Introducing children to horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines; the number of horizontals, verticals and diagonals. Slings, strollers and stress

To the question Confused. How vertical and how horizontal? given by the author Yoweta So the best answer is IN
e
R
T
And
to
but
l
b
Horizontal

Answer from Mikhail Smirnov[guru]

Answer from Pavel Koltsov[guru]
horizontal - parallel to the floor

Answer from Lee[guru]
stands upright, lies horizontally

Answer from ANNA YAKOVLEVA[guru]

Vertical - top to bottom

Answer from Alexander Tsaptsyn[guru]
either deep or spread over the surface

Answer from Ѝlbrus[newbie]
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
1.
- two inseparable components of culture. The vertical symbolizes the energy of moving forward, creativity. a breakthrough into the unknown, new and extraordinary, original and original, which is sometimes not recognized as such by contemporaries and is misunderstood due to stereotyping, traditional thinking, prevailing species preferences and evaluative norms. The development of culture in the vertical dimension embodies the infinity of perspective and the avant-garde beginning. Pioneers cause an ambiguous attitude among the Society, their ideas and actions are often rejected by the majority in all spheres of spiritual life. One from Egypt. pharaohs was ahead of his time, expressing the idea of ​​​​transition to monotheism, but did not receive wide support and understanding. Christ, preaching his creed, was betrayed and crucified. Brilliant artists, with rare exceptions, were not appreciated by their contemporaries, in accordance with their contribution to spiritual culture. Drama creative. fate is impressive and amazing. Bach received recognition after 100 years, representatives of the father. artistic the avant-garde at the beginning were also not spoiled by the attention of the public. These isolated examples from the history of culture, unfortunately, are not an exception to the rule, but rather their confirmation.
N. Bohr's well-known thought is that an idea that is distinguished by undeniable novelty goes through three stages in the process of introducing it into the public consciousness: a) this cannot be; b) perhaps there is something in it; c) is undeniably true.
What is the horizontal in the development of cultural phenomena? In the triad "denial - doubt - affirmation" the vertical begins to turn into a horizontal plane at the moment of rooting a new cultural form in the minds of the mass audience, i.e. at the stage of its complete acceptance, when the cultural form becomes recognizable. The ratio of V. and G. in culture is a two-pronged process. The vertical is the discovery of new forms of culture, "riding into the unknown", the quintessence of a creative and productive beginning. The horizontal is a gradual process. mastering this new, turning it into the property of many, a recognizable form of culture based on the production of the known.
In addition to the above interpretation of the relationship between V. and G. in culture, one more can be proposed, in which the vertical symbolizes the process of the temporary development of culture, its history. character, the principle of continuity, the transition of previous cultural forms or their elements into new cultural formations. So classic. antiquity became a role model in the Renaissance, classicism, and cultural elements cf. centuries in the era of romanticism. The horizontal in this case can be understood as the spatial development of culture, the synchronous coexistence of decomp. local and national its forms, their interaction and mutual enrichment.

Answer from Vyacheslav[newbie]
Horizon - mountain, vertical - top.

Answer from Vlad Pylaykin[newbie]
IN
E
R
T
E
TO
BUT
L
b
H O R I Z O N T A L

Answer from POINTS[guru]
Standing upright. Lying - horizontally!

Answer from Valery Lobov[newbie]
IN
e
R
T
And
to
but
l
b

Answer from Olesya Ermolaeva[newbie]
horizontally from the word horizon, it means vertical straight! Example:
.!_).)..IN
..!_))).E
..!_).).R
..!_))..T
H O R I Z O N T A L
.!_)..).TO
..!_))..BUT
..!_))).L
...!_)).b

Answer from Nika Weber[newbie]
Vertical from top to bottom (or vice versa), and horizontal from left to right (or vice versa)

Answer from Anastasia Minakova[newbie]
1) Horizontal 2) Vertical

Answer from Izuli Aliyev[newbie]
Horizontally - horizon - horizon line - left to right, right to left
Vertical - top to bottom

Verticalizer on Wikipedia
Look at the Wikipedia article about Verticalizer

vertical on wikipedia
See the Wikipedia article about Vertical

Introduction

According to most European pediatricians, the baby is supposed to lie horizontally in the stroller, he does not need to be carried in his arms in order to avoid burdening his still weak body. However, the situation when a child lies alone in a stroller is physically and emotionally stressful for him, and can even slow down his development. Wearing upright with proper support for the legs is not only not harmful, but also beneficial. Upright carrying is optimal for the physical, emotional and intellectual development of the child.

Development of the spine in children

Our spine is not perfectly straight, although it looks straight from the front. If we look at a person from the side, we will see four small curves, thanks to which the spine resembles the Latin letter S. Thanks to the curves of the spine, we have a margin of flexibility and we can keep our balance. These curves also absorb stress while walking, running, jumping.

Curves of the spine are not congenital. Normal curves spine appear gradually. “They form as a consequence of adaptation to gravity” (Morningstar, 2005). At birth, the baby's spine is bent and resembles the letter C. At first, the baby's neck muscles are too weak to support the head. But gradually the neck muscles become stronger, and the baby begins to hold his head. This forms the cervical curve of the spine, which helps to hold the head. When a child begins to crawl, the lumbar curve forms and the muscles that hold him up develop. The curves of the spine are finally formed only by the end of the first year of life (Leveau, 1877).

At birth

The spine of an infant is shaped like the letter C. It does not yet have curves and does not have enough strength to hold its head.

First few months

As the child resists gravity, their muscles develop. Strong neck muscles help the child understand a heavy head by forming the cervical curve of the spine.

From 6 months to a year

As a child learns to crawl and walk, the lumbar curve of the spine develops and muscles develop to help the child stand upright. The curves are finally formed when the child begins to walk independently.

Lying on a flat surface is bad for the spine and for hip joints

As shown above, a baby's C-shaped spine does not straighten out immediately after birth. On the contrary, the S shape is finally formed only when the child learns to walk. If the child lies on his back, it is bad for the spine. In fact, in this case, it straightens out into a straight line, instead of maintaining a natural shape. Studies have shown that keeping a child's spine straight is harmful and can adversely affect the development of the child's hip ligaments (Kirkilionis, 2002).

Lying horizontally causes deformation of the body

Conduct most lying on your back during the day is not only harmful to the hip joints, this position is also fraught with the development of plagiocephaly (deformed bones of the skull, flattened at the back or side), deformity of the body and reduced muscle tone (Bonnet, 1998). Studies conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics state that “when prolonged immobility on a hard surface, such as in a crib or in a wheelchair, the surface of the body straightens along this surface under the constant influence of gravity, leading to postural disorders and reduced muscle tone (Short, 1996) .

In the photo: Plagiocephaly in a child, corrected by a helmet to restore the shape of the head

Existence in "containers"

All of the above does not mean that a couple of walks around the block in a stroller will be detrimental to the development of your child. But the sad truth is that the average American child between the ages of 3 weeks and 3 months spends just over 2.5 hours per day on their hands (Heller, 118). Most of the time American children spend in various containers - strollers, cribs, carrier bags, infant carriers, sun loungers, etc. We carry the child to the car in a container, go to the store with him, carrying him in a container (note: the author does not claim that the sling should replace the car seat. Never take a child in a car without a car seat). Sometimes we can go the whole day without touching the baby, and then put him to sleep in the crib. The West has moved away from age-old traditions of child care, and as a result, objects play a greater role in a child's life than the touch of his mother.

“When we take a child from his mother and put him on hard surface, we demonstrate by this a deep misunderstanding of the basic needs of the child. The child has a vital need to be in close contact with the mother, to be able to hide on her chest, hide from the outside world, keep warm with her warmth and move in time with her movements. This gives him the opportunity to gradually become acquainted with large spaces. From the support, the constant, tangible presence of his mother, the child gradually approaches outside world» (Montagu, 294).

Sometimes different "containers" can help us free our hands for a while, but nonetheless, none of them can replace the mother's hands.

Fetal position

The newborn does not straighten itself, it can only be straightened by force, for example, if you swaddle it with a “soldier”. If the child is placed on his back, he reflexively draws his fists to his chest (Schon, 2007), and he sleeps with his legs wide apart in the “frog pose”. The fetal position is the most natural position for babies, it is calming and helps to adapt to extrauterine existence.

In this position, children consume less oxygen, save energy and burn fewer calories, and digest food better. In this position, thermoregulation is also more effective because the stomach area is closed. On the back, the subcutaneous fat layer is thicker, and the thermoregulatory cells are stronger. When we hold a baby belly to our belly, we protect his receptors and vital organs (Montagu, 1986).

When the child is picked up, his legs remain instinctively bent and wide apart. Together with the grasping reflex, this posture helps the baby to cling to its mother. From this we can conclude that the baby's body is adapted to be carried vertically facing the mother.

Holding the baby with the legs pressed against the stomach and supporting under the buttocks, we provide him with a natural posture that his body instinctively assumes to ensure comfort, warmth and safety.

Car seats

It might seem that if the child is in a partially upright position in a stroller (as in an infant carrier), this is more physiological for the child's C-shaped spine than if he lies horizontally. However, research from the International Association of Chiropractic Pediatricians shows that infant carriers are not the ideal means of transportation for children because " disabilities for muscle development, which can affect the development of your child's brain and spinal cord" (International Association of Pediatric Chiropractors).

