The production structure of the enterprise. Economic efficiency of the introduction of new equipment and technology at the enterprise

Introduction

1.2. Types of production structure

1.3. Organizational structure of management

2. Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise, features of its general and production structure

2.1. Production structure JSC "Trest KPD" Composition of production links, principles of their organization

2.2. Managment structure. Principles of production management, their implementation in JSC "Trest KPD"

3. Ways to improve the general and production structure of the enterprise

3.1. Assessment of possible prospects for improving the structure

3.2. Development of a matrix classifier functional duties control apparatus

3.3. Optimization of the division structure

Conclusion

Qualitative assessment of the development of any enterprise in relation to economic environment in order to identify signs of sustainable functioning, it provides for the presence of elements in the structure of the enterprise that change “by chance”. The administrative and economic structure of the enterprise combines such elements for the purpose of their systemic organization, but at the same time, not a single element can be calculated with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy. Therefore, this enterprise is not stable and is subject to random changes in the external environment. Ultimately, this determines the change in the administrative and economic structure of the enterprise. The constant appeal of the company's managers to environmental factors makes it possible to change the management structure in a timely manner in order to contribute to the stability of the enterprise and its flexible response to market fluctuations in the market environment. That is why the organization of production management should be considered as a system of actions that guides the development of the enterprise.

A necessary condition for the successful operation of an enterprise is the rational construction of its production and organizational structure. The structure is understood as an ordered set of interrelated elements that are in stable relations with each other, ensuring their functioning and development as a whole. For successful production, it is necessary to rationally build the production process in space. This is done by determining, based on the characteristics of the enterprise, the most efficient production structure.

The production structure of the enterprise is dynamic. With the improvement of technology and production technology, management, organization of production and labor, the production structure is also being improved. Improvement of the production structure creates conditions for the intensification of production, the efficient use of labor, material and financial resources, and the improvement of product quality.

A properly constructed, improving production structure predetermines its greatest compliance with the organization of production, ensuring the proportionality of all workshops and services of the enterprise, which in turn has a positive effect on improving technical and economic indicators: the level of specialization and cooperation, the continuity of the production process, the rhythm of output, the growth of labor productivity , improving quality, the size of work in progress and normalized working capital, the ratio of the number of managerial and production personnel, the most appropriate use of labor, material and financial resources.

The foregoing confirms the relevance of the chosen topic of the work.

The purpose of the course work is to improve the overall and production structure of the enterprise.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

The concepts of "general" and "production" structure of the enterprise, their similarities and differences are considered;

The types of production structure of enterprises are studied;

The organizational structure of management is being investigated;

The analysis of the general and production structure of the enterprise is carried out.

Object of study - Open Joint-Stock Company"Trest of Large-Panel Housing Construction" (OJSC "Trest KPD").

The basis of work is the financial and management reporting of KPD OJSC.

The research period is from 2005 to 9 months of 2006.

The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters of the main part of the work, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.

The theoretical and methodological base was made up of legal acts of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, textbooks and teaching aids, scientific papers, and publications.

1. The concepts of "general" and "production" structure of the enterprise, types of production structure

1.1. Production structure of the enterprise

The structure of the enterprise is internal structure characterizing the composition of units and the communication system, subordination and interaction between them. There are concepts of production, general and organizational management structures.

The totality of production units (shops, sites, service facilities and services) directly or indirectly involved in the production process, their number and composition determine the production structure of the enterprise.

The factors that affect the production structure of an enterprise include the nature of the product and the technology of its manufacture, the scale of production, the degree of specialization and its cooperation with other enterprises, as well as the degree of specialization of production within the enterprise.

Depending on which division is the main structural production unit of the enterprise, there are workshop, non-workshop, hull and combine production structure.

A workshop is a technologically and administratively isolated link of an enterprise in which a particular product is completely manufactured or a certain completed stage of product development is performed.

By the nature of the activity, the workshops are divided into:

The main ones that produce products that determine the main purpose of the enterprise;

Auxiliary (energy, repair, instrumental, etc.), providing uninterrupted and efficient work main workshops;

Service shops and farms that perform operations for the transportation and storage of material and technical resources and finished products;

Side workshops that manufacture products from the waste of the main production or utilize them;

Experimental (research) workshops involved in the preparation and testing of new products, the development of new technologies.

The main workshops are divided into procurement (specialize in the production of blanks), processing (machining, woodworking, thermal, etc.) and assembly (aggregate and final assembly products from parts and assemblies manufactured at other enterprises).

There are three types of production structure of the enterprise: subject, technological and mixed (subject-technological).

A sign of the subject structure is the specialization of workshops in the manufacture of a certain product or a group of similar products, assemblies, parts (shops for the manufacture of engines, rear axles, bodies, gearboxes at an automobile plant).

A sign of the technological structure is the specialization of the workshops of the enterprise in the performance of a certain part of the technological process or a separate stage of the production process. For example, the presence of a foundry, forging, stamping, mechanical and assembly shops at a machine-building plant.

In practice, there is often a mixed production structure in which part of the workshops is technologically specialized, and the rest is specialized.

At enterprises with a simple production process, a workshopless production structure is used, the basis for the construction of which is a production site - a set of geographically separate workplaces where technologically homogeneous work is performed or the same type of product is manufactured.

With a hull production structure, the main production unit of a large enterprise is a hull, which combines several workshops of the same type.

At enterprises with multi-stage production processes and complex processing of raw materials (metallurgical, chemical, textile industries), a combined production structure is used. It is based on subdivisions that produce a technologically completed part finished product(cast iron, steel, rolled products).

The overall structure of the enterprise is the totality of all production, non-production (servicing employees and their families) and management divisions of the enterprise.

Typical general structure industrial enterprise is shown in Figure 1.

Fig.1. Scheme of the production structure of the enterprise

The production structure of an enterprise is a set of production units of an enterprise (workshops, services) included in its composition and forms of relations between them. The production structure depends on the type of products and their range, the type of production and forms of its specialization, on the characteristics of technological processes. Moreover, the latter are the most important factor determining the production structure of the enterprise.

Reliable sealing of equipment, pipelines and communications, protecting them from corrosion and equipping sources of harmful emissions with equipment to capture and neutralize them.

The main ways to increase the economic efficiency of the use of these resources at chemical enterprises should be considered the saving of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, various kinds energy due to their deeper processing, the elimination of defects, the reduction of waste and losses, the improvement of technology, the design of apparatuses and machines, the replacement of scarce materials with less scarce ones, the fuller use of secondary raw materials and fuel and energy resources.

Improvement of technology and organization of production. The introduction of the latest technology intensifies and speeds up production processes while simultaneously improving working conditions, ensures the continuity of production processes, and reduces the cost of products.

Further increase in the rate and volume of oil production in Western Siberia, improvement of technology, equipment and organization of oil field development, automation and dispatching of fields, their rational arrangement represent significant reserves for increasing the economic efficiency of capital investments.

Further improvement of field development technology, the introduction of new oilfield equipment, mechanization and automation of production processes, improvement of the repair business and the organizational structure of production associations and its constituent enterprises, the widespread development of socialist competition are of paramount importance for further reducing production costs.

The studies carried out indicate that the logging in a well cased with fiberglass pipes with electrically conductive elements can serve as a means of controlling changes in the electrical resistivity of the formation, and, consequently, the mineralization of groundwater. Therefore, it can be used to monitor the condition of a freshwater basin. To develop the proposed method, further research is needed in wells cased with specially designed strings, as well as improvement in the technology of using fiberglass pipes and material processing techniques.

SELECTING THE ORIENTATION OF THE PARTS. Different types of divisional structure have the same advantages and disadvantages because they have the same goal - to ensure a more effective response of the organization to a particular environmental factor. The product structure makes it easy to deal with the development of new types of products, based on considerations of competition, technology improvement or customer satisfaction. A regional structure allows an organization to better accommodate local laws, socioeconomic systems, and markets as its market areas expand geographically. With regard to the customer-oriented structure, it enables the organization to most effectively address the needs of those customers on whom it most depends. Thus, the choice of divisional structure should be based on which of these factors is most important in terms of ensuring the implementation of the strategic plans of the organization and the achievement of its goals.

At lower levels of the organization, committees may be formed for purposes such as cost reduction, improvement of technology and organization of production, social issues, or to improve relations between departments.

Questions one through three deal with the ways in which a company is responding to changes in population age, increased competition in domestic markets, and advances in technology in related industries. Questions four through seven deal with competition in the international market, the problem of international resources, international

As a major economic power, Japan is now entering a stage of development where it needs to make its own creative contribution to the improvement of technology. Therefore, it is useful to compare the creative potential of Japan, the United States and Western Europe.

In Japan, organization, which has been formed in the struggle with natural conditions and has become a habit and even a tradition, serves in good stead in improving technology at all levels and stages, from development (ultra-large-scale integrated circuits) to production (quality circles).

As a result of studying the discipline, students must master the basic marketing and technical and economic characteristics of goods and products, as well as the features of their manufacture. Students should be guided in the directions of development of the range of goods, their comparative data on the satisfaction of consumer properties. Students must master some modern trends improving the technology of manufacturing goods.

To improve drilling technology, high quality drilling fluids are required. This contributes chemical treatment powder materials. At present, a schematic automated scheme of clay farming has been developed (from the manufacturer to the drilling rig, inclusive), based on the use of such materials. A scientifically substantiated classification of drilling fluids has been developed. Anhydrous and emulsion solutions with high lubricating properties of lime, chalk, gypsum and other washing liquids have been widely tested. The use of new chemical reagents (nitrolignin, KMP, gipan

The most important direction in improving the technology of developing gas condensate fields is to increase condensate recovery. For these purposes, a partial cycling process is being developed (injection of 40-60% of the extracted gas into the reservoir), as well as a method for injecting non-hydrocarbon gases and, in particular, carbon dioxide. It is planned to pump liquid heat carriers with the conversion of condensate into a gaseous state. Widespread use of low-temperature separation and absorption is envisaged, which will provide a good recovery of pentane and heavier hydrocarbons.

The main ways and means of increasing the intensity of drilling operations are the rapid technical improvement of the drilling methods used (turbine, electric, rotary), equipping them with a normal range of drilling rigs, high-performance pumps, high-strength pipes and a weighted bottom, resistant bits and the necessary chemicals for processing flushing solutions. new, fundamentally different means of destruction rock, improving the technology of drilling, testing and completion of wells. This group of factors influences the duration of no-stage well construction. The most important direction of increasing labor productivity in drilling is the improvement of the organization of production and labor, which consists in establishing rational proportions between the production capacities of units performing construction and installation works, drilling and well testing, timely supply of drilling organizations with material and technical resources, scientific generalization of best practices and rapid its distribution. This group of factors contributes to the reduction of downtime in the production process and between the individual stages of work. The former are in most cases caused by a lack of necessary materials, tools, sometimes workers.

Automation and mechanization contribute to the economy of labor, the improvement of production technology, the fullest use of production capacities, the reduction of production losses and the improvement of product quality.

Strengthening the savings regime, improving technology to reduce specific energy consumption, the introduction of progressive standards and the utilization of secondary energy resources, progressive systems for monitoring and automating the consumption of fuel and energy resources contribute to reducing the cost of production. The introduction of process control systems leads to an increase in the output of the target product, saving energy costs, reducing losses

In the early 1990s, the set of factors taken into account by forecasters changed again. First, one of the dominant ideas was that the value of oil reserves depends to a large extent on the price of oil (and, accordingly, on the volume of exploration work), that the ratio of undiscovered and discovered reserves, which developed in the early 90s, is favorable for increasing the provision of world production with reserves, that the improvement of technology leads to an increase in the degree of oil recovery from the bowels. Secondly, the developers were guided by the idea that the improvement of technology leads to cheaper oil production, thereby becoming a prerequisite for increasing production. Third, there was a widespread view that poverty in developing countries needed to be ended by doubling or even tripling their energy production. Proceeding from these ideas, oil production was predicted. But the forecasts made in 1993-1997, for the most part, again did not come true. Oil production in the world, in individual countries and regions in 1995-2000 did not reach the high level expected by the forecasters. For example, according to a forecast made in 1993,

The most important role in the reduction of production cycles belongs to technical progress. The use of new types of high-performance equipment, the mechanization of labor-intensive work, the comprehensive development of complex, integrated mechanization and automation of production processes, the improvement of technology, modes and methods of work, the intensification of production processes, the introduction of a scientific organization of labor and production make it possible to reduce the duration of production (technological) operations, as well as breaks between them, and on this basis, reduce the time spent on manufacturing products and, accordingly, improve the use of working capital.

In the processes of oil refining, it is also possible to generate waste products that pollute the air. Emergency emissions of gases into the atmosphere not provided for by the technology, flaring of gases, gas leaks due to poor sealing of units of technological installations - pollution of the air basin. Reducing the amount of substances harmful to humans and the environment emitted by a stationary source of pollution into the atmosphere is ensured by the improvement of technology, the construction of gas-cleaning and dust-collecting installations, devices for trapping and neutralizing harmful substances.

The most important measures to reduce negative impact economic activity on the environment - the introduction of waste-free technological processes, the improvement of technology in order to reduce the material intensity of production, the expansion of the introduction of a recycling water supply system, the reduction of water consumption, waste disposal, the reduction of losses during processing, storage, transportation, filling, evaporation from open surfaces, increasing tightness of equipment, improvement treatment facilities, improved storage of waste, etc.

Although the problem of using uranium reserves is a long-term one, it could be solved before the end of this century by improving the technology of systems nuclear reactors and methods of uranium enrichment. The current generation of thermal breeder reactors consumes only about 2% of the nuclei in their fuel, and there is a lot of work going on to build fast neutron reactors like the one built in Dunrey (Scotland). This reactor can breed new fissile material from fertile uranium nuclei in a self-sustaining chain reaction, whereby fuel reproduction can be increased up to 50%. For such reactors, which will be used on a large scale in the next decade, the world's uranium reserves will last for several hundred years. And in the longer term, they talk about nuclear fusion. And although the huge problems associated with design and construction have not yet been solved in this area, research is being carried out here on an increasingly large scale. If successful, nuclear fusion, which is based on the use of the deuterium of the oceans, could become a source of energy on an unlimited scale for a million years or more.

Society as a form of human life

Society is isolated from nature, but closely related to it part of the material world , which includes all forms and ways of human interaction .

1) in a broad sense- this is all of humanity in its past, present, future

2) in the narrow sense- this is a period in the history of a people (primitive society, feudal society)

This is a group of people united for joint activities (sports society "Dynamo")

Interaction of society and nature

Man's influence on nature is contradictory:

With the improvement of technology and technology, the economic impact of society on nature increases

The relationship between nature and society forms the basis of the unity of the material world

Overcrowding modern world exacerbates environmental problems

Pollution by society of the natural environment refers to environmental issues

Natural conditions determine the economy and life of people

Nature affects the economic activity of society

The impact of society on the natural environment is contradictory

Natural conditions influence cultural creativity, traditions and customs of people

· Natural resources are limited

In modern society, attention to the problems of environmental protection is increasing

· The destruction of the natural environment leads to a deterioration in the health of people, a decrease in the quality of their life.

Global problems of mankind- is a collection social and natural problems on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend.

Global problems threaten the existence of mankind

emerged in the second half of the 20th century.

To overcome global problems, it is necessary to unite the efforts of all countries of the world

Types of global problems of mankind:

Technological progress is the main condition for the development of production. All technical and economic indicators of the enterprise's activity directly depend on the level of technology, technology and organization (management) of production.

Technique, technology and organization of production are inextricably linked. The improvement of technology and technology necessitates a change in the organization of production, which in turn affects the change in technology and technology.

Since the improvement of engineering, technology and organization of production is the most important means of saving, there is an urgent need for a systematic and comprehensive comprehensive study of indicators that reflect the state and possibility of using reserves of a technical level.

The organizational and technical level is understood as the achieved level of development of the means of production, methods of organization and management. To characterize the organizational and technical level, a system of indicators is used, the range of which is very extensive. Technological progress should be considered, first of all, from the side of its economic content. In production, what is economically feasible is progressive.

The choice of a system of indicators reflecting the state of the organizational and technical level of production depends on the characteristics of the industry and the objects of analysis.

It should also be taken into account that the production system operates in a certain external environment. The external environment is a set of all elements whose properties change affects the system, as well as those objects whose properties change as a result of changes in the system's behavior. Therefore, both the system as a whole and each element of it have inputs that characterize the actions of the external environment on the system, and outputs that characterize their impact on the environment.

The external environment of the production system includes suppliers, buyers, government and local authorities authorities, tax authorities, etc.

Consequently, between the production system and the external environment, there must be a completely defined direct and feedback relationship.

Production efficiency is a comprehensive reflection of the final results of the use of all production resources for a certain period of time.

Production efficiency characterizes the increase in labor productivity, the most complete use of production capacity, raw materials and material resources, the achievement of the greatest results at the lowest cost.

The evaluation of economic efficiency is carried out by comparing the results of production with the costs:

Under the results of production understand its useful end result in the form of:

1) the materialized result of the production process, measured by the volume of products in natural and value forms;

2) the economic result of the enterprise, which includes not only the quantity of manufactured products, but also covers its consumer value.

The end result of the production and economic activities of the enterprise for a certain period of time is net production, i.e. newly created value, and the final financial result of commercial activity is profit.

Production efficiency can be classified according to individual criteria into the following types: - according to the consequences - economic, social and environmental; - at the place of obtaining the effect - local (self-supporting) and national economic; - according to the degree of increase (repetition) - primary (one-time effect) and multiplier (multiple-repeating); - according to the purpose of the definition - absolute (characterizes the overall magnitude of the effect or per unit of costs or resources) and comparative (when choosing the best option from several options for economic or other decisions).

All types of efficiency taken together form the overall integrated efficiency of the enterprise.

Achieving an economic or social effect is associated with the need to implement current and one-time costs. Current costs include costs included in the cost of production. One-time costs are advance funds for the creation of fixed assets and the growth of working capital in the form of capital investments, which give a return only after some time.

Measurement of production efficiency involves the establishment of a criterion of economic efficiency, which should be the same for all parts of the economy - from the enterprise to National economy generally. Thus, the general criterion for the economic efficiency of production is the growth of the productivity of social labor.

Currently, the economic efficiency of production is assessed on the basis of this criterion, which is expressed in maximizing the growth of national income ( clean production) per unit of labor.

At the enterprise level, profit maximization can serve as a form of a single criterion for the effectiveness of its activities.

Production efficiency finds a specific quantitative expression in an interconnected system of indicators characterizing the efficiency of using the main elements of the production process. The system of indicators of the economic efficiency of production must comply with the following principles: - ensure the relationship between the criterion and the system of specific indicators of production efficiency; - determine the level of efficiency in the use of all types of resources used in the production; - provide measurement of production efficiency on different levels management; - stimulate the mobilization of intra-production reserves to increase production efficiency.

Taking into account the above principles, the following system of production efficiency indicators has been defined:

1) generalizing indicators: - production of net products per unit of resource costs; - profit per unit of total costs; - profitability of production; - the cost of 1 ruble of marketable products; - the share of production growth due to the intensification of production; - national economic effect of using a unit of production;

2) indicators of the efficiency of the use of labor (personnel): - the rate of growth of labor productivity; - the share of production growth due to an increase in labor productivity; - absolute and relative release of workers; - coefficient of use of the useful fund of working time; - the complexity of a unit of production; - the wage intensity of a unit of production;

3) performance indicators for the use of production assets: - total return on assets; - return on assets of the active part of fixed assets; - profitability of fixed assets; - capital intensity of a unit of production; - material consumption of a unit of production; - coefficient of use of the most important types of raw materials and materials;

4) performance indicators for the use of financial resources: - turnover of working capital; - profitability of working capital; - relative release of working capital; - specific capital investments (per unit of increase in capacity or production); - profitability of capital investments; - payback period of capital investments, etc.

The level of economic efficiency in industry depends on a variety of interrelated factors. For each industry, due to its technical and economic features, specific efficiency factors are characteristic.

The whole variety of efficiency growth factors can be classified according to three criteria:

1) sources of efficiency improvement, the main of which are: reduction of labor, material, capital and capital intensity of production, rational use of natural resources, saving time and improving product quality;

2) the main directions of development and improvement of production, which include: accelerating scientific and technological progress, raising the technical and economic level of production; improvement of the structure of production, introduction of organizational management systems; improvement of forms and methods of organizing production, planning, motivation, labor activity, etc.;

3) the level of implementation in the production management system, depending on which factors are divided into:

a) internal (intra-production), the main of which are: the development of new types of products; mechanization and automation; introduction of progressive technology and the latest equipment; improving the use of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy; improvement of management style, etc.;

b) external - this is the improvement of the sectoral structure of industry and production, state economic and social policy, the formation of market relations and market infrastructure and other factors.

Module 2. Organization of the production process at the enterprise

Introduction

For enterprises of any form of ownership, it is very important to consider financial results, reflecting the dynamics of expenses and incomes over a certain period of time. However, the financial information itself, expressed in monetary terms, without a proper analysis of the production strategy, the efficiency of the use of production resources and the development of sales markets, does not give full assessment the current state and prospects for the development of the enterprise.

The development of the market and market relations, the reduction in production volumes, the growth in the number of insolvent enterprises and organizations have changed the mechanism for managing scientific and technological progress, influenced the pace and nature of research, development and design and survey work, the development and implementation of innovations (innovations) as the basis for economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of the organization and the economy as a whole. It is quite obvious that one of the main conditions for the formation of a competitive strategic perspective of an industrial enterprise can be its innovative activity. Around the world, innovation today is not a whim, but a necessity for survival, competitiveness and continued prosperity.

That is why the problem of introducing new equipment and technology at the enterprise is relevant and extremely significant today. The urgency of this problem determined the topic of our work. The aim of the work is to analyze the economic efficiency of the introduction of new equipment and technology in the enterprise.

The tasks of the work are:

.Determining the importance of introducing new technology in increasing production efficiency

.Analysis economic efficiency of the introduction of new equipment (technology) at LLC "Gran Plus"

3.Develop measures to increase the interest of enterprises in the introduction of new technology

Chapter 1

1.1The essence and significance of the introduction of new equipment (technology) to improve production efficiency

The introduction of innovations is increasingly seen as the only way to increase the competitiveness of manufactured goods, maintain high rates of development and profitability. Therefore, enterprises, overcoming economic difficulties, began to conduct developments in the field of product and technological innovations on their own. There are many definitions of innovation activity. Thus, according to the Draft Federal Law "On Innovation Activity" dated December 23, 1999, innovation activity is a process aimed at translating the results of scientific research and development or other scientific and technological achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or an improved technological process used in practical activities.

The concept of innovation: innovation is a system of activities for the use of scientific, scientific, technical and intellectual potential in order to obtain a new or improved product or service, a new way of their production to meet both individual demand and the needs of society in innovation as a whole. Relevance of implementation technological developments due to two groups of changes in the environment of the enterprise, having a domestic and international nature. In other words, enterprises are under pressure from the external and internal markets. This pressure is expressed in changing consumer behavior; development of markets for goods and services and, as a result, increased competition; global development of new diverse technologies; globalization of supply and demand.

Before talking about the importance of innovations to improve production efficiency, it is necessary to define the concept of innovation, identify the types of innovation, and also describe the main forms of organization of the innovation process. Innovation (innovation) is new way satisfaction of needs, giving an increase in the beneficial effect, as a result of the development and development of the production of new or improved products, technologies and processes.

It is customary to distinguish the following types innovations:

Technological innovation is the activity of an enterprise associated with the development and development of new technological processes.

Product innovation involves the development and implementation of new or improved products.

Process innovation involves the development and development of new or significantly improved production methods, including the use of new, more modern production equipment, new methods of organizing the production process, or a combination of them.

In foreign and Russian practice, there are three basic forms of organization of the innovation process:

administrative and economic (assumes the presence of a research and production center - a large or medium corporation that unites Scientific research and development, production and marketing of new products.)

program-targeted (provides for the work of program participants in their organizations and the coordination of their activities from the program control center)

initiative (consists in financing activities and administrative assistance to inventors - singles, initiative groups, as well as small firms created to develop and master innovations.)

The main forms of organization of innovative activity at present are:

research centers and laboratories as part of corporate structures;

temporary creative scientific teams or centers that are created to solve certain major and original scientific and technical problems;

state scientific centers;

various forms technology park structures: science parks, technology and research parks, innovation, technology innovation and business innovation centers, business incubators, technopolises.

It should also be noted that innovation activities can be carried out by specialized research organizations as the main activity and represent the development of new products for sale in the market of innovative technologies. At the same time, the widest range of enterprises is engaged in the development of new technologies as an auxiliary direction for their use in the production of products. The totality of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation constitutes the life cycle of innovation, which is defined as the period of time from the birth of an idea to the removal from production of an innovative product implemented on its basis. In its life cycle, an innovation goes through a number of stages, namely:

birth, accompanied by the implementation required volume research and development design work, development and creation of an experimental batch of innovation;

growth (industrial development with the simultaneous entry of the product to the market);

maturity (stage serial or mass production and increase in sales volume).

market saturation (maximum production and maximum sales);

decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market).

The composition and structure of the life cycles of new equipment and technology are closely related to the parameters of production development. For example, in the first stage life cycle new equipment and technology, labor productivity is low, the cost of production decreases slowly, the profit of the enterprise slowly increases, or economic profit is even negative. During the period of rapid growth in output, the cost price is noticeably reduced, and the initial costs are paid off. Frequent change of equipment and technology creates great difficulties and instability of production. During the period of transition to new equipment and the development of new technological processes, the efficiency indicators of all departments of the enterprise decrease. That is why innovations in the field of technological processes and tools should be accompanied by new forms of organization and management, operational and detailed calculation of economic efficiency.

Safronov N.A. highlights the factors that determine the importance of innovation:

the need to adapt the enterprise to new business conditions;

changes in tax, monetary and financial policy;

improvement and dynamics of sales markets and consumer preferences, i.e. demand pressure;

activation of competitors;

market fluctuations;

structural industry changes;

the emergence of new cheap resources, the expansion of the market for factors of production, i.e. supply pressure;

the desire to increase sales;

expansion of market share, transition to new markets;

improving the competitiveness of the company;

economic security and financial stability of the enterprise;

profit maximization in the long run.

The process of diffusion of innovations is called technology diffusion. The rate of diffusion depends mainly on the effectiveness of the technological innovation. Moreover, the greater the number of enterprises used this innovation, the higher the losses of those enterprises that did not use it. Moreover, the sooner an enterprise starts to innovate, the faster (and cheaper) it will be able to catch up with the leaders. This implies the need to highlight the conditions under which it is useful for enterprises to develop new products. These criteria are: the threat of obsolescence of existing products; the emergence of new customer needs; changing tastes and preferences of consumers; shortening the life cycle of goods; tougher competition. Among the internal factors under which the effectiveness of innovations increases, we can name:

the ability of management and staff to identify and evaluate economic, social and technological changes in external environment;

leadership orientation to the long term and the presence of clear strategic goals;

a developed sales and marketing system capable of researching and evaluating market trends;

continuous search for new market offers; ability to analyze and implement new ideas.

2The main directions of the introduction of new equipment (technology) at the present stage

In conditions of fierce competition, no enterprise can exist for a long time without making noticeable improvements in its work. As a result of the introduction of new equipment and technology into the activities of the enterprise, the quality increases and the characteristics of products progress, as well as the means, methods and organization of production are improved. Innovations are usually introduced following directions:

development of new and modernization of manufactured products;

introduction of new technologies, machines, equipment, tools and materials into production;

use of new information technologies and new ways of producing products;

improvement and application of new progressive methods, means and rules for organizing and managing production.

The tasks of the comprehensive improvement of technology and the organization of production are directly linked to the needs of the market. First of all, the products that the enterprise should develop, its potential consumers and competitors are determined. These issues are solved by engineers, marketers and economists who develop an enterprise development strategy and its technical policy. Based on this policy, the direction of the technical development of production and the market sector in which the enterprise is going to gain a foothold are determined.

The innovative activity of the enterprise for the development, implementation, development of innovations includes:

carrying out research and design work to develop the idea of ​​innovation, conduct laboratory research, manufacture laboratory samples of new products, types of new equipment, new designs and products;

selection of the necessary types of raw materials and materials for the manufacture of new types of products;

development of a technological process for the manufacture of new products;

design, manufacture, testing and mastering of samples of new equipment necessary for the manufacture of products;

development and implementation of new organizational and managerial decisions aimed at the implementation of innovations;

research, development or acquisition of the necessary information resources and information support of innovations;

training, education, retraining and special recruitment methods;

carrying out work or acquiring the necessary documentation for licensing, patenting, acquiring know-how;

organizing and conducting marketing research to promote innovation, etc.

The set of managerial, technological and economic methods that ensure the development, creation and implementation of innovations is the innovation policy of the enterprise. The purpose of such a policy is to provide the company with significant advantages over competing firms and, ultimately, increase the profitability of production and sales.

For the implementation of innovative activities, it is necessary to have the innovative potential of an enterprise, which is characterized as a combination of various resources, including:

intellectual (technological documentation, patents, licenses, business plans for the development of innovations, an innovative program of the enterprise);

material (experimental and instrumental base, technological equipment, area resource);

financial (own, borrowed, investment, federal, grant);

personnel (leader-innovator; personnel interested in innovations; partnership and personal connections employees with research institutes and universities; experience in innovation procedures; project management experience)

infrastructural (own divisions, chief technologist department, new product marketing department, patent and legal department, information department, competitive intelligence department);

other resources necessary for the implementation of innovative activities.

The choice of one strategy or another depends on the state of the innovative potential, which in this case can be defined as a measure of readiness to fulfill the goals set in the field of innovative development of the enterprise. Practice shows that not all enterprises need to master new technologies, despite the constant increase in the importance of innovation. Some types and forms economic activity, let's say small pharmaceutical enterprises, are unable to independently develop new drugs. And for enterprises that are in complete decline or at the stage of bankruptcy, it simply does not make sense to modernize production. Innovations in the sphere of material production are closely related to investments. The development and production of new products, the use of new equipment and technology become real only if they can be financed. Financial resources, intended for investment, are conditionally divided at enterprises in the following areas:

development and production of new products (in this case, progressive changes are almost always made in the technology and organization of production, which ensures the comprehensive and rapid introduction of advanced scientific achievements into production);

technical re-equipment (a form of updating the production apparatus, when the old production equipment and technology are permanently replaced with a new one, with higher technical and economic indicators);

expansion of production (involves the construction of new additional workshops and other divisions of the main production, as well as new auxiliary and service workshops and sites);

reconstruction (activities related both to the replacement of morally obsolete and physically worn-out machines and equipment, and to the improvement and restructuring of buildings and structures);

new construction (it is expedient only to accelerate the development of the most promising and developing products and industries, as well as to master fundamentally new equipment and technology that does not fit into traditional production structures).

Enterprises are at high risk when introducing new products or new technology. The level of risk varies greatly and is directly dependent on the degree of novelty of the product or technology. It is no secret that the higher the novelty, the higher the uncertainty of how the product will be perceived by the market. There are various approaches to classifying and identifying diverse uncertainties that affect the efficiency of the innovation process, including: scientific and technical, marketing, financial, legal, environmental and other risks. The main failures with the introduction of new products to the market are considered to be:

insufficient analysis external factors environment for the operation of the enterprise, prospects for the development of the market and the behavior of competitors;

insufficient analysis of internal innovation, production, financial and other opportunities;

ineffective marketing and insufficient (or unprofessional) support for a new product when it is introduced to the market.

When considering the generally recognized shortcomings of introducing innovation to the market, we can conclude that the success of innovative technologies can largely depend on the management system used in the enterprise in general and innovative technologies in particular. The need for an integrated approach to the creation and implementation of new equipment, technology and production organization introduces significant amendments to the conceptual apparatus and production management system. When using new engineering solutions, production is forced to rely on scientific developments in the field of economics, sociology, mathematics, biology and other sciences. Thus, the concept of "introduction of new technology" expanded and included integral part into the concept of "scientific and technological progress", which characterizes the development of science and technology and their practical application to solve the set socio-economic and political tasks.

Chapter 2. Methodology for determining the economic efficiency of introducing new equipment (technology)

2.1 Economic efficiency of the introduction of new equipment (technology) at Gran Plus LLC

Theoretically, absolutely any device that is controlled by electrical signals can be automated. The machines used in the bakery are no exception. They can also be connected electronic circuit, which will be based on the microcontroller. We will focus on the dough mixing machines "Standard". These kneading machines are subject to replacement at many bakery and confectionery enterprises. They are replaced by bunker units. At the same time, huge funds are lost, since the costs of introducing new units are quite high. Once replaced, the kneading machines can be operated by just one person.

Let's present in table 2.1 the initial data for calculating the economic efficiency of introducing new equipment (technology) at Gran Plus LLC.

Table 2. 1 Initial data for calculating the economic efficiency of introducing new equipment (technology) at Gran Plus LLC

IndicatorsLetter designationsBefore implementationAfter implementationAnnual output of finished products, t.An761210410Costs for the implementation of units, thousand rubles K2-599.0Cost of equipment to be replaced, thousand rubles K1220.0 - The cost of the annual output of finished products, thousand rubles. Kr-4Average monthly salary of the released tester, r. Zsr.30003000Deductions for social needs,% Os35,635.6Coefficient of wages, taking into account payments from social fundsEzp1,351.35The need for sanitary clothing for workers, set Or22The cost of sanitary clothing, pCo200200Power of electric motors installed on this site, kWMe22,525,0Working mode of the plant, yearTyear346347 Depreciation rate, % - equipment - cast-iron and ceramic floors JSC ap 25.4 2.8 25.4 2.8 current repairs and content, % - equipment - cast iron and ceramic floors tp 8.8 3.0 8.8 3.0 Depreciation of old equipment, % -2580 Cost of 1 m2, r. - cast iron plates - ceramic plates -300 -- 98 Wear of cast iron plates, % -25 - Number of cast iron and ceramic plates, m2-390390 Normative coefficient of economic efficiency of additional capital investments, 1/yearEn0.150.15 Proceeds from the sale of replacement equipment, thousand R.Vz-50.0Costs associated with the dismantling of the replaced equipment, thousand R.Dz-10.0Average price of flour, R.Tssr16001600Annual consumption of flour according to the plan, t.Mg55557598.5

We calculate the conditional annual savings from the introduction of bunker units in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Calculation of conditional annual savings from the introduction of bunker units

Indicators Calculation formulas and designations of the values ​​included in them Calculation of indicators Costs that decrease as a result of the introduction of bunker units Saving flour from reducing losses during dough fermentation, tons (Em) Em = Mg * 0.5 / 100, where Mg - annual consumption flour, 5555 tons; 0.5 - percentage reduction in losses during fermentation of the dough; Cm \u003d Em * Csr, where Cm is the cost of flour; Tssr - the average price of 1t. flour, 1600 r.Em \u003d 7598.5 * 0.5 / 100 \u003d 37.99 tons Sm \u003d 37.99 * 1600 \u003d 60.78 thousand rubles. Zsr * 12, where Kp - the number of workers released as a result of the introduction of units; Zsr - the average monthly salary of one tester, 3000 rubles. R = 4 * 3000 * 12 = 144 thousand rubles. Payments from their social fund (Zf). Zf \u003d p * (Ezp - 1), where Zf - payments from the fund, p. p - the salary of the released workers, p.Zf \u003d 144000 * (1.35-1) \u003d 50.4 thousand rubles. Ezp - the coefficient of payments from the fund. Deductions for social needs (Oc). Os \u003d P * Os, where Os is social insurance contributions. Os \u003d 194.4 * 0.356 \u003d 69.2 thousand rubles. The cost of sanitary clothing (Eo). Eo=Kr*Or*Co, where Or is the need for sanitary clothing, 2 sets; Co - the cost of sanitary clothing, 200 rubles. Eo \u003d 4 * 2 * 200 \u003d 1.6 thousand rubles. Total, costs that decrease as a result of the introduction of bunker units (Cm1). Cm1 \u003d Cm + R + Zf + Os + Eo, where Cm = 60.78 thousand rubles .; Р=144.0 thousand rubles; Zf = 50.4 thousand rubles; Os \u003d 54.72 thousand rubles; Eo = 1.6 thousand rubles Сm1= 60.78+144+50.4+69.2+ +1.6= 325.98 thousand rubles. * Se * Tgod) - (Me1 * Ke * Te * Se * Tgod). where Me1 and Me2 are the power of electric motors before and after the introduction of bunker units, respectively, 22.5 and 25.0 kW; Se = (25*0.7*23*0.6*346) - (22.5* 0.7 * 23 * 0.6 * 346) \u003d 8.38 thousand rubles Ke - the power utilization factor of electric motors before and after the introduction of bunker units, 0.7; Te - the operating time of the electric motor per day, 23 hours; Ce - the cost of 1 kW / h of electricity, 0.6 rubles. Costs for depreciation charges: equipment (Ao). Tgod - operating mode of the enterprise, 346 days Ao \u003d (Zn1-Zst) * ao / 100, where Zn1 - new capital costs for the introduction of units, 700 thousand rubles. R. Zst - the cost of equipment before the introduction of bunker units, 220 thousand rubles. ao - depreciation rate of deductions for equipment, 25.4%. Ao \u003d (599-220) * 25.4 / 100 \u003d 96.27 thousand rubles. . Zn2 - the cost of ceramic plates, 390*98=38220r. ap - depreciation of plates, 2.8%. Ap \u003d (117000- 38220) * 2.8 / / 100 \u003d 2.2 thousand rubles Costs for current repairs and maintenance of equipment (To). To = (Zn1-Zst1) * To / 100, where Zn1- 700 thousand rubles; Zst1 - 220 thousand rubles; To - the cost of current repairs and maintenance of equipment, 8.8%. To \u003d (599-220) * 8.8 / 100 \u003d 33.35 thousand rubles. , where Tp - costs for current repairs and maintenance of the floor, 3%. Tp = (117000-38220) * 3 / /100 = 2.3 thousand rubles. Ap) + (To + Tp), where Se \u003d 8.3 thousand rubles; Ao \u003d 121.9 thousand rubles; Ap \u003d 2.2 thousand rubles; To = 42.2 thousand rubles; Suv = 8.3 + 121.9 + 2.2 + 42.2 + 2.3 = = 176.9 thousand rubles of units (cm2). Tp = 2.3 thousand .r.Conventional annual savings (Eu.g.).Eu.g.=Sumen.-Suvel.Eu.g.= 325.98 -142.5 = 183.48 thousand rubles. Cost of annual output as a result of introduction of bunker units (Ctot2).Ctot.2=Ctot1-Eu.g.Ctotal.2=600-183.48=416.52 thousand rubles. Payback period for additional capital investments (Tdop), year Tdop=K2-K1+Ku Sob.1-Sob.2, where K2 - the cost of introducing units, 700 thousand rubles; K1 - the cost of the replaced equipment, 220 thousand rubles; Ku - damage from the liquidation of the replaced equipment, thousand rubles; Nz - underdepreciated part of the cost of the equipment to be replaced, 22 thousand rubles; Vz - proceeds from the sale of materials received after the liquidation of the replaced equipment 22 thousand rubles. Ku \u003d Nz-Vz + DzKu \u003d 22-22 + 10 \u003d 10 thousand rubles.

We will calculate the economic efficiency from the introduction of bunker units by OOO Gran Plus.

At this stage of calculations, knowing the cost of annual output as a result of the introduction of bunker units, it is possible to calculate the coefficient of economic efficiency.

The actual efficiency is 2 times more than the normative efficiency. This is explained by the fact that approximately 33% of jobs are being vacated, and it is the number of workers that largely determines the costs of this enterprise.

In addition, the initial data influence the performance indicator. Zero-wear kneading machines were initially considered, so there was no need for equipment repair costs.

In general, the implementation electronic systems based on such cost-effectiveness that a huge number of enterprises are switching to such systems.

Not only dough mixers can be controlled in this way, but also any other devices controlled by electrical signals.

When introducing bunker units, the accumulation fund will be used as a source of financing.

Table 2.3 - Calculation of economic efficiency from the introduction of bunker units

Indicators Calculation formulas and designations of the values ​​included in them Calculation of indicators Annual economic effect from the introduction of bunker units (E). introduction of bunker units, respectively, 600 thousand rubles. and 467.38 thousand rubles. K2 and K1 - capital costs before and after the introduction of bunker units, respectively, 220 and 900 thousand rubles. En - normative coefficient of economic efficiency of additional capital investments, 0.15Eg \u003d (600-416.52) -0.15 * (599-220 + 10) \u003d 128.13 thousand rubles Ku - damage from the liquidation of the replaced equipment, 10 thousand .r.Determination of cost reduction per unit of production (С1)С2=С1-Eu.g./An where Eu.g. - conditional annual savings from the introduction of bunker units, 132.62 thousand rubles. An-annual output according to the plan, 7612 tons. C1 - the cost of 1 ton. products, rub. Change in cost per 1 ton of products Eu.g./An=183.48/7612=24.1 r. С2=9700 - 24.1=9675.9 r.

The growth of labor productivity means saving materialized and living labor and is one of the most important factors in increasing the efficiency of production. The growth of labor productivity is calculated as the difference between the output of the enterprise before and the output of the enterprise after the introduction of new technology.

where is the total output of the enterprise, is the output for each worker separately. N is the number of workers.

where - the volume of production, expressed in value or physical indicators, - the cost of working time for the production of products.

The volume of production per worker will be the ratio of the total volume of production to the number of workers, i.e. will be the same for all workers. The volume of production can also be considered an indicator of labor productivity. All workers work the same amount of time, i.e. will be the same for all workers.

Therefore:

There is also an indicator of the reverse of production - this is labor intensity.

Labor intensity is an indicator of individual labor productivity that characterizes the cost of working time for the production of a unit of output:

Calculation of labor productivity in physical terms. When calculating labor productivity in natural terms, the volume of production is expressed in physical units - pieces, kilograms, meters, etc. At the bakery, natural indicators will be tons of products.

The greater the difference between the output of an individual worker after and before the introduction, the higher the rate of growth in labor productivity. In table 2.4 we present the calculation of labor productivity as a result of the introduction of new technology.

Table 2.4 - Calculation of labor productivity as a result of the introduction of new technology

Labor productivity indicatorBefore implementationAfter implementationProduction (per 1 worker) tons/day tons/dayLabor intensity

day/t. day/t.

Labor productivity increased by: tons/day

When calculating labor productivity in value terms, the definition of output occurs in terms of value or net output per employee or labor intensity per unit of time. At a bakery enterprise, the value indicators will be the cost of production (in rubles) of production before and after implementation.

The greater the difference between the cost of producing an individual worker before and after implementation, the higher the growth rate of labor productivity.

Table 2.5 - Calculation of labor productivity in value terms

Labor productivity indicatorBefore implementationAfter implementationProduction (per 1 worker)

thousand rubles / day

thousand rubles/day

day/thous. rub.

day/thous. R.

Labor productivity increased by:

thousand rubles / day

2 Change in technical and economic indicators as a result of the introduction of bunker units

Replacing four "Standard" type dough mixers with rolling bowls with three small-sized bunker units, with the simultaneous replacement of cast-iron floors with ceramic ones, will save flour by reducing losses by 0.5% during fermentation of dough on a liquid semi-finished product. economic efficiency technology innovative

Four test leads will be released. With capital costs of 599 thousand rubles, we get an annual economic effect in the amount of 128.13 thousand rubles. The cost of a unit of production is reduced by an average of 24.1 rubles. Labor productivity at the site will increase by 50%. The payback period for capital investments will be 2.12 years.

The introduction of bunker units as control elements practically eliminates defective goods which undoubtedly benefits all consumers.

In fact, the aesthetics of production are actions aimed at maintaining order in the assigned territories, at the good condition of buildings and structures, sanitary facilities, workplaces and equipment. In this event, the aesthetics of production is reflected in the multiple increase in the comfort of workplaces.

The structure of the production process. Distinguish the technological side of the production process associated with the transformation of the object of labor into finished products, and labor - a set of actions of performers for the implementation of technological processes.

According to the nature of the flow in time, the processes are divided into discontinuous and continuous.

The annual economic effect is determined by the formula:

Normative coefficient of economic efficiency of additional capital investments;

and - respectively, one-time costs and the cost of equipment.

The payback period is determined by the formula:

and - the cost of annual output before and after the introduction of new units;

One-time implementation costs, 600 thousand rubles;

Cost of equipment to be replaced

The main task of the organization of production is to ensure the most rational connection and use in time and space, on the one hand, of living labor (labor force), on the other hand, tools and objects of labor.

Other tasks of the organization of production include:

technical preparation of production;

creation of a rational production structure and organization of the main production processes;

Maintenance production;

functional areas of activity of enterprises;

manufacturing control.

In table 2.6 we present the results:

Table 2.6 - Change in technical and economic indicators as a result of the introduction of bunker units

Name of indicators Base variant Assumed variant Change - decrease + increase Absolute change% Annual production volume, tons 7612.010410.0 + 2798 + 36.8 Number of workers at the site, people. 128-4-33.3 Capital costs for implementation, thousand .r.-599.0--Cost of equipment to be replaced, thousand rubles 220---Cost of annual output600.0416.52-183.48-30.58 Labor productivity, tons. +50.0 Annual economic effect, thousand rubles -128.13--Payback period of capital expenditures, year.-2.12--

As a result, the annual production volume will increase by 2798 tons, the site will require 8 workers, not 12, thereby freeing up part of the wage fund, the cost of annual output will decrease by 183.48 tons, labor productivity will increase by 317.2 tons .

Conclusion

It is quite obvious that in the current conditions of the formation of market relations, revolutionary qualitative changes are necessary, a transition to fundamentally new technologies, to the technology of subsequent generations.

In the conditions of modern competition, the reduction of the life cycle of goods and services, the development of new diverse technologies, one of the main conditions for the formation of a competitive strategic perspective of an industrial enterprise is increasingly becoming its innovative activity.

Enterprises that form strategic behavior based on an innovative approach, the main goal strategic plan put the development of new technologies, the release of new goods and services, have the opportunity to win leadership positions in the market, maintain high rates of development, reduce costs, achieve high performance arrived.

An analysis of the strategic behavior of an innovative product on the market shows that industrial enterprises it is necessary to constantly monitor the development of science and technology in order to introduce the latest achievements in these areas into the production process and timely abandon the used obsolete products and their production technology.

Sources of environmental information include industry conferences, trade papers and magazines, scientific information networks, professional meetings, business reports, personal experiences, and other channels.

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