Heating appliance systems: device, connection, types. A variety of modern heating systems - their design and management

Greetings to everyone who reads this article. Winter is coming, which means that sales of electric heating devices will increase sharply in stores. No one needs to explain what this is connected with, it just got cold and that's it ... If you also need to buy some kind of device for heating a residential or industrial premises, then this article will be helpful to you. I have previously written articles about and, so I will not touch on them in this article. I will start my story with the most popular, in my opinion, electric heaters - oil coolers!

Oil coolers - the principle of operation and choice.

From the name it is clear that inside such radiators are filled with special oil, which is heated with a heating element. In addition, each oil cooler has a thermostat to set the desired temperature for you. temperature regime. Like any other, an oil radiator heats the room to a greater extent due to thermal radiation. His

When choosing a radiator in a store, you need to examine its appearance - it should please the eye, that is, there should not be any cracks, paint chips, traces of oil, etc. If you see any of this, then ask the seller to change the product for you. We will talk about the choice of power below.

Oil cooler power selection.

The choice of oil cooler power is done as follows:

• If you plan to use an oil cooler as a supplement to the main heating, then a device that produces 70-100 watts of power per 1 square meter area of ​​the room.
• If you need to use an oil radiator as the main heating, then you need a device with a power density of 150-200 W per square meter.

Setting the comfortable room temperature.

In order to adjust the oil cooler to a comfortable temperature for you, you need to do the following:

1. Turn on the oil cooler at full power by turning the thermostat knob to the leftmost position.
2. After the temperature becomes comfortable, you need to slowly turn the thermostat knob to the left until it clicks.

After that, the oil cooler will maintain this temperature in the room.

Basic precautions for an oil cooler.

Listed below are the most important precautions when using an oil cooler:

Electric convector - the principle of operation and selection rules.

This type electrical appliances heating system heats the room using natural or forced convection (if there is a built-in fan). There is no oil inside them, and the air in the room is heated directly by heating elements. In electric convectors, special heating elements with fins are used. This is necessary to increase the heat transfer area. The rest of the structure of the convector is similar to the structure of the oil cooler. They also have a thermostat for setting the temperature, protection against tipping over and overheating. Electric convectors are often used to organize "dacha" electric heating. At the same time, they are hung under the windows, like water heating radiators (see below):

Advantages and disadvantages of an electric convector.

The main advantage of an electric convector over an oil cooler is its rapid heating. The heat from the convector begins to be felt almost immediately after turning it on. Added to this is the possibility of wall mounting, which helps to save space. And the disadvantage, in my opinion, is the small inertia of the electric convector, that is, after turning off the supply voltage, it quickly cools down.

Selecting the power of the electric convector.

The choice of power for such devices is no different from the choice of power for an oil cooler, so I will not repeat myself.

Basic precautions for the electric convector.

The following are the most important precautions when using an electric convector, they are also no different from those described above for an oil cooler, but repetition is the mother of learning:

1. Do not cover the appliance and dry things on it - this can cause overheating and failure. There is a risk of fire and fire.
2. Place the appliance at least one meter away from furniture, bedding and other flammable items.
3. Protect small children from contact with the switched on device, in order to avoid burns.
4. Do not plug in the appliance with a damaged power cord and do not change it yourself.
5. Do not leave the device running unattended for a long time.

Fan heaters - the principle of operation and choice.

A fan heater is the cheapest electric heating device. Their prices start at 300 rubles for the simplest floor models. Inside such simple devices is located nichrome spiral and fan. Powerful fan heaters are called heat guns, to read about them follow the link.

Their main disadvantage is that they quickly burn out oxygen from the air and it becomes stuffy in the room. For this reason, they can only be used for short-term heating, and they are not suitable for heating. They heat the air quickly, but they do not differ in reliability (especially cheap ones). The power of such devices does not exceed 2 kW. More "advanced" are wall-mounted fan heaters, we will talk about them below.

Wall fan heaters.

From the name it is obvious that they are hung on the wall, but they differ from the previous ones not only in this. Their main difference is the heating element. Wall fan heaters use a ceramic heating element, which is more durable and less fire hazard than a nichrome coil. Another plus is that the remote control has several operating modes:

• Fan mode.
• Partial power mode.
• Full power mode.
• Air flow control mode.
• Timer operation of the fan heater.

A wall-mounted fan heater is installed at a height of 1.8 meters from the floor and there should be no obstacles within a radius of 1 meter from it.

Fan heaters for the bathroom.

Heat is needed not only in living rooms, you can not do without it in the bathroom. There are special fan heaters for bathrooms. They are most often made wall-mounted and must be installed at a certain distance from the bathtub, sink and shower. Such devices are made with a higher class of electrical protection and can work without consequences in wet rooms. Often, bathroom heaters are equipped with a heated towel rail (see picture below):

Summary of the article.

There are many different electric heaters in our stores, prices and functionality fluctuate widely. The main thing to remember when using them is the rules fire safety. They are described in detail in any passport for an oil cooler, electric convector or fan heater. So read carefully and everything will be fine! That's all, don't forget to comment on the article and use the social media buttons!

By and large, heating appliances for the home can be divided into two categories - with a liquid coolant and electric heating. We are not talking about any boilers or circuits here - we will pay attention to radiators and convectors, which are most often used in everyday life.

You will also have the opportunity to watch a video demonstration on this topic.

Instrument classification

For quality heating apartments, you can go in two ways - take an act for uniform heating of the premises of OKS 91.140 by order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated December 30, 2009 No. 624 (can be downloaded on the Internet) and seek justice with it, or figure it out and do everything yourself. Indeed, in most cases, heating problems arise from a lack of knowledge and improper use of devices and appliances.

Water radiators

• For columnar radiators, the collector is connected by vertical pipes or columns, where the coolant circulates. These have exclusively lateral connection, which affects the features of the installation of the water circuit.

• According to the assembly method, sectional radiators are very similar to column radiators, because they are also assembled from separate heating units. But in this case, convector heating occurs - the coolant heats the walls of the sections, and cold air enters between them, which, when heated, rises.

• Unlike column and sectional radiators, a panel radiator is not assembled from individual elements, but is a monolithic block.
  It consists of sections with a coolant flowing through them, between which there is a ribbed metal surface.
• These batteries are the most efficient because they have large area heating in contrast to the above-described analogues. Also, the device has not only a side, but also a bottom connection, which makes its installation more convenient.
• Also, the classification of heaters with a liquid heat carrier can be considered by the type of metal, so it can be cast iron, steel, aluminum or bimetal.
  are more suitable for centralized heating, where the supply of coolant is periodic - such metal heats up for a long time, but also cools down for a long time, which is very convenient for thermal power plants and central boiler houses. In addition, such devices require a large volume of water to fill all the pipes and manifolds, and it needs to be heated.
• In the technical data sheet, radiators have two numbers, the first of which indicates the working pressure, and the second is the test or pressure test.
  For cast iron batteries, this is most often 6/15 or 8/15, which is quite suitable, for example, for a nine-story building, where the pressure reaches 6 atmospheres. But if you take more high buildings, then there the mark can reach 15 atmospheres, and for cast iron this is a critical limit.
• All types of radiators can be made from steel, and they can withstand temperatures up to 150⁰C, but their operating pressure is only 10 atmospheres. As you understand, for high-rise buildings, where the pressure reaches 15 atm, such batteries will be rather weak. In addition, such devices are subject to corrosion and quickly fail.

• On the this moment the best heating device: used in systems central heating- this is a bimetallic radiator. The device is metal pipe in an aluminum shell, which combines increased strength with maximum heat transfer.
  Such batteries are designed for operating pressure up to 40 atmospheres, which allows them to be installed in any building. Due to their excellent qualities and low price, such heaters are most in demand at the present time.
• Heating devices made of aluminum have the highest heat dissipation, and besides, they are the lightest of all similar devices.
  But such batteries are applicable only for autonomous heating (for summer cottages and country house) with low operating pressure and neutral acidity of the coolant - pH up to 8. In the case of connecting such devices to steel pipes, you need to use special adapters to avoid oxidation on the connection.

Advice. In the water circuit with aluminum radiators it is undesirable to use elements containing copper (couplings, tees, adapters), because the Al + Cu combination leads to oxidation and, as a result, the destruction of the system.

Calculation of the power of radiators

• There is such a thing as a step of the nomenclature of heating devices, which means their number in the nomenclature or a room of a certain size.
  To determine this number, you need a nominal heat flux density from this appliance at a coolant temperature average for a particular climatic region.
• To do this, quite complex calculations are made that you will not do when installing heating with your own hands. To calculate the number of speakers or radiator sections in a room with ceilings no higher than 3m, you can simply use the formula K=S*100/P.
  The letter K here will indicate the desired number of sections, S is the area of ​​the room, 100 is the number of W / m 2, and P is the nominal heat flux or power of one column / section.
• Let's take for example a standard room in Khrushchev 3.5 * 6.5 \u003d 22.75 m 2 and the average power of the section is 180W. Then K=S*100/P=22.75*100/180=12.63. If this number is rounded up, then you get 13 columns / sections, but if there are two windows in the room, then they need to be separated.

• Of course, you cannot divide a panel radiator into several heating elements, so the calculation here is made according to a different principle. First of all, we will need to calculate not the area, but the volume of the room, and for this we will take the same room - 3.5 * 6.5 * 2.5 \u003d 56.875 m 3. The formula will also be different - P \u003d V * 41, where P is the desired radiator power, V is the volume of the room, and 41 is required amount W / m 3.
• Now let's substitute the numbers and get P=V*41=56.875*41=2331.875W, which can be rounded as 2.3kW. But such batteries do not exist, so you can take it up, leaving a power reserve of 3 kW.

Advice. Radiators in without fail should be installed under the window of the room in order to warm air created a barrier to the cold stream from the glass.
The window sill should not overlap the battery, so as not to impede the rising heat.

Convectors

• Convectors are heating devices in which heat is transferred to the room from the heating device by convection. Usually such a unit is protected by a casing with upper shutters or valves to regulate the heat supply and is called a convection chamber. Air convection can be natural or forced, which largely affects such an indicator as price.
• In some cases, due to the method of heating, they are called convectors, for example, the Togliatti plant for heating appliances produces such products. But this name is quite justified, therefore, when faced with this in everyday life, do not try to look for a mistake.

• In rooms with large area glazing (greenhouses, greenhouses) it is convenient to install heating devices underfoot and for this floor convectors are used different power. Such devices are designed for systems with a water circuit and can be used for both commercial and domestic purposes. It is possible to connect such heaters to systems with high pressure - the heat exchanger has a working pressure of 15 atm, and a test pressure of 20 atm.

• Such a device can operate on electricity and consist of tubes with electric coils (heating elements), which are closed by a convection chamber. The device has a high heat transfer coefficient and does not require ventilation (chimney). The unit is plugged into an ordinary 220V electrical outlet and can be produced both in floor and wall versions.

Advice. Electric heaters, as a rule, are quite powerful, so their installation requires taking care of tight contact when the plug is plugged into the outlet. If the contact is loose, it will cause sparks, which will heat up and melt the plastic parts and may cause a fire.

• Convectors are not only electrical heating devices, but also gas ones, which are heated according to a slightly different principle. Under the casing of the device, in the convection chamber, there is a burner and a heat exchanger, which can be made of steel, cast iron or aluminum alloys. Air is supplied and carbon dioxide is removed through a coaxial chimney (a pipe inserted into a pipe).
• These types of heaters can be with a fan or natural convection. Forced air intake from the street and the same supply of warm streams provide rapid heating of the room, which is very convenient for a country house or cottage that is not visited very often. Units with natural convection can be placed where the heating is practically not turned off and a constant temperature is maintained.

Infrared heaters

• Conventional heating appliances heat the air that circulates in the room, spreading over the entire area and warming the entire room. The use of UFO (see photo above) implies a slightly different principle, which would be more accurately called not even heating, but heating. The fact is that such a device directs the heat flow purposefully and can function even on the street, heating the desired object.
• UFOs can be different shapes, but they all consist of an infrared emitter and a focusing reflector that directs the rays in the desired direction. IR radiation has low temperature therefore, devices of this type do not burn oxygen and do not dry the air in the room. The average power of such a device for household needs- 800W (the required distance to the object is indicated by the instruction).

Heat guns

• Such equipment does not belong to household heating appliances, but is used for repair and construction work. A heat gun or fan can operate either from gas or from electricity, but for domestic needs (drying rooms, installing stretch ceilings), gas is more applicable, because electricity requires large capacities.

• Such a device consists of a thermogenerator direct heating and can run on liquefied or natural gas. The generator itself is enclosed in a case made of sheet steel, which is painted with heat-resistant paints. Gas-burner protected by two gratings of stainless steel to prevent foreign objects from entering the instrument.

Conclusion

The choice of heating appliances for a house, apartment or office will mainly depend on which energy source is more convenient for you to use and on its general availability. The most common and cheapest in the Russian Federation is gas and water heating using various types of radiators.

One after another, economic crises hit the planet, which, coupled with a rapidly decreasing amount of resources, creates a need to develop and use energy-saving technologies. This trend has not bypassed the heating systems, striving to maintain or even increase their efficiency with significantly lower resource consumption. Let's figure out what the new technologies for heating a private house, apartment and industrial premises, decomposing the heating system into four main components: a heat generator, a heater, a heating system and a control system.

The boiler heating system is the most productive, although the most expensive (after electric heaters) of all modern autonomous heating technologies. Although the boiler itself is an invention with ancient history, modern manufacturers have managed to modernize it, increasing efficiency and adapting it to different types of fuel. So, there are three main (fuel-burning) types of boilers - solid fuel, gas, liquid fuel. Electric boilers that are somewhat out of this classification, as well as combined or multi-fuel ones, combine the qualities of two or three varieties at once.

Solid fuel boilers

An interesting trend is the return to the traditions of the past and the active use of solid fuels: from ordinary firewood and coal to special pellets (granules pressed from wood by-products) and peat briquettes.

Solid fuel boilers are divided by type of fuel into:

The classic ones “accept” any kind of solid fuel without any problems, they are as reliable and simple as possible (in fact, this is the oldest heat generator in the history of mankind), and they are cheap. Among the shortcomings: "capriciousness" in relation to wet fuel, not high efficiency, the impossibility of adjusting the temperature of the coolant.

A pellet boiler is a heating device that uses waste wood compressed into small pellets. They are distinguished by high efficiency, long work on one load, extremely convenient system loading pellets (fall asleep from a bag or package), the ability to configure the boiler. The only significant drawback is rather expensive granules for heating, the price of which ranges from 6900 to 7700 rubles per ton, depending on the ash content and calorific value.

The next type is pyrolysis heating boilers operating on pyrolysis gas extracted from wood. The fuel in such a boiler slowly smolders, and does not burn out, due to which it gives off noticeably more heat. Advantages: high efficiency and reliability, heat transfer adjustment, up to half a day of operation without reloading. The only drawback is the need to connect to the mains, due to which, during power outages, the house can be left without heat.

Standard boilers long burning loaded with any type of solid fuel, with the exception of wood: coke, brown and coal, peat briquettes, pellets. There is another variety, designed specifically for working on wood and slightly different device. Advantages: work up to five days on oil products and up to two days when loaded with wood. Disadvantages: relatively low efficiency, the need for constant cleaning.

gas boilers

Main gas is the most economical of all types of fuel, and boilers running on it are considered the most convenient to use and maintain. This is explained by their fully automated operation and absolute safety, for which many sensors and controllers are responsible. They have no drawbacks as such, although they need a gas pipeline or a constant supply of new cylinders.

Oil boilers

It cannot be said that such heating systems are innovative, but they have been consistently in demand for decades and are therefore worthy of mention. The main types of liquid fuel: diesel fuel and liquefied propane-butane mixture. Advantages over solid fuel: almost complete automation of work. Cons: extremely high price heating, second only to electricity.

Electric heating

Differs in the widest variety of heating systems and separate devices. These are electric convectors (which in turn are floor, floor and wall), and electric boilers, and fan heaters, and infrared heaters, and oil coolers, and heat guns, and the well-known warm floor. Their common and so far insurmountable drawback is the extremely high cost of heating. The most economical of them are infrared radiators and underfloor heating.

Heat pumps

These heating systems are modern in the full sense of the word, despite the fact that they appeared back in the 80s. Then they were available only to wealthy people, but now many have adapted to collect them by hand, thanks to which they are slowly but surely gaining popularity. In a very simplified way, the principle of their work is to extract heat from the air, water or earth outside the house and transfer it to the house, where the heat is transferred either directly to the air, or first to the coolant - water.

solar systems

Another rapidly developing technology is solar heating systems, better known as solar panels.

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Thermal panels

They are thin rectangular (usually) plates fixed on the wall. The back side of such a plate is covered with a heat storage substance that can heat up to 90 degrees and receive heat from the heating element. Energy consumption is only 50 watts per square meter, unlike older electric fireplaces that require at least 100 watts per square meter. Heating occurs due to the convection effect.

In addition to efficiency, thermal panels differ in:

There is only one drawback - thermal panels become unprofitable in the spring and early autumn when the dwelling needs only a little heating from evening to morning.

Monolithic quartz modules

The unique development of S. Sargsyan - candidate of technical sciences. Externally, the plates are very similar to thermal panels, but the principle of their operation is based on the high heat capacity of quartz sand. The heating element transfers the sand thermal energy, after which it continues to heat the home, even when the device is unplugged. Savings, as in the case of thermal panels, is 50% of the cost of standard electric heaters.

PLEN - film radiant electric heaters

This innovative heating system has a device as simple as it is ingenious: a power cable, heating elements, a dielectric film and a reflective screen. The heater is mounted on the ceiling, and the infrared radiation it produces heats objects below. They, in turn, transfer heat to the air.

The main advantages of PLEN:

Thermal hydrodynamic pumps

These devices, also known as cavitation heat generators heating systems, generate heat by heating the coolant according to the principle of cavitation.

The coolant in such a pump rotates in a special activator.

At the points of rupture of an integral mass of liquid, as a result of an instantaneous decrease in pressure, bubbles-caverns appear, bursting almost instantly. This causes a change in the physicochemical parameters of the coolant and the release of thermal energy.

Interestingly, even with the current level of scientific and technological development, the process of cavitation power generation is poorly understood. A clear explanation of why the increase in energy is greater than its costs has not yet been found.

Air conditioning as a heater

Almost all modern models air conditioners are equipped with a heating function. Oddly enough, the air conditioner has three times the efficiency of standard electric heaters: 3 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity versus 0.98 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity.

Thus, an air conditioner for heating in winter is able to replace a switched off heating or a failed electric fireplace for a short time. However, due to the fact that heating elements are not used in air conditioners, their efficiency drops with every degree of temperature outside the window. In addition, severe frost overloads the device, and operation in this mode can lead to breakdown. The best option would be to use the air conditioner in the off-season.

Convectors

Since the convector heating system is an extremely broad concept, and almost every modern heating device uses the convection effect, we will make a reservation in advance that we are talking here only about individual water and electric convectors. They are a ribbed heater placed in a metal case.

The air circulating between the fins of the device heats up and rises, and in its place air masses are drawn in, which have already cooled down during this time.

This endless circulation is called convection. By heat source convector heaters are divided into water and electric, and by location - into floor, floor and wall. Also, any of them can work on the principle of either natural convection or forced (with a fan).

Although the types of convectors and the features of each of them are a topic for a separate article, the general advantages of using these heaters can be distinguished:

So which is better financially?

As a result of this section, we compare the cost of heating for different types fuels: wood, pellets, coal, diesel fuel, propane-butane mixture, ordinary main gas and electricity. With average prices for each type of fuel and with an average duration of the heating season of 7 months, during this time you will have to spend:

The leader is obvious.

Heating appliances

First of all, modern heating radiators are bimetallic and aluminum models. However, there is a stable demand for both steel and cast iron products, which is due to the new approach of manufacturers to the manufacture of outdated, it would seem, heating appliances. Let us briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Aluminum

The most popular in the post-Soviet space for the price / quality ratio (cheaper than bimetallic, in many respects more reliable than steel and cast iron).

Advantages:

1. the best heat transfer among all analogues;
2. expensive models withstand pressure up to 20 bar;
3. little weight;
4. the simplest installation.

Disadvantages: poor corrosion resistance, especially noticeable at the junction of aluminum with other metals;

Bimetallic

Admittedly best type radiators. The name was obtained due to the combination of steel in its design ( the inner layer) and aluminum (casing).

Advantages:

Disadvantages: high price.

Steel

Not suitable for high rise buildings centralized system heating in general, but all their own best properties manifest in private homes, fit perfectly into heating systems industrial premises in plants and factories. You can read more about steel heating radiators.

Advantages:

1. heat transfer above average;
2. rapid onset of heat transfer;
3. low cost;
4. aesthetic look.

Disadvantages:

Cast iron

It should be understood that modern cast-iron heating radiators are no longer bumpy and heavy remnants of the past, which “decorated” almost every house during the Soviet era. Modern manufacturers have significantly improved their appearance, making them almost indistinguishable from bimetallic or aluminum models. Moreover, the fashion for the so-called is expanding, the shapes and patterns of which bring the atmosphere of the beginning of the 20th century into the house.
Advantages:

Disadvantages: huge weight and resulting installation difficulties (often require special support legs).

Heating system

In most modern country houses a horizontal heating system is used, the main difference of which from vertical wiring is the partial (less often - complete) absence of vertical risers.

In Russia, such a type of horizontal system as a single-wire heating system (or one-pipe) is especially popular.

It assumes natural, without circulation pump water movement. From the heating device, the coolant flows through the riser to the second floor of the building, where it is distributed to radiators and transmission risers.

Water circulation without a pump is made possible by changing the density of hot and cold water.

A single-pipe system has several advantages over a two-pipe system:

Control system

Additional benefits can be provided by the heating system controller - a miniature computer device capable of:

Foreword

Equipment for the water heating system includes a heat generator, heaters and heat pipes. Modern water heating devices effectively heat the room and at the same time save energy.

Content

Equipment for the water heating system includes a heat generator, heaters and heat pipes. Modern water heating devices effectively heat the room and at the same time save energy. True, water heating systems require a longer and complex installation, but and "steal" part of the room, but so far they are the most preferred.

Recently, wall-mounted gas boilers. They contain a pump safety valve, expansion membrane tank, control panel. Such boilers are both single- and double-circuit. The former only heat the house, the latter also supply hot water.

Types of water heating devices: heat generator and boilers

A heat generator (hot water boiler) is one of the devices of a water heating system, which is a unit that, in the process of burning fuel, heats the coolant. The layout of modern hot water boilers is the same: a heat exchanger is placed inside the metal case, the differences are only in the design of the case.

The material for the body of the heat generator is steel or cast iron. The cast-iron boiler is not subject to rust, but it weighs quite a lot, which makes it difficult to transport and install. In addition, such a device is afraid of sharp temperature contrasts, unlike a steel boiler, which does not suffer from temperature changes. Life time cast iron boiler- 50-60 years, steel - no more than 15 years, after which it will require repair, replacement of worn parts.

The heat exchanger for water heating equipment is also made of steel or cast iron, sometimes copper ( latest material the best), but more importantly, is there on its inner walls protective covering. If so, then soot will not settle on it, which will increase heat transfer and save fuel.

Gas and liquid fuel boilers are united by the fact that they operate in automatic mode throughout the heating season, do not need special care and have a high efficiency of 96%.

A liquid fuel boiler can operate exclusively on high-quality fuel. According to Russian standards, the market sells summer (marking "L"), winter (marking "3") and arctic (marking "A") diesel fuel. The air temperature during operation must be at least -5; not lower than -30 and not lower than 50 °С, respectively.

Liquid fuel (diesel oil) is the most expensive. However, it will have to be stored, for which it will be necessary to equip a room or platform for containers immersed in the ground (in this case, it will be necessary to put up with an unpleasant smell). During the combustion of diesel fuel, sulfur compounds are formed that settle on the walls of the boiler ( steel boilers are more susceptible to this, therefore, as a rule, cast iron is used to make the boiler, but the weight of the unit increases significantly).

At present, gas is a relatively cheap fuel. He gives more useful heat than other fuels. In addition, it is more environmentally friendly; almost completely burns out, leaving no soot in the firebox; does not require storage; easy to account for using gas meter. For a metal boiler body, gas is more practical because it does not suffer from corrosion and, therefore, is more durable.

Solid fuel boilers (operating on coal, wood) will require time and effort for maintenance, since you will have to load fuel into them (it will still need to be harvested and stored somewhere), remove ash, clean out soot, and the efficiency of this type of heat generator does not exceed 65 %. There are, however, considerable advantages, in particular, a solid fuel boiler is multifunctional (it can be combined with cooker); durable (up to 20 years); easy to repair, as it often involves replacing a burned-out part; cheap.

The operation of an electric water boiler is expensive, although there is an opportunity to save money, since the equipment is equipped with a convenient temperature control system, allows you to use the economy mode, etc. However, you need to be sure that there will be no interruptions in the power supply (although this can be overcome - you can install an emergency power supply). To heat a house up to 150 m2, the boiler must have a power of up to 16 kW, for a house of 200-300 m2-24-32 kW.

Combined boilers for water heating

It is clear that a heat generator operating on one type of fuel, such as gas, is preferable. But different situations are possible, the way out of which will be the purchase of a combined boiler in which a replaceable burner is installed that can operate on both gas and diesel fuel.

However, this type of water heating devices has its own nuances, in particular:

• such a heat generator will cost a little more than a boiler designed for one type of fuel;
• its efficiency is approximately 10-20% lower than that of a gas or liquid fuel boiler;
• since the boiler is a large-sized unit, a separate room will have to be allocated for it;
• some of its components (fuel pump, blower fan, etc.) are powered by the mains. Prolonged power outages in winter can result in a pipeline rupture. For such situations, you need to buy a powerful electric generator.

It should have a certain power, and it should exceed the heat loss of the house by about 15-20%, which still need to be able to calculate. For reinsurance, you can buy a more powerful unit (the price of the equipment also depends on this parameter), but then it is possible that part of its heat output will not be used, i.e., in fact, the money will be wasted. If you buy a less powerful boiler, you can freeze all winter, even if it works at full capacity. Thus, it is better to seek the advice of a specialist.

In models of boilers of previous generations, a decrease in power entailed a decrease in efficiency. Modern equipment is equipped with several power levels, thanks to which it is possible to reduce the heat output of the unit and the amount of fuel, and this will not result in heat loss. The latest invention hot water boilers with modeling heads, in which the stepless power reduction does not affect the efficiency of the equipment.

Heating can be combined with a hot water supply system, for which it is enough to install a double-circuit hot water boiler. They are various types- flow, accumulative or in combination with a boiler.

To transfer heat from the coolant to the air, heating devices are used, without which the efficiency of the water heating system would be extremely low. Due to the special design of heating devices, it is possible to extract the maximum amount of heat from the coolant.

Parameters of water heating equipment

Heating appliances of water heating systems are classified according to such parameters as:

• heat transfer method. According to this criterion, convective (convectors and finned tubes), radiation (ceiling radiators) and convective-radiation (sectional, panel, smooth-tube) heating devices are distinguished. Convectors in a casing and sectional radiators have the maximum heat transfer, the minimum is smooth-tube devices and convectors without a casing (here it is appropriate to note that for 100; the heat transfer of a sectional radiator with a depth of 140 mm, made of cast iron, is taken);
• type of heating surface, which can be smooth and ribbed;
• the value of thermal inertia. There are heaters with high inertia (sectional radiators) and low inertia (convectors); S material from which the device is made. It can be metal, ceramics, plastic, a combination of different materials;
• instrument height. On this basis, high heaters (more than 65 cm), medium (from 40 to 65 cm), low (from 20 to 40 cm) and plinth (up to 20 cm) are made.

Elements of the water heating system: fittings and expansion tank

To be able to regulate the operation of a water heating system, various shut-off and control valves are used, which include:

• heat generator piping fittings, which include a pressure gauge, an air vent, a safety valve, pressure and flow sensors, a hydraulic separator, make-up units and air removers;
• radiator fittings, the function of which is to regulate the flow of coolant entering the heater and its heat transfer.

For this purpose, adjusting, shut-off and drain valves, thermostats, air vents, bottom fittings, side injection unit: pipeline fittings are used.

Another important element water heating system is . The need for its inclusion in the system is dictated by the property of water to increase in volume when heated and return to its original volume when cooled. The detail that balances this expansion is expansion tank, or damper.

Its functions include the following:

• contain the excess coolant formed when its temperature rises;
• compensate for the lack of water when cooling or a small leak;
• collect the air that is released from hot water and which enters the heating system with cold water.

Among the damper disadvantages, the following are known: the probability of losing useful heat, which can be given off through the walls of the tank when it is installed outdoors; bulkiness. The damper is open and closed. The first is rectangular or cylindrical. A place for it is allotted in the attic, that is, at the highest point of the heating system. A closed damper is installed in the boiler room, leading to the return line in front of the circulation pump.

The heating system includes several key components: boilers, radiators, pipes, control and safety devices. Together they should be effective system heat transfer from the heated coolant to the air in the room. This function is performed by heating devices of heating systems: gas, electric. What is their peculiarity and how to choose the optimal model for a particular heat supply?

Purpose of heating devices

In the vast majority of cases, the heating of the air in the premises of the house occurs due to the transfer of heat from the surface of the heating elements - radiators, batteries. They may differ structurally, have a different design and method of raising the temperature on the surface. So, Kermi steel heating appliances are designed to complete the water system.

However, despite all the variety of types, there are several key features these heating elements. All types of heating devices of the heating system can be classified according to the following criteria:

• Used coolant– hot water, electric or gas heating element;
• Production material: steel, cast iron, aluminum or bimetal construction;
• Performance: rated power, dimensions, installation method and the ability to adjust the intensity of heating.

The choice of a particular type directly depends on the specific heat supply scheme. Bimetallic heating devices are installed for the water system. In rare cases - when using hot steam as a coolant. The wrong choice can significantly reduce the efficiency of heating. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the design features and technical qualities that devices for space heating possess.

Regardless of the type of radiator or any other heating device, it must be in harmony with the overall interior of the room. It is important to pay attention to the design of the structure.

Types of devices for water heating

The largest range of heating devices have water heating systems. This is due to the high efficiency of such heat supply schemes, as well as optimal maintenance costs.

All heating appliances for this type of house have a similar design. Inside there are channels through which the coolant flows. Heat from it is transferred to the surface of the radiator (batteries) and then by natural convection to the air in the room.

The main difference that characterizes convector heating devices is the material of manufacture. It is he who largely determines the design of the heating element. There are currently 4 types of radiators:

• cast iron;
• Aluminum and bimetallic;
• Steel.

Each of them has a number of functional and operational features. They are selected depending on the calculated indicators - each type of heater for water heating systems must correspond to the characteristics of the heat supply.

An important factor is the type of coolant used. For many bimetallic heating devices, the use of antifreeze is prohibited.

Cast iron batteries

These are one of the first heating components that were used in heating systems. The choice of manufacturing material is due to the relative cheapness, and most importantly, the high heat capacity of cast iron.

This type of heating device for the heating system is currently not very popular. The reason for this is the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity. However, to create a classic interior in a room, designer cast-iron radiators are often used.

It should also be borne in mind that it would be impractical to consider them as convector heating devices. The design does not provide additional plates that contribute to better circulation of air masses. In addition, it is important to know such features of the operation of cast-iron radiators:

• Large volume of coolant. On average, this figure is 1.4 liters. This contributes to the rapid cooling of hot water, but is effective for a small heating system;
• Cast iron appliances for room heating are difficult to repair and disassemble at home;
• Great inertia of heating. The rise in surface temperature is much slower than with electric heating appliances.

Despite this, in many old-style houses this type of radiator is still installed. Replacement is carried out only by the tenants themselves at their own expense.

Cast iron radiators must be cleaned of accumulated dirt and limescale at least once every 3 years.

Steel and bimetal heating appliances

Cast-iron structures have been replaced by modern steel and bimetallic heaters. Their main difference from the above models is a relatively small channel for the coolant.

However, this does not affect the decrease in heat transfer. Thanks to the applied modern materials with a high heat transfer coefficient, when installing Kermi radiators, the inertia of the entire system is significantly reduced. In addition to this factor, other features of the operation of steel and bimetallic radiators for water heat supply should be taken into account:

• The presence of convection panels to improve air circulation over the surface of the radiator;
• Possibility of installation of heat regulation and metering devices;
• Affordable cost and easy installation, which you can do yourself.

However, with these positive qualities you need to know the specifics of the operation of a particular model of steel or bimetal radiator. First of all, these are the requirements for the composition of the coolant.

When choosing a battery, you should clarify whether it is collapsible or not. This will help to independently regulate the number of sections in a particular heating device.

Electrical heating appliances

If the installation of a full-fledged water heat supply is impractical or impossible, electric heaters are installed for heating. They differ from traditional autonomy and compactness. In addition, there are several types of electrical appliances that have a different principle for generating heat. The main disadvantage of electric heating is high energy costs. To minimize this, you need modern appliances accounting for heating - multi-tariff electricity meters. In the evening and at night there are preferential tariffs for electricity consumption.

The electrical wiring in the house must be adapted to maximum loads from electric heaters for heating.

Heating convectors

If there is no autonomous (centralized) heating in a house or apartment, electric heaters are most often installed. Outwardly, they are similar to standard radiators, but have significant differences in design.

Almost all electrical heating appliances are used as a heating element heating elements. Inside is an element with high rate electrical resistance. When a current passes through it, a transformation occurs electrical energy into thermal. For greater efficiency, heating elements are connected to heat exchange plates made of steel or aluminum alloy.

There are several types of electrical heating appliances for the home:

• Convection. The design is designed for relatively fast heating of the air in the room due to the movement of flows through special slots located at the top and bottom of the structure;
• Oily. To increase the hot surface area inside the radiator is filled with a liquid with a high energy intensity. The temperature rise is much slower than those described above. However, even after the electric heater has been switched off, its surface remains hot for some time.

Almost all models have modern systems management. Mandatory element is an electronic thermostat, which has a temperature sensor for automatic adjustment convector heating. Also, the safety of operation was not left without attention. When the appliance tips over, the circuit breaker is activated. There are special models of heating radiators designed to work in wet rooms - bathrooms, kitchens. They have a moisture resistant body.

However, for heating big house electric convector heating radiators are impractical to install due to high energy costs. In this case, it is best to mount more PLEN or IR heaters.

If the total power of electric convectors exceeds 9 kW, a three-phase power supply with a voltage of 380 V will be required.

Infrared home heating

To improve the efficiency of maintaining comfortable temperature electric heaters are installed in the room that emit heat waves in the infrared range. Their principle of operation is not to heat the air, but the surface of objects that have fallen into the zone of action.

The undoubted advantage of this technique is the reduction of energy costs. This is explained by the fact that the consumption of IR heaters is 20-30% less than that of similar models with heating elements.

Currently, there are 2 types of heating devices of the heating system operating in the IR range:

• Film heaters. Resistor conductors are deposited on the surface of the polymer film, which emit infrared waves when an electric current passes through them. They can be mounted both as a warm floor and on the ceiling of a room - PLEN;
• Carbon heaters. A carbon spiral is placed in a special sealed glass flask. When the device is turned on, it generates infrared waves that heat objects. For efficiency, such devices are equipped with a reflector made of stainless metal or aluminum.

It is noteworthy that the latter type of devices for heating rooms can be installed anywhere in the room. They are often used to maintain normal temperature outside the home in a specific area.

However, for these IR heating devices of a private house there are a number of restrictions on their use. First of all - you can not close the surface of the film. This can lead to overheating and failure.

Gas heating of the air in the room

Analyzing the efficiency of the above devices, the question of reducing the cost of heat supply remains relevant. Therefore, as an alternative, it is recommended to consider gas appliances heating. These include not only traditional boilers, but also other, no less productive designs.

by the most simple types This type of heater is considered a gas convector. It can be connected both to the main gas and to a liquefied gas cylinder. The burner is located in a housing that does not come into contact with the air in the room. The supply of oxygen to maintain the combustion process occurs through a two-channel pipe. Through it, carbon monoxide is removed.

If a mobile radiator model is needed, Catholic gas heating appliances are of particular interest. They have a slightly different way of working. The gas comes from a matrix of small nozzles on ceramic surface where it ignites. As a result, a catalytic reaction occurs, which is the main source of heat.

What should be considered when choosing a gas heater?

• Be sure to follow the safety rules. Before connecting the device to the gas line, you must read the instruction manual;
• Organization of carbon monoxide removal. The most common consequence of a malfunctioning heater is an excess of CO2 in the room;
• Periodic cleaning of nozzles from accumulated soot.

It must be remembered that all heating devices must be adapted to specific operating conditions. First of all, this applies to safety regulations and compliance with the operating mode.

In the video you can see an example of making an IR heater with your own hands: