Scheme of ventilation of an apartment building. Systems and schemes of natural ventilation of a multi-storey residential building

The quality of indoor air has a direct impact on the health and well-being of its inhabitants. Therefore, much attention is paid to the development of supply ventilation in a nine-story panel building and any other complex. The calculation and design of the circuit is carried out at the stage of drafting the project.

The order of work on the project

The design engineer must consider the location of the air ducts, calculate their dimensions and main technical parameters. The work is carried out taking into account external pollution and noise, the category and number of storeys of the house. In addition, it defines:

• power of the ventilation line;
• system power consumption;
• overall dimensions of the main functional units, etc.

When drawing up drawings, they are guided by the requirements of GOST and fire safety rules. For example, the use of non-combustible materials and the installation of special valves can prevent the spread of fire through the air ducts during a fire. The ventilation system of a residential panel house should also help maintain a comfortable indoor climate. The penetration of cold air currents into the apartments is not allowed.

System Design Features

Most houses built during the Soviet period have a ventilation system, which depends on the strength of the wind, the frequency of opening windows and doors. Fresh air penetrates into the apartment and displaces old masses into the ventilation ducts.

Holes were provided in the kitchen, bathroom, toilet and connected to a common shaft. In order for the air to change, it was necessary to open the windows regularly. Such ventilation in a panel house is called mixing. Here are some of the features of this system:

1. The layout of the ducts can be changed. Engineers have developed a more efficient layout, in which the ventilation ducts from the apartments do not go directly into a common collector, but form accelerating shafts. The air ducts are connected to the main line through the floor, and the exits from the last and penultimate floors lead directly to the street.
2. Air exchange with mixing is essentially a draft that provides an influx of fresh air. The system is effective for rooms with good vapor barrier, concrete or brick walls. In other cases, constant drafts will cause discomfort to residents.

With the advent of new energy-saving technologies, the widespread installation of hermetic doors and windows, the air exchange system with mixing has lost its relevance. She simply ceased to cope with her main task. The number of stagnant zones in apartments has increased, the quality of life has decreased.

Supply and exhaust schemes appeared. They allow you to organize sufficient air exchange, while maintaining heat and not forcing residents to constantly ventilate the premises. System Features:

1. Special supply valves in the air ducts allow you to adjust the speed of movement of air masses. Thus, it is possible to control the temperature and humidity conditions in the room.
2. Installation of fans allows you to slightly increase the cross section of the air ducts, reduce the noise of the system.
3. Keeping heat indoors has reduced heating costs in the winter. For residents of the northern regions, this is a significant savings.

The improvement of ventilation schemes in a panel house had a positive impact not only on the quality of life of people, but also extended the life of finishing materials and building structures. Reducing the humidity of the air prevents the appearance of fungi and mold on the walls. The corrosion of metal elements is also slowed down.

Choosing a ventilation system

The ventilation device in a panel house is made according to one of three types:

1. Natural. The change in flows occurs due to the difference in temperature, pressure of the external and internal air. Draft occurs in the ventilation ducts, "sucking out" the stagnant masses from the room. Fresh air comes from windows and doors. Such a system is recommended for multi-storey buildings located within the quarter. At the same time, the level of external noise generated by street transport should not exceed 50 dBA.
2. Forced. Air masses move under the action of special technical equipment. Both inflow and exhaust are carried out mechanically.
3. Combined. In such systems, either supply or exhaust is mechanized, depending on the requirements. Combined impulsion ventilation is optimal for houses near which the external noise level exceeds 50 dBA.

None of the systems is universal. The choice is made by the designer for each specific building.

Installation of supply and exhaust air ducts

Rules for the installation of supply systems for residential premises:

1. If there is no heat exchanger in the channel, and the air is supplied to the apartment cold, then the duct outlet is made in the upper part of the wall. Thus, it is possible to achieve mixing of flows and optimize their temperature.
2. If the heaters are installed indoors, then the supply ventilation outlet is located behind them or immediately above the heaters.
3. If heat exchangers or other heating mechanisms are installed in the air ducts, then the inflow can be located in any convenient place, both at the bottom and at the top.

Diversion shafts are always mounted under the ceiling, at a height of at least 2 meters above the floor. This arrangement contributes to the effective removal of exhaust air.

In case of violation of the ventilation of a 9-storey panel building and any other multi-apartment building, residents are not entitled to perform any manipulations on their own. It is only allowed to clean the channel at arm's length from the wall. In other words, you can remove the grate and vacuum the shaft, but in case of serious breakdowns, you should immediately call the master.

To ensure the normal living of residents in an apartment building, it is important to correctly calculate and equip its air exchange. That is why the ventilation system in an apartment building is one of the important engineering decisions made at the stage of drawing up project documentation. People's health, comfort and coziness, durability of building structures depend on the quality of its work.

The value of ventilation for a multi-storey residential building

Ventilation in a high-rise building is a vertical structure originating in the basement

Ventilation in high-rise buildings means an engineering system. It begins in the basement of a residential building, ends above the surface of the roof. Any attempts to change the design of the shafts, carry out redevelopment, dismantle the ventilation elements on the part of the residents are fraught with a violation of its functionality.

The main task of any type of air exchange is to create normal conditions for life and work. With properly organized circulation, air flows from the rooms towards the exhaust devices in the kitchen and in the toilet. In this way, exhaust air saturated with water vapor, gases, and odors is removed from the apartments.

It should be understood that in a 9-storey building, the speed of air movement through the ventilation duct will differ from the same, but five-story building. That is why an individual calculation of the ventilation parameters for each residential building is carried out: the air velocity in all apartments must be sufficient, regardless of the number of storeys.

Attention! If the ventilation in a multi-storey building is forced, then noise isolation is provided for the silent operation of exhaust systems. Correction of incoming air with the help of dampers, valves will save energy costs for its heating.

Ventilation system design options

Three unified variants of schemes have been developed, which are used depending on the characteristics of air exchange.

• The natural ventilation scheme in a multi-storey building involves the replacement of exhaust flows with fresh air using the natural draft method. It is created by a pressure drop in the exhaust ducts.
• The combined method is based on the forced air supply and the removal of exhaust air in a natural way. Or the inflow is carried out through the windows, slots, holes, and mechanical exhaust ventilation removes it from the room with the help of fans.
• Forced system only. Supply ventilation and removal of the air flow is carried out by mechanical devices. It is of two types: autonomous and centralized. In the first case, air exchange is ensured by the operation of an exhaust fan at the inlet to the air duct, mounted on the facade of the house. Air can also enter through the supply valves. Modern "know-how" - heating (or cooling) of air directly entering the apartment through a heat exchanger installed here.

The centralized principle of operation allows air to be supplied and removed by a common ventilation chamber located on the roof of the house with supply and exhaust ventilation units. Moreover, air circulation occurs constantly, regardless of weather conditions and seasons.

Natural type air exchange: principle of operation

Using the example of panel houses built in the last century, you can see how natural ventilation works in an apartment building. It belongs to the budget option, unlike elite buildings, where modern standards apply, new technologies are used, and energy-saving materials are used.

The device of the ventilation duct in the old house - "Stalin"

A natural type of ventilation can also be found in a brick house of an old housing stock, where air enters through the slots of the porches of wooden windows and doors, and the exhaust is carried out by draft inside a vertical channel, with access above the roof or into the attic. Blocking the supply duct is fraught with a cessation of air exchange throughout the apartment. The insertion of special valves into window structures, overflow gratings in the door solves the problem of uninterrupted operation of natural ventilation.

The ventilation device in an apartment building with separate exhaust ducts for the kitchen, bath and toilet is one of the ventilation schemes. Here, from the listed rooms of each floor, a separate shaft goes to the roof. With its tightness, odors do not flow from neighboring apartments.

Another air exchange scheme includes vertical channels of all apartments, united by outlet ends in one longitudinal manifold. It is located in the attic, and already through the collector the air enters in an organized way into the street. To eliminate pressure losses in the air ducts and increase the draft, the joints are sealed, and pipes are put on the outlet ends of the channels: it is enough to add only 1 m of a pipe segment and orient it at an angle to the common exhaust shaft.

The least efficient, but also viable method is to collect the exhaust air from each apartment into a vertically installed air duct. The efficiency of the system is low, as odors flow from the premises of one apartment to another.

The most optimal and efficient ventilation systems (forced) are currently used in modern houses, where air is forced in and out mechanically. The peculiarity of air exchange here is the use of energy-saving installations - recuperators. As a rule, the fresh air blowing device is located in the basement or technical floor. Additionally, the air is cleaned through a filter system, heated or, conversely, cooled and only then distributed to all apartments. At the upper level (roof), a ventilation unit of identical performance is installed, which completely removes all air pollution.

Attention! The presence of recuperators allows you to heat (cool) the air on the supply of energy taken from the air leaving the apartments.

Assessing different types of ventilation, it should be noted that natural air exchange is not very efficient, but it also clogs the ventilation shaft least of all. If there is no construction debris in the channel, then it is enough to clean it once every few years.

Basement and cellar ventilation

Basements are considered an important element of the entire ventilation system. The central shafts originate in the basement space. Usually the type of air exchange here is natural. Raw air is removed through common channels. On each floor and in each apartment, it enters through special openings.

For a constant supply of fresh flow in the socle machines just above the ground (at a height of 0.2 m), air ducts (0.05-0.85 sq.m.) are evenly arranged around the entire perimeter of the base of the house. according to the size of the house. The total area of ​​such holes should be 1/400 of the area of ​​​​the residential building. These are vented holes. It is impossible to force them or plant green spaces near the foundation.

The ventilation scheme in a residential building will be effective in case of normal operation of all its autonomous links. Any unprofessional or intentional intervention in the ventilation provision of apartments is administratively punishable.

The easiest way to ensure air exchange in the premises is natural ventilation. It does not require energy consumption and is widely used both in private and multi-storey construction. The comfort of living in the house depends on the quality of ventilation.

Human life is associated with various processes in which water vapor, carbon dioxide, unwanted odors, tobacco smoke and other pollutants are released. Due to the lack of ventilation, the humidity in living spaces becomes excessive, resulting in mold and an unhealthy atmosphere with stale air. Without ventilation, gas heaters, a fireplace or a stove cannot be installed.

Natural ventilation works due to the difference in pressure inside and outside the premises. Polluted air exits through the ventilation duct, and fresh outside air enters through leaks in windows and doors.

In apartment buildings, natural ventilation is predominantly used. In houses with less than 5 floors, each apartment has its own ventilation duct. Sometimes these channels can be common, but unite the apartments through the floor. Such ventilation ducts have access to the roof.

In multi-storey buildings with more than 5 floors, there is simply not enough space on the roof to locate all the ventilation outlets from each apartment on the roof. Therefore, all individual ventilation ducts are combined into one common one, which, in turn, goes to the roof. Such a system complies with fire regulations and is also more compact than an individual duct system.

Most often, the ventilation ducts in the attic go into a box of gypsum slag boards, from where the exhaust air is released into the atmosphere. For natural ventilation to work effectively, the attic must be warm enough, otherwise the air will cool and condense, which will cause the so-called. reversal of circulation.

In brick walls, ventilation ducts are made in the form of shafts specially left in the masonry. Their cross section is usually a multiple of half a brick. In this case, the minimum cross section is 140 × 140 mm. Some projects do not allow making channels in the internal walls, so you have to build attached structures, the minimum section of which is 100 × 150 mm.

In panel and block houses, ventilation ducts are placed in a special ventilation panel with round or square holes inside. The diameter of the circular channels is 150 mm.

Each functional room (in apartments - this is a kitchen, bathroom and toilet) should be equipped with a separate ventilation duct. It is not recommended to combine them with a common hood, because. air distribution will be disturbed. The beginning of the channel is formed by a ventilation grill, adjustable (with a valve and movable shutters) or unregulated.

One of the main advantages of natural ventilation is the lack of energy consumption during its operation. To maintain such a system, you only need to keep the channels clean. The disadvantage is the need for a relatively large cross-section of ventilation ducts compared to forced exhaust, as well as dependence on weather and wind. It is believed that the range of natural ventilation is limited to 6-8 meters.

The condition for good draft in the ventilation duct is a lower outside temperature compared to the temperature in the ventilated room. When outside temperatures rise above +5°C, the intensity of ventilation gradually begins to decrease and disappears at +25°C. A further increase in outside temperature can cause reverse draft, but in the warm season, when the windows are open, this is not dangerous - the main thing is that air exchange is present.

The draft in the ventilation duct is also affected by the air permeability of window and door porches, the height of the house, the floor of the apartment, the layout and connection with the staircase and elevator assembly.

Natural ventilation works best in apartments oriented on two opposite sides, provided that the system is installed without errors. Moreover, it will work most of the year, and not just the coldest period. And yet, on hot summer days, only a strong wind can provide natural ventilation. Otherwise, all kitchen odors will have to be vented through open windows. The downside to ventilation is that odors can end up in living spaces where they are undesirable.

Some multi-storey buildings are equipped with a fan located in the technical floor. The motor of this fan is spring-loaded, and due to this it does not cause concern to the residents of the upper floors. The presence of forced exhaust does not allow us to call such ventilation natural.

In developed countries, mechanical ventilation in multi-storey buildings is the rule rather than the exception. Such a system does not depend on weather conditions and seasons. But it requires the mandatory installation of supply air valves on window frames. In Russia, houses with roof fans are also available. These are houses of the I-700A series. However, during operation, they showed themselves not from the best side. Basically, the problem of air exchange is noted there due to non-working roof fans. However, shortcomings in the design and installation of the system were also identified.

The problem of insufficient draft in natural ventilation ducts can be solved by installing an axial fan in place of a conventional ventilation grill. However, such fans are not allowed to be used in rooms with gas water heaters and boilers with an open combustion chamber. Forced exhaust can cause back draft in the chimney.

Calculation of the ventilation system

The dimensions and cross-section of ventilation ducts are calculated based on the standards for air exchange in residential and utility rooms. Thus, the air velocity in the channels during natural ventilation is no more than 1-2 m/s. This allows you to determine the required section of the ventilation duct, knowing that according to the standards, 60 m³ (electric stove) and 90 m³ (gas stove) should be removed from the kitchen; 25 m³ per hour should be removed from the toilet and bathroom, and if the bathroom is combined, then at least 25 m³ per hour. However, if at least one of the ventilation ducts is equipped with a fan, then the operation of the system will be unbalanced. And although the regulations do not directly prohibit this, nevertheless, it is better to consult with specialists when installing the hood.

Organization of air flow

The traditional wooden joinery, which is known to many from the Soviet past, was leaky, due to which it let out a sufficient amount of air necessary for normal air exchange. But after the mass replacement of old wooden windows with plastic ones, complaints about poor ventilation have become more frequent in housing and management companies. And this is not surprising, because natural ventilation cannot function without inflow. And plastic windows with double-glazed windows, in the absence of ventilators and participation from the residents, practically do not allow air to pass in either direction.

The reason for this problem lies in the fact that sealed double-glazed windows were originally developed for mechanically ventilated houses. As a result, a very contradictory situation develops, when we are first told that it is necessary to replace windows with energy-saving ones, but in the end it turns out that their tightness becomes unnecessary. But there is a way out - you need to order windows with built-in aeromats - special supply valves. These valves, working on the inflow, make it possible to regulate the incoming air flow up to its overlap. Aeromats should be cut into the window frames of the kitchen and other rooms that communicate through the doorway with the hoods. There is no need to install them on glazed balconies, since the balcony block will interfere with the regulation of the inflow.

The airmat is mounted at the top of the window so that the cold incoming air is directed to the ceiling and mixed with the warmest air. If you install supply valves at the bottom of the window, then cold air will flow down the window sill and form a cold layer near the floor.

Air valves, as a rule, worsen the sound insulation of a window with sealed double-glazed windows. But there are special valves with increased sound insulation.

The need for ventilation of premises mainly arises when there is an excess of humidity. Therefore, in addition to conventional valves with manual adjustment, window companies are also ready to offer valves with automatic adjustment that respond to an increase in humidity. Such valves contribute to the conservation of heat in the house, since they are covered when no one is at home, and, accordingly, water vapor is not released.

Number of valves. For a room with an area of ​​15-20 m², one supply valve is sufficient with a ceiling height of up to 3 m. With an increase in area for every 15 m², one more valve should be added.

Ventilation communication problem

Surely, residents of Soviet apartment buildings are familiar with the situation when “neighborly” smells get into the apartment. This is especially felt if people do not smoke, and tobacco smoke enters their apartment; or if they are not engaged in cooking, and the neighbors below are standing at the stove.

The reason for the penetration of odors lies in the presence of combined ventilation ducts and poor draft in them. If the draft is insufficient, and the neighbors below also have a kitchen hood inserted into the ventilation duct, then, of course, you will have all the smells. In this case, you can turn off your own hood, but this is not the best option. In accordance with building codes, it is impossible to combine the ventilation ducts of the last two floors, and the lower ones - only through the floor. If this norm is not violated, and the smells still go, then the cause of this may be the depressurization of the ventilation duct, as a result of which it began to communicate with the neighboring one. Exhaust air, under certain conditions, can penetrate through the holes that have appeared between adjacent ventilation ducts, and from it into your home.

Dealing with this phenomenon is quite difficult, but possible. It is best to contact specialists who inspect the ventilation duct of your apartment using a Ridgid-type inspection camera. If damage to the walls is found in the channel, then the designated places are repaired. If the channels are in order, then the matter is most likely in the incorrect design of the ventilation system. To get rid of other people's odors in your apartment, along with which carbon monoxide can also penetrate, you will have to take drastic measures - to arrange a separate ventilation duct or, at worst, to combine the ventilation of the kitchen and bathroom.

determined by how the ventilation system is arranged.

This means that the health of people also depends on this characteristic.

Many residents violate the air exchange without even realizing it.

Therefore, it is worth dealing with such an issue as the ventilation device in multi-storey buildings.

Usually a connection is created between the mine and the channels coming from different.

The name of the satellites received additional channels attached to the main system.

They are also connected to the mine, but not every floor, but after several.

The only thing that cannot be attached to the shaft is the exhaust satellites coming out of the floors above.

All residents of the apartments below will immediately know if at least one of the channels in between is clogged.

If the satellite from their apartment is connected to the same shaft.

Depending on the scheme for the formation of ventilation, two types of basic solutions are distinguished.

• , displacing air
• The one that stirs it

The latter option is most widely used in brick and concrete houses, inside which air masses do not pass. With such systems, complete air purification is not available.

Because everywhere there are zones in which the air practically does not move. He almost always stands still. Without a competent organization of ventilation shafts, stable operation is impossible.

Therefore, such a question as the ventilation device in multi-storey buildings and the method of its repair is of interest.

Previously, many preferred systems with a supply and exhaust mechanism. This contributed to the penetration of air inside through any open cracks. Window vent designs with window frames - all structural details could become a source of air.

The devices were cheap, did not differ in complex installation. Such ventilation did not require additional maintenance. But now they prefer fully sealed windows. And in winter, no one opens the windows for a long time, even to let more air inside.

To solve this problem, use inlet valves. They strictly control air circulation, help reduce additional noise.

If the hood is used passive - once a year it is necessary to completely change the filter.

Ways of passage of ventilation ducts

Ventilation ducts become one of the elements in natural ventilation. This component has become the main one. Channels of this type are mounted in apartment walls. Installation is carried out at the stage of construction of the house itself.

Fungus and mold can develop on the walls if the humidity in the room is constantly too high. This situation has a negative impact on health.

To prevent such an outcome, channels are never mounted on the outer walls of the building.

Inside, the channels have not only parts of the longitudinal arrangement. There are also sections located horizontally. The main requirement for them is a length that does not reach up to three meters.

Channels for ventilation. What material is best?

Over the past few years, metal products have become widespread. But the classic option is considered to be made of bricks. Despite the high competition, they continue to be in demand.

In cross section, the dimensions are half a brick, both in width and in length. The move is made in a square shape. Its width is equal to two bricks.

When brick channels are laid, they go through two stages.

• Make preliminary markup using special templates.
• Move to the first row. They start with the first two or three rows. Then the buoys are mounted, based on plumb lines. This is the name of the bricks laid out across the main channel. Then the shape of the channel will be square, and it will be protected from pollution. The buoys increase the strength of the channel. But such details become a hindrance when cleaning is carried out.
• For every 6-7th row, the buoys are rearranged.

On other features of the ventilation device in high-rise buildings

• Coming out, air flows should go to the bathrooms. This means that air impregnated with waste products, different amounts of odors, and carbon dioxide particles should be removed from the premises.
• The power of extracting air masses in houses with 5 and 9 floors is not the same. For each specific building, it is necessary to carry out individual calculations. Air movement must be established in all apartments, the number of storeys of the house does not play a role in this process.
• When using fans with an exhaust device, a lot of hum is transmitted to the apartment. Therefore, you can not do without the organization of additional sound insulation.
• The presence of controlled ventilation is an important requirement in apartment buildings. To reduce costs, pipes are equipped with valve and shielding mechanisms, a system responsible for stopping.

About the factors influencing the choice of a suitable system

One or another scheme is preferred depending on what features the apartment building itself has. But there are other specific parameters that affect the design of a building, its other technical features. These include:

• Number of floors
• How much pollution is in the air
• What kind of noise is emitted by transport
• What category does the building belong to?

When choosing ventilation for a building, many consider traffic noise. For example, natural ventilation is sufficient if the noise is approximately at the level of 50 dB. Forced ventilation is needed if the indicator is higher.

Ventilation of a multi-storey building. Possible problems

Plastic with full sealing has already been mentioned above.

They must be taken into account when studying the ventilation device in multi-storey buildings on the roof.

There is a second problem that has become widespread.

It means reverse action.

The problem is almost unknown to those who live below.

But the residents on the upper floors are familiar with the problem, and for a long time.

Among the main reasons is insufficient traction. The air is taken out of the apartments below, but it does not have the ability to push out the air masses that are inside the ventilation shaft.

Air masses follow the paths where they meet the least resistance, they end up in the so-called satellite channels. Then it will be unpleasant for those in whom such air masses fall. Hoods begin to cause drafts, and the air from them is not always fresh.

High-rise buildings and mechanical ventilation

For apartment buildings, forced ventilation is often chosen, referring to one of two types.

• Apartment or individual type. It assumes that exhaust-type fan units located at the inlets near the air ducts are operating. The system is necessarily supplied with fan, valve units of the supply type, which are placed on the side of the facade. A popular solution is the use of so-called recuperators. They reduce the costs associated with cooling and heating air masses.
• centralized type. Assumes one or more fan chambers. They are located on the roof of the building.

Such ventilation differs from other types in that special mechanisms are used to facilitate the passage of air from one place to another.

Atmospheric phenomena and natural factors have no influence on this process. The layout of apartments affects the system along with the design features of buildings.

Ventilation systems and their schemes

It is good if there are individual exhaust ducts in an apartment building. This means that a separate shaft leads literally from every available room.

Then the thrust will be more stable, less prone to overturning. Outside odors will not get inside from the neighboring ones.

There is another solution - when the channels of each apartment are collected horizontally in one collector, even if they are vertical. In the attic choose a place for the collector. This is where the air comes out.

The most unfortunate solution is the output of satellite channels from each apartment. And above these channels enter one large mine. This is a method with a cheap implementation.

It allows you to save space inside the premises. But during operation, a lot of problems are created for people living inside.

The remaining two are more common in houses with a small number of storeys, where there is an attic. The impeccability of such decisions also suffers.

• In the collectors, draft resistance may be created in excess of the norm.
• All odors from apartments in one of the solutions are collected only in the attic.

The simultaneous inclusion of a supply with a mechanical type and air removal is the most convenient version of the scheme. Most often, this option is used in the construction of new houses.

In the latter case, the design is equipped with a supply unit. It is located in the basement, supplies purified air with the required temperature to each of the three rooms.

The exhaust fan is located on. Its performance is the same as that of the main system. It is he who is responsible for removing the bad mixture from the apartments.

But such a scheme is the simplest possible solution. Ventilation involves the presence of equipment that stores additional energy. Such equipment is called recuperators.

Residential ventilation. We carry out calculations

Only serious design organizations should trust the calculations of ventilation systems. It doesn't matter if it's natural or forced. Residents receive the scheme in finished form.

Changes will become impossible without interventions in design features. Only a small improvement in air exchange is available, with the use of additional equipment. In this case, it is easier to calculate the structures.

For example, there is a house with poorly functioning ventilation. But the owner wants to have an environment that is absolutely safe for health.

It is important to remember one main rule. Supply air should be no less than what is removed in the hoods.

To increase traction, axial group fans are initially mounted at the outlets. It is necessary to put devices with the same performance on the inflow, then it will be easier to ensure uninterrupted operation.

High power fans are not suitable for bathrooms with kitchens. 50 m3 / h for each of the fans is a sufficient indicator in a one-room apartment. If there are two or three rooms, the capacity increases to 100 m3/h.

Units with small dimensions in the wall will help with forced flow, supporting heating and cleaning. In residential buildings, ventilation schemes are used that include several such devices.

They are located in different rooms. Providing not only the purity of the surrounding atmosphere, but also a balance between different air flows. The inflow can prevail over the exhaust, but not more than 15 percent.

About air inlets

Supply devices installed in external fences are an alternative for the device of this system. Their installation is promising, if you properly dispose of the details, consider:

• Supply air flow control.
• Rational placement of the equipment itself.

About the stabilization of work in the system

There are several ways to resolve this issue. At the same time, they will not lead to an increase in capital construction costs, they require only minimal costs during operation.

• Natural ventilation with wind impulsion. It involves the use of deflectors.
• Simultaneous application of mechanical motivation with natural.
• Use of ventilation “depending on the needs”. This means that individual nodes are individually installed in the premises.
• Thermal impulse in the warm season.

Combined type of systems

If the conditions in the environment are favorable, such a system works due to gravitational pressure, which is natural. But, if the conditions worsen, the fans automatically turn on.

Hybrid systems can be one of the following types. The principle is pretty much the same for everyone. But the design features are different.

• With static-dynamic deflectors.
• injection type systems.
• A combination of the first two types.

The main thing when designing such systems is to choose the right section of pipelines.

This is just as important as with natural ventilation.

It is necessary to make sure that the system is completely sealed.

If leaks are present, there will be excess air exchange in the apartments that are located below.

And only polluted air will be thrown into the apartments above.

Thanks to hybrid air exchange systems, it complies with current regulations throughout the year.

It doesn't matter what weather conditions are in the environment.

This is a less energy-intensive option compared to other analogues.

A little about the devices in the system

Statodynamic deflectors are a kind of static deflector, only equipped with a fan with two speeds, internal. If the electric motor is turned off, the device operates in the same way as a conventional static deflector.

The nominal diameter also remains the same. This creates a rarefaction equal to the sum of two indicators:

• wind pressure.
• gravitational pressure.

These consume very little electricity. The electric motor turns on only when it is really needed. Of the total time of the year, he works no more than 20 percent of the time.

Ejection systems are arranged differently. They consist of more elements:

• Special nozzles mounted in pipe shafts. They should stand where the deflectors are connected to the base.
• Air duct system.
• One high pressure fan.
• Static deflector.
• Natural ventilation is the traditional option.

The air mass is directed upward along the main ventilation axis. That contributes to an increase in the total air flow by several times.

The natural exhaust ventilation system is maintained while the builders continue to build panel buildings. Of course, with the appropriate supply devices.

The main requirement is the density of channels located in the vertical plane. And the tightness of the interfloor premises must be constantly increased. The same goes for apartment entrances.

For possible ventilation problems, see the video:

Let's remember the main purpose of apartment air exchange: ensuring cleanliness, humidity, as well as the appropriate temperature characteristics of the air flows entering the room. How is ventilation in an apartment building? How can existing indicators be improved? What is the most efficient ventilation method?

Air exchange is vital for all of us. The air overflowing with carbon dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere due to the inflow of external flows. Thus, simple natural ventilation is carried out. But what do we know about air exchange in general?

Residential building ventilation structure

Brief information about ventilation

It is customary to distinguish between two types of air exchange systems:

1. Natural ventilation;
2. Mechanical (artificial) forced air exchange.

With natural ventilation, air is supplied to the room through various arbitrary slots and openings in the window fittings. The advent of plastic windows eliminated this very possibility. Therefore, the only way to let fresh air into the apartment is “volley ventilation” (periodic opening of windows).

As you understand, in the cold season, this can cause serious inconvenience. Why install energy efficient windows and let the heat out of the rooms?

Metal-plastic windows and doors

The removal of exhaust polluted air occurs due to its natural displacement into the ventilation shaft. Such mines are located in the so-called household rooms - kitchen, bathroom, bathroom. Without a difference in pressure, this type of air exchange is inefficient.

Ventilation classification

The use of various devices (supply, exhaust, combined) leads to forced ventilation. It can be classified as follows:

1. Supply - artificial supply and natural displacement of air;
2. Exhaust - the intake of air flows in a natural way and mechanical utilization;
3. Mixed air exchange provides for both the supply and removal of air masses mechanically.

Forced ventilation

In general terms, we examined the principle of air exchange. However, this is an extremely complex topic. The organization and installation of the ventilation system provides for a number of responsible complex measures.

In houses with a small number of floors, each of the channels has its own roof outlet. Such an organization takes up too much space. Therefore, usually in houses with more than four floors, the ventilation complex itself looks like this. Satellite channels are connected to a single channel. Through the "vent", the exhaust air enters such branches, and on the next floor, all this is discharged into the collection main channel.

In the attic of the house, all these shafts are covered with protective gypsum-slag boxes. By means of a vertical exhaust channel, the spent flow that has passed through the mines is discharged into the atmosphere.

Ventilation scheme of an apartment building

As a rule, air exchange in most apartment buildings is natural. The extraction of air is carried out due to the difference in volumetric weights. A lighter warm air flow rises unhindered through the shafts.

Benefits of the natural system

What are the advantages of natural extract? First of all, low cost and ease of maintenance. Among the shortcomings, one can single out too large, in comparison with a mechanical artificial hood, the cross section of the ventilation ducts. However, the most serious disadvantage is the absolute dependence on the environment.

Air movement pattern

In order to organize productive traction, an outside temperature of no more than + 5 ° C is needed. In this case, there should be no wind, and the windows in the house should be kept open. In addition, ventilation is also affected by factors such as:

1. The height of the building itself;
2. Apartment layout;
3. Connection of apartments with the stair-lift zone;
4. The size of the windows, their breathability.

Ventilation equipment in apartments

How can all the difficulties associated with natural ventilation be overcome? In our apartments, we can place supply and exhaust equipment that can guarantee optimal microclimate performance.

Ventilation system

First of all, supply devices:

1. window ventilators;
2. KIV (air infiltration valve).

Both of these products are able to provide free air circulation. However, unlike a window ventilator, which is mounted in a frame, infiltration dampers are placed anywhere on the wall. As a rule, they are "hidden" behind the battery. Due to this, the air entering the apartment is passively heated. In addition, the valve cleans the supply flows. You can independently adjust and control the intensity and direction of the air.

Air infiltration valve

Supply ventilation depends on a well-organized hood. Checking its functionality is quite simple. It is enough to bring a lighter to the grate of the exhaust channel and make sure that the light is drawn into the shaft. This is evidence of active traction.

Fans

The heart of the forced exhaust system is the fan. This device is able to artificially increase draft in the ventilation duct, due to which dirty air is removed from the room much faster, and fresh flows immediately take its place. Proper air exchange ensures that the amount of air displaced is necessarily equal to the amount of air entering from outside.

Exhaust blower

In combination with a window ventilator or an infiltration supply unit, fans can provide a fairly efficient air circulation in the living space.

At the same time, an autonomous supply and exhaust air conditioning system is by far the best method for organizing apartment air exchange. In addition to the artificial supply and disposal of the flow, such installations perform a number of additional useful operations:

1. Air cleaning;
2. Moisturizing;
3. Heat;
4. Cooling.

Supply and exhaust ventilation equipment

Recently, installations providing for thermal recovery have been very popular. Such devices help you save on energy. As you know, already heated exhaust air is removed from the room. Engineers have developed the possibility of transferring (recovering) this heat to the supply channels of the installation without the need to mix them.

Such a monoblock type heat exchanger is a huge step forward in solving issues related to high-quality ventilation and heating of the air atmosphere in apartment buildings. Agree that saving up to 90% of heat (an indicator of paper recuperators) is a tangible support for any family budget.

Air recovery scheme

Organization of air exchange