US accounted for 46% of the world industrial production. In addition, 80% of the gold reserves of the countries of the capitalist world. The US had a monopoly on nuclear weapons. On July 16, 1945, the United States exploded the first atomic bomb. At the same time, the United States had a powerful navy and the most powerful strategic bomber aircraft.
VI. The positions of the USSR in the world arena were noticeably strengthened. The USSR had the most combat-ready land army in the world. There was a strong military-industrial complex in the camp, Soviet troops were located on the territory of a number of large Soviet and European powers. The representative of the USSR became a permanent member of the UN Security Council (the right of veto), while the country experienced a huge need for investments necessary to restore the destroyed economy. During the years of the war, more than 27 million people died, more than 1,700 cities and towns, more than 7,000 villages, more than 65,000 km of railway were destroyed.
It is no coincidence that many researchers believe that in 1945 there was an objective basis for cooperation between the USSR and the USA in the post-war world. However, this did not happen, and the cold war came to replace the policy of cooperation.
The Cold War is a global geopolitical, economic and ideological confrontation between the USSR (and its allies) and the United States (allies).
Causes of the Cold War.
I. The pressure of the military industrial complexes of the USA and the USSR on the state apparatuses of these 2 countries. Which began during the war and rapidly increased in the first years after the war.
II. Ideological conflicts and contradictions aggravated between the capitalist and socialist countries after the end of the Second World War.
III. The struggle for geopolitical influence in Europe, Asia, the Middle East between the USSR and the USA.
Histories debate the exact date the Cold War began. From the point of view of Western researchers, this happened on February 9, 1946, when Stalin was in his election speech. Stalin recognized 2 important factors a) the world has split into 2 camps b) the threat of war between them is real. From the point of view of domestic researchers March 5, 1946ᴦ. On this day, former British Prime Minister Churchill delivered a speech in the American town of Fulton. Churchill stated that the USSR had ceased to be an ally of the Western powers, as it was striving to take advantage of the fruits of the war in its own interests. Churchill urged the English-speaking countries to create a single union capable of resisting the threats of war and tyranny. The principles of freedom and human rights must be protected throughout the world and by any means.
Churchill's ideas formed the basis of the new US global political doctrine of the doctrine of containment of communism. in this doctrine, it is conditionally possible to distinguish 3 elements a) the program of economic assistance plan (Marshal) b) the practice of building military bases and creating military blocs. The NATO bloc was created on April 4, 1949, it initially included 11 states. C) powerful propaganda campaigns. The confrontation between the USSR and the USA took place in different regions of the world and in 1950 led to an open armed conflict on the territory of Korea.
All these processes had a negative impact on the situation in the USSR, where in the first years after the war, many social, economic and political problems noticeably worsened.
· 1946 the western regions of the country were seized by drought - no harvest, famine. About 1 million people died.
· Guerrilla warfare in the Baltics.
· Serious problems are connected with the demilitarization of the economy. 1946 in the USSR was approved 5-year plan for the restoration of the national economy. His philosophy was best expressed by the official slogan of this five-year plan, we will restore factories first and then houses. To implement the basic indicators of this plan, a system of emergency measures was introduced in the country.
1) In 1947, a monetary reform was carried out in the USSR. The rationing of the distribution of products was canceled.
2) State loans were revived, taxes on gardens and livestock were sharply increased.
3) Massive political repressions resumed in the country, which affected the generals, representatives of the intelligentsia, representatives of science, as well as representatives of the party apparatus - the Leningrad case
At the cost of enormous efforts, the USSR made a powerful breakthrough in its economic development. 1952 the country was restored to the pre-war level of coal production, cement steel production. The construction of giant power plants on the Angara and the Volga has begun. September 29, 1949 - test of the atomic bomb. Soviet scientists, special services, foreign scientists played an important role in its creation. In the international arena, events did not develop in the most favorable way for the USSR. (war in Korea, conflict with Yugoslavia, aggravation of relations with China). The 19th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which took place in October 1952, confirmed the rumors about Stalin's serious illness. At the end of the congress, Stalin took the floor for the last time. In his short speech, Stalin lashed out with sharp criticism of Molotov and Mikoyan. ==== A new wave of repression. On March 5, 1953, Stalin's death was officially announced in the USSR. A very important era has come to an end not only in the history of the USSR, but also in the history of mankind.
Causes of the victory of the USSR in World War II. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Reasons for the victory of the USSR in World War II." 2017, 2018.
Causes of the war. Distribution of forces.
The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR. Periodization of the Great Patriotic War.
The course of hostilities
Causes and significance of the victory of the USSR.
The Second World War (1939 - 1945) was formed on the basis of the same circle of contradictions that caused the world conflict of 1914 - 1918. A new phenomenon was the establishment of the Soviet Union in the international arena and the formation of centers of world aggression in connection with the fascisization of a number of European countries, the growth of the expansionist goals of militaristic Japan and the establishment in 1933 of the national socialist regime of A. Hitler in Germany., which set the goal of establishing world domination.
The strategy of the "Western democracies" (England, France, USA), on the one hand, consisted in obstructing Hitler's hegemonic goals, on the other hand, in channeling his aggressive plans towards the USSR.
The foreign policy of the USSR was formed on the basis of the continuity of the traditional Russian foreign policy of upholding the geopolitical interests of the empire, ideologized by Marxism-Leninism. The foreign policy doctrine of the Soviet Union combined the principles of "internationalism", which provided for pushing the "world revolution", and "peaceful coexistence", calculated on the development of relations with the capitalist countries. The Soviet leadership sought to prevent the country from being drawn into armed conflicts, without refusing to support the revolutionary movement throughout the world and using the contradictions in the “enemy camp” to strengthen their own positions and accelerate revolutionary processes.
The contradictory lines of the leading powers allowed fascist Germany to quickly restore and multiply its military and economic potential.
In 1936, Germany and Japan signed the "Anti-Comintern Pact" with an anti-Soviet orientation. An aggressive bloc of "axis countries" (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo) is being formed. Munich Agreement (September 1938) between England and France. Germany and Italy allow Hitler to occupy Czechoslovakia (in 1936 Germany annexes Austria). Attempts to create a system of collective security by the forces of England, France and the USSR were unsuccessful: negotiations in 1939. revealed insurmountable differences between the parties. On August 23, 1939, the Soviet leadership is going to sign a non-aggression pact with Germany for a period of 10 years with a secret appendix, in which the spheres of influence of the parties in Eastern Europe were delimited. The consequences of this sharp turn towards an alliance with Nazi Germany were controversial. The USSR countered the immediate threat of aggression and strengthened its geopolitical position by moving the border to the west. However, the pact undermined the moral prestige of the country in the eyes of world public opinion, disoriented the anti-fascist forces, gave Hitler the opportunity to build up military power and use the “surprise factor” by attacking the USSR.
On September 1, 1939, the Second World War began with the German attack on Poland. In accordance with the Soviet-German agreements (secured by the September 28 Treaty of Friendship and Borders, which violates the sovereignty of a number of neighboring states), the Red Army units enter Polish territory (Western Ukraine and Western Belarus). The peoples of Latvia. The Soviet political system is imposed on Lithuania and Estonia, with their subsequent accession to the Soviet Union. In November 1939, the USSR unleashes a war with Finland, seeking to create a pro-Soviet regime and resolve the issue of moving the border from Leningrad. In March 1940, after heavy fighting that revealed weaknesses in the training of troops, a peace treaty was signed transferring the entire territory of the Karelian Isthmus to the USSR.
During 1940 - the first half of 1941. Germany occupied a number of European countries (France capitulated in June 1940). England was only able to defend itself. Having virtually eliminated the threat of war on two fronts, Hitler prepared an attack on the USSR.
2 . On June 22, 1941, the armed forces of Nazi Germany and its satellites (Italy, Finland, Romania, Hungary) invaded the USSR. The Great Patriotic War began, which became the most important component of the Second World War as a whole.
German goals: the extermination of the "racially inferior population" and the destruction of the statehood of the enemy; the liquidation of the USSR was supposed to create a basis for continuing the struggle for world domination.
USSR goals: repulse the attack and destroy the aggressor "in his lair".
Periodization of the Great Patriotic War is determined by the nature of hostilities and the change in the ratio of the military-economic potentials of the opponents.
June 22, 1941 - autumn 1942 - initial period of the war. The strategic initiative in the conditions of the superiority of the mobilized potential, as a whole, belonged to Germany.
End of 1942 (Battle of Stalingrad) - autumn 1943 (liberation of Kyiv) - root fracture. The strategic initiative is passing to the Soviet armed forces, which rely on the growing military and economic potential.
1944 - May 1945 (surrender of Germany) - victorious end to the war. In the conditions of a significant superiority of the military and economic potential, the Soviet Army, in cooperation with the allies on the Western Front, liberated the countries of Eastern and Central Europe from the Nazi occupation and captured the capital of the Reich, Berlin.
Initial period. Side Plans.
According to the Barbarossa plan, the German armed forces (Wehrmacht), with the participation of the Allied troops, attacked in the direction of Leningrad, Moscow - the main one, and Kyiv. It was supposed to take over Moscow before the onset of the autumn-winter period and reach the line Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan, which was recognized as the end of the campaign.
The idea of the Soviet High Command was to defeat the enemy in the border zone and transfer military operations beyond the boundaries of Soviet territory.
The course of hostilities. Attempts by the Soviet command to organize counterattacks were unsuccessful. By mid-July, the Germans occupied almost the entire Baltic, Belarus, the Right Bank of Ukraine. The irretrievable losses of the Soviet troops amounted to 700 thousand people.
Reasons for the defeat of the Soviet troops in the initial period of the war:
Insufficient readiness of troops and military-economic potential for combat operations, which was explained both by objective circumstances (incomplete reorganization of the Soviet armed forces; the superiority of Wehrmacht personnel in combat experience), and subjective (bleeding of command personnel during purges in the 20s - 30s, gross miscalculations of top management in predicting events);
The totalitarian nature of Stalin's sole power, which excluded collective decision-making.
Battle of Moscow. In October - November 1941, German troops came close to the capital. On December 5-6, the counter-offensive of the Red Army began (the actions of the fronts were coordinated by G.K. Zhukov), which made it possible to push back the enemy, who lost about 0.5 million people (approximately the same number were the losses of the Red Army).
The meaning of the Moscow battle. The victory marked the collapse of the "blitzkrieg" doctrine, made a protracted war a fact, which Germany could not win due to limited resources.
Reasons for the victory near Moscow: - the viciousness of the "blitzkrieg" doctrine;
Growing resistance of the Soviet troops;
The beginning of the restructuring of the country on a military footing: the creation of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, which centralized the management of the armed forces, and the State Defense Committee, which concentrated all the fullness of state power (both bodies were headed by Stalin); mobilization measures (according to German analysts, the USSR was able to form no more than six dozen divisions within six months, in fact, an additional 324 divisions were advanced to the front during this period); restructuring the economy for military needs (despite the halving of industrial production, the production of tanks in the second half of 1941 almost tripled, guns tripled, aircraft - more than 1.5 times);
The growth of patriotic sentiment in Soviet society, the transformation of the war into a people's war.
Military operations in the summer - autumn of 1942. In July 1942, the Nazi troops struck on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front in the direction of the lower reaches of the Volga and the Caucasus in order to capture the vital regions of the European south of the USSR.
Reasons for the defeat of Soviet troops in the south: - some preponderance of the military-economic potential of Germany;
The miscalculations of the Soviet leadership, which overestimated the consequences of success in the winter of 1941-1942. and carried out a number of offensive operations, which exceeded the capabilities of the Soviet troops; the intention of the enemy was not revealed.
Root fracture. The beginning of a radical turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War and the turning point of the Second World War was the Battle of Stalingrad, which began on the outskirts of the Volga and developed from November 19, 1942 into the offensive of the Soviet troops (under the leadership of the outstanding commanders G.K. Zhukov and A.V. Vasilevsky) , which ended in encirclement and destruction by February 1943. more than 300,000 enemy troops. The losses of the Nazi troops during the battle amounted to about 1.5 million people.
In July 1943, in the battle on the Kursk Bulge, Soviet troops defeated the last offensive grouping of the Nazis. By the end of the year, Soviet troops, having defeated more than two hundred enemy divisions, liberated more than half of the temporarily occupied territories of the country.
Causes of a root fracture- completion of the restructuring of the rear (by the end of 1942, a rapid increase in the production of weapons and military equipment began in volumes that exceeded the capabilities of Germany);
Determined by the summer of 1943, the superiority of Soviet troops over the enemy in terms of numbers and equipment;
The growth of combat experience;
Strengthening the partisan movement;
Some changes in the mechanism of the Stalinist regime. The relative curtailment of repressions, greater trust, appeal to historical national values (the rehabilitation of the Orthodox Church began) meant a partial de-Stalinization of the system.
Final period. In 1944, the Soviet Army liberated the vast majority of the territories of the USSR occupied at the beginning of the war and embarked on a liberation mission in Europe.
The problem of the second front. The main military-strategic task of the anti-Hitler coalition was considered to be the addition of the Soviet-German front with a second one - in the west of the European continent. The successes of the Anglo - American troops in North Africa in the autumn of 1942 - in the summer of 1943. with the subsequent landing in Italy did not pose a threat to the vital centers of the Reich. On June 6, 1944, the allied forces under the overall command of the American General D. Eisenhower launched a landing operation across the English Channel, which created the conditions for waging a coalition war in Europe.
The problems with the opening of the Second Front were explained by the complexity of the operation and the contradictions in the ranks of the Allies. The actions of the allies to an increasing extent began to depend on considerations for the post-war order of the world.
Capitulation of Germany. Actions in the European theater in 1945 were in the nature of a counter advance of the allied forces (the main forces of the Wehrmacht remained on the eastern front). At the end of April, Soviet troops launched an assault on Berlin. On April 30, Hitler committed suicide. On May 8, in Berlin, under the chairmanship of Zhukov, an act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. On May 9, Soviet troops liberated Prague - this day became the Day of the USSR Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
Participation of the USSR in the defeat of Japan. On August 8, 1945, having denounced the agreement on Soviet-Japanese neutrality in April, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. As a result of a three-week operation under the command of Marshal Vasilevsky, the enemy Kwantung Army was defeated (more than half a million prisoners were taken) and northeastern China, northern Korea, southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were liberated.
The nuclear bombardment by the American Air Force of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and 9, 1945), which resulted in the death of about 300,000 civilians, was not so much a consequence of military necessity as an instrument of political pressure on the USSR.
On September 2, 1945, the act of unconditional surrender of Japan was signed. World War II, which killed more than 50 million people, is over.
Reasons for the victory of the USSR:- The Soviet Union waged a just war for national independence, which ensured a moral advantage over the enemy;
The mobilization capabilities of the Soviet system, which made it possible, despite the catastrophe at the beginning of the war, to create, in essence, a “second” military-economic base; diplomatic efforts that ensured the coalition nature of the war.
The mental properties of the people, accumulated by the centuries-old tradition of the struggle for survival in the difficult natural, climatic and geopolitical conditions of northern Eurasia.