Lesson topic: "Methods of installing equipment at the place of permanent work." Installation: installation methods

Manifold constructive solutions buildings and structures require the use various methods and how to install them. The choice of a building construction method depends on its design and technological features, the degree of enlargement of the elements, the material of the structures, the means of mechanization, and other factors.

Methods of installation of structural elements are directly dependent on the degree of enlargement of the installation elements, the sequence of installation of prefabricated elements, the method of installing the structure in the design position, the means of alignment and temporary fastening of the elements, and other features.

8.5.1. Mounting methods according to the degree of enlargement of elements

Depending on the degree of consolidation of structures, installation is divided into small-element, element-by-element, large-block, complete-block and installation of structures in finished form.

Small-element assembly of individual structural elements is characterized by significant labor intensity, incomplete loading of assembly mechanisms due to the large difference in the masses of various mounted elements, a large number lifts, sealing numerous joints. Often there is a need for a device scaffolding for fixation individual elements and strengthening assembly directly in the structure. The method is ineffective and is rarely used.

Element-by-element installation of individual structural elements (columns, crossbars, floor panels, etc.) requires a minimum of costs for preparatory work. They are widely used in the construction of civil and industrial buildings, their installation from an on-site warehouse and from Vehicle.

Large-block installation of geometrically invariable flat or spatial blocks, pre-assembled from individual elements. The mass of the blocks is adjusted, if possible, to the maximum carrying capacity of the mounting mechanisms. At the same time, the number of mounting lifts is reduced, and the majority of mounting operations are excluded from being carried out at a height. Examples flat block- carcass frame high-rise building, block shell cover; spatial elements - roof blocks of one-story industrial buildings per cell size, including trusses, ties, roof structures.

Complete-block installation implies the full degree of factory readiness of large blocks the size of a cell, including already installed communications - sanitary, electrical, ventilation, located between the truss belts. In civil engineering, the method includes the installation of block rooms and block apartments. The building being erected is divided into large-sized, but transportable, structurally finished, fully finished (painting, finishing, floors) and equipped with equipment assembly blocks, which are delivered to the installation site and assemble the buildings. The mass of such mounting blocks can reach 100 tons.

Installation of structures in finished form involves the assembly of the structure completely at ground level with the final connection and fixing of all nodes, followed by the installation of the structure in the design position. The method is used when installing power line supports, radio towers, shells, factory pipes, etc.

8.5.2. Ways of aiming mounting elements on supports

Depending on the method of installation of the structure in the design position, the following types of installation are distinguished.

Free mounting, in which the mounted element is installed without any restrictions in the design position with its free movement. The method requires constant monitoring of the position of the element in space during its installation, the need to perform alignment, fastening and other operations at a height. The disadvantages of the method - increased complexity and high labor intensity.

Limited-free mounting is characterized by the fact that the mounted structure is installed in guide stops, clamps and other devices, which partially restrict the freedom of movement of the structure, but lead to a reduction in labor costs for temporary fastening and alignment. The method improves the performance of crane equipment by reducing the assembly cycle time.

Forced installation of the structure is based on the use of conductors, manipulators, indicators and other means that provide complete or specified limitation of the movement of the structure from the action of its own weight and external influences. The method provides an increase in the accuracy of installation, leads to a significant reduction in labor costs.

8.5.3. Installation methods according to the sequence of installation of elements

When assembling the structures of buildings and structures, the following requirements must be observed:

■ the sequence of assembly must ensure the stability and geometrical invariability of the assembled parts of the building at all stages of installation;

■ installation of structures on each section of the building should allow subsequent work to be carried out on the assembled section;

■ safety of assembly, general construction and special works at the facility, taking into account their implementation according to the combined schedule.

Depending on the adopted sequence, the installation of structural elements is carried out by the following methods: differentiated (separate), complex and mixed (combined).

The differentiated or separate method is characterized by the installation of the same type of structural elements, including their temporary and final fixing. For one-story industrial buildings, all columns are first installed, then all crane beams, with the last penetration of the installation crane, wall elements are hung. In multi-storey residential buildings, wall panels, partitions, sanitary cabins and other elements are sequentially mounted. The work on the floor is completed with the laying of floor panels.

The complex method provides for the sequential installation, temporary and final fixing of various structural elements that make up the frame of one cell of the building. The installation of the elements of another cell begins after the design fixing of the structures of the previous cell. The advantage of this scheme is the ability to start the subsequent finishing work earlier and install technological equipment in cells completed by installation. The method is used in the installation of multi-storey frame and frameless buildings, single-storey industrial buildings with a metal frame.

Mixed or combined method is a combination of separate and complex methods. Mixed installation is most often used for one-story industrial buildings made of precast concrete. In the first assembly stream, all columns are installed, in the second stream, crane beams are mounted in cells, roof trusses and cover panels, wall panels are hung in the third stream. The method is effective when it is possible to provide each assembly stream with independent assembly tools. Mounting with the necessary offset in time can be provided by all three mounting mechanisms, which leads to a significant reduction in terms installation work.

8.5.4. Methods for installing mounting elements in the design position

In construction practice, the following methods of installing structures have been established: building, growing, turning, sliding and vertical lifting (Fig. 8.27).

Rice. 8.27. The main methods of installation of buildings and structures:

a - extension (J ... 3 - installation sequence); b - growing (I ... 3 - lifting sequence); a - falling arrow method; 1...Sh - stages of rotation of the structure; 1 - hinged support; 2 - stretching; 3 - "falling arrow"; 4 - block; 5 - winch; g - sliding; / - assembly crane; 2 - thrust structural element; 3 - element in the design position; 4 - pulley block; 5 - winch; e - vertical lifting by hydraulic lifts; 1 - hydraulic lift; 2 - lifting structure; 3 - summing up supporting structures; e - installation with twin cranes; 1 - assembly crane; 2 - permanent support; 3 - lifting and turning the structure on supports

The extension method is widely used in the installation of all types of buildings. Installation of elements can be carried out according to all three methods of installation - differentiated, complex and mixed. Installation of the structure is carried out from above on the previously installed structures, and it includes slinging, lifting to the design position, installation of the structure on supports, temporary fastening and alignment of the position, bridging and fixing the structure in the design position.

The method consists in successive building elements of the building horizontally along the entire length (over the entire area of ​​the floor), with the continuation of work in the same sequence on subsequent floors. As mounting elements, there can be separate structures, enlarged linear elements, flat and spatial blocks. The method allows organizing the construction of a building by any modern methods, in any organization of work, to apply the most diverse complex mechanization of all work, to ensure maximum combination technological processes in order to reduce the overall duration of the work.

This method installation of structures allows the widespread use of blocks and elements of complete factory readiness (sanitary cabins, volumetric block-rooms), complete-block installation from enlarged into spatial blocks building structures with the transfer of a part, and sometimes a larger volume of subsequent outfitting or general construction and finishing works in factory conditions.

The method of growing consists in the sequential erection of the structure, starting from the top floor and ending with the first. First, on the mounted structures of the underground part of the building, the uppermost structures are assembled and raised, then the elements and structures located below are grown to them. The advantage of this method is that the main assembly and welding operations are carried out at ground level. The method is widely used, in particular in the construction of buildings by lifting ceilings and floors.

In residential and industrial construction, growing is carried out along guide columns, stiffening cores using jacks and means of pulling structures. In the floor lifting method, all floors are initially concreted, including the floor panel. With the help of jacks, the top cover is raised to a certain height, usually with a finished roof. Then sequentially, in accordance with established technology, carry out the lifting of one ceiling or a package of slabs to an intermediate height, building up columns, again lifting the slabs both from intermediate marks and from ground level. When all floor panels are at their design marks, their arrangement with the rest begins. structural elements, including hinge wall panels. The construction of floors with this method is carried out from top to bottom.

With the method of raising floors, all floors and the top cover are also initially concreted, which is raised to an intermediate height, by top floor prefabricated structures of the upper floor are erected, the entire floor is raised to the level of the coating and connected to it. Next, on the upper concreted floor, the next floor is mounted, raised to the top and together they are raised to the design marks. Next, the next floor is assembled and raised to the design marks. All subsequent structures are assembled and lifted to the design position in a similar way.

The rotation method is used for structures or structures assembled in horizontal position usually at ground level. The lifting of structures to the design position is carried out by turning around a fixed hinge using portals, chevrons, masts with chain hoists, winches, using self-propelled cranes. The purpose of all these mounting devices and means is to ensure that the structure to be mounted is smoothly lifted and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position. To ensure the stability of the structure during lifting, especially at the final moment of installation in a vertical position, brake winches and other devices are used that perceive inertial forces from the movement of the lifted system, perceive lateral wind forces and other loads that occur during lifting.

By turning, radio masts up to 120 m high, power line supports are mounted. Two types of method are most commonly used: a turning method using a mobile crane to lift the top of the structure to an intermediate height, followed by lifting the structure with a winch. The second method of the "falling arrow" - a high rigid rack is installed vertically on the hinged structure and rigidly fixed, the top of which is connected to the top of the structure being lifted, thus creating a rigid triangular system. This system is rotated around the support hinge with the help of a winch, the cable from which is fixed at the top of the rack (boom), passes through a fixed block anchored in the ground.

The sliding method is based on the assembly of individual structures into a large spatial block (concreting a large-sized spatial structure) away from their permanent supports. The finished spatial structure is pushed into the design position along special rolling tracks. In this case, the structure either slides (sliding method) or rolls on rollers (rolling method). The method is used when mounting structures of industrial buildings, when sliding structures in cramped conditions of the site or when the lifting capacity of mounting cranes is insufficient.

The method of vertical lifting is characterized by the fact that a spatial structure is completely mounted on the ground, lifted with the help of lifts (usually hydraulic) slightly above the design mark, supporting structures are brought under it, most often columns, on which the mounting element is lowered. In some cases, a spatial block prepared for installation is lifted and installed on supports using two synchronously operating installation cranes.

Methods of installation of elements are an integral part of the project of work. The optimization of installation methods is carried out by means of a technical and economic analysis, taking into account the determining factors: design features buildings, masses of elements, site topography and required areas, availability mounting equipment, regulatory deadlines construction.

Modern dental implants are presented in a wide variety: one-piece and two-piece, classic root-shaped, basal, compression and many others. And depending on the model of the implant, the availability of equipment in the clinic, the doctor chooses a certain method of its installation.

Ways to install dental implants

Patchwork implant placement

The patchwork method involves the following manipulations (directly during the operation, that is, after going through all the preparatory procedures):

1. anesthesia is administered
2. the gum is treated with an antiseptic solution,
3. the gum is cut - one incision is made along and two across, thus a flap is formed, which exfoliates, opening access to the bone tissue,
4. with the help of special tools, a hole is made in the bone tissue - a bed that exactly matches the size of the implant,
5. the implant is screwed into the bone tissue,
6. the gum is returned to its place, sutures are applied.

Video how implants are installed in a patchwork way for two-stage implantation

This is a very traumatic way to install implants, after which the patient will have to recover for about 1-2 weeks. In addition, complications are possible: bleeding from the wound, divergence of sutures, pain, penetration of bacteria through the applied sutures and, as a result, inflammation of the tissues around the implants and even rejection of structures.

Minimally invasive or transgingival implant placement

The minimally invasive method is mainly used for methods. This method also has other names: transgingival, compression, seamless, bloodless, less traumatic, and so on. All these names reflect its essence: implants are installed quickly and without tissue injury.

With a minimally invasive method, as a rule, they are used, which are literally screwed into the bone tissue through the gum, without massive incisions, without exfoliating the gingival flap and without creating a bed for an artificial root in the bone tissue. One-piece structures have a solid structure, so after their installation, the tip remains above the gum - it can be used for prosthetics almost instantly.

Video of the installation of a dental implant in a transgingival way.

This method has many advantages over the classical protocol. This is a reduction in the time of the operation, and relief of the patient's condition, and a decrease in the length of the rehabilitation period due to minimal tissue trauma. Patients note that recovery after surgery takes place in just a couple of days, there are much less discomfort than after installing classic implants in a patchwork manner. In addition, since the tissues are not cut, the risk of infection of the tissues around the implants is reduced - their rejection is almost impossible.

Lateral implant placement

The lateral method is perhaps the most traumatic and risky of all. As a rule, massive plate and disc implants are installed laterally, which are one piece with the abutment. To access the bone, a large gum flap is cut and exfoliated, including in the lateral part of the jaw, then the doctor literally cuts a hole for the implant with a special tool. Important feature: the resulting bed should ideally match the size and shape of the implant, which requires jewelry work from the doctor. Then the implant is inserted from the side, the gum is sutured. To stabilize the structure and prevent loosening of the implants, a denture is immediately installed.

This method is practically not used today: a high percentage of rejection of such implants due to severe trauma to the soft tissues and, as a result, a high risk of inflammatory processes leading to bone loss around the implants.

One-step method of implant placement

The one-step protocol is also used in express methods. It is possible in the only case - with the simultaneous replacement of the removed tooth root with an artificial analogue. That is, the implant is fixed in the same hole where the living tooth was just at the time of its removal. Depending on the indications, that is, the condition of the patient's bone tissue, his general health, both a classic two-piece and a one-piece implant can be installed.

In the first case, it will take time for the structure to heal in the bone - it will be possible to switch to permanent prosthetics no earlier than in 3-4 months. In the case of using one-piece structures, permanent prostheses can be installed immediately after the implants are implanted into the bone.

Installation of implants with a laser

Laser technology is not in an independent way placement of implants in the bone. It is rather an additional technique that reduces tissue trauma. The laser is mainly used in a conservative patchwork approach, when it is necessary to exfoliate the gum. In this case, the laser is an alternative to the surgical scalpel. It allows you to make a very thin incision, minimally injuring the tissue. In addition, it disinfects the gums, stops (cauterizes) tissue capillaries, which stops bleeding, and tissues heal 2-3 times faster.

In addition, the laser will also be useful in a minimally invasive implant placement protocol - using laser beams it is possible to create a thin tissue puncture, prepare the gum area for working with the bone for screwing in the implant, as well as carry out antibacterial treatment of tissues and reduce their trauma, which will contribute to their rapid healing.

The main activity of the company "SBM-Group" is the production of closed-type treatment plants that automatically process domestic sewage effluents, freeing them from pollution. The company produces septic tanks of various types, some of them are suitable for use in private households, others are suitable for a large facility that will house several hundred people. The Unilos Astra 6 installation is suitable for servicing a family of six.

Disposal of sewerage is an important issue that every owner of suburban real estate needs to solve. If the ability to connect to the system central sewerage not available, you will have to build a local system. For an object with a water consumption of about 1.2 cubic meters per day perfect choice treatment plant there will be a septic tank Astra 6.

Description

The Unilos Astra 6 septic tank model was created for use in private households, as well as at other facilities with a daily water consumption of up to 1200 liters. The body of the unit has rectangular shape It is made from expanded polypropylene.

Due to the increased wall thickness and the presence of stiffening ribs, the case is distinguished by high strength indicators. Therefore, in most cases, it is possible to install a septic tank without first concreting the pit.

Advice! Polypropylene, from which the septic tank is made, does not affect environment, it is resistant to chemical and mechanical influences.

Internal organization

Inside the case capacity is divided by partitions into isolated compartments. There are five such compartments, of which:

• four workers in which cleaning processes take place;
• one compartment is used to accommodate electrical equipment, liquid does not get into it.

Fluid moves between compartments through tubes air pumps. There are no mechanical components in the installation, so the likelihood of breakdowns is minimal. Purpose of compartments:

• the first is the most capacious, it receives effluents from the house and settles before further processing;
• the second is a treatment chamber with an aeration tank, where wastewater is treated under the influence of bacterial colonies. Reactions proceed under conditions of forced air supply;
• the third is another settling tank, where the separation of purified water from particles of sludge takes place;
• the fourth is the sludge accumulator, “spent” sludge is sent to it, which will need to be pumped out periodically.

Advice! It is not necessary to use special biological preparations for the formation of bacterial colonies in the Unilos Astra 6 septic tank under the condition of regular operation. Biomass is self-healing without outside interference.

Water drainage

In any model of Unilos septic tanks, two methods of water drainage are also provided:

• naturally (by gravity);
• forcibly.

Natural drainage can only be used if the soil perfectly absorbs water. In other cases, you should choose the option with forced pumping. In this case, the installation is equipped with an additional pump that pumps out water when it accumulates in the tank.

Model Performance

As is clear from the marking, the Unilos Astra 6 installation is designed to serve six people. The performance of this model:

• the volume of liquid processed per day - 1200 liters;
• receiving chamber capacity - 280 liters;
• weight (depending on modification) - from 220 to 285 kg;
• body length and width - 1.25 by 1.15 meters;
• height (depending on modification) - from 2.36 to 3 meters;
• seasonality of use - all year round.

Stations are volatile, for their operation it is necessary to connect the power supply.

Modifications

The manufacturer of Unilos stations offers several modifications. Body height:

• Standard - a model with a body height of 2.36 meters, allows you to connect the inlet pipe at a height of up to 0.6 meters from the cover (the cover remains above the ground when installing the model).
• Midi - an option with a body height of 2.5 meters, the connection level is up to 0.9 meters;
• Long - the highest of the modifications, its height is 3 meters, this allows you to connect the inlet pipe at a height of up to 1.2 meters.

Advantages

Why is it worth choosing the Unilos Astra installation for home improvement? Here are the main advantages of the model:

• the highest cleaning quality indicator - 96-98%;
• fully automatic operation, which does not require constant attention of the owners;
• minimum power consumption;
• simple and cheap operation (no need to call vacuum trucks, buy biological products);
• almost complete noiselessness and no smell;
• reliability and long service life;
• simple control.

Operating rules

In order for the septic tank to last longer, it is necessary to follow the rules of operation. When using a septic tank, it is prohibited:

• discharge into the sewerage substances that cannot be processed in the installation and may cause clogging;
• dump substances into the sewer that can provoke the death of bacteria involved in cleaning. Such substances include household chemicals with antibacterial additives, potassium permanganate solution, antibiotics, etc.;
• exceed the volume of volley discharge;
• use the sewerage system as usual during a long power outage.

It is necessary to carry out regular maintenance of the station, pumping out excess activated sludge from the sump. If cleaning is carried out infrequently, the concentration of activated sludge particles in the septic tank will increase. This may cause clogging of the air pump tubes, resulting in emergency stop cleaning plant.

Advice! To perform cleaning, there is no need to use special equipment, you can pump out the sludge with a built-in pump.

One of common causes the failure of the Unilos Astra installation is a surge in the voltage network. To reduce the risk of breakdowns caused by power surges, it is recommended to connect the septic tank to the power supply through a voltage stabilizer.

So, Unilos Astra 6 is a compact treatment plant designed for use in sewerage systems of private households or any other facilities, provided that the daily water consumption does not exceed 1200 liters. Treatment plants are characterized by a high degree of efficiency, reliability and ease of use. The units are volatile, so their installation is possible only if there is a possibility to connect the power supply.

Foundation construction;

Installation is carried out:

What is an assembly site?

An assembly site is an object on which assembled technical means and human resources (including material) for subsequent installation. By the beginning of the installation work, the work of the zero cycle must be completed, namely:

Preparation of underground tracks and driveways;

Manufacturing various devices and tools;

Covering the installation site with prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, providing water supply, sewerage, electricity;

Installation of brigade and superintendent houses;

Equipment for tool rooms, repair shops, pre-assembly rooms and equipment storage areas.

Works are carried out during installation: rigging, marking.

Normative and technical documentation before the start of installation work

Prior to the commencement of installation work, the necessary regulatory and technical documentation and an estimate must be drawn up, which can be presented in 3 packages:

1) Documentation that the installation organizer receives from the customer (technical passport for the products included in the delivery set, factory test and equipment acceptance certificates, assembly drawings, packing lists, factory instructions for depreservation, installation, commissioning and start-up of equipment).

2) Documents developed by the installation organization - this is a project for the production of PPR. The project provides for the solution of the following organizational and technical tasks or issues:

Priority implementation of preparatory and general site works;

Organization of the installation site;

Installation sequence;

Flow of production of installation works;

Security.

In gen. the installation work plan provides: the main dimensions and bindings to adjacent buildings and structures, railways and roads, the installation site, permanent and variable electrical networks, water pipes, pipelines compressed air, breakdown of the object in the construction phase.

3) Executive documents-acts on construction works, forms for the installation and testing of machines, hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

Types of installation work. Rigging equipment. requirements for her.

The most frequently performed installation work includes:

Rigging work;

Marking work.

Rigging is understood as a set of various operations for moving machines, apparatuses or individual components in a horizontal or vertical position and installing them in a designated place using vehicles and various lifting mechanisms and fixtures.

Rigging work is carried out using self-propelled erection cranes, gantry cranes, forklifts, pipe layers, etc.

Rigging equipment includes: ropes, slings, suspenders.

On a constructive basis, the ropes are divided into:

Single lay;

double lay;

Triple lay.

Double-lay ropes are called cables, and triple-lay ropes are called cables.

Slings made of steel ropes, less often of steel chains.

The most important place of the slings is kaushi (a jelly-like steel clip into which the ends of the cable are pressed).

Equipment elements include blocks, chain hoists and other devices.

chain hoists- are used to increase tractive effort by reducing the lifting speed. It is a device of two multi-roller blocks connected by a rope, which sequentially goes around the rollers of the block.

Tal– suspended lifting mechanism with a manual or mechanical drive, suspended from special trolleys moving along monorails (up to 2 tons).

Telfer– a hoist equipped with an electric drive (up to 5 tons).

Jacks- are used to lift heavy piece loads, are divided into: screw, hydraulic, rack.

Hand winches - are used to move cargo in a horizontal and inclined direction or as an auxiliary mechanism for hauling cargo.

8.5. Definition of the concept of foundation. Basic requirements for foundations.

Foundations are artificial structures that serve as the basis for installing equipment and ensuring the operation of this equipment, both under static and dynamic loads.

General requirements to the foundations.

The requirements for foundations are:

1) strength and stability, which are provided by the material of the foundation, the dimensions of its structure and the allowable pressure on the ground;

2) durability, achieved by choosing water - and frost-resistant materials;

3) economy achieved by the use of local materials and the right choice construction type.

Foundation materials.

The foundations are made mainly from rubble concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete, in some cases, in the absence of the necessary mechanization, from rubble masonry.

For laying foundations in dry sandy soils, well-burned clay bricks or iron ore and, in exceptional cases, frost-resistant cinder-concrete stones (for low-rise residential buildings) are allowed.

Concrete for rubble concrete and concrete foundations is used grades 75-100. In dry sandy and gravelly soils, the use of brick rubble and cinder concrete is allowed. In rubble concrete, the content of rubble is 30-40%. Reinforced concrete foundations are made of concrete of a grade of at least 100.

8.6. Why lay the foundation structure? Materials that are victorious in case of sprouting foundations: for light machines (aggregates) and for dynamic needs.

The design of the foundation depends on the dimensions of the equipment, as well as on the magnitude and nature of the perceived loads.

For the building of foundations, various materials are used, such as rubble concrete, rubble stone, concrete, zeglin, soil cement, slag, etc. crushed stone. The skin of the Kama "Matteriyal-Matheliv characteristics. The knowledge of the power of the I vіdmіtnikh familiarized, who is in the way for the yakist, who was completed at the ї ї ї ї і purchases. Bet on the cement of Mazki 300-400, the vicoristovyi Yak Oblodni Pikhniki subtysk. with particles of clay and crushed stone with vapnjaku or a ground battle significantly reduce the strength of concrete to build with high-quality cement. Warehouse for concrete: one part of cement, three parts of sand, three or three parts of crushed stone. Do not pour!) into the formwork with light tamping.Chim thicker concrete, tim vin mіtsnіshiy.When laying foundations, it is especially important to insure that the best possible cement to build in a dry place is lowering the mark for six months by 25%, for rіk0 - by 35% %, for two rocks - approximately double. In the middle of the foundation, a reinforcing cage is laid for the entire height of the foundation, which is just the upper and lower parts of the foundation. Like fittings vikoristovuyut metal shears and drіt with a diameter of 6-12 mm. It is also possible to vikoristovuvat metalobruht, for example, old water and gas pipelines or pipes. Allowing the foundation to sway with a widened look like a supporting maidanchik-anchor, which does not allow it to be pulled out of the ground during frosty heaving of the ground. Given a constructive solution, it is possible to implement it even more with victorious concrete. The trenches are either dug into the mainland (unoccupied) soil to a depth of 50-70 cm. The sand is laid in balls of 10-15 cm, spilling the skin ball with water. Not reaching 20-30 cm to the planned vіdmіtki, the upper part of the foundation of crushed stone, gravel, stone, ceglin on a cement-sanded rozchinі or concrete is laid on the narrow sand. The replacement of crushed stone can be used to vicorate the best scorched clay, as well as the tricks to slate, ceramics and concrete slabs.

PPR tasks

The PPR system is a set of organizational and technical measures for the care, supervision, maintenance and repair of equipment.

The main task of the PPR system- this is the prevention of progressively increasing wear, the prevention of accidents and the maintenance of equipment in a state of constant readiness for operation.

Types of repair.

Repair may be the following types:

Cosmetic - restoration of appearance without interfering with the structure.

Recovery - usually performed without replacing parts of the device, with their modification (surfacing, boring, soldering, etc.)

Current - repair in order to restore serviceability (operability), as well as maintain operational performance.

Capital - involves disassembly and revision of the structure in order to identify hidden faults and assess the resource of parts, replacing not only faulty parts, but also parts that have exhausted their resource. Such repairs involve a large amount of work and significant costs.

Planned (scheduled preventive) - repair in the time interval planned by the regulations. It is carried out after the device has reached the end of its resource, or if the device's operability after a malfunction is partially preserved, or partially restored as a result of restorative repair. Allows you to notify users in advance of the termination of operation, as well as plan the costs associated with equipment downtime.

Definition of the concept of "installation" and methods for its implementation

Installation of equipment is a complex of works including:

Site preparation for installation;

Foundation construction;

Supply of equipment to the place of installation;

Installation, fixing and alignment on the foundation of equipment adjacent to it;

Start-up, regulation and adjustment of equipment for a given mode of operation.

Installation is carried out:

1) Economic method - In the economic method, enterprises conduct construction on their own, that is, they themselves allocate or hire workers, allocate construction mechanisms, materials and vehicles. economic way construction and installation works, as a rule, is preserved mainly in the implementation of small amounts of work (reconstruction of existing enterprises, modernization of technological equipment, as well as small volumes of housing and cultural and domestic construction) due to non-centralized sources of financing of existing industrial enterprises or organizations.

2) contract method - with the contract method, construction is carried out by special construction and installation organizations that have necessary equipment and skilled workforce. State farms or collective farms act only as customers who control and finance construction. The contract method is better than the economic one.

The term is often used to describe and explain the behavior of a person. installations, the totality of which is considered as an integral part of the inner essence of the personality. Attitudes dictate guidelines to a person in the world around him, contribute to the direction of the process of cognition of the world to improve adaptation to its conditions, the optimal organization of behavior and actions in it. Settings help predict human behavior in the workplace and help the worker adapt to the work environment.

Installation- a constant tendency to feel or behave in a certain way in relation to an object or phenomenon.

This psychological readiness- the result of a complex interaction of three components. Most modern researchers distinguish the following components of the installation:

• affective(feelings, emotions: love and hate, likes and dislikes) forms an attitude towards the object, prejudice (negative feelings), attractiveness ( positive feelings) and neutral emotions. This is the core component of the installation. The emotional state precedes the organization of the cognitive component;
• cognitive (informational, stereotypical) (perception, knowledge, belief, opinion about the object) forms a certain stereotype, model. It can be reflected, for example, by factors of strength, activity;
• conative(effective, behavioral, requiring the application of volitional efforts) determines the way in which behavior is included in the process of activity. This component includes the motives and goals of behavior, the propensity for certain actions. This is a directly observable component, which may not coincide with a verbally expressed readiness to behave in a certain way in relation to a particular object, subject or event. Behavioral Component- this is the intention to behave in a certain way in response to a feeling, the result of an attitude, a tendency to characteristic actions.

The following installation properties can be distinguished:

• acquisition. The vast majority of personality attitudes are not innate. They are formed (family, peers, society, work, culture, language, morals, media) and are acquired by a person on the basis of his own experience (family, work, etc.);
• relative stability. The settings exist until something is done to change them;
• variability. Attitudes can range from very favorable to unfavorable;
• orientation. Attitudes are aimed at a specific object, to which a person may experience certain feelings, emotions, or have certain beliefs.

Attitude is a variable that lies between prior expectations, values, and the intention to behave in a certain way. It is important to understand that there may not be a consistent relationship between attitudes and behavior. Setting leads to the intention to behave in some way. This intention may or may not be fulfilled under the circumstances. Although the attitude does not always unambiguously determine behavior, nevertheless, knowledge of the relationship between the attitude and the intention to behave in any way, i.e. previous conditions (expectations and values) and the ability to predict the result is very important for a manager.

Deviation (deviation) - 1) violation of officially established or actually established in a given society ( social group) norms and expectations; 2) a form of disorganization of the behavior of an individual in a group or category of persons in society, which reveals a discrepancy between established expectations, moral and legal requirements of society.

The cognitive dissonance

All attitudes and their components must be in a certain cognitive correspondence, otherwise the person will experience a state of psychological discomfort (tension). L. Festinger called the latter a cognitive dissonance, from which a person seeks to get rid of in various ways, reaching the agreement of the components - cognitive consonance.

The cognitive dissonance there is a negative incentive state that occurs in a situation where the subject simultaneously has two psychologically contradictory "cognitions" ("knowledge", opinions, concepts) about one object (subject).

Sources of cognitive dissonance can be: a) logical inconsistency; b) mismatch of cognitive

elements of cultural patterns; c) inconsistency of the given cognitive element with any wider system of representations; d) inconsistency with past experience.

It happens that the individual's attitudes contradict each other or are not expressed in his behavior. For example, an individual's high degree of commitment to an organization may conflict with his commitment to his family. If company employees work late hours and on weekends, their commitment to work may conflict with the importance of family ties. This psychological tension will be the sharper, the more significant this object or subject is for a person, and the stronger man will seek to reduce the amount of dissonance or get rid of it. The desire of a person to get rid of dissonance is determined not only by the importance of the elements that create it, but also by the degree of influence that this person, according to his own opinion, is able to exert on these elements, as well as the rewards that he can receive as a result. Reducing dissonance is the way we deal with feelings of discomfort and tension.

Ways to reduce the amount of dissonance are as follows: changing the behavioral elements of the cognitive structure; change in cognitive elements related to the environment, including the refusal to perceive part of the information about external environment(the so-called perceptual defense); adding new elements to the cognitive structure and, above all, reinterpretation (updated presentation) of old elements.

L. Festinger defined dissonance as a consequence of insufficient justification of choice. Seeking to strengthen justifying your action a person changes his attitude or his behavior in the future, or changes his attitude (attitude) to the objects (subjects) with which the act is associated, or devalues ​​the value of the act for himself and others. Cognitive dissonance affects people in different ways. We are often faced with situations where our attitudes and views come into conflict with our behavior. When applied to an organization, people who are about to find another job are wondering why they stay here and still work hard. And, as a result of dissonance, they can draw various conclusions: for example, the company is not so bad, that at the moment they have no other alternatives, or that they will quickly find another job and leave.

What is the significance of the theory of cognitive dissonance for organizations? This theory allows predict attitude change or employee behavior. If, for example, the work performed by a person requires from him words or actions that contradict his personal beliefs, he will certainly try to change his beliefs (attitude towards certain phenomena) in order to bring them into line with what is required of him. Also, the greater the dissonance (even after trying to mitigate it with factors such as importance, choice, and reward), the greater the drive to reduce it.

It should be noted that not only attitudes have an impact on people's behavior, but attitudes themselves are formed as a result of a person's awareness of previously taken practical actions, i.e. awareness of previous behavior.

Changing settings

Attitudes of employees can sometimes be tried to change if the manager is very interested in such changes. It is necessary to take into account the obstacles along the way. Barriers to change installation: 1) escalation of commitment, the presence of a stable preference for a certain course of action without the desire to change anything. This applies, among other things, to the erroneous decision that the leader continues to insist on; 2) the employee's lack of sufficient information (including feedback in the form of an assessment of the consequences of his behavior by the manager), which could serve as a basis for changing the setting.

How can a manager change the attitudes of his employees? Affect installation components. The process of changing attitudes depends on a number of key factors, the most important of which are: first of all, the very reason for having an attitude; why it needs to be changed; what are the benefits and for whom; what are the results if there is no change. Let us assume that employees are sharply dissatisfied with the level of their wages and, most likely, it is necessary to change these settings in order to avoid mass layoffs of employees. One approach would be to inform employees that the organization is paying them all it can, but is hoping to raise wages in the near future. Another method is to demonstrate that no other similar organization pays its employees more. And finally, the third way is to accept the settings, i.e. directly raise the level of wages and thus eliminate the very cause of such discontent. Changing employee attitudes is the goal of many organizational changes and development methods.

Many factors influence the change in personality attitudes, among which the following stand out: groups of common factors: 1) faith in the speaker(depends on his prestige and disposition, respect, trust in him); 2) method of filing (presentation) and faith in the message itself(his persuasiveness and adherence to the publicly expressed position of the individual); 3) situation(audience characteristics; group influence, distraction and pleasant environment); 4) the result of changing attitudes (encouragement or punishment).

It is believed that a change in one of the components of the attitude - affect, knowledge or behavior - can cause a person to change the attitude as a whole. The most effective ways to change personality attitudes:

• presentation of new information. In some cases, information about other aspects or goals of the activity will change the person's beliefs, and, as a result, his attitudes;
• the impact of fear. Fear can make people change their attitudes. However, for the final result great importance It has middle level experienced fear;
• fix inconsistency between installation and behavior. The theory of cognitive dissonance states that a person tries to actively eliminate dissonance through changes in attitudes or behavior;
• influence of friends or colleagues. If a person is personally interested in something specific, he will try to avoid extreme discrepancies between his own behavior and the behavior of other people. However, if a person is influenced by friends, colleagues, then he will easily change his attitudes;
• attraction to cooperation. People who are dissatisfied with the status quo are involved in active work to change the situation;
• appropriate compensation, compensating and drowning out the state of discomfort caused by cognitive dissonance.

Changing employee attitudes is challenging, but the potential benefits outweigh the costs. At present, a person is increasingly perceived as a special, most effective resource, not only in theory, but also in practice, because only this resource can change its efficiency many times over, and even do it at its own discretion.