Blackmer and Mouvex pumping equipment for the oil industry - the highest reliability and durability. Types of pumps for oil production and their characteristics

general description

These units are designed to work with oil and oil products: fuel oil, liquefied carbon gases, water with impurities, high viscosity liquids, etc. Such pumps ensure the reliability and safety of work, as well as the efficiency of the pumping process.

Oil pumping units are distinguished from other units by the ability to operate in special operating conditions. So, in the process of oil refining, components and other elements of the pump are affected by substances such as hydrocarbons, as well as a wide range of operating pressures and temperatures. One of the specific factors in the operation of these units is high level viscosity of the pumped substance (oil up to 2000 cSt).

Such pumping units are produced in various climatic versions, as they operate under a variety of conditions. weather conditions(starting from the North Sea and ending with the UAE, as well as the deserts of the USA).

oil pump must be powerful enough, since in the process of pumping and processing oil, the unit lifts it from significant depths of oil wells. The performance of wells is largely influenced by the type of energy that is used by oil equipment. Therefore, a certain type of pumping unit drive is installed taking into account operating conditions.

Thus, the oil pump can be equipped with the following drive types:

• mechanical;
• electric;
• hydraulic;
• pneumatic;
• thermal.

The electric drive, subject to the availability of power, is the most convenient and gives the widest range of characteristics in the process of pumping oil. In conditions where power is not available, oil pumps can be equipped with gas turbine engines or internal combustion engines. Pneumatic drives are installed on centrifugal oil pumps in cases where it is possible to use energy natural gas(high pressure), or associated gas energy, which significantly increases the level of profitability of the pumping unit.

Pumped liquids. Examples

Oil pumps pump oil, oil products, oil and gas emulsions, liquefied gases, as well as other substances that have similar characteristics, non-aggressive liquid media, precipitation.

Examples of oil pumps for:

At oil production sites, pumping units pump flushing fluid during well drilling, fluid during flushing operations during overhaul, liquid media into the reservoir, ensuring the intensity of oil production. In addition, oil pumps pump a variety of liquid media that are not aggressive (including flooded oil).

Design features and types:

To general design features of all oil pumping installations, first of all, it should be attributed:

• hydraulic part of the pump unit;
• specific materials that provide the possibility of installing an oil pump in outdoor areas;
• mechanical seal;
• protection of electric motors from explosions.

Oil pumping unit with a drive is mounted on a single foundation. A mechanical seal with flushing and fluid supply systems is installed between the shaft and the pump housing. The flow part of the unit is made of steel (carbon/chromium/nickel).

Oil pumping units are divided into two main types: screw and centrifugal.

Oil screw pumping units are capable of operating in more severe operating conditions than centrifugal ones. Due to the fact that screw units pump liquids without screw contact, they are able to work with contaminated substances (crude oil, slurry, sludge, brine, etc.), as well as with substances with a high level of density.

Oil screw pumps are single-screw and twin-screw, both types demonstrate good self-priming ability, while creating a high level of head (more than 100 meters) and pressure (more than 10 atm.).

Twin screw pumps of this type perfectly cope with viscous liquids (bitumen, fuel oil, tar, oil sludge, etc.) even under conditions of temperature changes environment. So, these units can work with substances whose temperature is +450 ° C, while lower limit ambient temperature can reach -60 °C. Twin-screw multiphase pumps are capable of working with gaseous liquids (levels up to 90%).

Oil screw pumps are also used for unloading tanks (road and rail), tanks with acids, i.e. perform tasks that oil companies cannot perform centrifugal pumps.

Allocate the following types oil centrifugal pumping units:

• Console pumps can be equipped with a flexible/rigid coupling. There are modifications without a clutch. Such pumps are mounted horizontally / vertically on feet or along a central axis. The temperature of the pumped substance is not more than 400°C.

Cantilever single-stage oil pump is equipped with single-sided impellers. These units are used in the process of pumping oil, as well as liquids with high temperatures(up to 200

• Two-bearing pumping units are single-stage / two-stage / multi-stage. There are modifications of single-case / double-case, as well as single-sided and double-sided suction. The temperature of the pumped substance is not more than 200 C.
• Vertical semi-submersible (or suspended) pumps are manufactured in a single-casing or double-casing modification, with a separate drain or drain, which is carried out through a column. In addition, such units can be equipped with a guide vane or spiral outlet.

