Give an assessment of the natural conditions of Siberia for the life, life and economic activities of people. Eastern Siberia: climate, nature

The hydrographic network of the region belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean and is distributed over the private basins of the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas.

Eastern Siberia covers a vast part of the territory of the Asian continent, located east of the Yenisei and extending to the shores of the Bering Sea, and in the meridional direction - from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the Mongolian People's Republic.

The hydrographic network of the region belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean and is distributed over the private basins of the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas. By the nature of the relief, Eastern Siberia belongs to mountainous regions, and here mountains of medium height and vast plateaus predominate, while lowlands occupy only small spaces.

Between the Yenisei and Lena is the Siberian Plateau, dissected by erosion. Its height is on average 300-500 m above sea level; only in places among the plateau stand out higher elevations - the Putorana ridge (1500 m), the Vilyui mountains (1074 m) and the Yenisei ridge (1122 m). In the upper part of the Yenisei basin is the Sayano-Baikal fold country. This is the highest mountain region of the region, with heights up to 3480 m (the peak of Munku-Sardyk).

To the east of the lower reaches of the Lena stretches the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma mountainous country, characterized by sharp contrasts of lowland and mountain landscapes. Along the right bank of the Lena stretches a powerful arc of the Verkhoyansk ridge with heights up to 2000 m, further to the east rises the Chersky ridge - a mountain knot with a height of 2000-3000 m, the Tas-Khayakhtakh ridge, etc. Along with the mountain ranges, the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma mountain region includes Oymyakonskoe, Nerskoe and Yukagir plateaus. In the south, the border of the region is made up of the Yablonovy, Stanovoy and Duzhgdzhur ridges, whose heights reach 2500-3000 m. In the east, the Kolyma Range, or Gydan, stretches along the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

On the territory of Eastern Siberia, there are also low-lying plains, among which the Lena-Vilyui lowland stands out for its size, which is a grandiose synclinal trough. The extreme north of the region, along the coast of the marginal seas, is occupied by the Subpolar Lowland, the height of which does not exceed 100 m above sea level; lowlands are also located in the lower reaches of the Alazeya, Kolyma and Indigirka.

The subpolar lowland is occupied by tundra and forest tundra. Most of the territory of Eastern Siberia belongs to the taiga zone. The forest landscape is dominated by Daurian larch, which is most adapted to the harsh climate and the presence of permafrost; much less pine here. The forests of Eastern Siberia are slightly swamped.

The taiga zone on the territory of Eastern Siberia is dominant and extends far to the south; sections of the steppe and forest-steppe are interspersed in it in the form of spots (the Minusinsk basin, which has a steppe character, the steppes of Transbaikalia).

Geologically, the area is characterized by a shallow occurrence of bedrock crystalline rocks, which often come to the surface here. Ancient igneous rocks - traps, which form characteristic vertical outcrops in the form of columnar units (locally - pillars) are widely distributed, especially within the Central Siberian Plateau.

The rivers of Eastern Siberia are predominantly in the form of mountain streams; flowing through the lowlands, they acquire a flat character.

The climatic conditions of Eastern Siberia are largely determined by its geographical location within the Asian continent. The Siberian anticyclone, which forms in the center of Asia in winter, has a great influence on the climatic conditions of the region. Under the conditions of a stable anticyclonic weather type, winter is characterized by low cloudiness and a predominance of calm, which entails a strong cooling. Clear, severe, little snow, stable and long winter and rather arid, short and hot summer - these are the main features of the climate of Eastern Siberia. Frosts, for example, in the region of Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon reach -60, -70. These are the lowest air temperatures observed on the globe, therefore the region of Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon is called the pole of cold. Average monthly air temperatures of the coldest month - January - fluctuate from -25 -40 in the south of the region to -48 in Verkhoyansk. In summer, daily air temperatures sometimes rise to 30-40. The average monthly temperatures of the warmest month - July - in the northern part of the region (in the tundra zone) are about 10, in the south, in the upper reaches of the Yenisei (Minusinsk depression), up to 20.8. The transition of air temperature through 0 in the far north is observed in mid-June, in autumn - in mid-September, and in the southern parts of the region (Minusinsk depression) - in the twentieth of April and in mid-October. The arid Minusinsk Basin stands out sharply in its climatic conditions; its climate approaches that of the steppes of the European part of the USSR.

There is little rainfall. In the predominant part of the district, their number does not exceed 200-400 mm per year. The Leno-Vilyui lowland (200 mm) is extremely poor in precipitation. Even less precipitation falls in the north, in the Subpolar Lowland, where their annual amount does not exceed 100 mm. So, for example, in the region of the river delta. Lena falls only about 90 mm per year. Approximately the same amount of precipitation falls on the islands of the Arctic zone (New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island). Precipitation is more abundant in the Sayan Mountains, where its annual amount reaches 600-700 mm, and in some places even 1200 mm.

Most of the precipitation (70-80%) falls in the summer in the form of rains, which are usually of a continuous nature. In the cold part of the soda, there is little precipitation - no more than 50 mm.

The snow cover is notable for its low thickness; only in the Yenisei basin and within the Central Siberian Plateau does a relatively large amount of snow fall. The least amount of snow falls in the Yana and Indigirka basins.

In the harsh climate of Eastern Siberia, with its long winters with little snow and cold, a characteristic feature of the region is the widespread distribution of permafrost. The thickness of the permafrost layer in the northern and central regions reaches 200-500 m or more. In the southern parts of the region (Transbaikalia, the basin of the upper Yenisei), the permafrost thickness decreases, more or less significant areas devoid of permafrost (taliks) appear.

The presence of permafrost creates complex hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater reserves in most of Eastern Siberia are very poor; groundwater is represented mainly by perched water, which does not feed the rivers. Outcrops of subpermafrost waters are relatively rare and confined to areas of young faults in the earth's crust and karst areas (upper Aldan).

In a number of places (the Leno-Vilyui lowland, the lowlands of the mouth sections of the Kolyma and Indigirka rivers, etc.), buried ice is found at a small depth from the surface, occupying large areas; their thickness sometimes reaches 5-10 m and more.

The harsh climate and permafrost determine the uniqueness of the water regime in Eastern Siberia. With the complete impermeability of frozen soils, low losses for filtration and evaporation, the surface runoff here is relatively high, despite the low amount of precipitation. Permafrost is the reason for the poor supply of rivers with groundwater and the widespread phenomenon of freezing, as well as the formation of icing. In permafrost conditions, erosional processes also develop in a peculiar way. Soils bound by permafrost are difficult to erode, and therefore deep erosion develops poorly. Lateral erosion predominates, leading to the expansion of the valleys.

Studies carried out in recent years have shown that modern glaciation is widespread in Eastern Siberia. It is found in the most elevated parts of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ranges - in the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka basins. The area of ​​glaciation reaches 600-700 km2, which is approximately equal to the area of ​​modern Altai glaciation. Glaciers are small. The largest glacier of the Sauntarskaya group (on the watershed of Indigirka and Okhota) is up to 10 km long.

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The vast territory of Eastern Siberia, which occupies a quarter of the area of ​​Russia, stretches from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the border with Mongolia, from the left bank of the Yenisei to the watershed ranges of the Far East.

The natural features of Eastern Siberia are determined by its size, location in middle and high latitudes, general inclination of the territory towards the low coast of the Arctic Ocean, and greater distance from the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the barrier of mountain ranges nearly wipes out the influence of the Pacific Ocean.

In contrast to the West Siberian Plate, where flat landforms predominate, the Siberian Platform is dominated by uplands and plateaus. The Siberian platform belongs to the ancient platforms of the Precambrian age, which also distinguishes it from the young (from a geological point of view) West Siberian plate. The region under consideration occupies the central and northern part of eastern Siberia and is located between the Yenisei in the west and the Lena and Aldan in the east. In the west, this territory borders on the West Siberian plate, in the southwest and south it is surrounded by mountain structures of the Yenisei ridge - the Eastern Sayan system and the Baikal-Patom highlands, from the east - by the Verkhoyansk ridge. In the north, the platform is limited by the Taimyr-Severozemelskaya folded area.

Within Eastern Siberia, flat and mountainous territories are clearly distinguished. The most significant plain is the Central Siberian Plateau. Deep river valleys and small uplifts break the uniformity of the surface of this territory. Rivers are the transport system of the landscape. Large and small rivers of Eastern Siberia form a dense network. Despite the insignificant amount of precipitation, the rivers are full of water. This is explained by a short warm period during which a rapid flood occurs. All the rivers of this territory belong to the basin of the Arctic Ocean. The Yenisei flows along the western edge of the Central Siberian Plateau. Its most abundant right tributary is the Angara, flowing from Baikal, which regulates the flow of the river, making it uniform throughout the year. This favors the use of Angara's water energy.

10 km from Baikal, high in the mountains, the Lena River is born. Having received large tributaries, especially Aldan and Vilyui, it turns into a large flat river. When it flows into the sea, the Lena forms a huge delta, the largest in Russia, consisting of more than a thousand islands. Other large rivers, the Indigirka and the Kolyma, also flow into the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Lakes in this area are located unevenly. There are especially many of them in the northern and eastern parts.

Lake Baikal. Photo: Sergey Vladimirov

Lake Baikal has unique features. It has no equal in the world in terms of age, depth, reserves and properties of fresh water, diversity and endemism of organic life.

A characteristic feature of Eastern Siberia is permafrost. In most of Eastern Siberia, under the top layer of soil there is soil bound by cold, which never thaws. They call it permafrost. A new science emerged - permafrost science, or geocryology. Among all frozen and frosty rocks, the most difficult to study are dispersed rocks, that is, rocks consisting of many different small particles (clay, sand, etc.). Inside such rocks there are many small voids or pores. The water in these pores is in the form of ice, steam and liquid water. In frozen soils, there is indeed unfrozen water. Only there is very little of it and it is distributed over the particles of the soil with a thin film. So thin that it is not visible even with a magnifying glass. The water contained in the frozen rock can migrate, move in the ground, and freeze, forming layers of ice (schlieren) in the rock with a thickness of hundredths of a millimeter or more. Geological processes that occur during the freezing or thawing of rocks, as well as the freezing of groundwater, are called cryogenic. There are many types of perennial heaving mounds. One of them is injectable. It usually occurs in areas of small lakes. In winter, such a lake on permafrost freezes to the bottom. However, under it there are always rocks saturated with water. They also freeze. These rocks are, as it were, in a frozen bag: ice is on top of them, and permafrost is on the bottom. The volume of such a bag gradually decreases as it freezes, and the water of the rocks begins to put pressure on the walls and roof that hold them back. Finally, succumbing to this pressure, the frozen roof bends in the weakest place, forming a helmet-shaped heaving mound. The Yakuts call such hillocks "bulgunnyakhs". Their size can reach a height of 30-60 meters, and at the base of 100-200 meters. Bulgunnyakhs are most often found in Central Yakutia, in the Arctic coastal lowlands of northeastern Siberia.

A serious danger is the process of solifluction, characteristic of the permafrost zone, which develops on the slopes of hills, hills and ravines. Solifluction is the flow of loose, highly waterlogged soil masses along slopes. The usual ground flow rate is 2-10 cm per year. However, with heavy rains or intense melting, landslides occur. Phenomena such as icing are associated with water in the permafrost zone. Frosts are called ice influxes, formed as a result of freezing of river or lake waters poured onto the surface. When the upper part of the rocks freezes, an increasing hydrostatic pressure (water pressure) arises in them. This happens because water, turning into ice, increases in volume, squeezing unfrozen water, and at the same time blocking all exits to the surface. Meanwhile, water presses on the ice crust until it finally breaks through and splashes to the surface. But, once in the wild, the water quickly freezes and covers the hole it has just made with ice. And everything starts over. The thickness of the icing sometimes reaches 7-10 m, and the area is several tens of square kilometers. Only here is the trouble: on such ice, you can’t mark the places of the next exits of under-ice water, and water breaks free sometimes with a real explosion. And it's dangerous.

All these phenomena are widespread in Eastern and Northeastern Siberia.

The ice zone of Eastern Siberia is characterized by the exceptional severity of nature. On Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands, large areas are occupied by glaciers. In the areas free from glaciers, in the Arctic desert, there is a "seasonal" snow cover almost all year round. In the summer, when it descends, the processes of frosty weathering proceed vigorously, and large-clastic deposits melt on the surface of the earth. Mosses, lichens, and some species of typically arctic flowering, mainly herbaceous, plants dominate in the sparse and poor vegetation cover of the Arctic desert. In the south of the zone there are squat shrubs - polar and arctic willows, etc. The arctic desert is inhabited by: arctic fox, polar bear, lemming, reindeer is rare. In the ice zone, fox, birds, marine animals, and wild reindeer are hunted. There is little population here, the fishing season is short, however, the number of many animals is declining and they need protection. In Russia, reserves have been organized to protect rare animals in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula and on Wrangel Island.

The North Siberian, Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolyma lowlands, the New Siberian Islands are tundras of flat plains. Rugged terrain, stony placers make the conditions for the existence of vegetation and wildlife, and hence the landscapes very diverse. Almost everywhere in the tundra zone, the ground is bound by ice. The first thing that catches your eye when you first see the tundra from the window of an airplane is the sparkling mirrors of many reservoirs. These are thermokarst lakes - they were formed as a result of thawing of permafrost and subsidence of the soil. The northern plains often resemble honeycombs. This is what polygonal tundras look like, which appear as a result of cracks in frozen ground. Life in the tundra adds its own patterns to those drawn by the permafrost, for example, lemming-hunting owls and skuas choose high ground to ambush and fertilize the soil with droppings. Tall grass grows here, and on a sunny summer day, a grid of bright green dots looks very picturesque from the air.

In the south, next to the forest, the tundra is similar to the northern taiga, only consisting of one undergrowth, without tall trees. The same green mosses, shrubs of lingonberries, blueberries, haddock, many dwarf birches, over which mushrooms sometimes rise - a kind of "birch trees". There are many mushrooms, they are clearly visible; thanks to the cool climate, they remain worm-free for a long time. For a mushroom picker, the tundra is a real paradise. The tundra is very beautiful twice a year. The first time is in August, when cloudberries ripen and the landscape changes color, first from green to red, and then to yellow. The second time - in September, when the leaves of dwarf birch and shrubs turn yellow and red. This is a golden autumn in miniature. For Eastern Siberia, the so-called tussock tundras are typical. Tussocks form sedges and cotton grass - a plant very characteristic of this zone. In English, cotton grass is called "cotton grass". Indeed, it is a herb with a fine white fiber tassel. Cotton grass also grows on the border of the tundra with the Arctic deserts. The peculiarity of the permafrost relief is also reflected in the pattern of the vegetation cover. So, for example, shrubs, mosses and sedges can grow along permafrost cracks, and the center of the "polygon" is covered only with algae or lichens, or completely bare. The tundra has a wide variety of insects. There are also ants here that build their dwellings from the hard leaves of shrubs or from the earth. Special mention must be made of mosquitoes and midges. In the tundra, the midge is able to turn life into a real hell. Reindeer climb the blown tops of the hills or descend to the coast: only there the wind saves them from blood-sucking insects. But there are very few of them in the tundra - these are amphibians and reptiles. The most primitive of reptiles, salamanders, are sometimes found in puddles, and representatives of only one species live in bushes - moored frogs. There are no snakes at all, the only reptile - a viviparous lizard - is found near the forest belt. And yet the tundra seems to be filled with life. This impression is created, first of all, by birds, of which there are a lot. And what kind of birds nest here! Large waterfowl - swans, geese, goose, ducks. They breed offspring in the tundra and then fly away in thousands of flocks to the south, to warm countries. The main animals of the tundra are the lemming, the arctic fox and the reindeer.

The forest zone occupies a vast territory of Central Siberia, up to about 60% of its entire area. The taiga of Central Siberia is characterized by a sharply continental climate and slight swampiness. The Central Siberian taiga is predominantly light coniferous taiga, consisting mainly of Naur larch and pine with a slight admixture of dark coniferous species - cedar, spruce and fir. The main reasons for the scarcity of the species composition of the eastern taiga are permafrost and a sharp continental climate. In connection with the elevated relief of the plateau, the flat taiga of Central Siberia merges in the south with the mountain taiga of the Sayan Mountains and the Baikal mountain country.

The Central Siberian taiga, when moving from north to south, is divided into three lanes. The northern strip of sparsely layered wetland forests goes south to the Arctic Circle. Larch swampy forests grow on gley-permafrost-taiga soils. The middle zone of the taiga occupies the basins of the Srednyaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vilyui rivers. In the basin of the Middle and Lower Tunguska, the taiga is more humid than in the Vilyui basin. The Central Siberian plateau is covered with spruce-cedar-larch taiga. The river valleys are dominated by spruce-cedar moss taiga with a slight admixture of larch. In the Vilyui basin, the Lena valley and the Lena-Aldan interfluve, taiga from Naur larch develops under conditions of insufficient moisture.

The southern strip of taiga occupies the basins of the Angara and the upper reaches of the Lena. In the western part, where the climate is somewhat warmer and wetter, the permafrost lies deep or is completely absent; here, on loamy and sandy soddy-podzolic soils, mainly pine grows. Larch dominates in the eastern part. In pine and deciduous forests, alder and Naur rhododendron grow in the undergrowth. The taiga of Central Siberia is a large raw material base for state procurements for the woodworking and wood-chemical industries. The main tree species are larch, pine, and cedar. Fur trade in the Central Siberian taiga occupies one of the first places among other regions.

The taiga has a more diverse and rich animal world than the tundra. Of the predators are common: brown bear, wolverine, fox, Siberian weasel, ermine, sable. Wolverine lives everywhere. Sable is rare and spread over stony placers in dense taiga. The lynx is the only animal from the cat family in the taiga. The habitat of the lynx is dense taiga forests. Of the artiodactyls in the taiga, elk and musk deer are common, and on the moss tundra of the Putorana Plateau there is a bighorn sheep. Maral and roe deer are common in the southern part of the Yenisei taiga. There is no continuous forest-steppe and steppe zone in Eastern Siberia. Only a few sections stand out.

The forest-steppe of Transbaikalia consists of steppe forb areas and pine forests or larch and birch copses with an undergrowth of Daurian rhododendron. The development of vegetation is significantly affected by cold and little snowy winters, dry and long springs, and short and rainy summers. Cold types of weather contribute to the development of pillow-shaped forms and curtains in plants. The vegetation of the steppes consists of feather grass, thin-legged, fescue and serpentine. The steppes and forest-steppes of Transbaikalia are the main agricultural regions. The steppes are used as pastures for livestock. Part of the territory is plowed under grain, garden and other crops.

In the mountains of North-Eastern Siberia, the altitudinal zonality of landscapes is clearly manifested. There are three high-altitude landscape zones on the Verkhoyansk Ridge. The first belt of north-taiga sparsely layered deciduous forests rises along the southern slopes up to 1200-1300 m, and up to 600-800 m along the northern slopes. Lichens predominate in the above ground cover; the shrub layer is formed by lingonberries, speedwells and wild rosemary. Along the river valleys, on sand and pebble deposits, gallery forests of fragrant poplar with an admixture of larch, birch, aspen and Siberian mountain ash stretch. Above the upper boundary of the larch forest, thickets of elfin cedar dominate with an admixture of shrubby alder with lichen-shrub cover.

The second belt is mountain-tundra. Its upper boundary should be drawn at the ends of the glaciers (1800-2100 m). This zone has harsh climatic conditions: in a long winter, low temperatures prevail, combined with strong winds and snowstorms. Climatic conditions contribute to the development of accumulative and wind-blown snowfields, avalanches, frost weathering, solifluction and icing (taryns). The icings are located below the ends of the glaciers at an altitude of 1100-1700 meters. The alpine type of relief prevails. The dominant type of tundra is lichen (cladonia and lecture), on gentle slopes - swampy tundra. The soils are mountain-tundra.

The third belt - perennial snows and glaciers; the snow limit lies at an altitude of 2250-2450 meters. Negative temperatures prevail all year round, but in winter frosts are much less than in neighboring valleys and plateaus. The average temperature of the warmest month at an altitude of 2800 meters is about +3? C. Strong winds prevail. The glaciers are surrounded by permafrost with very little seasonal thawing.

Approximately the same is observed in other mountains of North-Eastern Siberia: larch north-taiga rare-layer forests (on the flat bottoms of basins and valleys) and mountain larch forests (on the slopes of valleys and ridges) dominate in the lower altitudinal zone, higher - mountain tundra and bald mountains . In the south of the territory above larch trees thickets of dwarf pine and alder-cedar thickets are widespread.

Determine the distance separating the European center from Eastern Siberia, evaluate the transport conditions, the distribution of the population, and evaluate the physical and economic-geographical position of Eastern Siberia.

Moscow is separated from Krasnoyarsk by 3375 km, the western borders of the East Siberian economic region from the eastern borders of Central Russia - 3100 km. By rail from Samara to Krasnoyarsk - also about 3000 km.

These distances can be determined from a geographic zoning map or a transport map of Russia by measuring the distance in centimeters with a ruler, and then using a scale.

The economic and geographical position of Eastern Siberia is considered one of the most disadvantageous. The territory is remote from almost all possible consumers of raw materials and products, and in addition, Western Siberia and the Far East, which have approximately the same resources, lie on the way to these consumers. It is more profitable to develop the resources of these regions. Involvement of the region in the intra-Russian division of labor is hindered by low transport development. Only in the south are the main automobile and railway routes, and the central parts of the region and the north are oriented towards water transport.

Among the huge, but still unclaimed resources of Eastern Siberia, there are the world's largest Tunguska coal basin, small, but very important (due to the favorable location in the developed areas) Minusinsk and Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basins. A lot of low-cost coal is mined at KATEK. The region is rich in copper-nickel-cobalt, iron, polymetallic ores, as well as gold, ores of other precious metals, and uranium ores. Deposits of aluminum raw materials (bauxites and non-phelins) have been explored.

The natural conditions of the territory allow the development of agriculture only in the southern parts of the region, where the agro-climatic potential is quite large. In the north, conditions are favorable for the development of reindeer herding.

The hydropower potential of Eastern Siberia is great. On the Yenisei and its tributaries, it is possible to build power plants with a total potential of more than 60 million kW. The largest reservoir of the purest fresh water is Lake Baikal.

However, many of the riches of Eastern Siberia have not yet been developed, and this is hindered by both remoteness and lack of demand.

"The Yenisei Valley is the boundary of natural features between Western and Eastern Siberia." Using atlas maps, provide evidence for this statement.

Indeed, the Yenisei valley separates the West Siberian lowland and the Central Siberian plateau; a young slab with a thick cover of sedimentary rocks and an ancient platform with traps and shields. Along the Yenisei, the border of permafrost descends to the south. Behind the Yenisei, the kingdom of larch begins - the only tree species that carries permafrost in the soil.

What climatic features of the region make it difficult for economic activity and people's lives?

Especially difficult economic activity and life of the population are cold winters and harsh winds, especially on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Unfavorable for life and permafrost.

Siberian rivers are characterized by their special regime. Do they lose their originality as a result of the construction of hydroelectric power stations? What environmental problems arise from this?

The construction of a hydroelectric power station to a large extent regulates the flow, making it smoother and calmer. In mountainous areas, the area of ​​flooding is small. However, there are other troubles in Siberia. A specific local climate is created around large reservoirs. For example, in the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, water does not freeze even in the coldest winters (at temperatures down to -40 ° C), which significantly worsens the ecological situation. material from the site

In Eastern Siberia, which extends in the same latitudes as the East European Plain and Western Siberia, there is no pronounced latitudinal zonality of soil-vegetation zones. Why?

This is due to the elevation of the territory and the widespread distribution of permafrost.

In your opinion, is it right to single out the Far North region from the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia? How would you draw its southern border? What are the distinctive features of nature and population named?

The Far North naturally stands out from the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia.

The natural boundary of this territory could be drawn along the southern border of the forest-tundra. In administrative terms, it would include the Yamalo-Nenets and Taimyr Autonomous Regions. The main distinguishing feature of the region of the Far North is the dominance of the tundra and forest-tundra, the "focal" distribution of the population, and the inaccessibility of the territories.

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On this page, material on the topics:

• natural conditions of western and eastern Siberia
• assessment of the natural conditions of the north of eastern siberia
• natural conditions and resources of eastern siberia
• lesson summary Natural resources of Eastern Siberia. Etc. No. 13. Assessment of natural conditions and resources of Eastern Siberia. Far East: land of contrasts.
• north of eastern siberia - economic activity

It is located between the West-Siberian and regions, in the depths of Russian territory, at a considerable distance from the developed Central regions.

The development of an area rich in a diverse range of natural resources (coal, metal ores, and) directly depends on the network of transport arteries. The main routes are the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railways, the waterway along. The natural and climatic conditions of the region are severe (1/4 of the territory lies in the Arctic), so its development requires large investments.

EGP of Eastern Siberia complex. Eastern Siberia is very remote from the main economically developed regions of the country and the oceans, which significantly affects its economy. Natural conditions are extreme. 3/4 of the surface is occupied by mountains and plateaus; harsh, sharply continental, 25% of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. and dominate. The southern regions are characterized by high. Most of it is occupied, and only in the extreme south there are islets and.

Natural resources of Eastern Siberia very rich. 70% of Russia's coal reserves are concentrated in Eastern Siberia. There are large deposits of ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals (copper, tin, tungsten, etc.). A lot of non-metallic - asbestos, graphite, mica, salts. Huge hydropower resources of the Yenisei, Angara; 20% of the world's fresh water is contained in a unique. The leading place is occupied by Eastern Siberia in terms of timber reserves.

It is distributed extremely unevenly - the main part is concentrated in the south along, in the rest of the territory the settlement is focal - along and in the steppe intermountain basins. There is a deficit. The degree is high -72%, large cities - Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Chita, Norilsk.

Economy of Eastern Siberia. The development of the rich resources of Eastern Siberia is difficult due to harsh natural conditions, the lack of a network and a shortage of labor resources. In the country's economy, the region stands out as a base for the production of cheap electricity.

Eastern Siberia specializes in the production of cheap electricity, timber and pulp and paper industries.

Eastern Siberia accounts for 1/4 of the gold mined in Russia.

On the basis of the use of cheap energy, refined products, sawmilling, coal, table and potassium salts, chemical and. The region produces: chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, clay, rubber products, chlorine products. Centers - Achinsk and Angarsk. In Krasnoyarsk. In Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Lesosibirsk, Baikalsk, and Selenginsk, woodworking and pulp and paper industries have been built. Logging is carried out in the Yenisei and Angara basins. The timber is also transported along the Yenisei, and then along the Northern Sea Route to other areas.

The district manufactures equipment for the mining industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Cheremkhovo), harvesters, river boats, excavators (Krasnoyarsk), instruments, machine tools, electrical equipment.

The agro-industrial complex is developed mainly in the south of the region. specializes in grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Sheep breeding is developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva.

The leading place in belongs to grain crops. Spring wheat, oats, barley, fodder crops are cultivated, potatoes and vegetables are grown. Deer are bred in the north. Hunting and fishing are also developed.

Represented by leather (Chita, Ulan-Ude), shoe (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kyzyl), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Chita), textile and wool production.

Transport. The most important routes of the region are the Trans-Siberian, BAM, Yenisei, as well as the Northern Sea Route passing near the northern coast.

Branches of specialization:

• Coal power industry using brown coal mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin. Large thermal power plants - Nazarovskaya, Chita, Irkutsk.
• Hydropower. The most powerful hydroelectric power stations in Russia were built on the Yenisei (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Bratskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya).
• Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by energy-intensive industries. Aluminum is smelted in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelekhovo, copper and nickel are smelted in Norilsk, and copper is smelted in Udokan.
• The chemical, oil and wood chemical industries produce a variety of water-intensive products - plastics, chemical fibers, polymers. The raw materials are processed products (Angarsk, Usolye Sibirskoe) and wood (Krasnoyarsk).
• The timber and pulp and paper industries are developed in the Irkutsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the largest industrial logging in the country is carried out here. The largest plants have been built in Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseisk, and Baikalsk.

On the basis of interconnected productions of coal and hydropower, non-ferrous metallurgy, timber and, as well as in Eastern Siberia, large TPK-Norilsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Bratsko-Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky were formed.

The future of Eastern Siberia is connected with the formation of a transport network, new energy TPK, the development of the manufacturing industry, including modern ones. Of great concern is the ecological situation in the areas of concentration of industrial production - Norilsk, the Baikal basin, along the BAM route.

MINERALS OF EASTERN SIBERIA

The vast area and great diversity of the geological structure of Eastern Siberia determine the presence in its depths of various minerals associated with Precambrian, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks.

General reserves of black and brown coals

The main deposits of Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic coals of the largest coal basins of the Russian Federation - Lena (with coal reserves of more than 2600 billion tons) and Tunguska (1745 billion tons) are confined to the areas of tectonic troughs. There are also less significant, but still very large in terms of their reserves, basins - Kansk-Achinsk (1200 billion tons), Kolyma-Indigirsky, Irkutsk, Taimyr, South Yakutsk, Chul-mansky, Minusinsky, Ulug-Khemsky. The total reserves of hard and brown coals in Eastern Siberia exceed 6.8 trillion tons and make up about 80% of our country's coal reserves. It should be noted that most of these very large reserves fall on the share of basins, the exploitation of which is very difficult due to natural conditions.

non-metallic minerals

In the Lower Cambrian deposits of the upper reaches of the Lena, the Markovskoye oil field has recently been explored. Signs of oil content have also been established in the east of the Taimyr lowland and in the Vilyui basin. Near the mouth of the Vilyui, the Taas-Tumusskoye natural gas field has been discovered and is already being exploited. Of the other non-metallic minerals in Eastern Siberia, the most significant deposits of rock salt formed at the bottom of shallow ancient seas. Salt occurs in the vicinity of Usolye-Sibirsky (upper reaches of the Angara), in Yakutia in the basins of the Vilyui and Lena rivers and in the Nordvik region, where its stocks have a thickness of up to 400 m. East Siberian salt is provided by the Far East. It should be noted the largest graphite deposits in our country, the Kureyskoye and Noginskoye deposits of graphite, the richest deposits of mica (phlogopite and muscovite) in the Aldan basin and on the Mame River, significant deposits of asbestos, gypsum, fluorspar, talc, magnesite, kaolin and many other non-metallic minerals.

Diamonds of Eastern Siberia

The diamond deposits explored in recent years in the west of Yakutia are associated with volcanic rocks of the Lower Mesozoic age, and the most valuable of them are with the so-called explosion pipes (diatremes) filled with kimberlites - breccia-like yellow and bluish clays with the inclusion of large fragments of volcanic rocks. Of the discovered diamond-bearing regions, two are more promising: the Vilyui and Olenyok basins (the Aikhal and Udachnaya-Vostochnaya kimberlite pipes) and the area of ​​the city of Mirny (the Mir pipe).

Iron ores of Eastern Siberia

Eastern Siberia is also rich in iron ores. Their deposits are confined mainly to the oldest - pre-Combrian or Lower Paleozoic silicified rocks. The largest of them are hematite and magnetite deposits of the Angaro-Ilim and Ligaro-Pit basins, South Yakutsk deposits, ores of the Yenisei Ridge, the Podkamennaya Tunguska basin, Khakassia, Tuva and Transbaikalia. In the bowels of Eastern Siberia there are also significant reserves of polymetallic ores, tin and rare metals (Transbaikalia, Yano-Kolyma Territory), associated with intrusive rocks, as well as platinum and nickel (near Norilsk), bauxites, nephelines, copper, cobalt, mercury, antimony , manganese.

Gold of Eastern Siberia

Since ancient times, Eastern Siberia has been famous for its rich primary and alluvial gold deposits. Of its gold-bearing regions, the most important are Verkhneindigirsky, Allah-Yunsky, Yansky, Aldansky, Bodaibo, as well as deposits of the Yenisei Ridge and Eastern Transbaikalia.

Numerous deposits of iron ores, non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, diamonds, graphite, mica, various raw materials for the chemical industry and the production of building materials have made Eastern Siberia one of the richest regions of the Russian Federation in mineral raw materials.