By supporting the spine in a C-shape, these devices can slow down and even prevent the natural curves of the spine from forming naturally. When a child does not have the opportunity to raise his head, there is no opportunity to develop neck muscles and learn to hold his head.

This girl enjoys sleeping on fresh air next to the peonies. The infant carrier supports her spine, head and neck while she sleeps. But when she wakes up, the harness will keep her muscles from lifting her head. Many children spend whole waking hours in seats that restrict movement.

Wearing upright promotes physical development

When the child is held upright, his muscles develop, he learns to control motor skills. When the mother walks, stops, or turns, the baby's muscles work and learn to cope with gravity and balance. Gravity is a positive factor in the development of children, which allows them to learn from an early age to hold their heads and keep their bodies in balance.

Vertical carry controversy

So why do so many still claim that the horizontal position is better for the baby? Supporters of the horizontal position in the first months of life argue that the vertical position can overload the still undeveloped spine and pelvis.

Although some pediatricians are proponents of natural parenting, many are not experienced in using slings. They are familiar with baby carriers from the 1980s and 90s, which typically lack adequate neck and head support, narrow, chafing leg openings that cause children to dangle at the crotch due to lack of leg support. They may have seen children carried upright in the “world-facing” position so often that they feel that there is not enough support for the spine in any upright carry.

Perhaps a study of the Inuit (self-name of the Eskimos - approx. transl.) , among whom spondylolisthesis is widespread, or the Navajo Indians, who often have hip dysplasia, is enough evidence to consider all devices for upright carrying children harmful and recommend strollers as a safer mode of transport.

The photographs above depict exactly those child-carrying devices that doctors consider unsafe and even harmful. Both are non-physiological. These baby carriers, unlike scarf slings, ring slings, mai slings and other soft baby carriers, do not provide adequate support for the legs, causing the pelvis to pull back and the back to arch dangerously.

When a child is positioned facing forward and with his back to the adult who carries him, his center of gravity is not located correctly. The pressure is on the shoulders and chest of the child, often the shoulders are retracted and the back sags even more. Wearing vertically "facing the world" is harmful to children.

Wider Bottom part The kangaroo in the photo above would provide more support for the back (maintaining the natural C-shaped shape) if the baby were turned to face the mother and if the butt and hips were inside. Instead, the child's spine is straight and often too long and arched due to weak abdominal muscles and insufficient support for the legs.

When the baby is carried in a carrier, the baby should be turned to face the mother and ideally the fabric should reach to the knee to provide adequate support for the legs, which in turn ensures the correct position of the pelvis and therefore properly supports the spine. While there is certainly some benefit to the mother wearing it, there is no support for the legs in the world-facing position, and there is insufficient support for the hips and back, and there is no support at all for the baby's head and neck. in case he falls asleep.

Swaddling a baby's legs contributes to the development of hip dysplasia

While there are many psychological, emotional, and physiological benefits to carrying children, it is clear that swaddling the legs in a straight position (as the Navajo Indians do) leads to abnormal development of the hip joints. (Crisholm, 1983). In this case, the excessive load on the hip joints of the child is not caused by the vertical carrying itself, but by the incorrect position of the hip joints, in which there is no way to spread the legs and bend the knees. (Van Slewen, 2007).

While carrying a baby horizontally with legs together in a baby carrier (for example, in the cradle position in a ring sling or scarf sling) provides adequate support for the spine, this position is not optimal for extended wear as it does not provide the position needed for correct formation hip joints, especially if the child has congenital dysplasia.

The American Academy of Pediatrics released a swaddling study edited by Van Sleven in 2007, which confirmed that a baby's legs should not be swaddled tightly together. In 1965, hip dysplasia was common in Japan, when tight swaddling was widely used, in which the legs of the child were brought together and pressed tightly against each other. Eight years later, doctors began advising mothers to "avoid extended leg extensions in newborn babies." Shortly thereafter, experts noted a significant decrease in the incidence of dysplasia (Van Slewen, 2007).

Children like to be wrapped tightly, but the straightening of their legs does not match their reflex tendency to bend and spread their legs wide. This child is swaddled freely, his legs are not straightened by force swaddling.

Dangerous back bend

In Inuit shoulder bags (called "papus7ra"), in which the shoulders are also pulled back and the legs are inadequately supported, the spine dangerously sags or stretches too much. With insufficient back support and still very weak abdominal muscles, the pelvis deviates back, and the spine bends. Taking on the motor load produced by each step of the mother, the spine experiences too much stress.

The development of spondylolisthesis, that is, the displacement of a vertebra to compensate for repetitive stress (usually with an incorrect position of the spine), is a common thing among gymnasts and weightlifters. It is also unusually common among the Inuit and Athabaskans (one of the tribes of North American Indians - approx. Transl.) - where almost one in two suffers from it.

Yochum and Rowe suggested that Eskimos who carry their children in shoulder bags (papus) put their children under premature strain on the spine. This explains the widespread occurrence of isthmic spondylolisthesis in their population. Since no one has yet been born with spondylolisthesis, Yochum and Rowe deny the possibility of hereditary transmission of spondylolisthesis, and consider the use of a papus (non-physiological device for carrying children) as a more likely cause (Wong, 2004).

Any device for carrying children that does not support the child's legs in a bent and spread position facing an adult, any device in which the child is "facing the world" with holes for the legs is no less harmful than papus, since these devices pull the shoulders back and are dangerous arch the back. Papus, changing boards, and kangaroo backpacks with leg openings when worn "face to the world" are very similar in that they spread the shoulders, and all the load is placed on the perineum or on the base of the spine.

Navajo changing board and Inuit papus in the photo on the left. A child with swaddled legs in an unphysiological position in the photo on the right.

Bent and folded legs

Upright carriers that support the legs, position the baby in the same way as in the mother's arms, and do not endanger the child's spine and hip joints (Kirkilionis, 2002). When the baby's legs are bent and wide apart (the position that the baby's body instinctively assumes when picked up), the head of the femur fills the joint capsule. The joint locks into place most accurately when the legs are raised about 100 degrees and at the same time separated by about 40 degrees (Kirkilionis, 2002). Dysplasia does not develop when the legs are in this position. This is the same position that doctors recommend for the treatment of dysplasia.

Interestingly enough, the Netsilik Eskimos (one of the Western Eskimo tribes - approx. trans.), big fans of carrying children, do not use papus, but carry children in amauti (very thick arctic clothes with a pocket for a child on the back - approx. transl.) . The child takes a sitting position with legs apart on the back of the mother inside outerwear. (Montagu, 1986). Studies have not shown widespread spondylolisthesis in this northern group of Eskimos. Their spines and hip joints are normally developed.

The legs, spine and hip joints of this child are in normal position. The mother uses either her hands or a simple piece of cloth to hold the baby's legs in a bent and spread position. Instead of a crotch webbing that provides no leg support (like a baby carrier) or leg swaddling that is too restrictive, ergonomic carrying devices provide a position where the baby would be in the mother's arms as well.

The mother's hand supports the child under the ass and legs. Therefore, the load is not on the spine, and the weight of the child is evenly distributed in an ergonomic position.

The fabric reaches to the knees of the child, providing the necessary support to the legs. The legs should be raised at least to the level of the hip joint in order to provide an optimal position for the proper development of the hip joints.

The photo above shows the correct position of the spine, facing the mother, the correct support for the legs, head and neck.

Proper breathing

Supporters of the horizontal position in infancy may worry about whether the baby is getting enough oxygen when carried upright, compared to a stroller. According to Marie Blois, premature babies, when carried by their mothers in an upright position, had a more even and correct breathing compared to those who were nursed in an incubator.

They also showed “less sleep apnea (temporary cessation of breathing) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). The transcutaneous oxygen level does not decrease, which indicates that the oxygen exchange is not impaired.” These studies were done on premature babies who weighed 3 pounds. These tiny three-pound babies were placed upright on their mother's breasts, usually wrapped with a piece of cloth. They felt better on their mother's breasts and were ready to be discharged from the hospital earlier than their peers who were nursed in an incubator. (Blois, 72). While the upright position is preferred for a three-pound premature baby, it is unlikely that it would be dangerous for a full-term newborn.

Upright position prevents ear infections

Lying flat is not only bad for a child's spine, hip joints, and skull, it's also a risk factor for developing internal ear infections. Gastric reflux (regurgitation), in which the contents of the stomach enter the middle ear, causes ear infections. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs in newborns because the gastric sphincter is usually immature and not tightly closed.

For children diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux, upright wearing is recommended to alleviate these symptoms. In a horizontal position, the symptoms of gastric reflux increase, and gastric juice more easily penetrates into the Eustachian tube from the throat. The same thing happens when artificial babies are fed in a horizontal position instead of a semi-upright position, since formula can get into the middle ear.

The contents of the stomach, if it enters the Eustachian tube, can cause inflammation and, as a result, otitis media. Wearing vertically can serve preventive measure against ear infections and helps reduce symptoms of reflux (Schon, 2007).

Vertical position trains the vestibular apparatus

Another advantage of carrying a child upright is that the vestibular apparatus works more actively in this position, compared to the supine position. The vestibular apparatus helps us maintain balance and is responsible for a sense of security in space. When a mother carries her child, the child moves with her, back and forth, right and left, swaying and leaning as she walks. All these various movements force the child to respond adequately in order to maintain balance. All these movements train his vestibular apparatus.

The movements of the stroller are not very diverse, they occur mainly in the same plane - forward and backward. When the mother lowers and lays the child in a horizontal position, the child often throws up his arms and legs, as if he wants to save himself from falling. This is called the Moro reflex - a child's reaction to danger. It is later replaced by the adult startle reflex.

Carrying and rocking stimulates the development of the child's vestibular apparatus and helps him feel more confident in space. Most children spend most of the day in a container or stroller. Because of this, they are more prone to dizziness and generally feel insecure in space. Typical of North American Indians great confidence in space, they feel calm at the height and do not experience fear when they look out the window of a skyscraper. Most Indians spent their infancy in swaddling boards or on their mother's thigh, and this is due to the well-developed vestibular apparatus. Interestingly, the fear of flying and the fear of heights, which many modern adults suffer from, has its roots in childhood because they were not worn much. Children who are carried in their arms feel more confident and are less likely to develop fears related to space. (Montagu, 1986).

The vertical position on the mother's chest contributes to the development

Children need to feel safe. They physically need close contact with their mother. They laugh and walk. In an upright position on their mother's chest, they are able to view the world without restrictions from a safe place and have the opportunity to explore everything around them at their most comfortable pace. In an upright position, babies not only develop better physically, but also feel happier and calmer. Dr. Sharon Heller states:

“The more time children spend upright, the more time they are calm and ready to explore the world. Even newborns, who spend most of their time sleeping, stop crying and perk up when they are picked up and put on their shoulders. It's interesting how sensitive a newborn is to where he is. But the upright position in the infant carrier is less conducive to a state of calm attention than the upright position in the arms ... The upright position is optimal for babies. Think about how much time our children spend horizontally - in a flat bed or in a stroller. Are there conditions in this provision for the child to be in a state of readiness to explore the world? No conditions... Researchers have found that children who are not yet able to sit up on their own develop better intellectually when they are in an upright position" (Heller, 94).

The upright position on the mother's chest stimulates the senses

This situation is incredibly stimulating development. The child is not only able to learn more about the world, he is also in the most suitable state for this. When a child is ready to learn, it is then that information is absorbed best. He learns more about the world and his place in it.

"Mom is huge world for a child that he can study, where smiles, smells and laughter alternate with caresses, and all this is available for knowledge. When worn on the mother's chest, all the senses of the child are actively working. Our baby gets tactile sensations from our touches on her skin, her skin and a sense of her posture in space from the touch of her arms and legs hugging our body. She receives tactile, olfactory and gustatory sensations from our milk, if we are breastfeeding, her vestibular apparatus develops from our movements, from the efforts that she makes to keep her head and maintain balance in an upright position. She gets visual sensations when she looks around, auditory sensations when we whisper tenderness to her, and kinesthetic sensations when we shift her to the other side ... and when we put the child in a container, especially if he does not see us, the conditions for development his sense organs are practically absent” (Heller, 122).

Regulation of physiological processes becomes easier

The mother-child relationship ensures the regulation of the physiological processes of the child's body. Studies have shown that when a child is separated from his mother, he "decreases heart rate, lowers temperature, disturbed sleep and altered electroencephalography", which means a violation of the regulatory processes of his body (Archer, 1992). When separated from the mother, the child's immune system is weakened. His body literally stops producing enough white blood cells. But when the child is reunited with the mother, all processes return to normal (Montagu, 1986). The body of the child physically needs the presence of the mother, this helps him regulate his physiological processes.

A mechanistic approach to child care: why pediatricians discourage mothers from carrying children

While the research is so convincing in favor of carrying children upright, it is difficult to understand pediatricians' doubts about this and their sometimes outright mockery of patients who carry children upright. Perhaps the reason for the rejection of upright carrying is that they want to convince mothers that this can spoil the child, or that they believe that in this way the attachment of mother and child to each other will become too strong.

The move away from carrying our children may be due to old theories that have been around since 1928, when the famous behaviorist Watson initiated a deviation from the humanistic course and began to consider children independent, strong and thick-skinned. He constructed the theory that we are born as a blank slate, denying the instincts that appeared in the process of evolution, and any innate biological needs. According to his theory, in order to "form" an independent person, it is necessary to protect the child from the formation of dependence habits. In other words, if you pick up your child, he will hang on to you and never let go. You can not only carry a child, but also kiss and rock him. If you show the child your feelings, the child will expect it and demand it.

The parents and grandparents of most of us have been influenced by this mechanistic approach. Expert pressure led them to believe that if we pick up a child when it cries, we will raise the child to be a tyrant and become its slaves. Unfortunately, this psychology has strongly influenced the theory and practice of pediatrics, and even now it can be heard in conversations between the doctor and mothers (Montagu, 1986).

The evolutionary need for touch

Most mothers still feel the pressure of these cruel childcare practices that were instilled into our parents and grandmothers. However, mechanistic methods are becoming a thing of the past. Anthropologist James McKenna argues that our children, who spend more time in a container than on their hands, "are at odds with evolution." "In fact, our entire biochemistry and physiology is adapted to the conditions of life of our ancestors - hunters and gatherers, when mothers carried children in their arms." No matter how our culture changes, the need for touch, which has developed in the process of evolution, remains with us.

In the process of evolution, children grew up in closeness with their mother, and therefore the child expects this closeness, that is, to be in her arms. He needs proximity for security, physiological growth, intellectual development, to help regulate physiological processes and support the immune system (Field, 69-74). “Touch is not just a nice bonus. It is as necessary as the air we breathe” (Heller, 5).

Make Carrying the Rule

Most Western parents cannot imagine life without a stroller. But strollers are not as safe for a child as it might seem. Lying alone for a long time on the back does not correspond to the instinctive expectations of the child. The horizontal position in early infancy overloads the child's spine, skull and neck. When a mother carries her baby upright, she adapts to his movements and he adapts to hers, and they both move like partners in a dance. The two of them live in the same rhythm physically and physiologically, moving in sync. No, even the most prestigious designer stroller can provide the warmth that a mother's body gives, her smell that soothes, all the variety of her movements, her sensitivity, her willingness to respond to the signals of the child - all this is so important for the health, development and growth of her child. This is especially important in infancy, when the human brain grows faster than ever later in life. Looking alone at the fabric of the stroller canopy, which the manufacturer has chosen for its edging, cannot be compared with the interesting and diverse world that the child observes on his own in the arms of his mother.

Strollers as such are not bad. Moreover, carrying and pushchairs should not be mutually exclusive. The stroller has a right to exist, but only as long as the child is satisfied and his need for a mother is satisfied when he signals that he wants to be held (the position facing the mother is preferable in order to stimulate his communication and interaction with the world) (Zeedyk , 2008).

Conclusion

Lying a child flat on his back in a stroller is by no means more physiological for the back, neck, hip joints and psyche than upright carrying. The child by nature is arranged in such a way that he needs to be carried in his arms. The upright position with proper leg support is optimal for the baby and safe even for premature babies. A mother needs to trust her heart. Carrying a baby on the chest, near the heart, is not only good for physical development, it also provides optimal conditions and environment for his psychological and emotional development.

Translation - Veronika Migulina, sling consultant, translator
Tomsk, 2010

Original article on the site mama.tomsk.ru.

Horizontal, horizontal, horizontal - all these words denote the position of an object or any object, including a living one, described in figuratively, in relation to the ground. If you look from some distance at a random accumulation of objects, you can see that the objects turn into horizontal chains, in the end - into horizontal lines.

Consider examples, what does it mean horizontally?

• We look into the distance - we see the horizon. Where is the horizon line? Horizontally. What? Earth.
• We lay down to rest - took a horizontal position. What position is our body in? In horizontal. In relation to what? To the sofa. To the floor. To the ground.
• Reading a letter or a book. How are the lines arranged? Horizontally. Regarding what?
• A bird is flying horizontally. What? Earth.
• The river flows horizontally. What? Earth.

Here we can give a lot of examples, but now it is clear that horizontal means the parallel position of lines, objects, objects or structures in relation to the ground or another object (object, structure), but which must be located necessarily parallel again to the ground. To make it easier to imagine, what is horizontal, horizontal or horizon, henceforth we propose to focus precisely on the location of the object in relation, ultimately, to the surface of the earth.

Horizontal line

Draw a horizontal line on a piece of paper. If a sheet of paper lies on the table - the sheet is located horizontally. Line drawing is done on the left right or right to left - a horizontal line is drawn. You can draw anything on the sheet: vertical lines (top to bottom or bottom to top), diagonal, any pattern. In this case, the sheet is still horizontal. What? Table. Semi. The lower floor of the house. Earth.

The horizontal is the most familiar of all, the baseline. In any sense, it serves as the basis of any composition. Even its visual heaviness recalls that horizontal surface there is a fundamental holding base. It is parallel to the earth. No wonder the image horizontal line expresses weight, calmness, peace and stability.

Horizontal as a psychological concept

Horizontal lines in the drawings can be seen through the knowledge of psychology. Straight lines imply some kind of dividing line. A person, as a spectator, can stay outside, looking beyond it, or step over this horizon, so to speak, "step over the line." Straight and clear lines express courage and perseverance, thin and curved horizontal lines express delicacy and softness.

Horizontal - topographic definition

The simplest definition of this word can be found in numerous dictionaries and encyclopedias. different directions. Most often, this name is applied to isohypse, i.e., lines connecting points that are at the same absolute height above sea level or any other plane taken as a basis.

Here is how this concept is deciphered Encyclopedic dictionary I.A. Efron and F.A. Brockhaus:

• Horizontals - (isohypses) lines connecting points on the ground that lie at the same height above sea level or some main plane taken as the base.

• Contours - lines on a map or terrain plan obtained from the intersection of the earth's surface with horizontal planes standing at the same distance from each other.

Excerpt from the Geological Encyclopedia:

• Contours – These are lines connecting points of the same height above sea level. With the help of horizontal topographic maps features of the relief of various parts of the earth's crust are displayed.

And at the end we give the text of the definition from the Technical Translator Handbook a (machine-building industry):

• Contours - lines on the surface parallel to the horizontal projection plane.

Definition in professional growth

Professionals have such a concept as career vector. Numerous and now very popular trainings on achieving results in professional activity and moving up the ladder to a successful career, bring to the table ideas that imply the growth of a person’s potential both vertically and horizontally. The vertical is understandable, stepping over the steps one after another, i.e., moving up, the individual rises vertically. What about the second option?

Here we must recall the playful principle of the Canadian teacher Peter Lawrence, which says that when climbing vertically there is a limit, that step above which a person is not able to rise. Well, there is some truth in this. But, few people agree to dwell on what he is good at. So, it makes sense to continue growth in the other direction.

Horizontal growth means the deepening of the specialist in the expert area. The individual becomes an excellent master and an unsurpassed expert in concrete form activities in a particular direction. He does his job, he has the same responsibilities, but at the same time he has mastered and applies new tools to perform the assigned tasks. Over time, his work becomes better and is performed more virtuoso, for which the professional is more appreciated by his superiors and external partners.

Another option for the development of professional activity horizontally is the transition to a parallel direction, the acquisition of new skills in it, including in many other areas. This is necessary when the company practices the rearrangement of employees from one block to another. For example, from the financial department to logistics. On the one hand, the specialist brings knowledge from other areas into this new subdivision, on the other hand, he learns new things all the time. The employee develops strongly as a person, which will certainly affect his professional qualities.

Many professionals are quite satisfied with horizontal growth and do not need vertical growth, citing such an important bonus as less responsibility. The most important thing is that in this case a person must understand in what role he will be most successful, valuable for the profession and effective for the result. This is where you need to think carefully about your steps. career ladder and be honest with yourself. Moreover, not everyone wants to be leaders.

Can the layout method affect the design of the bathroom? Yes, but only if the intermediate seams stand out against the background of the tiles or the tiles alternate various shades. For example, if the tile is black and the grout is white, the direction of the layout becomes obvious and to some extent affects visual perception rooms.
In the case when the seams are barely visible, there is virtually no difference in the vertical and horizontal layout.

how to lay tiles horizontally or vertically

No effect is produced by a large tile close to square with a minimum difference in width from length. At various ways layouts of similar tiles, it will look about the same.

How does the tiling method affect the interior?

The vertical layout of the tiles with contrasting seams visually makes the room appear taller while narrowing it down. Horizontal, on the contrary, expands the bathroom, making it lower.

To support the effect, accent inserts from tiles or other decor are often added to the finishing scheme. For example, make one or more horizontal rows to visually expand the bathroom. Vertical inserts can make the ceiling higher.

In addition, the stripes allow you to smooth out the effect of the tile layout. For example, if vertical direction is preferred, several horizontal stripes needs to be contrasted. As a result, the vertical layout of the tile will narrow the room, but the horizontal insert will soften this effect. At the same time, the bathroom will not become either narrow or low.

This rule also works with the reverse scheme: the tile is laid horizontally, but one or a pair of vertical inserts is added. As a result, an increase in the perimeter is obtained, both in the vertical and in the horizontal direction.
The combined layout of tiles similar to panels (white top - black bottom or vice versa) will visually enlarge the bathroom. With this finish, the way the tiles are arranged will no longer have a strong impact.

Choose: vertical or horizontal tiling?

Horizontal tile laying is more familiar to the eye, as it looks more natural. Since the standard horizontal brickwork. However, if a non-intrusive grout is used, then attention is not drawn to the location of the tile.
The horizontal arrangement of a rectangular tile may allow the use of a standard brick layout with offset seams. This will bring zest to the interior.

horizontal or vertical tiling

If the room is very small, and the tiles are elongated enough, horizontal laying will look unsightly because of a large number"pieces". It is better to position it vertically and apply a grout that blends with the tile.
The narrowest fragments are stacked only horizontally.

To finish the screen under the very design of the bath, it is better to choose tiles of such dimensions that it does not need to be cut in height. Here the laying method is subject to the rule of practicality, and not the visual component.

If you cannot decide which method you like, then you can combine both layout options. For example, on one part of the bathroom, apply vertical laying tiles, on the opposite - horizontal. Both visual effects will balance each other, which will lead the interior to harmony.

It would seem that every person should know what such terms as "vertically", "horizontally" mean. However, even adults are often confused whether this is up or not. In this article we will try to figure out what position is considered vertical, how and where it is customary to use this designation. Moreover, we will also talk about the importance given to the usual vertical line in some school sciences.

First, let's talk about what a person should represent when he hears the definition of "vertical line". First of all, this designation is used in ASCII. Does this abbreviation mean anything to you? And this is quite normal, since this encryption will be familiar only to people whose work is related to the encoded text.

For ordinary people, let's explain that ASCII is a fairly large table. It contains various codes. Each of these codes corresponds to printable and non-printable characters that are widely used.

ASCII table

Note! It's all about numeric codes. For the first time this table was developed by specialists from the United States of America in the 60s. Almost immediately after the development, it was standardized and after that it began to be actively used.

In the table, you can also find such a symbol as a vertical line. Her code is 0x7C (hex), 124 (dec).

Notably, users operating system called UNIX, prefer to call given symbol none other than "pipe". FROM in English the word "pipeline" can be translated as conveyor. But in the Soviet Union they could not understand and accept this terminology. Books by V. E. Figurnov, the first editions of which are Soviet, were full of an unusual comparison of a vertical line with a pipeline. That is why they began to refer to it as a symbol of the pipeline, thereby replacing the running name "pipe".

Application in mathematics

Surely, every schoolchild who did not skip classes and conscientiously did his homework knows what the vertical looks like. Indeed, in mathematics, the notation is used quite often. Moreover, there are many applications.

Let us consider in more detail each of them and thereby recall the school curriculum a little.

1. |x| - a familiar designation to many. The value that is between the two vertical bars is the absolute value. Never heard of it either? Then let us recall another term, which is used to denote the absolute value. And this is a module. Therefore, the line going down denotes exactly
2. m || n - separation by two vertical lines is considered to be the designation of a parallel. In other words, given lines (planes) will always be parallel if they are separated by a similar symbol.
3. a|b - in such a formula, the vertical line is a separator. That is, the number a divides the number b.
4. p(b|a) is a more complex formula. Separation in the form of a vertical bar says that some event b is possible only under the condition that event a occurs.

The above formulas and notation are not the only ones. There are many other examples of the use of the vertical bar in mathematics. It is worth mentioning that it is often used in another science, which is also taught at school.

Useful video: vertical bar

Application in computer science

Specialists who work with systems such as DOS and UNIX know what a vertical line is because they often work with it. This is explained by the fact that this designation is used for Stdout. But what is Stdout? Quite simply, it is a process that means redirecting the standard output of a certain program to another pipeline.

To make it clearer, consider this complex formula: cat fruits.txt | grev -v ^bad | sort. But we note right away that it is complicated only at first glance. In fact, the programmer has set a simple algorithm. With it, you can display a list of fruits, which is contained in a file called fruits.txt.

But at the same time, it will be possible to see only those fruits in the name of which there is no “bad” in the first 3 characters. Moreover, the displayed list will be immediately sorted alphabetically. It's simple, isn't it? But what formula prompted the programmers to think of comparing the vertical with a pipeline?

The one shown above. Using this formula as an example, one can understand why it occurred to Russian programmers to compare this symbol with a pipeline. The described method of information transfer directs the flow of data according to the same principle of operation as a conventional pipeline. That is why programmers Soviet Union considered that the term "pipe", which came from the West, can be replaced by another - "pipeline". After all, vertically means both down and down.

An example of a program in computer science using vertical lines

Just about complex

Almost every person who has read the above text is guaranteed to have the idea that it is difficult to figure out which line is vertical. But in reality this is not so. So, now let's try to explain in a simple and understandable language what a vertical is.

The vertical is the direction that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. Now let's remember what a horizontal plane is. Imagine a horizon. Represented? Here is the horizontal plane. Therefore, a plane that will be perpendicular to the horizon should be considered a vertical line. That is, vertically, as already written, it is up and down at the same time.

Useful video: Draw straight lines (vertical and horizontal)