Expanders of systems of water heating in private houses. How to make heating in a private house with your own hands and where to start

An efficient heating system will make life comfortable in any home. Well, if the heating works very badly, then no design delights will save the level of comfort. Therefore, now we will talk about the schemes and rules for installing elements of a system that heats a home.

What you need for assembly - 3 main parts

Any heating system consists of three basic components:

• heat source - this role can be a boiler, stove, fireplace;
• heat transfer line - usually this is the pipeline through which the coolant circulates;
• heating element- in traditional systems, this is a classic radiator that converts the energy of the coolant into thermal radiation.

The layout of the boiler room in the house

Of course, there are schemes that exclude the first and second elements of this chain. For example, the well-known furnace heating, when the source is also a heating element, and there is no heat transfer line in principle. Or convection heating, when a radiator is excluded from the chain, since the source heats the air in the house to the desired temperature. However, the furnace scheme was considered outdated at the beginning of the twentieth century, and the convection option is very difficult to implement with your own hands without special knowledge and specific skills. Therefore, most household systems are built on the basis of a hot water boiler and a water circuit (pipeline-wiring).

As a result, for the construction of the system, we need one boiler, several radiators (usually their number is equal to the number of windows) and fittings for the pipeline with associated fittings. Moreover, in order to assemble the heating of a private house, you will have to connect all these components within one system with your own hands. But before that, it would be nice to understand the parameters of each element - from the boiler to pipes and radiators, in order to know what to buy for the house.

Which boiler to choose and how to calculate its power

Water heating draws energy from a special boiler, the combustion chamber of which is surrounded by a jacket filled with liquid heat carrier. At the same time, any products can burn in the furnace - from gas to peat. Therefore, before assembling the system, it is very important to choose not only the power, but also the type of heat source. And you have to choose between three options:

• Gas boiler - it converts main or bottled fuel into heat.
• Solid fuel heater - it is powered by coal, firewood or fuel pellets (pellets, briquettes).
• An electrical source - it converts electricity into heat.

The best option of all of the above is a gas heat generator that runs on main fuel. It is cheap to operate and operates continuously, since fuel is supplied automatically and in arbitrarily large volumes. Moreover, such equipment has virtually no drawbacks, except for the high fire hazard, which is inherent in all boilers.

Not a bad option heat generator heating private house without gas pipeline, is a solid fuel boiler. Especially models designed for long-term burning. Fuel for such boilers can be found anywhere, and a special design allows you to reduce the frequency of loading from twice a day to one filling of the furnace every 2-3 days. However, even such boilers are not spared from periodic cleaning, therefore this moment is the main disadvantage of such a heater.

The worst option of all possible is an electric boiler. The disadvantages of such a proposal are obvious - the transformation of electricity into heat carrier energy is too expensive. In addition, an electric boiler needs frequent replacement heater and the arrangement of a reinforced electrical wiring line, as well as grounding. The only plus of this option is the complete absence of combustion products. An electric boiler does not require a chimney. Therefore, most households choose either the gas or solid fuel option. However, in addition to the type of fuel, the homeowner also needs to pay attention to the parameters of the heat generator itself, or rather, to its power, which should compensate heat loss dwellings in winter.

The choice of a boiler in terms of power begins with calculations of the footage of heated rooms. Moreover, for each square meter there should be at least 100 watts of thermal power. That is, for a room of 70 squares, you need a boiler for 7000 watts or 7 kW. In addition, it would be nice to include a 15% reserve in the boiler capacity, which will come in handy during extreme cold. As a result, for a house of 70 m 2, a boiler of 8.05 kW (7 kW 15%) is needed.

More accurate calculations heater power does not operate with squares of area, but with the volume of the house. In this case, it is considered that the energy costs for heating one cubic meter equal to 41 watts. And a house with an area of ​​70 m 2 with a 3-meter ceiling height should be heated by a heat generating device with a power of 8610 watts (70 × 3 × 41). And taking into account a 15% power reserve for extreme cold, the maximum heat generating capacity of such a boiler should be 9901 watts, or, taking into account rounding, 10 kW.

Batteries and pipes - copper, propylene or metal-plastic?

To conduct a heating system around the house, we need pipes and radiators. The latter can be chosen, even based on aesthetic preferences. In a private house there is no high pressure in the system, therefore, there are no restrictions on the strength characteristics of radiators. However, the requirements for the heat generating capacity of the batteries still remain. Therefore, when choosing radiators, it will be correct to focus not only on appearance but also for heat transfer. After all, the power of the heating element must correspond to the area or volume of the room. For example, in a room of 15 squares there should be a battery (or several radiators) with a capacity of 1.5 kW.

With pipes you get more difficult situation. Here you need to take into account not only the aesthetic component, but also the ability to install the network on your own with minimal knowledge and effort on the part of a homegrown locksmith. Therefore, as candidates for the role of ideal fittings for wiring, we can consider only three options:

• Copper pipes - they are used in the arrangement of both domestic and industrial heating systems, but are very expensive. In addition, such fittings are connected by soldering, and this operation is not familiar to everyone.
• Polypropylene pipes - they are cheap, but their installation requires a special welding machine. However, even a child can master such a device.
• Metal-plastic pipes - such a system can be assembled with a wrench. In addition, metal-plastic is not more expensive polypropylene pipes and saves on corner fittings.

As a result, it is better to assemble home-made heating on the basis of metal-plastic fittings, since it does not require the performer to be able to handle welding machine or a soldering iron. In turn, the collet fittings of the metal-plastic pipeline can be mounted even by hand, helping yourself with wrenches only at the last 3-4 revolutions. Regarding the dimensions of the reinforcement, or rather the passage diameter, experienced professionals on the arrangement of heating systems, the following opinion was formed: for a system with a pump, you can choose a ½ inch pipe - such throughput diameter more than enough for a home system.

Well, if pressure equipment is not used (water will flow through the pipes by gravity, induced by gravitational and thermal convection), then a 1¼ or 1½ inch pipe will be enough for such a system. It is not necessary to buy rebar of a larger diameter under such circumstances. And what kind of wiring to choose - pressure or non-pressure, we will talk about this below in the text, at the same time discussing the optimal schemes for connecting batteries to the boiler.

Optimal wiring diagram for self-assembly

Home heating is built on the basis of two schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In addition, household wiring can also be built on a collector basis, but it is difficult for novice craftsmen to assemble such a scheme, so we will not consider this option further in the text, focusing only on one- and two-pipe options.

Single-pipe wiring assumes the following coolant circulation plan: the hot stream leaves the boiler jacket and overflows through the pipe into the first battery, from which it enters the second and so on, to the very extreme radiator. There is virtually no return in such a system - it is replaced by a short segment connecting the last battery and the boiler. Moreover, when designing a single-pipe forced circuit, pressure equipment is placed on this segment ( circulation pump).

Such a system is very easy to assemble. To do this, you need to install the boiler, hang the batteries and forward one wiring thread between each pre-installed elements of the heating circuit. However, you will have to pay for the ease of installation by the lack of mechanisms for controlling the heat transfer of radiators. In this case, it is possible to regulate the temperature in the room only by changing the intensity of fuel combustion in the boiler. And nothing else.

Of course, given the high cost of fuel, this nuance will suit only a few homeowners, so they try not to use single-circuit wiring in rooms of 50 square meters or more. However, for small buildings, such wiring is just perfect, as well as for natural pattern coolant circulation, when the pressure is generated due to temperature and gravitational inducement.

The two-pipe system is arranged a little differently. In this case, the following scheme of movement of the coolant operates: water leaves the boiler jacket and enters the pressure circuit, from which it merges into the first, second, third batteries, and so on. The return line in this system is implemented as a separate circuit laid parallel to the pressure branch, and the coolant that has passed through the battery is drained into the return line, returning to the boiler. That is, in a two-circuit scheme, the radiators are connected to the pressure and return pipes using special branches embedded in two main lines.

To make such a circuit, you need to use more pipes and fittings, but all costs will pay off in the near future. The double-circuit option assumes the possibility of adjusting the heat transfer of each battery. To do this, it is enough to install a shut-off and control valve in the branch connected to the radiator from the pressure line, after which it becomes possible to control the volumes of coolant pumped through the battery without interfering with the general circulation. Thanks to this, you can protect yourself not only from overheating the air in a particular room, but also from the senseless waste of fuel and personal funds allocated for its purchase.

This version of the wiring diagram has only one disadvantage: it is very difficult to assemble an effective system based on it. natural circulation coolant. But on the basis of the pump, it works much better than a single-circuit analogue. Therefore, in what follows, we will consider step by step instructions assembly of a single-circuit system on natural circulation and a double-circuit network on forced induction of the movement of the coolant.

Assembling a heating system with natural circulation

The construction of a system with natural circulation begins with the choice of a place for. The heat source must be in corner room, located at the lowest point of the wiring. After all, the batteries will go along the inner perimeter, along bearing walls, and even the last radiator should be located slightly above the boiler. After the location for the boiler is selected, you can proceed with its installation. To do this, the wall in the placement area is tiled, and either a galvanized sheet or a panel of flat slate. The next step is the installation of the chimney, after which you can install the boiler itself, connecting it to exhaust pipe and fuel line (if any)

Further installation is carried out in the direction of movement of the coolant and is implemented according to the following scheme. First, batteries are hung under the windows. Moreover, the upper branch pipe of the last radiator should be located above the pressure outlet from the boiler. The elevation value is calculated based on the proportion: one running meter wiring is equal to two centimeters of elevation. The penultimate radiator is hung 2 cm above the last one, and so on, up to the first battery in the direction of the coolant.

When the required number of batteries already weighs on the walls of the house, you can proceed to the wiring assembly. To do this, you need to connect a 30-cm section of horizontal pipeline to the pressure pipe (or fitting) of the boiler. Further, a vertical pipe, raised to the level of the ceiling, is docked to this section. In this pipe vertical line wind the tee, providing a transition to a horizontal slope and arranging the tie-in of the expansion tank.

To mount the tank, a vertical fitting of the tee is used, and a second horizontal section is screwed to the free outlet pressure pipe, which is pulled under a slope (2 cm by 1 m) to the first radiator. There, the horizontal passes into the second vertical section, descending to the radiator pipe, with which the pipe is joined using a collet fitting with a threaded drive.

Next, you need to connect the upper pipe of the first radiator to the corresponding connector of the second radiator. To do this, use a pipe of the appropriate length and two fittings. After that, the lower radiator pipes are connected in the same way. And so on, until the docking of the penultimate and last battery. In the final, you need to mount the Mayevsky faucet into the upper free fitting of the last battery and connect a return pipe to the lower free connector of this radiator, which is led into the lower pipe of the boiler.

To fill the system with water in the return pipe, you can equip a tie-in tee with a ball valve on the side outlet. We connect the outlet from the water supply to the free end of this valve. After that, the system can be filled with water and the boiler turned on.

Heating with forced circulation in 8 steps

It will be justified in the case of single-circuit wiring. However maximum efficiency a system with forced circulation will be provided only by two-pipe wiring, equipped according to the following rules:

1. 1. The boiler can be installed on the floor or hung on the wall in any room without monitoring the level of the heater.
2. 2. Further, two pipes are lowered from the pressure and return pipes of the boiler to the floor level, using either couplings or angle fittings.
3. 3. To the ends of these pipes, two horizontal lines- push and pull. They go along the load-bearing walls of the house, from the boiler to the location of the extreme battery.
4. 4. At the next stage, you need to hang the batteries, not paying attention to the level of the location of the nozzles relative to the adjacent radiator. The input and output of the battery can be located at the same level or at different levels, this fact will not affect the heating efficiency.
5. 5. Next, we cut into the pressure and return branches along the tee, placing them under the inlet and outlet of each battery. After that, we connect the tee of the pressure pipe to the inlet to the battery, and the fitting on the return line to the outlet. And this operation will have to be done with all batteries. According to a similar scheme, we also mount taps for connecting a warm floor in the system.
6. 6. At the next stage, install the expansion tank. To do this, we cut a tee into the section of the pressure pipe between the boiler and the first battery, the outlet of which we connect vertical pipe with expansion tank.
7. 7. Next, you can do the installation of the circulation pump. To do this, we mount a valve and two tees in the return line between the first battery and the boiler, collecting a bypass for the pump. Further, we remove two L-shaped segments from the tees, between the ends of which we mount the pump.
8. 8. In the final, we equip a drain for pouring water into the system. To do this, you need to embed another tee between the pump and the boiler, connecting a hose from the water supply to its outlet.

By following this plan, you can collect two-pipe wiring in a house of any size. After all, the design of such a system does not depend on the number of batteries - the installation principle will be identical for both two and 20 radiators.

How to improve system efficiency - battery or bypass?

To increase the efficiency of heating systems in everyday life, either heat accumulators or bypasses are used. The first are mounted in boiler rooms large area, the second - in small rooms, where, in addition to the boiler, there is other equipment. The heat accumulator is a container filled with water, inside which the pressure and return lines of the heating system are laid. As a rule, such a container is placed immediately after the boiler. Safety valves, expansion tanks and circulation pumps can be inserted into the section of the pressure and return pipeline located between the heater and the accumulator.

At the same time, the pressure line heats up the water in the tank, and the return line is heated by the liquid poured into the accumulator. Therefore, when the boiler burner is turned off, the system can work for some time only from a heat accumulator, which is very beneficial when used in a circuit that generates excess energy at the start of combustion of a portion of firewood or coal laid in the furnace. The capacity of the heat accumulator is determined by the proportion of 1 kW of boiler power = 50 liters of tank volume. That is, for a heater with a power of 10 kW, a battery with a volume of 500 liters (0.5 m 3) is needed.

A bypass is a bypass pipe that is welded between the pressure and return branches. Its diameter should not exceed the radius of the main line. Moreover, it is better to insert a shut-off valve into the body of the bypass in advance, blocking the circulation of the coolant.

When the valve is open, part of the hot flow does not go into the pressure circuit, but immediately into the return. Thanks to this, it is possible to reduce the heating temperature of the battery by 10 percent, reducing the volume of coolant pumped through the radiator by 30%. As a result, with the help of a bypass, it is possible to adjust the operation of the radiator in both double-circuit and single-circuit wiring. In the latter case, this is especially true, since the bypass embedded in the first two batteries provides stronger heating of the last radiator in the line and makes it possible to control the temperature in the rooms, although not as efficiently as in the case of two-pipe wiring.

Arrange a comfortable life away from the dusty, dirty city, traffic jams and eternal incessant noise, every city dweller dreams in his soul. No neighbors, clean air, comfort and nature around. For comfortable life in a country house are necessary modern facilities provided by civilization: light, heating, water. There are no problems with light, electrification in the country is at the level, a well is being dug for water. But here with heating it is more difficult. It is not modern to heat a Russian brick oven every day. good decision will become water heating a private house, made by hand, its schemes are simple and clear.

The principle of operation of water heating is as follows: metal pipes are pulled through the house and radiators (batteries) are installed. Flowing through the pipes hot water, getting into the batteries, it gives off heat to the surrounding space, heating the home.

Within the city limits, houses are heated with the help of heated water, which is supplied through pipelines from the boiler house through the city. For a private house, you will need your own system and boiler room.

The simplest water heating system consists of the following parts:

• Boiler;
• Pipes;
• Radiators;
• Pump;
• Expansion tank.

Boiler

Heating will not work without a boiler. It heats the water, whether it is enough heat depends on its correct choice, whether the system will be really economical. As a result of fuel combustion, the boiler heats up, water flows through it, take heat and send it to the house heating system.

Boilers differ in design, type of fuel, computer control, and even the ability to automate fuel supply.

The most popular boilers for Russian conditions operate on wood fuel and gas.

The main parameter of the boiler is its power, it is measured in kW and is calculated based on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house. The type of fuel is selected from personal preference and storage capacity.

For gas-fired boilers, a gas storage tank is installed in the ground on the site for the house, which can be filled by calling special equipment. Capacities are calculated for the season. Having a pressurized container on site is safe enough. Gas is much cheaper existing species fuel.

Wood fired boilers (wood, charcoal, pallets) will require the installation of a boiler room, fuel storage and secure ash storage. Ash are the unburned residues of wood fuel that pollute the boiler over time. Periodically, such a boiler must be cleaned of carbon deposits, unloaded ashes and unloaded into a non-burning container.

Ash outside the boiler can smolder for three to four days and can cause a fire. The cooled ash is used as fertilizer.

To maintain combustion, the boiler must be loaded with fuel. Depending on the design of the boiler, power and size, this will need to be done once an hour or every few days. It is better to equip the boiler room with a fire extinguishing system and an alarm system. If everything is done correctly and with proper operation, a solid fuel boiler is absolutely safe.

Modern boilers are not just potbelly stoves. Their design is much more complex and it provides the maximum efficiency, the more perfect the boiler in terms of technology, the better and more completely the fuel burns and the less unburned parts remain. Technological boilers may require a certain type of fuel. The boiler, which is working and designed only for expensive Finnish pallets, will not flare up on local analogues and will not reach working, economical modes.

Modern boilers are equipped with electronic and computer control systems that allow you to control the temperature in the room. Based on them, you can even implement some kind of " smart home» - organize boiler control based on a smartphone application or via SMS. Such a house will be able to save heat while the owner is not at home and warm up before his arrival..

Boilers with automatic fuel supply are equipped with containers and mechanisms that themselves load the boiler with fuel, for some time relieving the owner from the work of a stoker.

You can also heat water with an electric boiler, they are the easiest to use and maintain. They only need to be connected to the network. But the energy consumption will be very high, and the electricity bills will shock the owner of the house.

The cost of heating with electricity is at least 4-6 times more expensive than gas or firewood.

Any boiler can also perform the function of a separate heating of hot water for domestic needs. Or, paired with a fuel boiler for such a case, you can install an electric one.

Pipes

Steel or plastic are used, the difference is in the installation method. The only thing to consider is their diameter - it must be sufficient to pass the required amount of water through them. When installing pipes, it is worth taking care of the required number of valves and organizing a water discharge system. If the boiler breaks down, the water in the pipes may freeze. Of course, this will not happen instantly; in an insulated house, the process will take several days. But if this does happen, it is impossible to start the heating system with frozen water in the pipes. It remains only to cut them and mount new ones.

To prevent such troubles, it is worth monitoring the condition of the boiler, insulating pipes located on the street and draining water in any doubtful situations.

Some homeowners fill pipes with antifreeze. But this is not a panacea either - antifreeze may turn out to be of poor quality and diluted with water and freeze already at minus 12 degrees Celsius.

Pipe connection or wiring may be single pipe or double pipe.

1. In the first case, both outlets of the radiator are connected to the same pipe, water flows both through the radiator and simultaneously through the pipe further. This scheme is simpler, but its efficiency is less, since part of the hot water will return without heat transfer. It will be easier for water to flow through a pipe than through a radiator.
2. Two-pipe scheme connects the radiator outlet and inlet to two different pipes: supply and return. The entire flow of heated water passes through the radiator and rushes through another pipe back to the boiler. Such a system will require more wiring, but its efficiency is disproportionately higher.

Radiators

Radiators - these are devices for transferring heat from a coolant, they are calculated based on the parameters of the system. Their areas should be optimal, water should pass through them and give off the maximum amount of heat.

Heat dissipation - important characteristic, which shows how efficiently the radiator gives off heat to the surrounding space.

Pump

In order for the heated water to be sent to the pipes, it is necessary circulation- the movement of water. natural circulation- this is the movement of water without the influence of artificial factors. Given that one part of the water is constantly heated, and the other cools down, such a movement occurs independently. But too slow. The boiler without water movement will overheat, which can lead to its explosion or the operation of emergency equipment. In order to achieve good water circulation, an additional pump is installed. He distills water from one part of the system to another, in a vicious circle. Its characteristics are calculated based on the parameters of the heating system. Too powerful a pump will drive the water too fast, and it will not have time to give up its heat to the radiators. An insufficiently powerful pump will not take enough water, it will be cold in the house, and the boiler will overheat.

It is better to install two pumps in case one burns out. Without the heating pump it will stop.

Expansion tank and make-up system

Expansion tank or storage tank, represents a metal barrel which is connected to the heating system. If the water pressure in the heating system drops (leak), part of the water is taken from this tank and the system continues to operate normally. If the pressure rises (the boiler starts to overheat), the tank first accumulates water in itself, and then bleeds it through safety valve, which opens when the pressure is exceeded and protects pipes from ruptures.

pressure gauge- a metrological device that measures the pressure in a pipe section or in a boiler. The more installed, the better. Over time, they fail and begin to shamelessly lie, so you need to check them at least once a year. If there are problems in the operation of the heating system, the pressure gauge will help determine where.

For the normal implementation of the water heating system, the help of specialists will be needed. It will be necessary to accurately calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house, the thickness and material of walls, windows, doors, the effect of cold wind on the premises. After that, the power of the boiler and pump, the length of the pipelines are calculated, the necessary equipment. Installation of the entire system is a complex procedure that requires knowledge of the nuances and experience.

Thermal circuit

For heating to work economically, it is necessary to create thermal circuit. This is a closed room where heat accumulates.

The harsh Russian winter makes everyone think about warming their home. And if happy apartment owners with central heating can shift their worries to the mighty shoulders of the utility companies, the residents of the so-called private houses have to solve problems on their own. There are many heating options available. However, among various systems home heating most often choose water heating, as the most practical and traditional option.

How is the water heating system arranged?

The principle of operation of water heating is quite simple. The design is a closed system consisting of a heating boiler, piping and radiators.

The boiler heats up the coolant, it can be water or a solution based on one of the glycols, which enters the radiators located in the heated room through pipes. The batteries heat up and give off heat to the air, due to which the room itself heats up. The cooled coolant returns through the pipes to the boiler, where it heats up again and the cycle repeats.

Water heating is a closed system in which the coolant circulates: 1 - expansion tank; 2-automatic control unit; 3-vortex generator; 4 - circulation pump; 5-tank-thermos

The circulation of the coolant, on which all water heating systems are based, can be carried out in two ways - natural and forced.

Option #1 - natural or gravity

The process is carried out through different densities cold and hot water. The heated liquid becomes less dense and, accordingly, weighs less, so it tends to move upwards through the pipes. As it cools, it thickens and then returns to the boiler.

The natural circulation system works due to the action of natural gravitational forces.

The coercive system implies additional costs for expansion tank, pressure gauge, pump, thermostats, etc.

The advantages of the design are undeniable: a small volume of coolant, which can be used not only water, less consumption of pipes, the diameter of which is smaller than in the previous case. The ability to control the temperature of heating radiators, batteries can be of any type with any pipe diameter. The main disadvantage is the dependence on the supply of electricity, with which the pump works.

For a more detailed comparison of the two options, check out this video:

System overview with forced circulation and detailed description the principle of work is presented in our article:.

Devices required for system operation

A home water heating system will function smoothly only if its main components are correctly selected.

Boiler for heating the coolant

Practice shows that it can be of any type: gas, electric, liquid or solid fuel. The most economical models that run on gas. However, they require a gas pipeline, regular monitoring and maintenance by specialists. Solid or liquid fuel assumes complete independence of heating from centralized networks, but will require the arrangement of a special storage facility for fuel reserves.

The boiler is most often installed either in the basement of the house, or in a specially equipped room - the boiler room.

The electric boiler must be connected to the mains and consumes enough a large number of energy. This option is generally of little use, since it is easier to install electric radiators and directly convert electricity into heat.

The power of the equipment is selected based on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room. On average, in order to equip water heating at home, a boiler with a capacity of 1 kW per 10 square meters is selected. meters with a wall height of no more than 3 m. It is also worth considering the degree of insulation of the home, the size of the windows and the presence of possible additional heat consumers.

Pipes that make up the heating circuit

Traditionally they were made of metal. But steel structures mounted by welding are easily corroded. Therefore, they were replaced by galvanized and stainless pipes, which do not have this drawback. The most reliable metal option - copper pipes which withstand pressure drops, temperatures and are not subject to corrosion. They can simply be "hidden" in the walls of the house. However, the high cost of such equipment classifies it as an exclusive option.

The single-pipe system is practically unregulated, since an overlapped battery will block fluid access to all others.

If it is necessary to repair the radiator, it will be necessary to drain the coolant from the system, and only after that it is possible to manipulate the failed device.

Option #2 - two-pipe system

Such a scheme warms up the room more efficiently. It assumes the presence of two pipes suitable for each battery. Through one of them, the heated liquid enters the radiator, and with the help of the other it is discharged after cooling.

A distinctive feature of such a system: pipes with hot coolant are connected to radiators in parallel, which makes it possible to turn off the batteries if necessary.

You can learn more about the device and principle of operation of a two-pipe heating system from our article:

As in the previous version, the temperature in the last radiator will be somewhat lower, but the losses in this case are insignificant.

Option # 3 - collector wiring

The most convenient system to use, assuming the presence of a collector, from which a pipe with a hot coolant goes separately to each of the radiators and another one returns the cooled liquid. It makes it possible to regulate the temperature in the room, repair or replace any part of the system without first turning off the heating. Main disadvantage: high flow pipes and the need to install a manifold cabinet.

If desired, it is quite possible to equip home water heating with your own hands. System design will require accurate calculations and competent selection of equipment, which will subsequently need to be mounted with high quality. If there is doubt in one's own abilities, it is better to entrust a responsible matter to specialists who are professional and short time will do all the necessary work. Their result will be a warm and cozy home.

Water heating is considered the most reliable and simple system used for home heating. Everything is very simple: water is heated with a boiler, then it goes through pipes to the batteries in the premises, gives off heat and returns to the boiler. The circulation process of water is maintained using a device such as a circulation pump.

Water heating system

The water heating system is a closed circuit consisting of a boiler that acts as a heat generator, a piping system and batteries. Water or antifreeze circulates through this system in a constant mode. The fuel for heating water can be coal, wood, kerosene or natural gas, electricity, converters, etc.

Water heating

In addition to the above components, which include a water heating system, this also includes devices designed to regulate the system - an expansion tank for draining excess water or a liquid such as antifreeze that appears in case of heating, thermostats, circulation pump, pressure gauge, shut-off, automatic drain air, safety valves.

A variety of pipes can be used for water heating:

• Steel, stainless steel and galvanized steel. When installing such pipes, they are welded. Steel pipes- subject to corrosion. Galvanized steel and stainless steel do not have such a disadvantage, and when installing them, it is better to use threaded connections.

• Copper. Such pipes are reliable, they endure very high temperature conditions, high pressure. Copper pipes are connected by high-temperature soldering with silver-containing solder. They can be well hidden within the walls of your home. Note that copper pipes are the most expensive, they are used mainly in the construction of exclusive facilities.

• Polymeric (metal-plastic, polyethylene, polypropylene, pipes reinforced with aluminum). Such pipes are quite convenient for installation. Metal-plastic - durable and resistant to the corrosion process, they do not allow sediment to be deposited on the surface inside. They are mounted using press or threaded connections without welding. But such pipes have a large heat expansion coefficient. Therefore, if there was only hot water for a long time, after which it went cold, then such pipes can leak. Therefore, when the boiler is temporarily stopped in winter and the heating systems are defrosted, damage will occur.

Polymer pipes

The choice of piping material that will be used by certain water heating systems must necessarily be agreed with the designers, taking into account factors such as the likelihood of alternative or emergency heating of the building, preferences and financial possibilities. Experts have proven that copper pipes are the most reliable, therefore, to build a durable water heating system, it is necessary to use just such pipes.

Stages of installing a water heating system

The water heating system must be planned based on the location of its main element - the boiler. The boiler itself is installed even before planning the piping. If the boiler is bulky, then a concrete pedestal 4-5 cm high is made for it. The stand can also be made of an iron sheet with asbestos on top. Immediately after the pedestal is ready, the boiler is connected to the chimney, and all connections are covered with clay (but not cement!).

Boiler room of a private house

Remember that the room where the boiler will be placed must have good ventilation - either natural or forced. The ventilation opening can be equipped with louvres to help regulate the air flow.

The piping of the boiler is done only with metal pipes.

Only after you have maintained the distance indicated in the manual, you can already piping metal-plastic pipes, but the introductions to the boiler must be only metal pipes. The pipes that bring water into the boiler must have the same diameter as the pipes that leave it. Adapters must not be used!

Types of water heating systems

The classification of water heating systems implies their division into single-circuit and double-circuit. The first type serves only to heat the premises. The double-circuit system is made not only for space heating, but also for heating water.

Practice shows that the installation of two single-circuit systems is often used: one of them heats the premises, and the second heats the water. At the same time, if it is summer outside, then you can use only one system, while remembering that 25% of the boiler power is spent on heating water for domestic needs.

Schemes of water heating systems involve the use of three options for piping: one-pipe, two-pipe, collector.

Single-pipe wiring is simple: here the heated water from the boiler goes in series from one battery to another. Therefore, the last battery in the chain will be colder than the first. Usually such a system is widespread in apartment buildings. Such a system is quite difficult to manage, because without special tricks it is simply impossible to block the access of the heat carrier to one of the radiators, since access to all the others will be blocked.

Single pipe wiring

Two-pipe wiring involves such a principle of operation of water heating, in which temperature regime easier to control indoors. To everyone heater in this case, two tubes are supplied - with hot and cold water. So, pipes are also able to be bred and star-shaped - a pipe is connected to the battery with hot water, and leaves with a cold one. The temperature of each battery is the same.

There is also a collector or beam wiring. In this case, two pipes are connected from the collector to each heating device - a direct and a return one. The collector is a device that collects water. Due to the versatility of collector systems, the principle of operation of a water heating system can be with hidden pipe wiring. Such a scheme allows the regulation of the system and the installation of special electric motors that maintain a given temperature regime in the premises.

Collector (beam) wiring

The advantage that such a water heating scheme brings is that here it is very easy to regulate the temperature in each room, it is relatively easy to set it, and damaged areas pipes can be replaced without disturbing the entire system.

Advantages and disadvantages of water heating

Among the advantages that a water heating system provides are the following:

• Economy in the cost of materials.
• Enough high level heat capacity. After all, the heat capacity of water exceeds the same indicator of air heated to the same temperature by 4 thousand times.
• Comfortable temperature.

As with any heating system, it is worth highlighting several disadvantages:

• The complexity of installation and operation in comparison with other systems.
• The need for constant monitoring of the operation of the heat generator.
• In case of long-term departure - the need to remove water. After all, if water is not drained from the pipes, then in the case of low temperatures it will freeze, as a result of which the pipeline will burst. In addition, the pipeline with air quickly undergoes corrosion processes.

Installation of water heating is possible only during construction or major repairs.

Long gone are the days when only a stove could heat a private house. The lack of hot water in sufficient volume, the need to melt the stove and keep the fire in it did little to contribute to life outside the city. That is why many sought to move to comfortable multi-story houses where heating and hot water supply were centralized.

Today, much has changed - the abundance and range of modern heating equipment allow you to do heating in the house on your own, even without the involvement of specialists. Now the priority, on the contrary, is living in country houses, since there is hot water all year round, and heating can be turned on at any time without waiting for the decision of the utilities.

In total, there are 3 main energy carriers - gas, solid fuel and electricity. We will talk about each of them, as well as how to properly tie the boiler and ensure the supply of heat to different nodes, in this article.

You will not be able to buy the entire heating system in any store. Can choose individual elements and assemble them into a system, you can purchase materials and make the boiler and piping entirely with your own hands. Regardless of which path you decide to go, you must first decide on the following parameters:

• what type of fuel is planned to be used;
• which fuel is more economically feasible.

What are the home heating systems?

The most famous means of heating from time immemorial was the Russian stove. Among the main disadvantages of such structures today, they distinguish a large size, which is not always convenient, and uneven heating of the air in the room. It is very hot near the stove, warm in two meters, in next room- cold. modern fireplaces, although they have changed over time, in general they act as an analogue of the furnace and therefore can be used exclusively as an auxiliary source of heat.

The most popular and effective system is recognized as a water heating system, where a heated coolant circulates through the pipes and thereby heats the premises.

Air heating is considered no less effective, but practically unknown, mainly on the operation of air heat collectors.

Electric heating can be called a relatively new type that works by converting electricity into thermal energy without using any coolant.

Types of boilers

The main task in organizing heating with your own hands is to create an effective system, mostly automatic, with minimal human participation in its work. Based on the availability of the type of fuel and the appropriateness of its choice, a specific type of boiler should be purchased.

The main classification of boilers depends on the type of fuel:

• gas;
• electric;
• solid fuel;
• combined.

Modern boilers industrial production are economical, relatively silent and easy to operate. The main disadvantage of such equipment is energy dependence, since at the heart of each there is a fan that blows air into the chamber or ensures the movement of the coolant.

The exception applies only to those boilers where it is used. Such a pump belongs to the category of emergency equipment and runs on a battery. In the absence of electricity, the pump ensures the movement of the coolant through the pipes, excluding their freezing and subsequent rupture.

Heating scheme of a private house

Gas

No matter how often the price of gas is indexed in our country, it still remains the cheapest type of fuel.

Modern gas boilers silent, easy to operate, differ in the number of circuits:

• single-circuit - designed only for heating the house

• double-circuit - for heating and hot water supply.

Electric

The safest type of equipment. Able to heat any room by area (power 4-300 kW). The disadvantage of such equipment is only the cost of fuel. Electricity is traditionally the most expensive type of heating compared to gas and solid fuels.

In list key benefits the following can be distinguished:

• large power range of boilers capable of heating up to 350 sq.m. premises of different levels and consisting of several rooms;
• no need for a chimney and exhaust ventilation- heating occurs due to the conversion of electricity into heat, so no combustion products are released;
• environmentally friendly equipment that does not emit any pollutants into the atmosphere;
• compact size and the ability to install in any room without restrictions on quadrature and remoteness;
• there is no need to obtain permits for putting the equipment into operation.

even heat small house electricity is possible only if 3 phases are connected, and the network has an absolutely stable voltage.

Boilers also differ among themselves in the number of circuits:

• single-circuit - only for heating;
• double-circuit - for heating and heating water.

solid fuel

This is an improved "hello" from the past, modernized to the point where it can be left for a week and the temperature in the house will be comfortable. All solid fuel boilers are based on the Kolpakov principle, when the boiler is first warmed up, and then the temperature is maintained at a certain level in order to ensure the stability of the heat carrier heating.

Such boilers are characterized by a fairly high efficiency, but at the same time they need regular (at least 1-2 times a week) cleaning of combustion products, installation of a chimney, organization of exhaust ventilation and the presence of a separate room.

Advantages of solid fuel equipment:

• a wide range of fuels (firewood, coal, pellets, brackets, woodworking and agricultural waste, etc.);
• high efficiency, in some cases reaching 92%;
• the possibility of automating the process for long-burning units.

In order for the heating season not to cause difficulties, it is necessary to prepare in advance a certain amount of fuel sufficient to heat a private house for 2-3 months.

Combined

This type of equipment allows you to rationalize heating costs and ensure permanent job boiler, depending on the availability of a particular fuel.

The main difference lies in the combination solid fuel with other sources - electricity, liquid fuel or gas. Depending on the pair, electric, solid fuel and universal combo boilers are distinguished. The choice depends on what fuel is available in the region.

Transition between alternative sources is carried out by changing the burners, which is quite difficult and does not always work the first time.

Burners are always purchased separately!

When choosing a boiler for a private house, it should be understood that this is only a small part of the entire heating system. of course, it is very important, on which its functioning and maintaining heat in the house will depend, but a lot also depends on the piping of the boiler, on the organization of the heating system and hot water supply.

Types of heating systems

Depending on which coolant circulates in the system, practice the following types heating:

• water, where ordinary water acts as a coolant (in some cases, antifreeze may be added);
• air - coolant - air heated to a certain temperature;
• steam - pipes are heated by steam;
• electrical - electrical appliances (heating elements, infrared emitters, etc.) are placed around the perimeter;
• combined - organization of heating in such a way that the source is not only the coolant, but also other options;
• underfloor heating system.

Each of these methods has certain characteristics, advantages and disadvantages in relation to each other.

This is the simplest type of heating a private house, which is easy to do with your own hands. There are no special requirements for the operation of the system, the main task is to correctly calculate the number of batteries and select the appropriate boiler power.

How to calculate power

There is a universal formula for calculating power:

1 kW power \u003d 10 m 2 of heated area

However, it works only under ideal, one might say, laboratory conditions, which are very far from reality. When determining the parameter, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of a particular house - the year of construction, from which building materials, the presence of thermal insulation, the type of windows and doors, etc.

So, for example, if a house was built more than 30 years ago, but insulated, doors and windows are replaced with modern hermetic structures, the power should be increased by 1.5 times, that is, by 10 sq.m. area to take 1.5 kW. If the scrap was built recently, but not properly insulated, the doors and windows are wooden and see through, the power should be increased already by 2 times.

Power calculation factors

• 2 or more windows to the north side - 1.3;
• 2 or more windows to the south, east and southeast sides - 1.1;
• 2 or more windows on the west side - 1.2.

When organizing water heating, purified water acts as a heat carrier, which does not need to be drained at the end of the heating season. This is a closed system where water circulates under the influence of a pump or by gravity.

Forced coolant circulation

In order to ensure the movement of heated water through pipes, you need centrifugal force. As a rule, a circulation pump is used for these purposes, but a conventional centrifugal pump, only of low power, is quite suitable.

The main task of the pump is to supply cooled water to the boiler for heating it and distribute the already heated coolant throughout the system. Since it is about vicious circle, a constant volume of water circulates through the pipes.

Installation of a circulation pump in the heating system of a private house

Usage pumping equipment although it makes the system volatile, it completely eliminates the need for human participation in the operation of the boiler. The temperature sensor monitors the heating limit, the pump moves the water forward from the boiler to the pipes and back. When it comes to electrical or gas boiler, all participation comes down to only one thing - set a comfortable temperature and forget about the boiler for the whole season.

In order to ensure the operation of the boiler in the absence of electricity, you can purchase a 12 volt circulation pump that runs on a battery.

Coolant circulation by gravity

Today, such a system is extremely rare and only in one-story houses. Here, the coolant moves through the system by gravity, when water of different temperatures moves under the influence of a difference in specific gravity.

A prerequisite The correct circulation of water in a gravity system is the installation of pipes at a small - up to 150 - angle.

Do-it-yourself installation of a water heating system

In order for the house to be comfortable and warm, it is necessary to correctly calculate the number of radiators through which the coolant will circulate. At the same time, pay attention to the fact that all boilers must be equipped with an exhaust ventilation system and a chimney. The exception applies only to the electric boiler.

How to calculate the required number of radiators

The most correct way is to calculate according to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room (in each room separately). According to SNiP, each square meter requires 100 W of heat. Find the area of ​​the room and multiply by required amount heat. So, for example, for a room of 20 sq.m. you will need 2000 W of heat (20 x 100), which corresponds to 2 kW.

Now we determine the number of radiators by the number of sections or units. Each manufacturer indicates the heat transfer of one section of the radiator or a monolithic product. Divide the resulting amount of heat by the heat transfer coefficient and get the number of sections that you convert into radiators, or immediately - the number of radiators.

1. Single-pipe, where only hot water leaves the boiler

In this case, the coolant moves from the first to the last radiator, gradually losing heat. When choosing such a system, it should be borne in mind that in the farthest room the battery will be almost cold.

It is difficult to correct the temperature of the radiators with such a system, since by blocking one radiator, you stop the supply of coolant to all subsequent ones.

1. Two-pipe - supply of hot water from the boiler and return of water to the boiler (return).

This is the most optimal system for heating a private house, where 2 pipes are connected in parallel to each device at once - the primary and the return. In this case, the temperature of all radiators in all rooms will be approximately the same. You can increase or decrease the temperature in each of the rooms as needed.

This method of wiring is also called beam, when a pipe with a direct supply is supplied from the boiler to each device and is discharged with a cold one.

The collector in such a heating system performs the task of accumulating the coolant.

This is a universal system that is suitable for organizing heating in any room, while it is possible to do concealed wiring for each device separately.

Depending on the selected wiring system, the number of pipes and the total cost are determined. Single pipe wiring is the cheapest option.

After the number of radiators has been calculated and the system has been selected, the pipes should be installed.

Previously, metal pipes were used for this purpose. Today, such a solution is not profitable due to cost and susceptibility to corrosion, so polypropylene should be chosen.

Polypropylene pipes in the heating system

Pipes are laid in all rooms that will be heated, moving from one room to another. The pipes are connected to each other with a special soldering iron for plastic pipes.

The water heating system of a private house can be assembled with your own hands, but this will require accurate calculations and a boiler piping scheme. Most main disadvantage such a system - the need for regular prevention. And note that if you use antifreeze, it must be changed every 5 years.

A fairly popular method of heating residential and office space based on the principle of gravity and forced ventilation. The gravitational system implies the movement of air at a temperature difference due to its natural circulation. Different temperature means a different air density, which is why the movement of warm and cold layers occurs.

With air heating in the room, a heater is installed or mounted ventilation ducts, according to which warm air. Each such heat source can be installed anywhere in the room - on the wall, in the ceiling or floor. This has no effect on the principle of convection.

There are 2 main types air heating:

• local (localized);
• central.

Localized

This method is suitable for heating only one room in the room. The heat source can be:

• heaters;
• heat guns;
• thermal curtains.

Optimal in terms of heat supply is a heater that distributes heat for several meters around. The power of such equipment is 1-1.2 kW per hour.

A heat gun is more powerful equipment, which also instantly dries the air in the room. They are used only for heating warehouse and industrial premises where people are a short time. Power 2-2.5 kW per hour.

A thermal curtain is an analogue of an air conditioner that supplies hot air pointwise. Most often, the curtain is placed at the entrance to simultaneously prevent the access of cold air to the room. Power 1.5-2 kW per hour.

Central heating

This is an example of a centralized hot air supply, which operates according to the principle:

• direct-flow or partial recycling;
• full circulation of hot air.

Most often, such a system is chosen in rooms with suspended or stretch ceilings, where ventilation ducts can be made above them. Through such vents, hot air enters the room and circulates in it.

Mounting ventilation ducts in the walls is impractical, since part of it will be needed to mask the ventilation shafts.

The cost of air heating is more expensive both in installation and in the cost of equipment. A gas or electric boiler acts as a source of heat carrier supply.

Advantages:

• filtering the air entering the room;
• fresh air due to the fact that the fence is carried out from the street;
• the possibility of organizing drip irrigation and air ionization.

Disadvantages:

• such a system can only be created in a building house (with the exception of a water gun and a thermal curtain);
• expensive installation.

Electric heating

Most affordable way heating any room, since electricity is everywhere.

The operating principle is based on electric convector that converts electrical energy into heat. Modern models equipped with a large number of functions that completely eliminate the need for human participation in the control of work.

It could be:

• temperature controller depending on the time of day;
• regulator of temperature increase at night and decrease during the day (day-night mode);
• maintaining system pressure and minimum temperature in the absence of people for a long time;
• compliance with the regime even with a short power outage, etc.

Advantages:

• very simple and easy installation, which is quite within the power of everyone;
• exceptionally simple operation;
• mobility of the system, when convectors, if necessary, can be rearranged from room to room.

Disadvantages:

• the high cost of the energy carrier is the most expensive of all existing heating methods.

When choosing electrical way heating must be 3 phases and a stable voltage in the network.

Steam heating

In this case, the principle of operation completely coincides with the water one, with the only difference being that instead of water, steam circulates in the pipe system. The installation of pipes, the choice of boiler power and the organization of the piping are completely identical to the water heating system.

For steam heating, special boilers are used that generate hot steam. Be sure to have a system of filters "Through the system", which purify water from all kinds of impurities before it is converted into a vapor state.

Advantage steam system heating only one thing - savings, since heating occurs almost instantly. The efficiency is 95%.

There are many more disadvantages:

• feature of the equipment - it is extremely difficult to find a steam boiler in free sale;
• high installation cost, which includes wiring special pipes and the presence of a filter system;
• dangerous operation, since the steam temperature exceeds 100 degrees.

Warm floor

The huge advantage of this heating system lies in the large area of ​​the heat-releasing surface. This is ideal for places common use- kitchen, bathroom, corridor, as well as in the living room or children's room.

Optimal is the laying of a warm floor under ceramic tiles - in this case it acts as an excellent conductor. Laminate and parquet are much less often used for underfloor heating, since when the temperature rises, warping of the material and its subsequent dismantling is not excluded.

A prerequisite for the installation of a warm floor is a foil layer. It is not an insulator or a reflector, as is commonly believed. Foil is used to evenly distribute heat over the floor surface. If you do not use such a layer, according to tactile sensations, the floor will resemble a zebra - the strip is warm, the strip is cold.

Heated floors are water, where hot water circulates through pipes and electric - a system of wires, where Electric Energy converted to heat.

Water heated floor

A branch of the water heating system in the form of pipes of small diameter, laid on flat surface gender. A prerequisite is the use of a substrate that will prevent heat loss from contact with the floor.

The complexity of installing a water-heated floor lies in the need to lay pipes and properly connect them to the existing heating system.

Electric floor heating

An elementary type of heating in terms of installation and operation. The only difficulty that may arise is preliminary preparation surfaces for laying wires or mats using concrete screed, and laying flooring on top of a warm floor

Even easier is the use of electric mats on the existing floor. These mats are absolutely safe to use and easy to set up. To exclude mechanical damage, it is recommended to use an electric floor under a carpet or carpet.

In most cases, underfloor heating is auxiliary element heating systems in the house.

How to choose heating for your home

The most correct when choosing a heating system and, accordingly, a boiler is the orientation to the available type of fuel. If there is no gas pipeline in some area, but its installation is already underway, it is advisable to use combined boilers - solid fuel-gas. Where there is no and is not planned gas, but expensive electricity, you can connect an electric boiler.

Each system has both its advantages and disadvantages. Even if you conduct heating in the house yourself, be sure to consult with the designers regarding the type and method. Any of the selected heating systems is quite an expensive pleasure so that you can make mistakes in the calculations.

So, for example, when developing a fireplace, stove or solid fuel boiler with your own hands there is a risk of concentration carbon dioxide indoors, leading to accidents.

The best option would be to purchase ready-made certified equipment, and you can already do the installation and piping with your own hands.

In order to understand exactly which type of heating to prefer, the cost of each type of fuel and its consumption per unit of time should be taken into account.

As of March 2016, fuel prices are as follows:

• 1 liter of diesel - $ 0.5. The cost of 1kW/h of energy is $0.05.
• 1 m 3 natural gas for individuals — $0.05. The cost of 1 kWh is $0.006.
• 1 liter of bottled gas - $ 0.3. The cost of 1 kWh is $0.020.
• 1 kWh of electricity for individual — 0,03 $.
• 1 kg of coal on average $0.3. The cost of 1 kWh is $0.05.