Separation of types of centrifugal oil pumps, API 610 standard

According to the temperature level of the pumped liquid, oil pumps can be divided into the following types:

• for pumping liquids at a temperature of 80°С (oil semi-submersible, oil main horizontal multi-stage sectional cast-iron pumps equipped with impellers of one-way entry, as well as oil horizontal single-stage steel pumps);
• for pumping liquids at a temperature of 200°C (oil cantilever cast iron pumps, as well as oil horizontal multistage cast iron pumps);
• for pumping liquids at a temperature of 400°C (oil cantilever steel pumps equipped with single-acting/double-acting impellers).

Depending on the temperature level of the pumped substance, oil pumps are equipped with single seals (for a temperature level not exceeding 200°C) and double mechanical seals (for a temperature level not exceeding 400°C).

In accordance with the scope of pumping units, the units are divided into pumps used in the process of oil production and transportation, as well as pumps used in the process of preparing and refining oil.

The first group includes units supplying oil to automated group metering installations, to the central collection point, to commercial oil tanks, to the head station of the main oil pipeline, as well as pumps pumping oil at oil refineries and units for a booster station. The second group includes units for supplying oil to separators, centrifuges, heat exchangers, furnaces and columns.

Specifications of centrifugal oil pumps

Main parts of oil sealed centrifugal pump

1.Pump body
2. Impeller (closed type)
3. Bearing
4. Sealing cup
5.Inner magnet
6.External magnet
7. Protective cover
8.Secondary casing
9. Carrying frame
10.Oil seal
11.Temperature sensor

Main Parts of Oil Transfer Pump (Type BB3) to API 610 10th Edition

Pump design:

1.pump body
2. pressure reducing sleeve
3.impeller jacket
4.Impeller with first stage diffuser
5.balancing diaphragm
6.Mounting studs
7.Groove diffuser seal
8.support bolt
9.shaft
10.Stub bolt seal
11.pipe

Main Parts of Oil Transfer Pump

Pump design

1.pump body
2.replacement ring
3.pump support
4.impeller
5. sealing complex
6.Oil chamber seal
7.shaft
8.bearings
9. Finning
10.bearing housing

Application area

Oil pump units are primarily used in petrochemical and oil refining industries. In addition, pumps of this type work in other areas where the process of pumping oil and oil products, liquefied petroleum gas, as well as other substances that have similar physical properties with the listed substances (viscosity index, weight, level of corrosive effect on materials of pump elements, etc.).

Pumps manufactured in various climatic modifications and various categories are intended for operation outdoors and in premises where, according to the operating conditions, the formation of explosive gases, vapors or dust-air mixtures is possible, and belonging to various categories of explosion hazard.

Thus, oil pumping units work:

• At the enterprises of the oil and gas producing and oil refining industries;
• As part of CHP fuel supply systems;
• Large boiler houses and gas filling stations;
• At other enterprises that are engaged in the distribution or use of petroleum products in explosive environments.
• Pumping of oil products different kind
• Trunk pumping of crude oil
• Commercial oil pumping
• Pumping gas condensate
• Pumping of liquefied gases
• Pumping hot water at energy facilities
• Water injection into reservoir in reservoir pressure maintenance systems
• Pumping of chemicals
• Pumping acids and saline solutions
• Pumping explosive environments
• Injection of chemicals into the reservoir for better oil recovery
• Pumping of various chemical media in oil and gas facilities
• Pumping of feed water in systems steam heating
• In booster systems
• In pressure generating systems

The process involves the use of special deep-seated equipment, which is based on the so-called pumping units. This is a type of surface drive mechanism that is controlled by operators during the operation of wells. As a rule, an oil pump is based on the work of those providing the function of the production infrastructure.

Appointment of oil pumps

The most common rod pump drive is designed for pile mining. With the help of this unit, users develop wells in permafrost conditions. Oil and gas equipment in the form of rocking chairs with one-arm balancers is also popular. Such machines are used as an individual drive in oil production.

In essence, any oil-producing infrastructure is focused on the implementation of raising the resource. The general principle of operation of the equipment can be compared with the function of the syringe, which in this case is provided by rod pumps. Also as obligatory element The oil rocker is equipped with columns of compression pipes. Through these channels, the rise and transfer of oil is realized.

oil extraction process

The technological organization of the mining process is divided into several stages. Work begins with a depth of which can reach several kilometers. As a rule, 1,500-meter holes are developed, and wells of 4,000 meters are the champions. Then pipelines are installed, which become the basis of the oil production infrastructure. The activator in this system will be the pump. To understand the principle of its operation, it is necessary to understand how the oil pump works in overall structure pipeline. It performs the function of a drive mechanism, due to which reciprocating actions are performed. Pumps operate in a cyclic manner, allowing oil to concentrate around the well for efficient pumping. In addition, this maintenance principle minimizes the wear of plant parts.

Oil pumping device

The machine is mounted on a special concrete base in the form of a foundation. There is also a rack, platform and control station for the operator. After completion of work on the organization of the platform, a balancer is placed, balanced by a special head, to which a rope suspension is also connected. To ensure the force impact, the oil rocker is equipped with a gearbox and an electric motor. The latter can be located under the platform, but due to the high risk of operating this configuration, such placement is extremely rare.

As for the gearbox, it is connected to the balancer by means of a crank mechanism. This bundle is designed to convert the rotational action of the shaft into a reciprocating function. The task of the control station is also noteworthy. As a rule, its basis is formed by a box complex with electrical stuffing. A manual mechanical brake is also installed next to the control relay.

Varieties

Despite the similar principle of working with an oil resource, different modifications are presented in the family of pumping units. As already noted, the most popular is the classic balanced machine, which provides for rear fixation of the connecting rod, as well as a gearbox connected to the frame with a balancer. But there is an alternative to this equipment. This is a hydraulic rod pump, which is mounted on the upper flange of the borehole fittings. Its features and advantages include the elimination of the need to install a foundation pillow. This difference has great importance when it comes to permafrost zones. There are other features of hydraulic installations. In particular, they involve the implementation of stepless length adjustment, which makes it possible to more accurately select the operating modes of the equipment.

Characteristics of pumping units

Technologists analyze a wide range of technical and operational parameters that give grounds for choosing one or another machine. In particular, the load on the rod, stroke length, gearbox dimensions, torque, swing frequency range, etc. are evaluated.

One of the main characteristics of pumping units is the power of the electric motor. So, typical oil pumps cope with their functions, provided that a force of 20-25 kW is applied. A deeper analysis of the parameters also takes into account the type of belt, pulley diameters and features of the brake system. At the same time, in addition to operational operating capabilities, one should also keep in mind the overall parameters that make it possible principle specific machine under certain conditions. Again, a typical installation can be 7 m long and 2-2.5 m wide. The mass usually exceeds 10 tons.

How is an oil pump serviced?

To work with pumping units, designers provide special mechanisms. For example, to service a traverse with a balancer, a special platform with drive systems is mounted. Operators can control the parameters of a detachable balancing head support integrated into the machine body. of the drive system ensures optimum movement of the head and, if necessary, can be set to a fast downward movement. At the same time, it is important to separate directly the functions of operators and personnel who technically service oil pumps during operation. If the former are engaged in the regulation of the rise of oil, then the latter monitor the performance of the mechanisms in terms of maintaining their function within the tolerance of peak loads.

Conclusion

Manufacturers of pumping units regularly offer new technological solutions to ensure the oil production process, however, there is no need to talk about serious revisions of existing concepts so far. The fact is that oil and gas equipment is expensive and many customers are reluctant to change the existing fleet of equipment. Nevertheless, a partial update of significantly outdated components still occurs. There is also a trend of transition from balancing machines to more advanced hydraulic ones. This is due precisely to the desire to optimize the operation of the existing infrastructure. As a result, oil companies reduce the cost of organizing and operating equipment, but at the same time do not lower the quality of the target product.

Chapter 4. PUMPING STATIONS OF OIL FIELDS

Classification of oilfield pumping stations

Field pumping stations are classified according to their purpose. There are three types of stations:

Pumping stations for transporting well products across the field from wells to central points oil gathering;

Pumping stations (pumping units) that ensure the operation of central oil collection points, where oil is prepared for transport to oil refineries (refineries);

Pumping stations for pumping water into oil-bearing formations through injection wells and extracting oil in this way.

The above classification of oilfield pumping stations is the most general. In some fields, it may have a slightly different form. In particular, in a number of fields there are no stations for pumping water into injection wells. Their role is performed by high-pressure submersible pumps of water wells, which carry out direct pumping of water from water wells to injection wells. This option is usually used in those fields where groundwater is used to flood oil reservoirs.

There are other differences from the above general classification.

Depending on the operating conditions of the stations, they use pumps various types. The type of pumps is determined mainly by the properties of the pumped liquid.

Field fluids transported by pumping stations are not oils in the full sense. It is a mixture of various liquids, gases and solids.

The liquid part of well production is represented by liquid hydrocarbons (oil itself) and water, the content of which in the total production volume can range from zero to 90-95%. The composition of associated petroleum gas produced together with oil varies widely not only for different fields, but also for the same field in different years of its operation. The density of gas mixtures is usually in the range of 0.7-3.5 kg/m 3 .

Quite diverse and solid inclusions. quantitative and quality characteristic they have a wide range. These inclusions contain particles in different ratios rocks carried out by the flow from wells, scale of pipelines and process equipment, as well as solid hydrocarbons in the form of paraffins, ceresins, asphaltenes, resinous substances, and so on.

The natural difference in viscosity and density of oils complements the overall picture of the physicochemical properties of field fluids.

Such a wide variety of well production leads to the need to use different types of pumps on oilfield pumping stations, since each type of pump is designed to pump certain types of liquids and has its own area of ​​rational application.

On commercial pumping stations mainly use centrifugal pumps and two types of positive displacement pumps - piston and rotary.

Centrifugal pumps are used when pumping large volumes of oil and in cases where high pressures are not required. They are used mainly in large deposits with a low-viscosity liquid.

Pumping of viscous oils is carried out by positive displacement pumps. At the same time, rotary pumps, as a rule, are used for pumping oils of increased viscosity and in cases where the performance of the NS should be sufficiently high.

Of the centrifugal pumps in the fields, pumps of the types AYAP, KSM, MS, NK, ND, NM, and TsNS are most widely used. AT Western Siberia in recent times preference is given predominantly to CNS pumps.

Piston pumps are mainly used where the oil contains a significant percentage of paraffin (15%) and for the normal pumping of such oils, not only its heating is required, but also relatively high pressures which cannot develop centrifugal pumps.

Centrifugal pumps are widely used for pumping oil and water-oil emulsions (with a free gas content of up to 15%).

The marking of pumps is deciphered as follows:

H - oil; K - cantilever with a bearing bracket; C - sectional; M - monoblock; MS - multisection; D - double-sided entry (double-sided impeller); CNS - centrifugal oil sectional.

In the marking of pumps, in addition to letters groups of numbers are given, with the help of which more detailed technical characteristics of the machines are reported. Numerical designations are entered into the marking in two different ways.

With one of them, the general marking of the pump is as follows:

Here, the first digit (8) corresponds to the diameter of the pump inlet (in millimeters), reduced by 25 times and rounded off. The second group of numbers (10) represents the pump speed factor, reduced by a factor of ten and rounded off. The last group of numbers (5) reflects the number of pump stages.

Similar to ND pumps, other types of pumps are also marked, for example, NK and MS pumps.

In the second marking method, the digital designations entered into it correspond to the main technological characteristics of pumps, for example

HM -200-120-120.

The first group of numbers (200) here indicates the flow of the pump expressed in cubic meters per hour, the second (120) - also for the feed and in the same units, but only with a replaceable rotor for a reduced feed. The last group of numbers (120) gives information about the pressure developed by the pump in meters of the pumped liquid column.

The considered centrifugal pumps are used for pumping field oil with a solid suspended particle content of not more than 0.2% and a size of not more than 0.2 mm.

Unlike centrifugal positive displacement pumps are much less used in oil fields, and this is mainly piston pumps. The most common piston pumps are types U8-3, 9MGr, NT-150, 11GR. All these pumps are mud pumps. They are not designed for pumping oil and, accordingly, do not fully meet the operating conditions of field pumps. In particular, the power of these pumps noticeably exceeds that required at field stations, their dimensions and weight are excessively high. Some structural elements pumps, such as seals, do not withstand prolonged contact with the oil environment and quickly fail.

These circumstances force, if possible, to avoid the use of these pumps for infield pumping of well products and replace them with either centrifugal or rotary pumps.

Among rotary pumps, screw pumps are most common: MVN-1.5; MVN-6; MVN-10; VN-50; ENN-120-5; ENV-32/25; 2BB-500/10. Gear or rotary gear pumps of the RE type are less commonly used. The limited use of the latter type of pumps is explained by the need for a more thorough cleaning of the pumped liquid from mechanical impurities compared to screw pumps. And this is not always possible and rational in the conditions of fisheries.

The oil industry is the main industry and economy Russian Federation. Millions of tons of black gold are mined annually in the country.

To extract combustible minerals from the bowels of the Earth, special devices are used to pump oil, fuel oil, oil products, formation fluid with compounds, as well as to reduce the content of hydrocarbons and water. Such mechanisms are called oil pumps.

The pumps ensure the reliability and safety of operations, as well as regulate the pumping efficiency.

There are the following types of pumps for oil:

• screw;
• diaphragmatic;
• hydraulic piston;
• trunk;
• multiphase;
• lamellar;
• jet;
• rod;
• rod screw.

Type of screw pumps for oil production

Oil extraction screw pumps are suitable for the mechanical production of heavy oil. Such units are widely used in industry, especially for pumping viscous liquids. Via this device it is possible to extract viscous oil along with sand.

This type of oil pump has several advantages:

• the ability to pump out heavy viscous fuel;


• pumping a large number sand;


• resistance to significant volumes of free gases;


• powerful protection against abrasive wear;


• small coefficient of formation of emulsions;


• relative cheapness;


• compactness of the ground mechanism.

As a rule, screw pumps are composed of compressor pipes, rod string, drive, transmission system and power source, gas separators and so on.

These devices are designed for pumping liquids, gases and vapors, including compounds. Such work is carried out when transporting a viscous liquid along the screw rods. This creates a closed space that does not allow the fuel to move in the opposite direction.

Hydro piston pumps for oil production

Hydraulic piston pumps for oil production are designed for pumping reservoir fluid from wells. Such units are used for the extraction of oil products from deep openings, which do not contain mechanical connections.

These devices consist of: a borehole pump, a submersible motor, a channel for lifting fuel and water, a surface power mechanism and a preparation system working fluid.

During production, oil comes to the surface of the well along with this liquid.

These pumps have a number of advantages:

• the ability to significantly change the main characteristics;


• ease of use;


• the ability to easily carry out underground repairs;


• use in directional wells.

Other types of pumps for oil production

Diaphragm pumps for oil production are a type of volumetric type devices. The basis of such a mechanism is the diaphragm, which protects the extracted substances from getting to other parts of the pump.

This unit consists of a column along which oil moves, a discharge valve, an axial channel, a helical spring, a cylinder, a piston, a support, an electric cable, and so on.

Such pumps are used in fields where the produced oil contains mechanical compounds. The advantages of this device are ease of installation and use.

Vane pump for oil production consists of a housing with a cover, a drive shaft with bearings and a working set, the elements of which are distribution discs, stator, rotor and plates.

We list the main distinguishing characteristics of this device:

• good reliability and durability;


• high efficiency of oil production;


• excellent operational properties;


• parts wear resistance.

Oil Jet Pump is an ultra-modern and promising device for the oil industry. It is able to bring the technology of using deposits to a new higher level.

Such a mechanism consists of a channel for supplying the working fluid, an active nozzle, a channel for supplying the injected fluid, a displacement chamber and a diffuser.

Today, jet pumps are widely used due to their simple design, the absence of moving parts, high strength and reliable operation even in extreme situations, for example, with a high content of mechanical compounds and free gases in the produced fluid, elevated temperature air and aggressiveness of manufactured products.

Inkjet pumping systems provide:

• stable operation of the mechanism;


• free regulation of bottomhole pressure;


• maintaining the optimal functioning of the device with uncontrolled changes in such factors as water cut, reservoir pressure, etc.;


• facilitating and rapid flow of oil and bringing the well back to an optimized course of action after it has been shut down;


• efficient use of released free gases;


• prevention of flowing openings in the annulus;


• rapid cooling of submersible motors;


• stability of the current load of this device;


• increasing the efficiency of the mining device.

All these characteristics distinguish the jet pump from other mechanisms and make it the most popular in various industries. This installation allows you to extract oil with the highest quality and in the shortest possible time.

Rod pumps for oil production belong to volumetric devices. They are used to lift liquid from the recesses under the pressure that this mechanism creates.

Such a pump consists of cylinders, valves, plungers, mounts, adapters, rods, and so on. This type of mechanism is used in more than half of the active oil fields.

Rod pumps are widely used due to their excellent qualities and characteristics:

• high coefficient of operational efficiency;


• ease and simplicity of repair;


• the possibility of using various drives;


• the possibility of their installation even in extreme situations: with a high content of mechanical compounds, increased formation of gases, pumping out corrosive liquids.

Rod screw pump for oil production is often used for mechanized extraction of heavy fuel, viscous and grinding fluids. Such pumps also have their advantages. Among them: affordable price, no isolated gas, and so on.

Main pumps for pumping oil are used to move fuel products through the main, technical and auxiliary pipeline. Such installations provide a high pressure for the transfer of transported liquids. Them distinctive characteristics are: reliability, economy of operation.

Multiphase Oil Transfer Pump consists of two main elements: body and rotors. Using these settings will help:

• reduce the load on the mouth of the opening;


• reduce the amount of technical equipment;


• efficient use of released gases;


• profitable exploitation of remote deposits.

This type of pumps is used for pumping oil products through the main pipeline.

More about the types of oil pumps at the exhibition

Exhibition "Neftegaz" is a major event not only for Russia, but also for other countries. The exposition helps bring new domestic and foreign companies to the oil and gas industry market, as well as increase competition among already well-known companies.

This year the event will be traditionally held at the Expocentre Fairgrounds. The business program of the exhibition is quite diverse.

The exhibition includes conferences, presentations, master classes, seminars, discussions and other events.

Visitors will have the opportunity to make successful deals, see innovative achievements in the field of science and technology, and learn about new companies in the oil and gas industry.

Something I can’t think of what interesting topic to tell you, but for this case I always have your help in the form of. Let's go there and listen to the friend skolik : " I really want to understand the principle of operation of oil pumps, you know, such hammers that drive a pipe into the ground here and there.”

Now we will learn more about how everything happens there.

The pumping unit is one of the main, basic elements of the operation of oil wells with a pump. On the professional language this equipment is called: “Individual balancing mechanical drive of the rod pump”.

A pumping unit is used for a mechanical drive to oil well pumps, called rod or plunger pumps. The design consists of a gearbox and a double four-link articulated mechanism, a balancing drive of rod pumps. The photo shows the basic principle of operation of such a machine:

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen created an apparatus for pumping water out of coal mines.

In 1705, the Englishman Thomas Newcomen, together with the tinker J. Cowley, built a steam pump, which continued to be improved for about ten years, until it began to work properly in 1712. Thomas Newcomen never received a patent for his invention. However, he created an installation externally and according to the principle of operation reminiscent of modern oil pumping chairs.

Thomas Newcomen was an ironmonger. While supplying his products to the mines, he was well aware of the problems associated with the flooding of mines with water, and to solve them, he built his steam pump.

Newcomen's machine, like all its predecessors, worked intermittently - there was a pause between two strokes of the piston, writes spiraxsarco.com. She was the height of a four or five-story building and, therefore, exceptionally "gluttonous": fifty horses barely had time to deliver fuel to her. The attendants consisted of two people: the stoker continuously threw coal into the furnace, and the mechanic operated the cranes that let in steam and cold water into the cylinder.

In his setup, the motor was connected to a pump. This steam-atmospheric machine, quite effective for its time, was used to pump water in mines and became widespread in the 18th century. This technology is currently used by concrete pumps at construction sites.

However, Newcomen could not obtain a patent for his invention, since the steam water lift was patented back in 1698 by T. Severi, with whom Newcomen later collaborated.

The Newcomen steam engine was not a universal engine and could only work as a pump. Newcomen's attempts to use the reciprocating motion of a piston to turn a paddle wheel on ships were unsuccessful. However, the merit of Newcomen is that he was one of the first to implement the idea of ​​using steam to obtain mechanical work, informs wikipedia. His car became the forerunner of J. Watt's universal engine.

All drives drives

The time of flowing wells, referring to the period of development of deposits in Western Siberia, has long ended. Behind the new fountains in Eastern Siberia and other regions with proven oil reserves, we are not in a hurry yet - this is too expensive and not always profitable. Now oil is extracted almost everywhere with the help of pumps: screw, piston, centrifugal, jet, etc. At the same time, more and more new technologies and equipment are being created for hard-to-recover reserves of raw materials and residual oil.

Nevertheless, the leading role in the extraction of "black gold" still belongs to pumping units, which have been used in the oil fields of Russia and abroad for more than 80 years. These machines in the literature are often referred to as sucker rod pump drives, but the abbreviation PShGN has not really taken root, and they are still referred to as pumping units. According to many oilmen, no other more reliable and easy-to-maintain equipment has been created yet than these drives.

After the collapse of the USSR, the production of pumping units in Russia was mastered by 7-8 enterprises, but they are consistently produced by three or four, of which the leading positions are occupied by JSC Izhneftemash, JSC Motovilikhinskiye Zavody, FSUE Uraltransmash. It is important that these enterprises survived in the fierce competition with both domestic and foreign manufacturers of similar products from Azerbaijan, Romania, and the United States. The first pumping units of Russian enterprises were produced on the basis of the documentation of the Azerbaijan Institute of Petroleum Engineering (AzINMash) and the only manufacturer of these machines in the USSR - the Baku Rabochiy plant. In the future, the machines were improved in accordance with the world's leading trends in oil engineering, they have API certificates.

1 - frame; 2 - rack; 3 - balancer head; 4 - balancer; 5 - lock of the head of the balancer; 6 - traverse; 7 - connecting rod; 8 - gearbox; 9 - crank; 10 - counterweights; 11 - the lower head of the connecting rod; 12 - stuffing box suspension; 13 - fence; 14 - belt drive casing: 15 - lower platform; 16 - top platform; 17 - control station; 29 - balancer support; 30 - foundation of the pumping unit; 35 - gear platform

For the first rocking chairs, towers were used for percussion cable drilling after completion of drilling, while the rocker of the drilling machine was used to drive the downhole pump. The bearing elements of these installations were made of wood with metal bearings and accessories. The drive was steam engines or single-cylinder low-speed internal combustion engines equipped with a belt drive. Sometimes a drive from an electric motor was added later. In these installations, the derrick remained above the well and the power plant and main flywheel were used to service the well. The same equipment was used for drilling, production and maintenance. These units, with some modifications, were used until about 1930. By this time, deeper wells had been drilled, pump loads increased, and the use of wireline drilling units as pumps had become obsolete. Depicted is an old rocking chair, converted from a tower for percussion drilling.

The pumping unit is one of the elements of operating wells with a rod pump. In fact, the pumping unit is a drive rod pump located at the bottom of the well. This device is very similar in principle to hand pump bicycle that converts reciprocating motion into airflow. The oil pump converts the reciprocating movements from the pumping unit into a fluid flow, which enters the surface through tubing pipes (tubing).

A modern rocker pump, mostly developed in the 1920s, is shown in fig. The advent of efficient mobile well service equipment eliminated the need for built-in hoists on every well, and the development of durable, efficient gearboxes formed the basis for higher speed pumps and lighter weight prime movers.

Counterweight. The counterweight located on the arm of the rocker crank is an important component of the system. It can also be placed on a balancer for this purpose, you can use a pneumatic cylinder. Pumping units are divided into installations with rocker, crank and pneumatic balancing.

The purpose of balancing becomes clear if we consider the movement of the string of sucker rods and rocking chairs on the example of the idealized operation of the pump shown. In this simplified case, the upward load on the wellhead stuffing box consists of the weight of the rods plus the weight of the downhole fluids. In the reverse stroke, this is only the weight of the rods. Without any balance, the load on the gear reducer and the prime mover are directed in the same direction during the upward movement. When moving down, the load is directed in the opposite direction. This type of load is highly undesirable. It causes unnecessary wear, operation and wasted fuel (energy). In practice, a counterweight is used equal to the weight of the sucker rod string plus about half the weight of the liquid being lifted. Correct selection counterweight creates the smallest possible loads to the gearbox and prime mover, reduces breakdowns and downtime, and reduces fuel or power requirements. It is estimated that up to 25% of all rockers in service are not properly balanced.

Demand: high potential

The state of the sucker rod pump drive market can be judged both by its estimates by experts and by statistical data. Experts' conclusions are confirmed by the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation: in 2001, the production of pumping units increased by 1.5 times in comparison with 2000 and outstripped other types of oil equipment in terms of growth rates.
Declared by the state as one of the priorities economic policy the task of promoting domestic products to foreign markets has played a positive role. At present, the quality level of pumping units and traditionally low prices create opportunities for the return of Russian products to countries that previously purchased Soviet equipment: Vietnam, India, Iraq, Libya, Syria and others, as well as to neighboring countries.

It is also interesting that VO Stankoimport, together with the Union of Oil and Gas Equipment Manufacturers, organized a Consortium of leading Russian enterprises. The main goal of the association is to assist in the promotion of oil and gas equipment to the traditional markets of Russian exports, primarily the countries of the Near and Middle East. One of the tasks of the Consortium is the coordination of foreign economic activity related to the placement of orders on the basis of centralized information support.

Market: competition is growing

Drive market competition borehole pumps exists for a long time. It can be viewed from various perspectives.
Firstly, it is competition between domestic and foreign manufacturers. It is worth noting here that the overwhelming market share in the segment of pumping units is occupied by the products of domestic enterprises. It fully meets the needs in terms of price-quality.

Secondly, competition between Russian enterprises themselves, seeking to occupy their niche in the oil and gas equipment market. In addition to the pumping units already mentioned, other enterprises are also engaged in the production of pumping units in our country.

Thirdly, as an alternative to balancing pumping units, hydraulic drives of sucker-rod pumps are being promoted in the oil fields. It is worth noting here that a number of enterprises are ready for this type of competition and their factories can produce both types of drives. The latter include JSC Motovilikhinskiye Zavody, which manufactures drives, sucker rods, and pumps. For example, the MZ-02 hydraulic rod pump drive is mounted on the upper flange of the well fittings and does not require a foundation, which is very important for permafrost conditions. Stepless adjustment of the stroke length and the number of double strokes in a wide range allows you to choose optimal mode work. The advantages of a hydroficated drive are also in weight and dimensions. They are 1600 kg and 6650x880x800 mm respectively. For comparison, balancing pumping units weigh approximately 12 tons and have dimensions (OM-2001) of 7960x2282x6415 mm.

The hydraulic actuator is designed for long-term operation at an ambient temperature of -50 to plus 45°C. However, the design parameters (this applies not only to temperature and not only to the hydraulic drive) are not always maintained in real oilfield conditions. It is known that one of the reasons for this is an imperfect system of maintenance and repair of equipment.

It is also known that operators are wary of purchasing new, less common equipment. Balancing pumping units are well studied, highly reliable, capable of long time work under open sky without the presence of people.

Besides, new technology requires retraining of personnel, and the personnel problem is by no means one of the last problems of oilmen, which, however, deserves an independent discussion.

However, competition is growing, and the rod pump drive market is developing and maintaining a positive trend.

And I will remind you about The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -